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Fisher SD, Walsh T, Wongwai C. The importance of perinatal non-birthing parents' mental health and involvement for family health. Semin Perinatol 2024; 48:151950. [PMID: 39069440 DOI: 10.1016/j.semperi.2024.151950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Perinatal mental health research typically focuses on the birthing parent's experiences and their influence on birth/child outcomes, while not considering non-birthing parents in similar depth. Non-birthing parents are also at increased risk for mental illness during the perinatal period, and non-birthing parents' health and involvement affect the health of birthing people, fetuses, and newborns, necessitating greater understanding of non-birthing parents' contributions to family functioning. This review examines perinatal mental health disorders in non-birthing parents, their relationship quality with the birthing parent, and how the non-birthing parent's mental health and involvement affects the health outcomes of the birthing parent and the child. Recommendations are provided for healthcare professionals who work with perinatal patients and their families to engage non-birthing parents, learn about non-birthing parent health, and facilitate connections to care. By doing so, professionals working with perinatal patients can optimize health outcomes for their patients and the family as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheehan D Fisher
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, 676 North Saint Clair Street Arkes Pavilion, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Tova Walsh
- Sandra Rosenbaum School of Social Work, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1350 University Ave, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Clare Wongwai
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, 676 North Saint Clair Street Arkes Pavilion, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Beumer WY, Koot MH, Vrijkotte T, Roseboom TJ, van Ditzhuijzen J. Long-term effects of unintended pregnancy on children: Findings from the Dutch prospective birth-cohort Amsterdam born children and their development study. Soc Sci Med 2024; 357:117200. [PMID: 39142143 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.117200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Several studies investigated short-term risks of children born from unintended pregnancies, however evidence about long-term risks is lacking. We aimed to examine whether children born from unintended pregnancies experience psychosocial problems up into adolescence. This study is based on the longitudinal birth cohort study 'Amsterdam Born Children and their Development' (n = 7784). Unintended pregnancy was measured as a multidimensional construct, based on self-reports on the extent of pregnancy mistiming ('This pregnancy happened too soon'), unwantedness ('I did not want to be pregnant (anymore)') and unhappiness ('I am happy to be pregnant'; recoded). Further, children's psychosocial problems were measured with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, at 5-6, 11-12 and 15-16 years old. Multiple over-time associations between unintended pregnancy and children's psychosocial problems were analysed using Structural Equation Modelling, while controlling for confounders. Results showed that pregnancy mistiming was a significant predictor of internalizing (β = 0.10, p < 0.001) and externalizing problems (β = 0.07, p = 0.006) and unwanted pregnancy of internalizing problems (β = 0.13, p < 0.001) at 5-6 years. These associations were substantially mediated by maternal mental health and poorer maternal bonding. Associations were no longer present at 11-12 and 15-16 years. Thus, we conclude that children born from unintended pregnancies experience more psychosocial problems at 5-6 years, but no longer at 11-12 and 15-16 years. Unintended pregnancies often coincide with maternal mental health problems and socioeconomic factors. Most importantly, the associations between unintended pregnancy and children's psychosocial problems are influenced by maternal mental health and poorer bonding. Therefore it is important to improve maternal mental health and bonding for the benefit of both mother and child, rather than on the isolated effect of unintended pregnancy per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wieke Y Beumer
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Obstetrics and Gyneacology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Epidemiology and Data Science, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Marjette H Koot
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Obstetrics and Gyneacology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Epidemiology and Data Science, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tanja Vrijkotte
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Public and Occupational Health, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tessa J Roseboom
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Epidemiology and Data Science, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jenneke van Ditzhuijzen
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Obstetrics and Gyneacology, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Utrecht University, Interdisciplinary Social Science, Social Policy and Public Health, Heidelberglaan 1, Utrecht, Netherlands; Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Dabala O, Abdulahi M, Worku BT. Paternal Postpartum Depression and Associated Factors Among Partners of Women Who Gave Birth in Seka Town, Southwest Ethiopia. Am J Mens Health 2024; 18:15579883241277100. [PMID: 39258921 PMCID: PMC11401148 DOI: 10.1177/15579883241277100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite epidemiologic studies demonstrating the increased incidence of paternal postpartum depression, their emotional health is overlooked throughout their partner's pregnancy and postpartum period as postpartum depression has been traditionally construed as a disease of women. Traditional masculinity norms also result in a lack of recognition and barriers to the treatment of depression in men. This study is aimed to determine the prevalence and factors of paternal postpartum depression among fathers whose wives gave birth. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from July 7 to 17, 2023. The 288 sample size was estimated using a single population proportion formula and selected by random sampling technique. The data were exported from Kobo Toolbox and analyzed using SPSS version 26. Candidate variables were identified in bivariate at p < .25 for the multivariate analysis. A p < .05 and adjusted odds ratio (AOR) were used to determine the significance. A total of 280 partners participated making a 97.22% response rate. Paternal postpartum depression was 19.6%(95% confidence interval [CI] = [15.4%, 24.3%]). It was significantly associated with history of depression (AOR = 4.4, 95% CI = [1.7, 10.9]), unplanned pregnancy (AOR = 4.7, 95% CI = [1.9, 11.3]), alcohol consumption (AOR: 3.0, 95% CI = [1.3, 7.4]), infant sleeping problem (AOR: 3.0, 95% CI = [1.1, 8.9]), and mode of delivery (AOR: 3.0, 95% CI = [1.3, 7.6]). This study concluded that paternal postpartum depression was high. The researchers recommended the inclusion of men's mental health services like screening into women's postnatal health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obsa Dabala
- Department of Population and Family Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Misra Abdulahi
- Department of Population and Family Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Bekelu Teka Worku
- Department of Population and Family Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
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Artal JM, Randall L, Rubeck S, Allyse M, Michie M, Riggan KA, Meredith S, Skotko BG. Parents of children with Down syndrome reflect on their postnatal diagnoses, 2003-2022. Am J Med Genet A 2024; 194:e63619. [PMID: 38619097 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.63619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
A 2003 survey revealed the scope of mothers' dissatisfaction with their postnatal support following a diagnosis of Down syndrome (DS). Substantial proportions of mothers reported that providers conveyed diagnoses with pity, emphasized negative aspects of DS, and neglected to provide adequate materials explaining DS. This study follows up on the 2003 survey by assessing whether parents' experiences have improved. Four DS nonprofit organizations, which participated in the original study, distributed a mixed-methods survey to families who have had children with DS between 2003 and 2022. Quantitative analysis assessed correlations among responses and differences between the 2003 and 2022 survey groups. Open-ended responses were qualitatively analyzed. Compared to the 2003 findings, parents' perceptions of their postnatal care have not improved (N = 89). Parents are increasingly likely to report that their providers pitied them, omitted positive aspects of DS, and provided insufficient materials describing DS. Substantial proportions of parents reported fear (77%) and anxiety (79%), only 24% described receiving adequate explanatory materials, and parents were 45% likelier to report that physicians discussed negative aspects of DS than positive aspects. Qualitatively, substantial numbers of parents recounted insensitive conduct by providers. These results suggest that despite interventions, parents' experiences of postnatal diagnoses of DS have not improved over time. Certain provider behaviors-such as describing positive aspects of DS and providing comprehensive explanatory materials-can reduce fear and anxiety, pointing to directions for reform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Artal
- Stanford Law School, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Down Syndrome Program, Division of Medical Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lindsey Randall
- The Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sabina Rubeck
- Department of Bioethics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Megan Allyse
- Biomedical Ethics Research Program, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Marsha Michie
- Department of Bioethics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Kirsten A Riggan
- Biomedical Ethics Research Program, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Stephanie Meredith
- Human Development Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Brian G Skotko
- Down Syndrome Program, Division of Medical Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Gubello A. Experiencing perinatal mental health difficulties as a non-birthing mother in a female same-sex couple: a wider reflection on heteronormative cis-gendered care in maternity services. Evid Based Nurs 2024; 27:90. [PMID: 38050006 DOI: 10.1136/ebnurs-2023-103756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
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Abbasi NUH, Bilal A, Muhammad K, Riaz S, Altaf S. Relationship between personality traits and postpartum depression in Pakistani fathers. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0303474. [PMID: 38743742 PMCID: PMC11093302 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The previous studies have found an association between Big Five personality traits and postpartum depression in women. The present study aimed to find out an association between Big Five personality traits and postpartum depression in a sample of Pakistani fathers. A total of 400 Pakistani fathers who had birth of a child in the past 1 month to 1 year period and had been living with their married partners were recruited purposively by using Google Form based survey from the major cities of Pakistan. The Urdu translated versions of Big Five Personality Inventory (BFI) and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) were used as the main outcome measures to assess the relationship between personality traits and postpartum depression. The results found a significant negative and moderate association between Big Five personality traits and paternal postpartum depression except openness which had a weak association and neuroticism which had a positive and moderate association with PPPD (r(398) = .45). The multiple linear regression analysis found that Big Five personality traits significantly predicted paternal postpartum depression (F(5, 394) = 53.33, p = .001) except openness (B = .007, p = .98). The analysis of variance (ANOVA) found significant differences in paternal postpartum depression for age of father (F(2, 397) = 6.65, p = .001, ηp2 = .03), spouse age (F(2, 393) = 5.97, p = .003, ηp2 = .02), employment type (F(2, 395) = 9.69, p = .001, ηp2 = .04) and time spent at home (F(2, 397) = 6.23, p = .002, ηp2 = .03) while there were found no significant differences for education (F(2, 397) = 1.29, p = .27, ηp2 = .006), marital duration (F(2, 397) = 2.17, p = .11, ηp2 = .01), and birth number of recent child (F(2, 397) = 1.48, p = .22, ηp2 = .007). The study concluded that Big Five personality traits are significantly correlated with and predict paternal postpartum depression except openness which did not predict paternal postpartum depression. The occurrence of paternal postpartum depression varied significantly for age of father, age of spouse, type of employment and time spent at home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najam ul Hasan Abbasi
- Department of Academic Sciences, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang, Sichuan, China
| | - Ahmad Bilal
- Department of Applied Psychology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Khair Muhammad
- Department of Psychology, Government Degree College, Balakot, Mansehra, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Saba Riaz
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, Iqra University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shakeela Altaf
- Department of Applied Psychology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
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Ayran G, Çevik Özdemir HN. Caregiver and parent-child relationship during COVID-19: The mediator role of anxiety and life satisfaction. Child Care Health Dev 2024; 50:e13247. [PMID: 38558179 DOI: 10.1111/cch.13247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
AIM This research was conducted to evaluate the mediation effect of anxiety and life satisfaction on the relationship between Care burden and Parent Child Relationship in Turkish parents during the COVID-19 epidemic. METHODS The research was carried out with parents (221 women and 219 men) who have children between the ages of 6-18 living in Turkey. Data were collected in June-July 2021 using the demographic data form, "Care Burden Scale," "Pervasive Anxiety Disorder-7 Test," "Satisfaction with Life Scale," and "Parent Child Relationship Scale." Path analysis was used to analyse the relationships. In this study, structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to examine the path analysis. RESULTS It was found that the burden of care and anxiety of the parents and the parent-child conflict relationship were positively correlated and negatively correlated with the life satisfaction and parent-child closeness relationship (p < 0.05). Path model analyses revealed that the burden of care had a direct effect on anxiety and life satisfaction, and an indirect effect on the parent-child relationship, respectively. CONCLUSIONS It shows that parents' perceptions of how the COVID-19 pandemic is affecting their mental health have implications for parent and child well-being, with stronger relationships for low-income families. Anxiety and life satisfaction had a mediating effect between care burden and parent-child relationship. Given the demonstrable impact of COVID-19 on the parent-child relationship, this study may guide the planning of coping strategies and programmes focused on mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülsün Ayran
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University, Erzincan, Turkey
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8
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Negri A, Barazzetti A, Rinzivillo A, Mariani R, Di Monte C. Cognitive and Relational Processes Associated to Mental Health in Italian High School Students during COVID-19 and Russian-Ukrainian War Outbreaks. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:508. [PMID: 38673420 PMCID: PMC11050012 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21040508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health has been widely demonstrated; however, few studies have investigated the psychological processes involved in this impact, including core beliefs violation, meaning-making disruption, interpersonal support, or one's relational functioning. This study explored the mental health of 215 Italian adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic and the subsequent outbreak of the Russian-Ukrainian war. By administering a set of questionnaires, several cognitive and emotional variables were investigated, including core belief violation, meaning attribution to the pandemic and war, attachment, and emotion regulation, social media addiction, and relationships with significant others and teachers. We conducted some descriptive, mean difference, correlational, and predictive analyses that revealed a significant association between core belief violation caused by war and pandemic, ability to integrate war and pandemic within personal meaning universe, the relational support received, and mental health. The relationship with teachers during these challenging periods improved significantly according to the respondents' opinion, becoming both more authoritative and empathic. This study offers insights into what cognitive and relational processes are useful to intervene on to reduce the distress of adolescents who are facing significant moments of crisis due to events that challenge their cognitive and emotional balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attà Negri
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, 24129 Bergamo, Italy;
| | - Arianna Barazzetti
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, 24129 Bergamo, Italy;
| | | | - Rachele Mariani
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology and Health Studies “Sapienza”, University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (R.M.); (C.D.M.)
| | - Cinzia Di Monte
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology and Health Studies “Sapienza”, University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (R.M.); (C.D.M.)
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Walsh TB, Garfield CF. Perinatal Mental Health: Father Inclusion At The Local, State, And National Levels. Health Aff (Millwood) 2024; 43:590-596. [PMID: 38560802 DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.2023.01459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Fathers occupy a dual role in the realm of perinatal mental health: partner and parent. In fathers' role as partners, their support for mothers during pregnancy and postpartum is associated with improved maternal mental health. In their role as parents, fathers themselves are vulnerable to perinatal mood and anxiety disorder. This article aims to advance awareness of paternal perinatal mental health issues and impacts on families. We first review the evidence on paternal perinatal mental health. This evidence includes the critical role played by fathers in maternal perinatal mental health, the prevalence of paternal perinatal mood and anxiety disorder, the impact of paternal mental health on child and family well-being, and screening and treatment approaches. Next, we offer recommendations for more inclusive approaches at the local, state, and national levels aimed at improving parental mental health and health outcomes for fathers, mothers, and babies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tova B Walsh
- Tova B. Walsh , University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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Colombage RL, Holden S, Lamport DJ, Barfoot KL. The effects of flavonoid supplementation on the mental health of postpartum parents. Front Glob Womens Health 2024; 5:1345353. [PMID: 38577523 PMCID: PMC10993701 DOI: 10.3389/fgwh.2024.1345353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction During the postpartum period, parents face psychological challenges and consequently, changes in mood and associated mood disorders have become increasingly prevalent in the 6-months following birth. Dietary flavonoids have been found to benefit mood and are therefore an appealing non-pharmacological option for potentially treating mood disorders in the postpartum. The aim of this study was to investigate whether a two-week dietary flavonoid intervention would improve mothers' and fathers' mental health in the immediate 6-month postpartum period. Method The study employed a randomised, parallel groups, controlled design to explore the effects of a flavonoid intervention vs. control group on several outcomes, including mood (PANAS), postpartum depression (EPDS), postpartum anxiety (PSAS-RSF-C) and quality of life (WHOQOL). Sixty participants (mothers n = 40, fathers n = 20) in the 6-month post-partum period were randomised to either a "flavonoid" or "control" condition. The flavonoid group were asked to add two flavonoid-rich foods (approximate flavonoid intake 218 mg/day) into their daily diet whilst controls (n = 23) were asked to continue with their usual diet for two-weeks (ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04990622). Results Significant effects were found in the flavonoid group where mothers reported higher positive affect and lower postpartum depression after the two-week intervention relative to baseline. This finding is especially relevant as a clinical reduction in postpartum depression scores in the flavonoid group by an average 2.6 scoring points was observed, which equated to a reduction from "possible depression" at baseline to "little or no depression" at 2-weeks, which was not observed in the control group. Fathers' data was not analysed due to non-compliance with the intervention. Discussion This study provides evidence for the benefits of a dietary flavonoid intervention for mood and mental health in new mothers, supporting the utility of non-pharmacological, self-administrable changes to the diet for improving positive mood outcomes and reducing symptoms of postpartum depression in mothers during an especially challenging time. Further research for the effect of dietary interventions on paternal mental health is needed. Clinical Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT04990622.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Katie Louise Barfoot
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
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Constable R, Price S, Mallan KM. Paternal postnatal depression and parenting behaviours in the first year of life. Child Care Health Dev 2024; 50:e13219. [PMID: 38265141 DOI: 10.1111/cch.13219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paternal postnatal depression (PPD) symptomology has been positively associated with poorer outcomes for children. One mechanism by which PPD is thought to influence child outcomes is through parenting. The current study investigated the association between paternal postnatal depressive symptoms and parenting behaviours. METHOD Fathers (N = 213) with an infant (mean age = 7 months, 46% female) between 2 and 12 months old were recruited through community and social media advertisements, as well as a paid survey recruitment website. Fathers completed a questionnaire on their symptoms of PPD and how they care for and raise their child (parental warmth, irritability, engagement in enrichment, play and safety behaviours). RESULTS Fathers experiencing greater levels of PPD symptomatology self-reported higher irritability, lower warmth and fewer safe parenting behaviours but did not report lower enrichment or play with their infants. CONCLUSION Overall, findings suggest that PPD symptomology may impact negatively on aspects of fathers' parenting behaviours. Further research using larger and more diverse samples is needed to assess the generalisability of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remy Constable
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shelby Price
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Banyo, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kimberley M Mallan
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Banyo, Queensland, Australia
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12
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Jones SL, Caccese C, Davis KP, Lew J, Elgbeili G, Herba CM, Barnwell J, Robert CH, Gavanski I, Horsley K, Fraser WD, Da Costa D, Séguin JR, Nguyen TV, Montreuil TC. Longitudinal associations between paternal mental health and child behavior and cognition in middle childhood. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1218384. [PMID: 38022974 PMCID: PMC10646505 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1218384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Paternal mental health has been associated with adverse consequences on offspring psychosocial development, and family environmental factors may partly explain those associations. To clarify this, we need comprehensive prospective studies, particularly in middle-childhood when the child enters school and is expected to make use of behavioral and cognitive skills as part of their interactions and learning. Method Using data from a sub-sample of the prospective 3D birth cohort study comprised of mother-father-child triads, and a follow-up of the parents and the children at 6-8 years of age (n = 61; 36 boys, 25 girls), we examined whether paternal anxious and depressive symptoms measured during the pregnancy period (i.e., prenatally) or concurrently when the child was assessed at 6-8 years old were associated with children's cognition/behavior. Results In contrast to our hypotheses, we found that greater prenatal paternal depressive symptoms predicted fewer child behavioral difficulties; and that greater concurrent childhood paternal depression or anxiety symptoms were associated with higher child full-scale IQ, controlling for the equivalent maternal mental health assessment and parental education. Father parenting perception did not mediate these associations, nor were they moderated by maternal mental health at the concurrent assessment, or paternal ratings of marital relationship quality. Discussion These findings suggest that higher symptoms of paternal mental health symptoms are associated with fewer child behavioral difficulties and higher cognitive performance in middle childhood. Potential clinical implications and future research directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherri Lee Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Research Center, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Christina Caccese
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Research Center, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Kelsey P. Davis
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jimin Lew
- Department of Psychiatry, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Research Center, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Guillaume Elgbeili
- Department of Psychiatry, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Catherine M. Herba
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine Mother and Child University Hospital Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Julia Barnwell
- Department of Psychiatry, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Human Genetics and Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Cindy Hénault Robert
- Department of Psychiatry, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Research Center, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Kristin Horsley
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - William D. Fraser
- Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine Mother and Child University Hospital Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Deborah Da Costa
- Department of Physical and Occupational Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean R. Séguin
- Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine Mother and Child University Hospital Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Tuong-Vi Nguyen
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Reproductive Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Obstetrics and Gynecology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Tina C. Montreuil
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine Mother and Child University Hospital Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Human Genetics and Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, Faculty of Education, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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13
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Parchment TM, Saran I, Piñeros-Leaño M. An intergenerational examination of retrospective and current depression patterns among Black families. J Affect Disord 2023; 338:60-68. [PMID: 37285944 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is limited information regarding the intergenerational transmission of mental health among three generations (i.e., grandparents, parents, and children) of Black families. Given that intergenerational and kinship ties are integral in Black families, this study explores the context that might contribute to the generational transmission of mental health among Black families. METHODS The present study examined the retrospective family history of mental health among fathers and mothers, current reports of their depression, and their children's internalizing and depressive symptoms among a sample of 2530 Black families from the Future of Families and Child Wellbeing Study using waves 4 to 6. All analyses were conducted using STATA 15.1. RESULTS Focal children's maternal and paternal grandparents' history of mental health was associated with higher odds of depression in their mothers and fathers; in addition, child-internalizing symptoms were associated with a report of depression in maternal grandparents in waves 4 and 5. Children of mothers who were depressed had higher internalizing scores in waves 4, 5, and 6. LIMITATIONS This descriptive study did not account for how parenting might also be protective against childhood internalizing behaviors. A retrospective account may not fully encapsulate a complete understanding of mental health patterns. CONCLUSIONS In treating the mental and behavioral health of Black families, it is essential to focus on multiple generations of family health, given that family history is the strongest predictor of the youth's onset of depression. The utility of these findings in understanding psychological distress and strengths among Black families is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Indrani Saran
- School of Social Work, Boston College, United States
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14
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Scarlett H, Moirangthem S, van der Waerden J. The impact of paternal mental illness on child development: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2023:10.1007/s00787-023-02261-1. [PMID: 37540476 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-023-02261-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Whilst there is growing evidence highlighting the importance of paternal mental illness (PMI) on child development, this relationship still remains under-studied and often over-looked. Considering the increasingly active role of fathers in their children's upbringing, a comprehensive overview of the impact of PMI on child development is overdue. This study aimed to combine and synthesise currently available evidence on the relationship between PMI and multiple domains of child development. Narrative synthesis of systematic reviews and meta-analyses on the relationship between PMI and child development (mental health and social, emotional, language, cognitive or adaptive behaviour), published between 1980 to December 2021, was conducted in line with PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Review quality was assessed based on AMSTAR-2 criteria and respective study confidence was interpreted in line with GRADE scoring. All relevant meta-analytic effect sizes were converted to odds ratios (OR) and grouped using a random effects model. Grouped meta-analyses saw PMI to have a significant, detrimental effect on all studied domains of child development [OR: 1.54; 95% CI (1.36-1.74)]. Subgroup analyses saw PMI affecting both internalising [OR: 1.62; 95% CI (1.27-2.08)] and externalising [OR: 1.63; 95% CI (1.28-2.08)] child behaviours to a similar extent. However, included reviews were of poor methodological quality, demonstrating either low or critically low confidence. These results show a consistent and influential effect of PMI on child development. The relationship between fathers' mental illness and child development warrants further investigation, as current research is limited in scope, particularly regarding cognitive domains of child development and non-affective PMI diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honor Scarlett
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie Et de Santé Publique, 75012, Paris, France.
| | - Simi Moirangthem
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie Et de Santé Publique, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Judith van der Waerden
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie Et de Santé Publique, 75012, Paris, France
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15
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Howat A, Masterson C, Darwin Z. Non-birthing mothers' experiences of perinatal anxiety and depression: Understanding the perspectives of the non-birthing mothers in female same-sex parented families. Midwifery 2023; 120:103650. [PMID: 36893549 DOI: 10.1016/j.midw.2023.103650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Partners of birthing mothers can themselves experience perinatal mental health (PMH) difficulties. Despite birth rates increasing amongst LGBTQIA+ communities and the significant impact of PMH difficulties, this area is under-researched. This study aimed to examine the experiences of perinatal depression and anxiety of non-birthing mothers in female same-sex parented families. DESIGN Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) was used to explore the experiences of non-birthing mothers who self-identified as having experienced perinatal anxiety and/or depression. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Sevenparticipants were recruited from online and local voluntary and support networks for LGBTQIA+ communities and for PMH. Interviews were in-person, online or via telephone. MEASUREMENTS AND FINDINGS Six themes were generated. Distress was characterised by feelings of "Failure and Inadequacy in Role" (i.e., parent, partner and individual) and "Powerlessness and Intolerable Uncertainty" in their parenting journey. These feelings were reciprocally influenced by perceptions of the "Legitimacy of (Di)stress as a Non-birthing Parent", which impacted help-seeking. Stressors that contributed to these experiences were: "Parenting Without" a parental role template, social recognition and safety, and parental connectedness; and "Changed Relationship Dynamics" with their partner. Finally,participants spoke about "Moving Forward" in their lives. KEY CONCLUSIONS Some findings are consistent with the literature on paternal mental health, including parents' emphasis on protecting their family and experiencing services as focusing on the birthing parent. Others appeared distinct or amplified for LGBTQIA+ parents, including the lack of a defined and socially recognised role; stigma concerning both mental health and homophobia; exclusion from heteronormative healthcare systems; and the importance placed on biological connectedness. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Culturally competent care is needed to tackle minority stress and recognise diverse family forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Howat
- Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Worsley Building, Clarendon Way, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9NL United Kingdom.
| | - Ciara Masterson
- Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Worsley Building, Clarendon Way, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9NL United Kingdom
| | - Zoe Darwin
- School of Human and Health Sciences, Department of Allied Health Professions, Sport and Exercise, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH United Kingdom
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16
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Cameron EE, Simpson KM, Pierce SK, Penner KE, Beyak A, Gomez I, Bowes JM, Reynolds KA, Tomfohr-Madsen LM, Roos LE. Paternal Perinatal Experiences during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Framework Analysis of the Reddit Forum Predaddit. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4408. [PMID: 36901417 PMCID: PMC10001997 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20054408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, new parents were disproportionately affected by public health restrictions changing service accessibility and increasing stressors. However, minimal research has examined pandemic-related stressors and experiences of perinatal fathers in naturalistic anonymous settings. An important and novel way parents seek connection and information is through online forums, which increased during COVID-19. The current study qualitatively analyzed the experiences of perinatal fathers from September to December 2020 through the Framework Analytic Approach to identify unmet support needs during COVID-19 using the online forum predaddit on reddit. Five main themes in the thematic framework included forum use, COVID-19, psychosocial distress, family functioning, and child health and development, each with related subthemes. Findings highlight the utility of predaddit as a source of information for, and interactions of, fathers to inform mental health services. Overall, fathers used the forum to engage with other fathers during a time of social isolation and for support during the transition to parenthood. This manuscript highlights the unmet support needs of fathers during the perinatal period and the importance of including fathers in perinatal care, implementing routine perinatal mood screening for both parents, and developing programs to support fathers during this transition to promote family wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E. Cameron
- Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Kaeley M. Simpson
- Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Shayna K. Pierce
- Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Kailey E. Penner
- Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Alanna Beyak
- Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Irlanda Gomez
- Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - John-Michael Bowes
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W2, Canada
| | - Kristin A. Reynolds
- Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3N4, Canada
- Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0Z3, Canada
| | - Lianne M. Tomfohr-Madsen
- Faculty of Education, Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Leslie E. Roos
- Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
- Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0Z3, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3A 1S1, Canada
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17
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Skilbeck L, Spanton C, Roylance I. Recognition and CBT for Paternal Perinatal Depression in Primary Care: A Case Report. Am J Mens Health 2023; 17:15579883231159955. [PMID: 36890730 PMCID: PMC9998414 DOI: 10.1177/15579883231159955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Perinatal depression is prevalent in primary care in the United Kingdom. The recent NHS agenda implemented specialist perinatal mental health services to improve women's access to evidence-based care. Although there is ample research on maternal perinatal depression, paternal perinatal depression remains overlooked. Fatherhood can have a positive long-term protective impact on men's health. However, a proportion of fathers also experience perinatal depression which often correlates with maternal depression. Research reports that paternal perinatal depression is a highly prevalent public health concern. As there are no current specific guidelines for screening for paternal perinatal depression, it is often unrecognized, misdiagnosed, or untreated in primary care. This is concerning as research reports a positive correlation between paternal perinatal depression with maternal perinatal depression and overall family well-being. This study illustrates the successful recognition and treatment of a paternal perinatal depression case in a primary care service. The client was a 22-year-old White male living with a partner who was 6 months pregnant. He attended primary care with symptoms consistent with paternal perinatal depression as indicated by his interview and specified clinical measures. The client attended 12 sessions of cognitive behavioral therapy, conducted weekly over a period of 4 months. At the end of treatment, he no longer portrayed symptoms of depression. This was maintained at 3-month follow-up. This study highlights the importance of screening for paternal perinatal depression in primary care. It could benefit clinicians and researchers who may wish to better recognize and treat this clinical presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Skilbeck
- Newham Talking Therapies, East London NHS Foundation Trust, Stratford, UK
| | | | - Ian Roylance
- Newham Talking Therapies, East London NHS Foundation Trust, Stratford, UK
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18
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Adesanya AM, Barrett S, Moffat M, Aquino MRJ, Nicholson W, Turner G, Cook E, Tyndall S, Rankin J. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on expectant and new parents' experience of pregnancy, childbirth, breast feeding, parental responsiveness and sensitivity, and bonding and attunement in high-income countries: a systematic review of the evidence. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e066963. [PMID: 36523240 PMCID: PMC9748518 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-066963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To review the evidence on how pregnancy, birth experience, breast feeding, parental responsiveness and sensitivity, and bonding and attunement were impacted by COVID-19. METHODS We searched eight literature databases and websites of relevant UK-based organisations. The review focused on evidence during pregnancy and the early years (0-5 years). Studies of any study design published in English from 1 March 2020 to 15 March 2021 and conducted in high-income countries were included. Screening and data extraction were undertaken in duplicate. Evidence was synthesised using a narrative approach. Study quality of included studies was assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. RESULTS The search yielded 9776 publications, of which 26 met our inclusion criteria. Significant knowledge gaps on how COVID-19 affected pregnancy and breast feeding limited healthcare providers' ability to provide consistent evidence-based information and care at the start of the pandemic. There was an enduring sense of loss about loved ones being restricted from taking part in key moments. Parents were concerned about the limitations of virtual healthcare provision. Some parents reported more opportunities for responsive breast feeding and improved parent-infant bonding due to reduced social and work pressures. Women from minoritised ethnic groups were less likely to continue breast feeding and attributed this to a lack of face-to-face support. CONCLUSIONS The evidence suggests that new and expectant families have been both negatively and positively impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting restrictions. The impacts on parents' opportunities to bond with their young children and to be attuned to their needs were felt unequally. It is important that emergency response policies consider the mother and the partner as a family unit when making changes to the delivery of maternal and child health and care services, so as to mitigate the impact on the family and existing health inequalities. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42021236769.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adenike Motunrayo Adesanya
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Simon Barrett
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Malcolm Moffat
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Maria Raisa Jessica Aquino
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- NIHR Applied Research Collaboration North East and North Cumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Wendy Nicholson
- Office of Health Improvement and Disparities, UK Department of Health and Social Care, London, UK
| | - Gillian Turner
- Office of Health Improvement and Disparities, UK Department of Health and Social Care, London, UK
| | - Emma Cook
- Office of Health Improvement and Disparities, UK Department of Health and Social Care, London, UK
| | - Sarah Tyndall
- Office of Health Improvement and Disparities, UK Department of Health and Social Care, London, UK
| | - Judith Rankin
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- NIHR Applied Research Collaboration North East and North Cumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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19
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Muacevic A, Adler JR, Wallendorf M, Awad MM, White AJ. An Assessment of Pediatric Residency Applicant Perceptions of "Fit" During the Virtual Interview Era. Cureus 2022; 14:e31703. [PMID: 36561587 PMCID: PMC9767672 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.31703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Residency recruitment events and interviews are widely considered an integral component of the residency match experience. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, residency recruitment and interviewing throughout the 2020-2021 academic year were performed virtually, which created challenges for applicants' ability to discern "fit" to a program. Given this change, it is reasonable to suspect that applicants would be less able to discern program fit. Therefore, this study evaluated how virtual interviews impacted pediatric residency applicants' ability to assess factors contributing to fit and subsequently how applicants assessed their self-perceived fit to their top-ranked programs. METHODS An online, anonymous survey was distributed to all residency applicants who applied to any specialty at our large academic institution. The survey utilized a 5-point Likert-type scale to evaluate qualities of fit as well as the applicants' self-perceived ability to assess these qualities through a virtual platform. RESULTS 1,840 surveys were distributed, of which 473 residency applicants responded (25.7% response rate). Among these responses, 81 were pediatric applicants (27.6%). Factors deemed most important in determining fit included how well the residents get along with one another (98.8%), how much the program appeared to care about its trainees (97.5%), and how satisfied residents were with their program (97.5%). Qualities deemed most difficult for applicants to discern included the quality of facilities (18.6%), patient diversity (29.4%), and how well the residents got along with one another (30.2%). When compared to all other residency applicants, pediatric applicants placed more value on whether a program was family-friendly (p = 0.015), the quality of the facilities (p = 0.009), and the on-call system (p = 0.038). CONCLUSION This study highlights factors that influence pediatric applicants' perception of fit into a program. Unfortunately, many factors deemed most important for pediatric applicants were also among the most difficult to assess virtually. These include resident camaraderie, whether a program cares about its residents, and overall resident satisfaction. Taken together, these findings and the recommendations presented should be considered by all residency program leaders to ensure the successful recruitment of a pediatric residency class.
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20
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Gheyoh Ndzi E, Holmes A. Examining the Relationship between Paternal Mental Health and Informal Support Networks: Reflections on the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph191912751. [PMID: 36232050 PMCID: PMC9566537 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Paternal mental health remains an under-researched area in the UK. Consequently, father-focused formal and informal support provisions fail to address the complex emotional and psychological wellbeing needs of fathers. Drawing on data from twenty semi-structured interviews with fathers in the York area, this study seeks to better understand how access to and participation in informal support networks is influenced by gendered perceptions and the impact hegemonic perceptions of masculinity have on fathers' access to support prior and during the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings demonstrate that fathers internalise stereotypical masculine tropes, such as stoicism, which prevent them from actively seeking support. While fathers value informal support network, they generally struggle to engage in mental health talks. The COVID-19 lockdown exacerbated fathers' struggles to access informal support or prioritise their mental health. Fathers felt the pandemic presented a unique challenge that only people that became parents at the time understood. This meant that fathers could not rely on their parents or other parents who did not have similar experiences of the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper aims at challenging structural and cultural barriers that inhibit fathers' participation in informal support networks, and to promote more meaningful, supportive engagement with peer groups.
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21
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Loudon E, Davidson G, Higgins K, Grant A. PROTOCOL: The support needs of families living with parental mental illness: A qualitative systematic review. CAMPBELL SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS 2022; 18:e1267. [PMID: 36909885 PMCID: PMC9455750 DOI: 10.1002/cl2.1267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This is the protocol for a Campbell systematic review. The objectives are as follows: To review existing qualitative research on the experiences of families living with parental mental illness from the perspective of (i) children, (ii) parents who have a mental illness) and (ii) the well parent. To synthesise qualitative evidence on the experience of living with parental mental illness and the experience of and attitude towards services from the perspective of (i) children, (ii) parents who have a mental illness and (ii) the well parent in order to develop the understanding of the needs of families and the implications for service provision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Loudon
- Queen's Community and Place, School of Social Science, Education and Social WorkQueen's University BelfastBelfastUK
| | - Gavin Davidson
- School of Social Sciences, Education & Social WorkQueen's University BelfastBelfastUK
| | - Kathryn Higgins
- Queen's Community and Place, School of Social Science, Education and Social WorkQueen's University BelfastBelfastUK
| | - Anne Grant
- School of Nursing and MidwiferyQueen's University BelfastBelfastUK
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22
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Wilson S, Rhee SH. Special Issue editorial: Leveraging genetically informative study designs to understand the development and familial transmission of psychopathology. Dev Psychopathol 2022; 34:1-8. [PMID: 35968855 PMCID: PMC9929024 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579422000955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sylia Wilson
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota
| | - Soo Hyun Rhee
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder
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23
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Male partners’ experiences of early pregnancy ultrasound scans in Soweto, South Africa: The Healthy Pregnancy, Healthy Baby randomised trial. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF CHILD HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.7196/sajch.2022.v16i2.1783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Despite international evidence highlighting the benefits of male partners attending antenatal visits, including pregnancy ultrasound scans, it is unusual for South African (SA) men to attend such visits, and little is known about their experiences if they do.
Objectives. To explore the experiences and antenatal attachment among male partners who attend early pregnancy ultrasound examinations in Soweto, SA.
Methods. Pregnant women attending ultrasound examinations were invited to bring their partners with them. Both completed individual questionnaires, including the antenatal attachment scale. The results are based on a descriptive analysis of 102 mother-partner pairs.
Results. The mean age of partners was 35 years. Only 32% of men were living with their pregnant partner. Before the ultrasound scan, 64% of men reported feeling very anxious, while 54% also felt anxious after the procedure. The ultrasound examination had a positive effect on men and their thoughts regarding their developing baby, with 30% stating that they were ready or excited to be a father. Twenty-eight percent believed their relationship with the mother was stronger as a result of participating in antenatal care.
Conclusions. We found that prenatal ultrasound scans had a positive effect on male partners and their thoughts about the pregnancy, their forthcoming child and their relationship with and support for their partner. Health services in SA should accommodate partners/ fathers and encourage them to attend antenatal care, including pregnancy ultrasound scans. Interventions are needed to encourage more men to be involved – from conception – potentially addressing individual, familial, societal and structural barriers to involvement of the father in long-term maternal and child care.
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24
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Ertekin Pinar S, Ozbek H. Paternal depression and attachment levels of first-time fathers in Turkey. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2022; 58:1082-1088. [PMID: 34216394 DOI: 10.1111/ppc.12905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Paternal depression and inadequate attachment experienced in the postpartum period may be associated with future emotional and behavioural problems of children. This study aimed to investigate the paternal depression and attachment levels of first-time fathers. DESIGN AND METHODS The sample of this descriptive study consisted of 175 fathers with 3-6 months old babies whose wives applied to the polyclinic for check-up. FINDINGS When the cut-off point of the scale was evaluated at 13 and above in this study, the risk of depression was found to be 14.2%. The level of attachment decreases as fathers' risk of depression increases (p < 0.05). PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS There is a risk of depression in fathers in the postpartum period. The level of attachment decreases as fathers' risk of depression increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukran Ertekin Pinar
- Midwifery Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Hilal Ozbek
- Midwifery Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
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25
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Santis LD, Barham EJ, Chuang SS. Inventory of Father Involvement and Fathers’ Perceptions of Family Life. PSICO-USF 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1413-82712025270304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Cross-cultural comparisons of father involvement and related issues are still scarce, as are consolidated measures for its assessment. We examined relationships among father involvement and family-related variables, in Brazil, and then compared these results with findings from other countries. In total, 200 fathers with children aged 5 to 10 completed the Brazilian version of the Inventory of Father Involvement (IFI-BR), and measures of stress, marital satisfaction, parent-child relationship, children’s social skills and their behavior problems. Correlations among these variables were between .32 and .58, providing new evidence of validity for the IFI-BR. When comparing Brazilian results with correlations observed in other countries, the majority did not differ in magnitude, indicating that father involvement systematically influences the fathers’ well-being, family relationships, and their children’s socioemotional development, in different countries. In addition to the psychometric evidence for the IFI-BR, these results also indicate the potential for using the IFI in different cultures.
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26
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Burt SA, Clark DA, Neiderhiser JM. Illuminating the origins of the intergenerational transmission of psychopathology with a novel genetically informed design. Dev Psychopathol 2022; 34:1-11. [PMID: 35635214 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579422000451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although it is well known that parental depression is transmitted within families across generations, the etiology of this transmission remains unclear. Our goal was to develop a novel study design capable of explicitly examining the etiologic sources of intergenerational transmission. We specifically leveraged naturally-occurring variations in genetic relatedness between parents and their adolescent children in the 720 families participating in the Nonshared Environment in Adolescent Development (NEAD) study, 58.5% of which included a rearing stepparent (nearly always a stepfather). Results pointed squarely to the environmental transmission of psychopathology between fathers and children. Paternal depression was associated with adolescent depression and adolescent behavior problems (i.e., antisocial behavior, headstrong behavior, and attention problems) regardless of whether or not fathers and their children were genetically related. Moreover, these associations persisted to a subset of "blended" families in which the father was biologically related to one participating child but not to the other, and appeared to be mediated via father-child conflict. Such findings are not only fully consistent with the environmental transmission of psychopathology across generations, but also add to extant evidence that parent-child conflict is a robust and at least partially environmental predictor of adolescent psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Alexandra Burt
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | - Jenae M Neiderhiser
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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Prevalence and associated factors of paternal stress, anxiety, and depression symptoms in the early postnatal period. Glob Ment Health (Camb) 2022; 9:306-321. [PMID: 36561920 PMCID: PMC9768414 DOI: 10.1017/gmh.2022.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The changes experienced during the transition to first-time or subsequent fatherhood are mainly positive; however, fathers can also experience adverse mental health outcomes such as stress, anxiety, and depression. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and associated factors of paternal stress, anxiety, and depression symptoms in the early postnatal period. METHODS A quantitative, descriptive correlational design was used. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire comprising of the Perceived Stress Scale, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. RESULTS A total of 336 fathers were included in the study. The prevalence rates were 41.1% (n = 138) for moderate/high stress symptoms, 20.8% (n = 70) for state anxiety symptoms, 25.9% (n = 87) for trait anxiety symptoms, and 13.4% (n = 45) for depression symptoms. In the multivariable analysis, several factors were associated with increased stress, anxiety, and depression symptoms including being a subsequent father (p = 0.009), not living in a house (p = 0.009), having a history of adverse mental health (p = 0.008), and having a partner with a history of anxiety (p = 0.040). CONCLUSION The findings suggest that fathers are at risk of adverse mental health in the early postnatal period which is a pivotal time for fathers in terms of bonding with their infant and redefining their relationship with their partner.
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Martínez-García M, Cardenas SI, Pawluski J, Carmona S, Saxbe DE. Recent Neuroscience Advances in Human Parenting. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2022; 27:239-267. [PMID: 36169818 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-97762-7_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The transition to parenthood entails brain adaptations to the demands of caring for a newborn. This chapter reviews recent neuroscience findings on human parenting, focusing on neuroimaging studies. First, we describe the brain circuits underlying human maternal behavior, which comprise ancient subcortical circuits and more sophisticated cortical regions. Then, we present the short-term and long-term functional and structural brain adaptations that characterize the transition to motherhood, discuss the long-term effects of parenthood on the brain, and propose several underlying neural mechanisms. We also review neuroimaging findings in biological fathers and alloparents (such as other relatives or adoptive parents), who engage in parenting without directly experiencing pregnancy or childbirth. Finally, we describe perinatal mental illnesses and discuss the neural responses associated with such disorders. To date, studies indicate that parenthood is a period of enhanced brain plasticity within brain areas critical for cognitive and social processing and that both parenting experience and gestational-related factors can prime such plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Martínez-García
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Sofia I Cardenas
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jodi Pawluski
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail), Rennes, France
| | - Susanna Carmona
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Darby E Saxbe
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Shorey S, Tan TC, Mathews J, Yu CY, Lim SH, Shi L, Ng ED, Chan YH, Law E, Chee C, Chong YS. Development of a Supportive Parenting App to Improve Parent and Infant Outcomes in the Perinatal Period: Development Study. J Med Internet Res 2021; 23:e27033. [PMID: 36260376 PMCID: PMC8785955 DOI: 10.2196/27033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The transition to parenthood can be challenging, and parents are vulnerable to psychological disorders during the perinatal period. This may have adverse long-term consequences on a child’s development. Given the rise in technology and parents’ preferences for mobile health apps, a supportive mobile health intervention is optimal. However, there is a lack of a theoretical framework and technology-based perinatal educational intervention for couples with healthy infants. Objective The aim of this study is to describe the Supportive Parenting App (SPA) development procedure and highlight the challenges and lessons learned. Methods The SPA development procedure was guided by the information systems research framework, which emphasizes a nonlinear, iterative, and user-centered process involving 3 research cycles—the relevance cycle, design cycle, and rigor cycle. Treatment fidelity was ensured, and team cohesiveness was maintained using strategies from the Tuckman model of team development. Results In the relevance cycle, end-user requirements were identified through focus groups and interviews. In the rigor cycle, the user engagement pyramid and well-established theories (social cognitive theory proposed by Bandura and attachment theory proposed by Bowlby) were used to inform and justify the features of the artifact. In the design cycle, the admin portal was developed using Microsoft Visual Studio 2017, whereas the SPA, which ran on both iOS and Android, was developed using hybrid development tools. The SPA featured knowledge-based content, informational videos and audio clips, a discussion forum, chat groups, and a frequently asked questions and expert advice section. The intervention underwent iterative testing by a small group of new parents and research team members. Qualitative feedback was obtained for further app enhancements before official implementation. Testing revealed user and technological issues, such as web browser and app incompatibility, a lack of notifications for both administrators and users, and limited search engine capability. Conclusions The information systems research framework documented the technical details of the SPA but did not take into consideration the interpersonal and real-life challenges. Ineffective communication between the health care research team and the app developers, limited resources, and the COVID-19 pandemic were the main challenges faced during content development. Quick adaptability, team cohesion, and hindsight budgeting are crucial for intervention development. Although the effectiveness of the SPA in improving parental and infant outcomes is currently unknown, this detailed intervention development study highlights the key aspects that need to be considered for future app development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shefaly Shorey
- Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thiam Chye Tan
- Mount Elizabeth Novena Specialist Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jancy Mathews
- National University Polyclinics, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Luming Shi
- Singapore Clinical Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Esperanza Debby Ng
- Alice Lee Centre for Nursing Studies, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yiong Huak Chan
- Biostatistics Unit, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Evelyn Law
- National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Yap Seng Chong
- National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Muzard A, Olhaberry M, Immel N, Moran-Kneer J. Family dynamics. An exploration of parental sensitivity and depressive symptoms among mothers and fathers of toddlers. RESEARCH IN PSYCHOTHERAPY: PSYCHOPATHOLOGY, PROCESS AND OUTCOME 2021; 24:551. [PMID: 35047427 PMCID: PMC8715268 DOI: 10.4081/ripppo.2021.551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
In studies of maternal sensitivity, the influence of mothers’ depressive symptomatology has been consistently highlighted. Additionally, the relevance of both maternal and paternal sensitive responses to children’s development has been recognized. However, literature regarding the dynamics of the mother-father-toddler triad is scarce. This is particularly true when understanding how parental sensitivity may be bidirectionally shaped by both parents’ (i.e., mothers’ and fathers’ depressive symptomatology) and children’s characteristics (i.e., age). Hence, the present study aims to describe and analyse the associations between parental depression, paternal sensitivity and children’s socioemotional difficulties and age with mothers’ sensitive responses to highlight the appropriateness of considering fathers’ depressive symptoms and sensitivity to better understand the impact of maternal depressive symptomatology on mothers’ sensitivity. The participants included 80 Chilean mother-father-child triads in which all children were between 1 and 3 years of age and presented some degree of socioemotional difficulty. The results reveal no differences in maternal and paternal sensitivity or higher depressive symptomatology in mothers than in fathers. Additionally, while mothers’ depression was significantly associated with their sensitivity, this was not the case for fathers. Paternal depressive symptomatology was associated with the mother’s depression. Finally, paternal sensitivity emerged as a mediator between maternal depressive symptoms and sensitivity. This result calls attention to the use of paternal variables to understand how maternal depression impacts mothers’ sensitivity and to thus develop appropriate interventions that expand the scope of such impacts from the dyad to the triad.
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Pineros-Leano M, Saran I, Parchment TM, Grafft N. Prevalence and predictors of parental depressive episodes: Results from a 15-year longitudinal study. J Affect Disord 2021; 295:255-263. [PMID: 34482057 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression affects approximately 7.5 million parents in the United States each year. Parental depression has detrimental consequences for both the parent and the parent-child relationship. The purpose of this study was to: (1) understand the prevalence of parental depressive episodes longitudinally, (2) identify the risk and protective factors for parental depressive episodes, and (3) compare the risk and protective factors for depressive episodes among mothers and fathers. METHODS We used six waves of the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study to descriptively examine parental depression over a period of 15 years. We used logistic and fixed effects regressions to assess the association between a number of demographic, health and parenting variables and maternal and paternal depression. RESULTS Our sample was primarily Black (48%) and Hispanic/Latino (27%). Fathers had a slightly lower prevalence of depression compared to mothers at all waves (approximately 13% averaged across waves for fathers, compared to 18% for mothers). Factors negatively correlated with depression among mothers and fathers included: social support, employment, and better-perceived health. Factors positively associated with depression for mothers and fathers were substance misuse and having a parent with a history of depression, anxiety, or drug misuse. LIMITATIONS Our study was unable to identify causal relationships and the directionality of the relationship between depression and other variables of interest. CONCLUSIONS We found that parental depression is prevalent in a sample of predominantly racially minoritized parents. Addressing comorbidities and increasing social support access may help manage parental depression and ensure a healthy child development.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Pineros-Leano
- School of Social Work, Boston College, 140 Commonwealth Ave, Chestnut Hill, MA 02457, USA
| | - Indrani Saran
- School of Social Work, Boston College, 140 Commonwealth Ave, Chestnut Hill, MA 02457, USA
| | - Tyrone M Parchment
- School of Social Work, Boston College, 140 Commonwealth Ave, Chestnut Hill, MA 02457, USA
| | - Natalie Grafft
- School of Social Work, Boston College, 140 Commonwealth Ave, Chestnut Hill, MA 02457, USA
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Kerr ML, Fanning KA, Huynh T, Botto I, Kim CN. Parents' Self-Reported Psychological Impacts of COVID-19: Associations With Parental Burnout, Child Behavior, and Income. J Pediatr Psychol 2021; 46:1162-1171. [PMID: 34405885 PMCID: PMC8436390 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsab089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The current study investigates associations between parents' perceived coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) psychological impacts and experiences of parental burnout, children's behaviors, and income. METHODS Data were collected during an online survey of parents' (N = 1000) pandemic experiences in April 2020. Parents (M = 36.5 years old, SD = 6.0; 82.1% White) with at least one child 12 years or younger reported on measures of mental health, perceived COVID-19 impacts, parental burnout, and perceived increases in children's stress and positive behaviors. RESULTS Path model analyses revealed that parents who perceived increased psychological impacts from COVID-19 reported higher levels of parental burnout, greater increases in children's stress behaviors, and less positive behavior in children. Additionally, there were significant indirect effects of parental burnout on the link between COVID-19 psychological impacts and children's behaviors. Finally, family income moderated associations between psychological impacts and children's stress behaviors, such that the association was stronger for families with lower income. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest parents' perceptions of how the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted their mental health has implications for parent and child well-being, with stronger associations for low-income families. Given the potential for spillover effects between parents and children, promoting family well-being through practice and policy initiatives is crucial, including providing financial and caregiving relief for parents, and mental and behavioral health support for families.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tuyen Huynh
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI,
USA
| | - Inés Botto
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI,
USA
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Fisher SD, Cobo J, Figueiredo B, Fletcher R, Garfield CF, Hanley J, Ramchandani P, Singley DB. Expanding the international conversation with fathers' mental health: toward an era of inclusion in perinatal research and practice. Arch Womens Ment Health 2021; 24:841-848. [PMID: 34431009 DOI: 10.1007/s00737-021-01171-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Paternal mental health is beginning to be recognized as an essential part of perinatal health. Historically, fathers were not recognized as being at risk for perinatal mental illnesses or relevant to maternal and infant health outcomes. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of paternal perinatal mental health, leading tools to assess paternal depression and anxiety, the impact of paternal mental health on mother and child health, and future directions for the field. An international team of paternal perinatal mental health experts summarized the key findings of the field. Fathers have an elevated risk of depression and anxiety disorders during the perinatal period that is associated with maternal depression and can impact their ability to support mothers. Paternal mental health is uniquely associated with child mental health and developmental outcomes starting from infancy and continuing through the child lifespan. Tailored screening approaches for paternal mental health are essential to support fathers early in the perinatal period, which would offset health risks for the family. Recommendations on paternal mental health are provided on four key areas to support father perinatal mental health: (1) intervention research, (2) clinical training, (3) national policy, and (4) the inclusion of fathers in the focus of the International Marcé Society for Perinatal Mental Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheehan D Fisher
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Jesus Cobo
- Psychiatry Department, Corporació Sanitària Parc Taulí - CIBERSAM - I3PT - Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Sabadell, Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Richard Fletcher
- College of Heath, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Craig F Garfield
- Department of Pediatrics, Ann& Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jane Hanley
- Perinatal MH Training CIC, Carmarthen, Wales, UK.,Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, UK
| | - Paul Ramchandani
- PEDAL Research Centre, Faculty of Education, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Fanning K. What about the babies? A critical review of infants' and toddlers' absence in homelessness scholarship. Infant Behav Dev 2021; 64:101625. [PMID: 34375860 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2021.101625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Rates of family homelessness continue to reach unprecedented levels. As many as two million young children experience family homelessness each year, with an estimated one in 10 younger than one year old. Yet, despite their high prevalence, a dearth of studies have specifically investigated infants' and toddlers' experiences of homelessness. Overall, the available literature suggests homeless infants and toddlers experience increased risk to physical health, development, and well-being at an individual- and family-level. This presents a severely limited understanding of homeless infants' and toddlers' experiences, with substantial gaps remaining. This review documents the scant existing literature on infant and toddler development within the context of homelessness at both the individual and family-system levels, and proposes next steps for research, practice, and policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerrie Fanning
- University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, United States.
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35
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Kocahan S, Akillioglu K, Sencar L, Sahin L, Cevik OS, Taskin E, Guven C, Boga A, Polat S. Living with female rats exposed to restraint stress during pregnancy caused depressive‐like behavior in male rats and stress‐induced apoptosis. Int J Dev Neurosci 2021; 81:643-654. [DOI: 10.1002/jdn.10142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sayad Kocahan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine University of Adiyaman Adiyaman Turkey
- International Scientific Center Baku State University Baku Azerbaijan
| | - Kubra Akillioglu
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine University of Cukurova Adana Turkey
| | - Leman Sencar
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine University of Cukurova Adana Turkey
| | - Leyla Sahin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine University of Mersin Mersin Turkey
| | - Ozge Selin Cevik
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine University of Mersin Mersin Turkey
| | - Eylem Taskin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine University of Omer HalisDemir Nigde Turkey
| | - Celal Guven
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine University of Omer HalisDemir Nigde Turkey
| | - Ayper Boga
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine University of Cukurova Adana Turkey
| | - Sait Polat
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine University of Cukurova Adana Turkey
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Wolicki SB, Bitsko RH, Cree RA, Danielson ML, Ko JY, Warner L, Robinson LR. Mental Health of Parents and Primary Caregivers by Sex and Associated Child Health Indicators. ADVERSITY AND RESILIENCE SCIENCE 2021; 2:125-139. [PMID: 36523952 PMCID: PMC9749862 DOI: 10.1007/s42844-021-00037-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Poor mental health among parents or primary caregivers is associated with poor mental and physical health in children; however, research often excludes the mental health of male caregivers including fathers. This analysis examines associations between caregiver mental health by caregiver sex and child health indicators (i.e., child's general health; child's history of diagnosed mental, behavioral, or developmental disorders (MBDDs)). Using parent-reported data on 97,728 US children aged 0-17 years from the National Survey of Children's Health (2016-2018), we estimated nationally representative, weighted proportions of children with parents or primary caregivers with poor mental health by caregiver sex, prevalence ratios (PR), and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for child health indicators by caregiver mental health and sex. Nationally, 7.2% of children had at least one caregiver with poor mental health; 2.8% had any male caregiver; and 5.1% had any female caregiver with poor mental health. Compared to children with all male caregivers with good mental health, children with any male caregiver with poor mental health were more likely to have poor general health (PR: 4.9, CI: 3.0-8.0) and have ≥1 diagnosed MBDDs (PR: 1.9, CI: 1.7-2.1); this remained significant when controlling for caregiver and household characteristics. Findings were similar when comparing children with any female caregiver with poor mental health to children with all female caregivers with good mental health. Our findings support previously published recommendations that promoting mental health among all types of caregivers by addressing gaps in research on fathers and male caregivers may further promote child health and wellness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Beth Wolicki
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention Research Participation Programs, Oak Ridge, TN,
USA
- Division of Human Development and Disability, National
Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rebecca H. Bitsko
- Division of Human Development and Disability, National
Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Robyn A. Cree
- Division of Human Development and Disability, National
Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Melissa L. Danielson
- Division of Human Development and Disability, National
Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jean Y. Ko
- Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for
Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lee Warner
- Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for
Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lara R. Robinson
- Division of Human Development and Disability, National
Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Fathers' Experience of Perinatal Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms: A Systematic Literature Review. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2021; 24:529-541. [PMID: 34046813 DOI: 10.1007/s10567-021-00348-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Perinatal Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (pOCD) refers to the onset/exacerbation of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) during the perinatal period. This disorder has been studied in mothers, with limited research conducted on fathers. The aim of the current study was to conduct the first systematic review of research investigating the experience of pOCD in fathers. A systematic review was conducted via electronic searches of Scopus, ProQuest, APA PsychNet, PubMed, and EBSCOhost. There were 523 articles identified and screened for eligibility, resulting in six eligible studies included in the final review. All studies reported the presence of subclinical obsessive-compulsive symptoms in fathers during the perinatal period, with the prevalence comparable to mothers. Compared to mothers, however, fathers were found to report less intrusion-related distress. Two studies reported a correlation between dysfunctional beliefs, negative appraisal of intrusions, and pOCD symptoms. Common categories of obsessive thoughts and compulsions experienced by fathers were also identified. Fathers appear susceptible to pOCD, which is consistent with the Cognitive-Behavioral Theory of OCD. Future research is recommended, therefore, to investigate clinical prevalence and severity of pOCD in fathers, particularly relative to mothers, and further investigate the role of dysfunctional beliefs in the development of pOCD.
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Frosch CA, Schoppe-Sullivan SJ, O’Banion DD. Parenting and Child Development: A Relational Health Perspective. Am J Lifestyle Med 2021; 15:45-59. [PMID: 33447170 PMCID: PMC7781063 DOI: 10.1177/1559827619849028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A child's development is embedded within a complex system of relationships. Among the many relationships that influence children's growth and development, perhaps the most influential is the one that exists between parent and child. Recognition of the critical importance of early parent-child relationship quality for children's socioemotional, cognitive, neurobiological, and health outcomes has contributed to a shift in efforts to identify relational determinants of child outcomes. Recent efforts to extend models of relational health to the field of child development highlight the role that parent, child, and contextual factors play in supporting the development and maintenance of healthy parent-child relationships. This review presents a parent-child relational health perspective on development, with an emphasis on socioemotional outcomes in early childhood, along with brief attention to obesity and eating behavior as a relationally informed health outcome. Also emphasized here is the parent-health care provider relationship as a context for supporting healthy outcomes within families as well as screening and intervention efforts to support optimal relational health within families, with the goal of improving mental and physical health within our communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia A. Frosch
- Cynthia A. Frosch, PhD, Department of
Educational Psychology, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #311335,
Denton, TX 76203-5017; e-mail:
| | - Sarah J. Schoppe-Sullivan
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of
North Texas, Denton, Texas (CAF)
- Department of Psychology, Ohio State University,
Columbus, Ohio (SJS-S)
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of
Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (DDO)
| | - D. David O’Banion
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of
North Texas, Denton, Texas (CAF)
- Department of Psychology, Ohio State University,
Columbus, Ohio (SJS-S)
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of
Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia (DDO)
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Oliver-Parra A, Dalmau-Bueno A, Ruiz-Muñoz D, García-Altés A. Relationship between parents' mental disorders and socioeconomic status and offspring's psychopathology: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240681. [PMID: 33064781 PMCID: PMC7567396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mental disorders (MD) are one of the main causes of the disease burden worldwide. Associations between socioeconomic status (SES) and presence of MD in parents have been related with increased odds of MD in offspring. However, there is a lack of population-based research in this field. The aim of the present study was to examine together the relationship between the presence of MD in children, and the SES and presence of MD in their parents, in a whole of population data. A gender approach was undertaken aiming to discern how these variables influence children's mental health when related with the father and the mother. Using administrative individual data from the National Health System, a retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted. The entire children population aged 6 to 15 resident in Catalonia in 2017 was examined. A logistic regression model was performed. Low SES was associated with increased odds of children's MD. Offspring of a parent with MD were at more risk of presenting MD than offspring of parents without these problems. Although these associations were consistent for both boys and girls when looking at the father's or mother's SES and MDs, the mother's SES and MDs showed a higher association with the offspring's MDs than the father's. Lowest associations, found for boys when looking at the father's SES and MDs, were: OR of 1.21, 95%CI 1.16 to 1.27 for lowest SES, and OR of 1.66, 95%CI 1.61 to 1.70 for parental MDs. Children's familiar environment, which includes SES and mental health of parents, plays an important role in their mental health. Socially constructed gender roles interfere with SES and parent's MD. These findings support the relevance of examining MD and its risk factors within a gender approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Oliver-Parra
- Agència de Qualitat i Avaluació Sanitàries de Catalunya (AQuAS), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Dalmau-Bueno
- Agència de Qualitat i Avaluació Sanitàries de Catalunya (AQuAS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dolores Ruiz-Muñoz
- Agència de Qualitat i Avaluació Sanitàries de Catalunya (AQuAS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna García-Altés
- Agència de Qualitat i Avaluació Sanitàries de Catalunya (AQuAS), Barcelona, Spain
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Chubar V, Luyten P, Goossens L, Bekaert B, Bleys D, Soenens B, Claes S. The link between parental psychological control, depressive symptoms and epigenetic changes in the glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1). Physiol Behav 2020; 227:113170. [PMID: 32956684 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This paper examines the relationship between parental Psychological Control (PC) and depressive symptoms in adolescents and assesses whether this relationship was mediated by DNA methylation, focusing on the glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1), which plays a crucial role in HPA-axis functioning and is linked to environmental stress and depression. This is among the very few studies that looked at the relation between DNA methylation, environmental stress and depression in family trios. METHODS The study cohort consisted of 250 families: father, mother and a biologically related adolescent (adolescents (48.9% boys), mean age: 15.14, SD= 1.9; mean age mothers: 45.83, SD= 4.2; mean age fathers: 47.77, SD= 4.7). Depressive symptoms and PC were measured in adolescents and in both parents. DNA methylation levels in NR3C1 were examined in all participants. RESULTS Depressive symptoms in adolescents were predicted by PC of both mothers and fathers. Moreover, maternal depressive symptoms were associated with maternal PC, and fathers' depressive symptoms and PC. In fathers, only the level of their self-reported PC was associated with their depressive symptoms. There was no relation between adolescents' DNA methylation and depressive symptoms or the level of parental PC. Yet, there was a significant association between maternal depressive symptoms and maternal epigenetic patterns in NR3C1. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight the need for more research in order to better understand the biological and contextual mechanisms through which parenting and parental emotional well-being is related to the development of psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Chubar
- KU Leuven, Mind-Body Research Group, Department of Neuroscience, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - P Luyten
- KU Leuven, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; University College London, Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, London, UK
| | - L Goossens
- KU Leuven, School Psychology and Child and Adolescent Development Research Unit, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - B Bekaert
- KU Leuven, University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Forensic Medicine, Laboratory of Forensic Genetics and Molecular Archaeology, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Imaging and Pathology, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - D Bleys
- KU Leuven, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - B Soenens
- Ghent university, Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - S Claes
- KU Leuven, Mind-Body Research Group, Department of Neuroscience, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Early life risk and resiliency factors and their influences on developmental outcomes and disease pathways: a rapid evidence review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2020; 12:357-372. [PMID: 32746960 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174420000689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) framework aims to understand how environmental exposures in early life shape lifecycle health. Our understanding and the ability to prevent poor health outcomes and enrich for resiliency remain limited, in part, because exposure-outcome relationships are complex and poorly defined. We, therefore, aimed to determine the major DOHaD risk and resilience factors. A systematic approach with a 3-level screening process was used to conduct our Rapid Evidence Review following the established guidelines. Scientific databases using DOHaD-related keywords were searched to capture articles between January 1, 2009 and April 19, 2019. A final total of 56 systematic reviews/meta-analyses were obtained. Studies were categorized into domains based on primary exposures and outcomes investigated. Primary summary statistics and extracted data from the studies are presented in Graphical Overview for Evidence Reviews diagrams. There was substantial heterogeneity within and between studies. While global trends showed an increase in DOHaD publications over the last decade, the majority of data reported were from high-income countries. Articles were categorized under six exposure domains: Early Life Nutrition, Maternal/Paternal Health, Maternal/Paternal Psychological Exposure, Toxicants/Environment, Social Determinants, and Others. Studies examining social determinants of health and paternal influences were underrepresented. Only 23% of the articles explored resiliency factors. We synthesized major evidence on relationships between early life exposures and developmental and health outcomes, identifying risk and resiliency factors that influence later life health. Our findings provide insight into important trends and gaps in knowledge within many exposures and outcome domains.
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Pietikäinen JT, Kiviruusu O, Kylliäinen A, Pölkki P, Saarenpää-Heikkilä O, Paunio T, Paavonen EJ. Maternal and paternal depressive symptoms and children's emotional problems at the age of 2 and 5 years: a longitudinal study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2020; 61:195-204. [PMID: 31535379 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal and paternal depressive symptoms are related to children's emotional problems, but their combined effect remains unclear. Here, we constructed four parental longitudinal depressive symptom trajectory groups and studied their associations with children's emotional problems at the age of 2 and 5 years. METHODS We did an assessment of maternal and paternal depressive symptoms (gestational week 32, as well as 3, 8 and 24 months postnatally) and children's emotional problems at ages two (N = 939) and five (N = 700) in the CHILD-SLEEP cohort. Three separate maternal and paternal depressive symptom trajectories based on latent profile analysis were combined to form four parental depressive symptom trajectory groups. We compared groups with a general linear model, with children's emotional (total, internalizing and externalizing) - problem scores serving as the dependent variables. RESULTS At both ages, combined parental depressive symptom trajectories were associated with children's emotional problems: effect sizes were medium for total and small for other domains. According to post hoc comparisons, children whose mothers or both parents had persistent depressive symptoms had significantly more total, externalizing and internalizing problems than did children who had neither parent nor only the father showing depressive symptoms. A higher (and persistent) level of maternal depressive symptoms was related to a higher level of these children's emotional problems, a pattern not evident with paternal depressive symptoms. In all analyses, the interaction effect was nonsignificant between parental trajectories and child gender. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that an absence of depressive symptoms in their fathers cannot compensate for the adverse effects of maternal depressive symptoms upon their children. Moreover, paternal depressive symptoms alone do not lead to increased risk for emotional problems in these 2- and 5-year-old children. In contrast, even subclinical levels of maternal depressive symptoms in late pregnancy are associated with increased risk for their children's experiencing internalizing and externalizing emotional problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna T Pietikäinen
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,Psychiatry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli Kiviruusu
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anneli Kylliäinen
- Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Pirjo Pölkki
- Department of Social Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Outi Saarenpää-Heikkilä
- Pediatric Clinics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.,Tampere Centre for Child Health Research, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Tiina Paunio
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,Psychiatry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - E Juulia Paavonen
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,Pediatric Research Center, Child Psychiatry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Walker AL, Peters PH, de Rooij SR, Henrichs J, Witteveen AB, Verhoeven CJM, Vrijkotte TGM, de Jonge A. The Long-Term Impact of Maternal Anxiety and Depression Postpartum and in Early Childhood on Child and Paternal Mental Health at 11-12 Years Follow-Up. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:562237. [PMID: 33192681 PMCID: PMC7531027 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.562237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postpartum maternal anxiety and depression can affect child development and family functioning. However, the long-term impact of postpartum maternal anxiety and depression on child and paternal mental health is understudied. The present large-scale prospective cohort study is one of the first to investigate whether maternal anxiety and depressive symptoms postpartum and at child age 5-6 years separately and synergistically increase paternal anxiety and depressive symptoms and child emotional problems in early adolescence at age 11-12 years. Secondly, we investigated whether concurrent paternal anxiety and depressive symptoms at child age 11-12 years moderated the association between maternal anxiety and depressive symptoms in the postpartum period and at child age 5-6 years with child emotional problems at age 11-12 years. METHODS This study is part of the Amsterdam Born Children and Development (ABCD) cohort study, the Netherlands (N = 2.298). Maternal postpartum anxiety and depressive symptoms were assessed using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) at 13 weeks postpartum. Maternal anxiety and depressive symptoms at child age 5-6 years and parental anxiety and depressive symptoms at 11-12 years were assessed using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21). Child emotional problems were reported by the child and a teacher using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Multivariable linear regression was conducted, adjusted for demographic, perinatal/obstetric confounders, and affective symptoms of the other family members at 11-12 years. RESULTS Neither maternal anxiety nor depressive symptoms were related to paternal depressive symptoms at child age 11-12 years, while maternal postpartum depressive symptoms, depressive symptoms at 5-6 years and maternal anxiety at 5-6 years were positively related to paternal anxiety at 11-12 years. However, effect sizes were small. Only maternal postpartum depression was positively but weakly associated with more child emotional problems at 11-12 years. Although paternal concurrent affective symptoms were positively related to more child emotional problems in early adolescence, they did not moderate the association between maternal symptoms and child emotional problems. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that fathers and children seem to be affected only to a small extent by maternal postpartum anxiety or depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika L Walker
- Department of Midwifery Science, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, AVAG-Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Priya H Peters
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Centre for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Susanne R de Rooij
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Centre for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jens Henrichs
- Department of Midwifery Science, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, AVAG-Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anke B Witteveen
- Department of Midwifery Science, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, AVAG-Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Corine J M Verhoeven
- Department of Midwifery Science, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, AVAG-Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Division of Midwifery, School of Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Tanja G M Vrijkotte
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ank de Jonge
- Department of Midwifery Science, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, AVAG-Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Albicker J, Hölzel LP, Bengel J, Domschke K, Kriston L, Schiele MA, Frank F. Prevalence, symptomatology, risk factors and healthcare services utilization regarding paternal depression in Germany: study protocol of a controlled cross-sectional epidemiological study. BMC Psychiatry 2019; 19:289. [PMID: 31533685 PMCID: PMC6751806 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-019-2280-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While postpartum depression is a well-researched disorder in mothers, there is growing evidence indicating that some fathers also develop depressive symptoms (paternal postpartum depression, PPD). A recent meta-analysis revealed a total prevalence of paternal depression during pregnancy and up to one year postpartum of 8.4%, with significant heterogeneity observed among prevalence rates. International studies suggest that PPD is characterized by additional symptoms compared to maternal postpartum depression. Furthermore, various risk factors of PPD have been identified. However, the prevalence, symptomatology, risk factors and healthcare situation of fathers affected by PPD in Germany are unknown. METHODS/DESIGN This study comprises a controlled, cross-sectional epidemiological survey administered via postal questionnaires. The primary objective is to compare the prevalence of depressive symptoms in fathers with a 0-12-month-old infant to the prevalence of depressive symptoms in men without recent paternity. Two structurally differing regions (concerning birthrate, employment status, socioeconomic structure, and nationality of inhabitants) will be included. A random sample of 4600 fathers (2300 in each region) in the postpartum period and 4600 men without recent paternity matched by age, nationality and marital status will be assessed regarding depressive symptoms using the PHQ-9. Contact data will be extracted from residents' registration offices. As secondary objectives, the study aims to provide insights into symptoms and risk factors of PPD in fathers and to assess the current healthcare situation of fathers with PPD in Germany. In an add-on study, genetic and epigenetic mechanisms of PPD will be explored. DISCUSSION This study will conduct the first direct comparison between fathers in the postpartum period of one year after childbirth and a matched sample of men without a newborn child. Besides closing this research gap, the findings will provide prevalence estimates as well as insights into specific symptomatology, risk factors, and the current healthcare situation regarding fathers with PPD in Germany. The results will identify low-threshold approaches as a relevant issue for healthcare. Moreover, the findings should inform the development of PPD-specific screening instruments and healthcare offers addressing fathers with PPD. TRIAL REGISTRATION German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS): DRKS00013339 ; Trial registration date: August 20, 2018; Universal Trial Number (UTN): U1111-1218-8185.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Albicker
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Centre – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hauptstraße 5, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lars P. Hölzel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Centre – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hauptstraße 5, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Parkklinik Wiesbaden Schlangenbad, Rheingauer Straße 47, D-65388 Schlangenbad, Germany
| | - Jürgen Bengel
- Department of Psychology, University of Freiburg, Engelbergerstraße 41, D-79085 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Domschke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Centre – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hauptstraße 5, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Levente Kriston
- Department of Medical Psychology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Miriam A. Schiele
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Centre – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hauptstraße 5, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Frank
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Centre – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hauptstraße 5, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Social Work, Protestant University of Applied Sciences Freiburg, Bugginger Straße 38, D-79114 Freiburg, Germany
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45
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Glasser S, Lerner-Geva L. Focus on fathers: paternal depression in the perinatal period. Perspect Public Health 2018; 139:195-198. [DOI: 10.1177/1757913918790597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Aims: This report aims to present a concise overview and synthesis of current research findings regarding paternal depression in the perinatal period. Methods: A literature search was conducted, primarily via PubMed and PsychNET, for English-language research studies and meta-analyses using combinations of the terms ‘perinatal’, ‘pregnancy’, ‘postpartum’, ‘depression’ AND ‘fathers’ OR ‘paternal’. Peer-reviewed articles were considered, and a representative sample of literature, with an emphasis on recent publications from a broad range of populations was summarized for each of the following sub-sections: prevalence, risk factors, impact on the infant/child, and healthcare costs. Results: Reported prevalence has ranged from 2.3% to 8.4%, with a significant degree of heterogeneity in rates, due to differences in multiple aspects of the methodology (timing, instruments, etc.). Nevertheless, rates of maternal depression remain higher than paternal depression, and higher rates of one are associated with higher rates of the other. The primary risk factors for paternal depression are maternal depression and the father’s history of severe depression, or symptoms of depression or anxiety prenatally. Biological mechanisms may underlie paternal depression, with changes reported in testosterone, cortisol and prolactin levels during this period. Paternal depression has been related to children’s behavioral, emotional and social function at 36 months and psychiatric disorders at 7 years, adjusting for maternal depression. Healthcare costs may also be impacted by paternal postpartum depression, with higher father–child dyad costs found after controlling for potential confounders. Conclusions: Focusing on fathers’ emotional well-being in the perinatal period is important in itself, as well as for their wives and children. Programs recommending screening for maternal perinatal mood and anxiety disorders should include inquiry regarding the father’s emotional state, and if his distress is reported it should be clarified and followed-up by support and intervention as necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Glasser
- Women and Children’s Health Research Unit, The Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, Ltd. Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan 52621, Israel
| | - L Lerner-Geva
- Women and Children’s Health Research Unit, The Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research Ltd., Ramat Gan, Israel
- School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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46
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Fear NT, Reed RV, Rowe S, Burdett H, Pernet D, Mahar A, Iversen AC, Ramchandani P, Stein A, Wessely S. Impact of paternal deployment to the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan and paternal post-traumatic stress disorder on the children of military fathers. Br J Psychiatry 2018; 212:347-355. [PMID: 29665873 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.2017.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the social and emotional well-being of children whose fathers have been deployed to the conflicts in Iraq/Afghanistan or who have post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).AimsTo examine the emotional and behavioural well-being of children whose fathers are or have been in the UK armed forces, in particular the effects of paternal deployment to the conflicts in Iraq or Afghanistan and paternal PTSD. METHOD Fathers who had taken part in a large tri-service cohort and had children aged 3-16 years were asked about the emotional and behavioural well-being of their child(ren) and assessed for symptoms of PTSD via online questionnaires and telephone interview. RESULTS In total, 621 (67%) fathers participated, providing data on 1044 children. Paternal deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan was not associated with childhood emotional and behavioural difficulties. Paternal probable PTSD were associated with child hyperactivity. This finding was limited to boys and those under 11 years of age. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that adverse childhood emotional and behavioural well-being was not associated with paternal deployment but was associated with paternal probable PTSD.Declaration of interestN.T.F. is a trustee of the Warrior Programme, a charity supporting ex-service personnel and their families. She is also a member of the Independent Group Advising on the Release of Data (IGARD). S.W. is a trustee of Combat Stress, a charity supporting ex-service personnel and their families, and President of the Royal Society of Medicine. S.W. is partially funded by the National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Emergency Preparedness and Response at King's College London in partnership with Public Health England (PHE), in collaboration with the University of East Anglia and Newcastle University.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ruth V Reed
- University of Oxford Department of Psychiatry,Warneford Hospital,Oxford,UK
| | - Sarah Rowe
- University College London,Gower Street,London and King's College London,London,UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Alan Stein
- University of Oxford Department of Psychiatry,Warneford Hospital,Oxford,UK
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Arlinghaus KR, Johnston CA. Engaging Fathers in the Promotion of Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors. Am J Lifestyle Med 2017; 11:216-219. [PMID: 30202333 PMCID: PMC6125089 DOI: 10.1177/1559827617690724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parental engagement is an important component in lifestyle behavior change interventions for children as parents are uniquely positioned to establish a healthy environment and model healthy eating and physical activity habits for their children. Despite both mothers and fathers being important agents of behavioral change for their children, fathers are typically underrepresented in programming interventions. Physical activity may be an important strategy for fathers to become involved in lifestyle change with their children as, compared to mothers, fathers traditionally tend to be comfortable engaging in physical activity with their children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Craig A. Johnston
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
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48
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Young MD, Morgan PJ. Paternal Physical Activity: An Important Target to Improve the Health of Fathers and their Children. Am J Lifestyle Med 2017; 11:212-215. [PMID: 30202332 PMCID: PMC6125078 DOI: 10.1177/1559827616689544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the transition to fatherhood is joyful and fulfilling for many men, becoming a father also exposes men to a series of new challenges and responsibilities that can negatively affect their well-being. As such, effective strategies that foster positive physical and mental health in fathers are required. Given the established links between regular physical activity and optimal health, strategies to reduce the substantial decline in physical activity typically observed during the early fatherhood may be particularly fruitful. In this commentary, we discuss the potential mediating role of physical activity on a series of important outcomes for fathers, including paternal and child health and the quality of the father-child relationship. We also present an argument that high-quality research studies testing physical activity interventions that meaningfully engage fathers are urgently required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myles D. Young
- Myles D. Young, PhD, Priority Research Centre in Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, University Drive, New South Wales 2308, Australia; e-mail:
| | - Philip J. Morgan
- Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition (MDY, PJM), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Education, Faculty of Education and Arts (MDY, PJM), University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
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49
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Bogen DL, Fisher SD, Wisner KL. Identifying Depression in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Parents: Then What? J Pediatr 2016; 179:13-15. [PMID: 27697325 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Debra L Bogen
- Department of Pediatrics University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Division of General Academic Pediatrics Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh; Department of Psychiatry Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
| | - Sheehan D Fisher
- Department of Psychiatry Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
| | - Katherine L Wisner
- Department of Psychiatry Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago, Illinois
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