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Schromm AB, Correa W, Gisch N, Steiniger F, Richter W, Martinez-de-Tejada G, Brandenburg K, von Wintzingerode F. Supramolecular assembly of micellar aggregates is the basis of low endotoxin recovery (LER) in a drug formulation that can be resolved by a whole blood assay. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 173:116286. [PMID: 38401515 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin) is ubiquitous and represents a harmful contaminant of pharmaceutical compounds, recombinant biologicals and drug products. The pyrogen can induce severe immune responses and pathology in vitro and in vivo. Health authorities require strict control of endotoxin in parenteral drugs. However, for research and pre-clinical compound analysis, endotoxin testing is not a required quality control, which may cause potential drawbacks in the translational pipeline. Endotoxin testing is usually performed by the Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) assay, which is hampered by the so-called low endotoxin recovery (LER) effect when certain drug formulations are tested. A comprehensive study including structural, biophysical, and biological analyses was conducted to identify LER root cause for phosphate- and polysorbate-containing parenteral drug products. LPS in water showed extended ribbon-like aggregate structures. In placebo (formulation buffer without drug) and in drug product (drug in formulation buffer), a reaggregation of LPS into a network of interlinked micelles with hidden head group charges, and a strong reduction of the negative surface potential was observed. The non-accessibility of the LPS backbone has a direct impact leading (i) to a loss of activation of the LAL-cascade, (ii) reduced activation of the TLR4/MD-2 receptor system, and (iii) increased survival in a mouse model of endotoxemia. These data provide a structure-based explanation of the LER-underlying mechanisms. A human whole blood assay is shown to resolve LER and detect the pyrogenic activity of endotoxin with high sensitivity. This may open new test options to improve quality control in drug development and drug safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andra B Schromm
- Division of Immunobiophysics, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany; Kiel Nano, Surface and Interface Science KiNSIS, Kiel University, Germany.
| | - Wilmar Correa
- Division of Biophysics, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - Nicolas Gisch
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany.
| | - Frank Steiniger
- Electron Microscopy Centre, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Walter Richter
- Electron Microscopy Centre, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Guillermo Martinez-de-Tejada
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
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Hoffmann A, Pacios K, Mühlemann R, Daumke R, Frank B, Kalman F. Application of a novel chemical assay for the quantification of endotoxins in bacterial bioreactor samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1228:123839. [PMID: 37527605 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
A novel chemical assay, the so-called Kdo-DMB-liquid chromatography (LC) assay, was used for the accurate and cost-effective determination of the endotoxin content in supernatants of Gram-negative bacteria bioreactor samples. During mild acid hydrolysis, the endotoxin-specific sugar acid 3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulsonic acid (Kdo) is quantitatively released. Kdo is reacted with 1,2-diamino-4,5-methylenedioxybenzene (DMB) to obtain the highly fluorescent derivate Kdo-DMB. It is separated from the reaction mixture by reversed phase-(U)HPLC and detected by fluorescence. From the Kdo content the endotoxin content of the sample is calculated. For three batch cultivations of Escherichia coli K12 and a fed-batch cultivation of Pseudomonas putida KT2440, the evolution of the endotoxin content in dependence on the cultivation time was monitored. Under optimal, constant cultivation conditions a linear correlation between the endotoxin content and the easy-to-access bioreactor parameters optical density at 600 nm and dry cell weight was found for both endotoxin kinds. Under stress cultivation conditions the E. coli K12 cultivation showed a stronger increase of the endotoxin content at harvest in comparison to optimal conditions. Optical density and dry cell weight may be used for production reactors as an economic real-time estimation tool to determine the endotoxin content at different cultivation time points and conditions. The optical density can further be used to establish straightforward sample dilution schemes for endotoxin quantification in samples of unknown endotoxin content. The endotoxin content [ng mL-1] measured by the Kdo-DMB-LC assay and the endotoxin activity [EU mL-1] obtained by the compendial Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate assay show a high correlation for the bacterial bioreactor samples tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Hoffmann
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland Valais, Institute of Life Technology, Rue de l'Industrie 23, 1950 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Kevin Pacios
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland Valais, Institute of Life Technology, Rue de l'Industrie 23, 1950 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Reto Mühlemann
- FILTROX AG, Moosmühlestr. 6, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Ralph Daumke
- FILTROX AG, Moosmühlestr. 6, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Brian Frank
- FILTROX AG, Moosmühlestr. 6, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Franka Kalman
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland Valais, Institute of Life Technology, Rue de l'Industrie 23, 1950 Sion, Switzerland.
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Kelly MS, Bunyavanich S, Phipatanakul W, Lai PS. The Environmental Microbiome, Allergic Disease, and Asthma. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. IN PRACTICE 2022; 10:2206-2217.e1. [PMID: 35750322 PMCID: PMC9704440 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2022.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
The environmental microbiome represents the entirety of the microbes and their metabolites that we encounter in our environments. A growing body of evidence supports the role of the environmental microbiome in risk for and severity of allergic diseases and asthma. The environmental microbiome represents a ubiquitous, lifelong exposure to non-self antigens. During the critical window between birth and 1 year of life, interactions between our early immune system and the environmental microbiome have 2 consequences: our individual microbiome is populated by environmental microbes, and our immune system is trained regarding which antigens to tolerate. During this time, a diversity of exposures appears largely protective, dramatically decreasing the risk of developing allergic diseases and asthma. As we grow older, our interactions with the environmental microbiome change. While it continues to exert influence over the composition of the human microbiome, the environmental microbiome becomes increasingly a source for antigenic stimulation and infection. The same microbial exposure protective against disease development may exacerbate disease severity. Although much has been learned about the importance of the environmental microbiome in allergic disease, much more remains to be understood about these complicated interactions between our environment, our microbiome, our immune system, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Kelly
- Department of Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Supinda Bunyavanich
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, and Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Wanda Phipatanakul
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Division of Allergy and Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Peggy S Lai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Division of Allergy and Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Mass.
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Solati S, Zhang T, Timman S. The monocyte activation test detects potentiated cytokine release resulting from the synergistic effect of endotoxin and non-endotoxin pyrogens. Innate Immun 2022; 28:130-137. [PMID: 35491666 PMCID: PMC9136467 DOI: 10.1177/17534259221097948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrogens are classified in two groups, endotoxin pyrogens and non-endotoxin pyrogens (NEPs). The presence of either in parenteral pharmaceuticals or medical devices can cause severe harm to subjects, and when occurring in combination, synergistic potentiation effects can occur. As the standard in vitro pyrogen test, the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) assay can detect LPS only, an endotoxin, but not NEPs. We tested whether the Monocyte Activation Test (MAT) that measures IL-6 induction, is suited for detecting synergistic pyrogen effects. Here we show that MAT reliably detects the NEPs heat-killed Staphylococcus aureus, R848 and lipoteichoic acid, in addition to LPS. When combinations of these pyrogens were tested, a potentiation of IL-6 production was seen beyond an additive effect, apparently reflecting on in-vivo synergisms. The current study therefore demonstrates that MAT not only is a reliable and reproducible assay for the sensitive detection of both endotoxin and non-endotoxin pyrogens, but also for identifying synergistic effects when parenteral drugs are contaminated with multiple pyrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Solati
- MAT BioTech, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- CTL-MAT, Ohio, Cleveland, USA
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Radakovics K, Battin C, Leitner J, Geiselhart S, Paster W, Stöckl J, Hoffmann-Sommergruber K, Steinberger P. A Highly Sensitive Cell-Based TLR Reporter Platform for the Specific Detection of Bacterial TLR Ligands. Front Immunol 2022; 12:817604. [PMID: 35087538 PMCID: PMC8786796 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.817604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are primary pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which recognize conserved microbial components. They play important roles in innate immunity but also in the initiation of adaptive immune responses. Impurities containing TLR ligands are a frequent problem in research but also for the production of therapeutics since TLR ligands can exert strong immunomodulatory properties even in minute amounts. Consequently, there is a need for sensitive tools to detect TLR ligands with high sensitivity and specificity. Here we describe the development of a platform based on a highly sensitive NF-κB::eGFP reporter Jurkat JE6-1 T cell line for the detection of TLR ligands. Ectopic expression of TLRs and their coreceptors and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated deletion of endogenously expressed TLRs was deployed to generate reporter cell lines selectively expressing functional human TLR2/1, TLR2/6, TLR4 or TLR5 complexes. Using well-defined agonists for the respective TLR complexes we could demonstrate high specificity and sensitivity of the individual reporter lines. The limit of detection for LPS was below 1 pg/mL and ligands for TLR2/1 (Pam3CSK4), TLR2/6 (Fsl-1) and TLR5 (flagellin) were detected at concentrations as low as 1.0 ng/mL, 0.2 ng/mL and 10 pg/mL, respectively. We showed that the JE6-1 TLR reporter cells have the utility to characterize different commercially available TLR ligands as well as more complex samples like bacterially expressed proteins or allergen extracts. Impurities in preparations of microbial compounds as well as the lack of specificity of detection systems can lead to erroneous results and currently there is no consensus regarding the involvement of TLRs in the recognition of several molecules with proposed immunostimulatory functions. This reporter system represents a highly suitable tool for the definition of structural requirements for agonists of distinct TLR complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Radakovics
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell Activation, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Claire Battin
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell Activation, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Judith Leitner
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell Activation, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine Geiselhart
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Paster
- Clinical Cell Biology and FACS Core Unit, St. Anna Children´s Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Stöckl
- Division Regulation of the Immune System, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Hoffmann-Sommergruber
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Steinberger
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell Activation, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Low endotoxin E. coli strain-derived plasmids reduce rAAV vector-mediated immune responses both in vitro and in vivo. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2021; 22:293-303. [PMID: 34485612 PMCID: PMC8403685 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The major challenge of recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors is host immunological barriers. Compared to the neutralizing antibody and the cytotoxic T lymphocyte response, the host immune responses induced by unsatisfactory rAAV manufacturing were largely ignored previously. rAAV vector production usually requires large amounts of plasmid DNAs. The DNA are commonly isolated from the DH5α bacterial strain, which contains lipopolysaccharide (LPS) contamination. LPS, also named endotoxin, in plasmid DNA is intractable, and residual endotoxin in the subsequent rAAV vectors may result in substantial host immune response. Recently, a ClearColi K12 bacterial strain is commercially available, with genetically modified LPS that does not trigger endotoxic response in mammalian cells. Here, we produced rAAV-DJ vectors by plasmids yielded from either DH5α or ClearColi K12 bacterial strains. Our data indicated that the ClearColi K12 strain had satisfactory protection for the rAAV inverted terminal repeat (ITR) sequence. As expected, the ClearColi K12-derived rAAV-DJ vectors had lower endotoxin levels. The physical and biological equivalency of the purified viral stocks were confirmed by electron micrographs, Coomassie blue staining, and transduction assays. Most importantly, the ClearColi K12-derived rAAV-DJ vectors triggered reduced nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway both in cell cultures in vitro and in C57BL/6 mice retinas in vivo. We believe that the use of the ClearColi K12 bacterial strain could eliminate the LPS in the purified vector stock at the source. Our data indicate its promising use in future clinical development.
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Indoor Microbial Exposures and Chronic Lung Disease: From Microbial Toxins to the Microbiome. Clin Chest Med 2021; 41:777-796. [PMID: 33153695 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2020.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Effects of environmental microbial exposures on human health have long been of interest. Microbes were historically assumed to be harmful, but data have suggested that microbial exposures can modulate the immune system. We focus on the effects of indoor environmental microbial exposure on chronic lung diseases. We found contradictory data in bacterial studies using endotoxin as a surrogate for bacterial exposure. Contradictory data also exist in studies of fungal exposure. Many factors may modulate the effect of environmental microbial exposures on lung health, including coexposures. Future studies need to clarify which method of assessing environmental microbial exposures is most relevant.
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Kaur R, Kaur R. Symptoms, risk factors, diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infections. Postgrad Med J 2020; 97:803-812. [PMID: 33234708 DOI: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-139090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common microbial infection found in all ages and sexes which involves inflammation of the urinary tract. These infections can range from simple bladder inflammation, that is, cystitis, to severe cases of uroseptic shock. UTI ranks as the number 1 infection that leads to a prescription of antibiotics after a doctor's visit. These infections are sometimes distressing and even life threatening, and both males (12%) and females (40%) have at least one symptomatic UTI throughout their lives. Diagnostic failures in case of bacterial infections are the main contributing factor in improper use of antibiotics, delay in treatment and low survival rate in septic conditions. So, early diagnosis and appropriate therapy with antibiotics are the most significant requirements for preventing complicated UTI conditions such as urosepsis. This review article summarises the symptoms of the UTIs and the associated risk factors to it. The various conventional and recent diagnostic methods were also discussed in this review, along with treatment therapies with or without antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajanbir Kaur
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Rajinder Kaur
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
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Bucsella B, Hoffmann A, Zollinger M, Stephan F, Pattky M, Daumke R, Heiligtag FJ, Frank B, Bassas-Galia M, Zinn M, Kalman F. Novel RP-HPLC based assay for selective and sensitive endotoxin quantification. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:4621-4634. [PMID: 32924034 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay00872a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The paper presents a novel instrumental analytical endotoxin quantification assay. It uses common analytical laboratory equipment (HPLC-FLD) and allows quantifying endotoxins (ETs) in different matrices from about 109 EU per mL down to about 40 EU per mL (RSE based). Test results are obtained in concentration units (e.g. ng ET per mL), which can then be converted to commonly used endotoxin units (EU per mL) in case of known pyrogenic activity. During endotoxin hydrolysis, the endotoxin specific rare sugar acid KDO is obtained quantitatively. After that, KDO is stoichiometrically reacted with DMB, which results in a highly fluorescent derivative. The mixture is separated using RP-HPLC followed by KDO-DMB quantification with a fluorescence detector. Based on the KDO content, the endotoxin content in the sample is calculated. The developed assay is economic and has a small error. Its applicability was demonstrated in applied research. ETs were quantified in purified bacterial biopolymers, which were produced by Gram-negative bacteria. Results were compared to LAL results obtained for the same samples. A high correlation was found between the results of both methods. Further, the new assay was utilized with high success during the development of novel endotoxin specific depth filters, which allow efficient, economic and sustainable ET removal during DSP. Those examples demonstrate that the new assay has the potential to complement the animal-based biological LAL pyrogenic quantification tests, which are accepted today by the major health authorities worldwide for the release of commercial pharmaceutical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanka Bucsella
- University of Zürich, Department of Chemistry, Winterthurerstr. 190, Zürich, CH-8057, Switzerland and HES-SO Valais (University of Applied Sciences, Sion; Wallis), Institute of Life Technologies, Route du Rawyl 64, CH-1950 Sion 2, Switzerland.
| | - Anika Hoffmann
- HES-SO Valais (University of Applied Sciences, Sion; Wallis), Institute of Life Technologies, Route du Rawyl 64, CH-1950 Sion 2, Switzerland.
| | - Mathieu Zollinger
- HES-SO Valais (University of Applied Sciences, Sion; Wallis), Institute of Life Technologies, Route du Rawyl 64, CH-1950 Sion 2, Switzerland.
| | - Fabio Stephan
- HES-SO Valais (University of Applied Sciences, Sion; Wallis), Institute of Life Technologies, Route du Rawyl 64, CH-1950 Sion 2, Switzerland. and Lonza AG, Quality Control Biopharma, Rottenstrasse 6, CH-3930 Visp, Switzerland
| | - Martin Pattky
- HES-SO Valais (University of Applied Sciences, Sion; Wallis), Institute of Life Technologies, Route du Rawyl 64, CH-1950 Sion 2, Switzerland. and Lonza AG, Quality Control Biopharma, Rottenstrasse 6, CH-3930 Visp, Switzerland
| | - Ralph Daumke
- FILTROX AG, Moosmühlestr. 6, CH-9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | | | - Brian Frank
- FILTROX AG, Moosmühlestr. 6, CH-9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Mònica Bassas-Galia
- HES-SO Valais (University of Applied Sciences, Sion; Wallis), Institute of Life Technologies, Route du Rawyl 64, CH-1950 Sion 2, Switzerland. and FILTROX AG, Moosmühlestr. 6, CH-9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland and Acrostak AG, Stegackerstrasse 14, 8409 Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Manfred Zinn
- HES-SO Valais (University of Applied Sciences, Sion; Wallis), Institute of Life Technologies, Route du Rawyl 64, CH-1950 Sion 2, Switzerland.
| | - Franka Kalman
- HES-SO Valais (University of Applied Sciences, Sion; Wallis), Institute of Life Technologies, Route du Rawyl 64, CH-1950 Sion 2, Switzerland. and Acrostak AG, Stegackerstrasse 14, 8409 Winterthur, Switzerland
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Ahmad B, Hanif Q, Wei X, Zhang L, Sabir N, Li Z, Cheng J, Khan SA, Basit A, Shahid M, Rehman AU, Si D, Zhang R. In vitro Impact of Yeast Expressed Hybrid Peptide CATH-2TP5 as a Prophylactic Measure Toward Sepsis and Inflammation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:454. [PMID: 32582649 PMCID: PMC7283555 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
CATH-2TP5 is a linear cationic hybrid peptide, consequent from naturally occurring antimicrobial peptide (AMPs) Cathelicidin-2 (CATH-2) and Immunomodulatory peptide Thymopentin (TP5) having dynamic and potent anti-inflammatory activities without hemolytic effect. The biocompatible mechanism of CATH-2TP5 is favored to explore new methodologies in the direction of biomedical applications. In this retrospectively study, an antiendotoxin and anti-inflammatory hybrid peptide CATH-2TP5 was emulated into pPICZα-A and successfully expressed in Pichia pastoris (P. pastoris). The recombinant CATH-2TP5 was purified through the Ni-affinity column and reversed-phase HPLC. The purified CATH-2TP5 peptide exhibited robust anti-endotoxin activity and significantly (p < 0.05) neutralized the effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Furthermore, the down-regulated effect of CATH-2TP was more pronounced (p < 0.05) on LPS-induced cytotoxic effects, nitric oxide secretion and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β) in murine RAW264.7 macrophages. As associated to control and parental peptide the number of apoptotic cells was also contracted with the treatment of CATH-2TP5. Thus, we concluded that CATH-2TP5 peptide may be used in various biomedical applications as a therapeutic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baseer Ahmad
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Quratulain Hanif
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Department of Biotechnology, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nilore, Pakistan
| | - Xubiao Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lulu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Naveed Sabir
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongxuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Junhao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shahzad Akbar Khan
- Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Abdul Basit
- College of Life Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Muhammad Shahid
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Amin ur Rehman
- College of Life Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dayong Si
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Rijun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Leskelä J, Pietiäinen M, Safer A, Lehto M, Metso J, Malle E, Buggle F, Becher H, Sundvall J, Grau AJ, Pussinen PJ, Palm F. Serum lipopolysaccharide neutralizing capacity in ischemic stroke. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228806. [PMID: 32084157 PMCID: PMC7034831 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Periodontitis is associated with increased serum lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activity, which may be one mechanism linking periodontitis with the risk of cardiovascular diseases. As LPS-carrying proteins including lipoproteins modify LPS-activity, we investigated the determinants of serum LPS-neutralizing capacity (LPS-NC) in ischemic stroke. The association of LPS-NC and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, a major microbial biomarker in periodontitis, was also investigated. Materials and methods The assay to measure LPS-NC was set up by spiking serum samples with E. coli LPS. The LPS-NC, LPS-binding protein (LBP), soluble CD14 (sCD14), lipoprotein profiles, apo(lipoprotein) A-I, apoB, and phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) activity, were determined in 98 ischemic stroke patients and 100 age- and sex-matched controls. Serum and saliva immune response to A. actinomycetemcomitans, its concentration in saliva, and serotype-distribution were examined. Results LPS-NC values ranged between 51–83% in the whole population. Although several of the LPS-NC determinants differed significantly between cases and controls (PLTP, sCD14, apoA-I, HDL-cholesterol), the levels did not (p = 0.056). The main determinants of LPS-NC were i) triglycerides (β = -0.68, p<0.001), and ii) HDL cholesterol (0.260, <0.001), LDL cholesterol (-0.265, <0.001), PLTP (-0.196, 0.011), and IgG against A. actinomycetemcomitans (0.174, 0.011). Saliva A. actinomycetemcomitans concentration was higher [log mean (95% CI), 4.39 (2.35–8.19) vs. 10.7 (5.45–21) genomes/ml, p = 0.023) and serotype D more frequent (4 vs. 0%, p = 0.043) in cases than controls. Serotypeablity or serotypes did not, however, relate to the LPS-NC. Conclusion Serum LPS-NC comprised low PLTP-activity, triglyceride and LDL cholesterol concentrations, as well as high HDL cholesterol and IgG against A. actinomycetemcomitans. The present findings let us to conclude that LPS-NC did not associate with stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaakko Leskelä
- Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Milla Pietiäinen
- Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anton Safer
- Institute of Global Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markku Lehto
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jari Metso
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ernst Malle
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Florian Buggle
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum Ludwigshafen, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Heiko Becher
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Institute of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, Hamburg, Germany
- University Hospital Heidelberg, Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jouko Sundvall
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Armin J. Grau
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum Ludwigshafen, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Pirkko J. Pussinen
- Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Frederick Palm
- Department of Neurology, Helios Klinikum Schleswig, Schleswig, Germany
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12
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Ji J, Pang Y, Li D, Huang Z, Zhang Z, Xue N, Xu Y, Mu X. An aptamer-based shear horizontal surface acoustic wave biosensor with a CVD-grown single-layered graphene film for high-sensitivity detection of a label-free endotoxin. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2020; 6:4. [PMID: 34567619 PMCID: PMC8433395 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-019-0118-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The thickness of the sensitive layer has an important influence on the sensitivity of a shear horizontal surface acoustic wave (SH-SAW) biosensor with a delay-line structure and lower layer numbers of graphene produce better sensitivity for biological detection. Therefore, a label-free and highly sensitive SH-SAW biosensor with chemical vapor deposition (CVD-)-grown single-layered graphene (SLG) for endotoxin detection was developed in this study. With this methodology, SH-SAW biosensors were fabricated on a 36° Y-90° X quartz substrate with a base frequency of 246.2 MHz, and an effective detection cell was fabricated using acrylic material. To increase the surface hydrophilicity, chitosan was applied to the surface of the SLG film. Additionally, the aptamer was immobilized on the surface of the SLG film by cross-linking with glutaraldehyde. Finally, the sensitivity was verified by endotoxin detection with a linear detection ranging from 0 to 100 ng/mL, and the detection limit (LOD) was as low as 3.53 ng/mL. In addition, the stability of this type of SH-SAW biosensor from the air phase to the liquid phase proved to be excellent and the specificity was tested and verified by detecting the endotoxin obtained from Escherichia coli (E. coli), the endotoxin obtained from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), and aflatoxin. Therefore, this type of SH-SAW biosensor with a CVD-grown SLG film may offer a promising approach to endotoxin detection, and it may have great potential in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwang Ji
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology & Systems, Ministry of Education, International R & D Center of Micro-nano Systems and New Materials Technology, Chongqing University, 400044 Chongqing, China
| | - Yiquan Pang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, 400030 Chongqing, China
| | - Dongxiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology & Systems, Ministry of Education, International R & D Center of Micro-nano Systems and New Materials Technology, Chongqing University, 400044 Chongqing, China
| | - Zheng Huang
- Department of Applied Physics, Chongqing University, 401331 Chongqing, China
| | - Zuwei Zhang
- Chongqing Acoustic-Optic-Electric Corporation, China Electronic Technology Group Corporation, 400060 Chongqing, China
| | - Ning Xue
- Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - Yi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology & Systems, Ministry of Education, International R & D Center of Micro-nano Systems and New Materials Technology, Chongqing University, 400044 Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaojing Mu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology & Systems, Ministry of Education, International R & D Center of Micro-nano Systems and New Materials Technology, Chongqing University, 400044 Chongqing, China
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13
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Pfalzgraff A, Correa W, Heinbockel L, Schromm AB, Lübow C, Gisch N, Martinez-de-Tejada G, Brandenburg K, Weindl G. LPS-neutralizing peptides reduce outer membrane vesicle-induced inflammatory responses. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1864:1503-1513. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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14
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Regulation of Gut Microbiota and Metabolic Endotoxemia with Dietary Factors. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11102277. [PMID: 31547555 PMCID: PMC6835897 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic endotoxemia is a condition in which blood lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels are elevated, regardless of the presence of obvious infection. It has been suggested to lead to chronic inflammation-related diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), pancreatitis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Alzheimer’s disease. In addition, it has attracted attention as a target for the prevention and treatment of these chronic diseases. As metabolic endotoxemia was first reported in mice that were fed a high-fat diet, research regarding its relationship with diets has been actively conducted in humans and animals. In this review, we summarize the relationship between fat intake and induction of metabolic endotoxemia, focusing on gut dysbiosis and the influx, kinetics, and metabolism of LPS. We also summarize the recent findings about dietary factors that attenuate metabolic endotoxemia, focusing on the regulation of gut microbiota. We hope that in the future, control of metabolic endotoxemia using dietary factors will help maintain human health.
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15
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Li S, Qi C, Zhu H, Yu R, Xie C, Peng Y, Yin SW, Fan J, Zhao S, Sun J. Lactobacillus reuteri improves gut barrier function and affects diurnal variation of the gut microbiota in mice fed a high-fat diet. Food Funct 2019; 10:4705-4715. [PMID: 31304501 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo00417c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lactobacillus reuteri FN041 is a secretory IgA-targeted Lactobacillus strain from human breast milk that has probiotic potential. The aim of this study was to test whether FN041 can alleviate dyslipidaemia and mucosal-barrier damage caused by a high-fat diet (HFD) and whether it can affect diurnal variation of the intestinal microbiota. C57BL/6 mice were fed either a normal chow diet or high-fat diet (HFD) for 7 weeks and were treated with either PBS as a control or L. reuteri FN041 for 4 weeks. Our results showed that FN041 treatment significantly attenuated HFD-induced weight gain (P < 0.01), accumulation of testicular fat, an increase in locomotor activity during the active phase (P < 0.01), triglyceridaemia, hypercholesterolaemia (P < 0.05), liver Fas overexpression, and Srebp1c mRNA expression inhibition. Moreover, FN041 treatment improved intestinal epithelial barrier function and induced a daily oscillation-dependent change in short-chain fatty acid production by the gut microbiota. A deeper understanding of the molecular pathways participating in intestinal barrier and microbiota modifications, and changes to lipid metabolism under the influence of FN041, will have important implications by potentially opening new horizons for the development of relevant foods to prevent metabolic disorders and unrelated intestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangqi Li
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
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16
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Ahmad B, Hanif Q, Xubiao W, Lulu Z, Shahid M, Dayong S, Rijun Z. Expression and Purification of Hybrid LL-37Tα1 Peptide in Pichia pastoris and Evaluation of Its Immunomodulatory and Anti-inflammatory Activities by LPS Neutralization. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1365. [PMID: 31258535 PMCID: PMC6587124 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study pertains to the new approach for the development of hybrid peptide LL-37Tα1 and its biomedical applications. A linear cationic hybrid peptide, LL-37Tα1 was derived from two parental peptides (LL-37 and Tα1) recognized as potent anti-endotoxin without any hemolytic or cytotoxic activity. We successfully cloned the gene of hybrid peptide LL-37Tα1 in PpICZαA vector and expressed in the Pichia pastoris. The recombinant peptide was purified by Ni-affinity column and reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) with an estimated molecular mass of 3.9 kDa as determined by SDS-PAGE and mass spectrometry. We analyzed the LPS neutralization by limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) activity and the results indicate that the hybrid peptide LL-37Tα1 directly binds endotoxin and significantly (p < 0.05) neutralizes the effect of LPS in a dose-dependent manner. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay revealed that LL-37Tα1 successfully reduces the LPS-induced cytotoxicity in mouse RAW264.7 macrophages. Moreover, it significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the levels of nitric oxide, proinflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and diminished the number of apoptotic cells in LPS-stimulated mouse RAW264.7 macrophages. Our results suggest that the P. pastoris expression system is cost-effective for commercial production of the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory hybrid peptide (IAHP) LL-37Tα1 and the peptide may serve as effective anti-endotoxin/anti-inflammatory agent with minimal cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baseer Ahmad
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Quratulain Hanif
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Wei Xubiao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhang Lulu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Muhammad Shahid
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Si Dayong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhang Rijun
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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17
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Microbial translocation revisited: targeting the endotoxic potential of gut microbes in HIV-infected individuals. AIDS 2019; 33:645-653. [PMID: 30531315 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Translocation of microbial products such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from the gut may contribute to chronic inflammation in HIV-infected individuals. Recent studies indicate that differences in degree of acylation of gut-bacterial-derived LPS may explain variable immune effects, with hexa-acylated rather than penta-acylated LPS having proinflammatory capacity. We investigated whether the degree of acylation of gut-derived LPS associates with systemic inflammation, and the potential effect of probiotic intervention. METHODS Gut microbiota profiles from a probiotics intervention were investigated and validated in a cohort of HIV-infected individuals commencing antiretroviral therapy. The PiCRUSt software was used to predict overall functional capacity of the microbiota and in-house bioinformatics to distinguish between bacteria producing hexa-acylated and penta-acylated LPS. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION HIV-infected individuals with the highest ratio of proinflammatory hexa-acylated LPS to noninflammatory penta-acylated LPS-producing bacteria exhibited increased levels of systemic inflammation (neopterin, P < 0.001) and tryptophan catabolism (kynurenine/tryptophan ratio, P = 0.01), indicating a link between proinflammatory LPS, tryptophan catabolism and inflammation. After probiotics for 8 weeks, there was a decrease in Gram-negative bacteria (P = 0.01), related primarily to a reduction in bacteria producing penta-acylated LPS (P = 0.01), but not hexa-acylated LPS. The reduction in Gram-negative bacteria correlated positively with decreased plasma LPS (r = 0.72), mainly related to a reduction in bacteria producing noninflammatory penta-acylated LPS (r = 0.58). Notably, gut bacteria producing hexa-acylated LPS were outnumbered by penta-acylated LPS with a factor of 25 in HIV-infected individuals. Further studies are warranted to determine whether microbes producing hexa-acylated LPS might be a more relevant trigger of systemic inflammation compared with plasma LPS captured by the existing limulus assay.
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18
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Moretti S, Smets W, Hofman J, Mubiana KV, Oerlemans E, Vandenheuvel D, Samson R, Blust R, Lebeer S. Human inflammatory response of endotoxin affected by particulate matter-bound transition metals. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 244:118-126. [PMID: 30326385 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.09.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial endotoxins are a component of particulate matter (PM) with anticipated health implications, yet we know little about how host reception of endotoxin through toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is affected by its association with other PM components. Subsequently, we investigated the relationship between endotoxin concentration (recombinant Factor C (rFC) assay) and host recognition (HEK Blue-TLR4 NF-kB reporter cell line based assay) in various compositions of urban PM, including road traffic, industrial and urban green land use classes. While the assays did not correlate strongly between each other, the TLR4 reporter cell line was found to be better correlated to the IL-8 response of PM. Furthermore, the ability of the quantified endotoxin (rFC assay) to stimulate the TLR4/MD-2 complex was significantly affected by the urban land use class, where traffic locations were found to be significantly higher in bioactive endotoxin than the industrial and green locations. We subsequently turned our attention to PM composition and characterized the samples based on transition metal content (through ICP-MS). The effect of nickel and cobalt - previously reported to activate the hTLR4/MD-2 complex - was found to be negligible in comparison to that of iron. Here, the addition of iron as a factor significantly improved the regression model between the two endotoxin assays, explaining 77% of the variation of the TLR4 stimulation and excluding the significant effect of land use class. Moreover, the effect of iron proved to be more than a correlation, since dosing LPS with Fe2+ led to an increase up to 64% in TLR4 stimulation, while Fe2+ without LPS was unable to stimulate a response. This study shows that endotoxin quantification assays (such as the rFC assay) may not always correspond to human biological recognition of endotoxin in urban PM, while its toxicity can be synergistically influenced by the associated PM composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Moretti
- Environmental Ecology and Applied Microbiology (ENdEMIC), Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wenke Smets
- Environmental Ecology and Applied Microbiology (ENdEMIC), Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jelle Hofman
- Environmental Ecology and Applied Microbiology (ENdEMIC), Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kayawe Valentine Mubiana
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Eline Oerlemans
- Environmental Ecology and Applied Microbiology (ENdEMIC), Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dieter Vandenheuvel
- Environmental Ecology and Applied Microbiology (ENdEMIC), Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Roeland Samson
- Environmental Ecology and Applied Microbiology (ENdEMIC), Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ronny Blust
- Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sarah Lebeer
- Environmental Ecology and Applied Microbiology (ENdEMIC), Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium.
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19
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Strachan A, Harrington Z, McIlwaine C, Jerreat M, Belfield LA, Kilar A, Jackson SK, Foey A, Zaric S. Subgingival lipid A profile and endotoxin activity in periodontal health and disease. Clin Oral Investig 2018; 23:3527-3534. [PMID: 30543027 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-018-2771-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Regulation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) chemical composition, particularly its lipid A domain, is an important, naturally occurring mechanism that drives bacteria-host immune system interactions into either a symbiotic or pathogenic relationship. Members of the subgingival oral microbiota can critically modulate host immuno-inflammatory responses by synthesizing different LPS isoforms. The objectives of this study were to analyze subgingival lipid A profiles and endotoxin activities in periodontal health and disease and to evaluate the use of the recombinant factor C assay as a new, lipid A-based biosensor for personalized, point-of-care periodontal therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Subgingival plaque samples were collected from healthy individuals and chronic periodontitis patients before and after periodontal therapy. Chemical composition of subgingival lipid A moieties was determined by ESI-Mass Spectrometry. Endotoxin activity of subgingival LPS extracts was assessed using the recombinant factor C assay, and their inflammatory potential was examined in THP-1-derived macrophages by measuring TNF-α and IL-8 production. RESULTS Characteristic lipid A molecular signatures, corresponding to over-acylated, bi-phosphorylated lipid A isoforms, were observed in diseased samples. Healthy and post-treatment samples were characterized by lower m/z peaks, related to under-acylated, hypo-phosphorylated lipid A structures. Endotoxin activity levels and inflammatory potentials of subgingival LPS extracts from periodontitis patients were significantly higher compared to healthy and post-treatment samples. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to consider structure-function-clinical implications of different lipid A isoforms present in the subgingival niche and sheds new light on molecular pathogenic mechanisms of subgingival biofilm communities. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Subgingival endotoxin activity (determined by lipid A chemical composition) could be a reliable, bacterially derived biomarker and a risk assessment tool for personalized periodontal care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Strachan
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Zoe Harrington
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Clare McIlwaine
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Matthew Jerreat
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Louise A Belfield
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Aniko Kilar
- Medical School, Institute of Bioanalysis, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Simon K Jackson
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Andrew Foey
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Svetislav Zaric
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK.
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20
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Valentini S, Santoro G, Baffetta F, Franceschi S, Paludi M, Brandini E, Gherardini L, Serruto D, Capecchi B. Monocyte-activation test to reliably measure the pyrogenic content of a vaccine: An in vitro pyrogen test to overcome in vivo limitations. Vaccine 2018; 37:3754-3760. [PMID: 30448065 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.10.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pyrogen content is one of the critical quality attributes impacting the safety of a product, and there is an increasing need for assays that can reliably measure this attribute in vaccines. The Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) assay and the rabbit pyrogen test (RPT) are the canonical animal-based pyrogen tests currently used to release vaccines; however, there are several drawbacks associated with these tests when applied to Bexsero, intrinsically pyrogenic product, containing a meningococcal Outer Membrane Vesicle component. While the RPT, as applied to Bexsero at its given dilution, ensures safe vaccine, it is highly variable and prone to false positive results. On the other hand, the LAL assay although quantitative, can detect only endotoxin pyrogens and is not sufficient for monitoring the safety of Bexsero, which contains both LPS and non-endotoxin pyrogens. Being aware of these limitations of the RPT and LAL when applied to Bexsero, the Monocyte Activation Test (MAT) which is sensitive to both endotoxin and non-endotoxin based pyrogens has been developed as an alternative pyrogen test. Here, the development and the validation of a MAT assay adapted from the European pharmacopoeia for Bexsero, is described. The MAT assay is then used for monitoring the safety and consistency of Bexsero vaccines at release, providing great advantages in terms of reduced variability with respect to RPT, reduction of animal use, in line with the 3Rs principle concerning the protection of animals and faster time to market. In addition the correlation of the MAT to the RPT has been demonstrated supporting the replacement of the in vivo method and the potential application of the assay to other intrinsically pyrogenic vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sara Franceschi
- University of Calabria, Ponte Pietro Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
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21
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Hoppe Parr KA, Hađina S, Kilburg-Basnyat B, Wang Y, Chavez D, Thorne PS, Weiss JP. Modification of sample processing for the Limulus amebocyte lysate assay enhances detection of inflammogenic endotoxin in intact bacteria and organic dust. Innate Immun 2017; 23:307-318. [PMID: 28359219 PMCID: PMC5814115 DOI: 10.1177/1753425917694084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The pro-inflammatory potency and causal relationship with asthma of inhaled endotoxins have underscored the importance of accurately assessing the endotoxin content of organic dusts. The Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) assay has emerged as the preferred assay, but its ability to measure endotoxin in intact bacteria and organic dusts with similar sensitivity as purified endotoxin is unknown. We used metabolically radiolabeled Neisseria meningitidis and both rough and smooth Escherichia coli to compare dose-dependent activation in the LAL with purified endotoxin from these bacteria and shed outer membrane (OM) blebs. Labeled [14C]-3-OH-fatty acids were used to quantify the endotoxin content of the samples. Purified meningococcal and E. coli endotoxins and OM blebs displayed similar specific activity in the LAL assay to the purified LPS standard. In contrast, intact bacteria exhibited fivefold lower specific activity in the LAL assay but showed similar MD-2-dependent potency as purified endotoxin in inducing acute airway inflammation in mice. Pre-treatment of intact bacteria and organic dusts with 0.1 M Tris-HCl/10 mM EDTA increased by fivefold the release of endotoxin. These findings demonstrate that house dust and other organic dusts should be extracted with Tris/EDTA to more accurately assess the endotoxin content and pro-inflammatory potential of these environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A. Hoppe Parr
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Suzana Hađina
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Brita Kilburg-Basnyat
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Yifang Wang
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Dulce Chavez
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Peter S. Thorne
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Jerrold P. Weiss
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Microbiology and Inflammation Program, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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22
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Host defenses against metabolic endotoxaemia and their impact on lipopolysaccharide detection. Int Rev Immunol 2017; 36:125-144. [DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2017.1280483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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23
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Watkins HC, Rappazzo CG, Higgins JS, Sun X, Brock N, Chau A, Misra A, Cannizzo JPB, King MR, Maines TR, Leifer CA, Whittaker GR, DeLisa MP, Putnam D. Safe Recombinant Outer Membrane Vesicles that Display M2e Elicit Heterologous Influenza Protection. Mol Ther 2017; 25:989-1002. [PMID: 28215994 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant, Escherichia coli-derived outer membrane vesicles (rOMVs), which display heterologous protein subunits, have potential as a vaccine adjuvant platform. One drawback to rOMVs is their lipopolysaccharide (LPS) content, limiting their translatability to the clinic due to potential adverse effects. Here, we explore a unique rOMV construct with structurally remodeled lipids containing only the lipid IVa portion of LPS, which does not stimulate human TLR4. The rOMVs are derived from a genetically engineered B strain of E. coli, ClearColi, which produces lipid IVa, and which was further engineered in our laboratory to hypervesiculate and make rOMVs. We report that rOMVs derived from this lipid IVa strain have substantially attenuated pyrogenicity yet retain high levels of immunogenicity, promote dendritic cell maturation, and generate a balanced Th1/Th2 humoral response. Additionally, an influenza A virus matrix 2 protein-based antigen displayed on these rOMVs resulted in 100% survival against a lethal challenge with two influenza A virus strains (H1N1 and H3N2) in mice with different genetic backgrounds (BALB/c, C57BL/6, and DBA/2J). Additionally, a two-log reduction of lung viral titer was achieved in a ferret model of influenza infection with human pandemic H1N1. The rOMVs reported herein represent a potentially safe and simple subunit vaccine delivery platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah C Watkins
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - C Garrett Rappazzo
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Jaclyn S Higgins
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| | - Xiangjie Sun
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Nicole Brock
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Annie Chau
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| | - Aditya Misra
- Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Joseph P B Cannizzo
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Michael R King
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Taronna R Maines
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Cynthia A Leifer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Gary R Whittaker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Matthew P DeLisa
- Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - David Putnam
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Stenman LK, Lehtinen MJ, Meland N, Christensen JE, Yeung N, Saarinen MT, Courtney M, Burcelin R, Lähdeaho ML, Linros J, Apter D, Scheinin M, Kloster Smerud H, Rissanen A, Lahtinen S. Probiotic With or Without Fiber Controls Body Fat Mass, Associated With Serum Zonulin, in Overweight and Obese Adults-Randomized Controlled Trial. EBioMedicine 2016; 13:190-200. [PMID: 27810310 PMCID: PMC5264483 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The gut microbiota is interlinked with obesity, but direct evidence of effects of its modulation on body fat mass is still scarce. We investigated the possible effects of Bifidobacterium animalisssp. lactis 420 (B420) and the dietary fiber Litesse® Ultra polydextrose (LU) on body fat mass and other obesity-related parameters. Methods 225 healthy volunteers (healthy, BMI 28–34.9) were randomized into four groups (1:1:1:1), using a computer-generated sequence, for 6 months of double-blind, parallel treatment: 1) Placebo, microcrystalline cellulose, 12 g/d; 2) LU, 12 g/d; 3) B420, 1010 CFU/d in microcrystalline cellulose, 12 g/d; 4) LU + B420, 12 g + 1010 CFU/d. Body composition was monitored with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and the primary outcome was relative change in body fat mass, comparing treatment groups to Placebo. Other outcomes included anthropometric measurements, food intake and blood and fecal biomarkers. The study was registered in Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01978691). Findings There were marked differences in the results of the Intention-To-Treat (ITT; n = 209) and Per Protocol (PP; n = 134) study populations. The PP analysis included only those participants who completed the intervention with > 80% product compliance and no antibiotic use. In addition, three participants were excluded from DXA analyses for PP due to a long delay between the end of intervention and the last DXA measurement. There were no significant differences between groups in body fat mass in the ITT population. However, LU + B420 and B420 seemed to improve weight management in the PP population. For relative change in body fat mass, LU + B420 showed a − 4.5% (− 1.4 kg, P = 0.02, N = 37) difference to the Placebo group, whereas LU (+ 0.3%, P = 1.00, N = 35) and B420 (− 3.0%, P = 0.28, N = 24) alone had no effect (overall ANOVA P = 0.095, Placebo N = 35). A post-hoc factorial analysis was significant for B420 (− 4.0%, P = 0.002 vs. Placebo). Changes in fat mass were most pronounced in the abdominal region, and were reflected by similar changes in waist circumference. B420 and LU + B420 also significantly reduced energy intake compared to Placebo. Changes in blood zonulin levels and hsCRP were associated with corresponding changes in trunk fat mass in the LU + B420 group and in the overall population. There were no differences between groups in the incidence of adverse events. Discussion This clinical trial demonstrates that a probiotic product with or without dietary fiber controls body fat mass. B420 and LU + B420 also reduced waist circumference and food intake, whereas LU alone had no effect on the measured outcomes. The probiotic B420 and synbiotic LU + B420 seem to control body fat mass in humans, especially in the abdominal area. B420 and LU + B420 reduce waist circumference and energy intake, but only LU + B420 increases lean body mass. Reduced body fat is associated with zonulin, a marker of epithelial permeability, supporting earlier preclinical findings.
Concise results on probiotics for weight management are lacking. Stenman et al. show in a gold standard clinical study that the probiotic B420 with or without a fiber controls body fat, waist circumference and energy intake when taken in a dietary intervention of six months. Study participants maintained habitual diet and physical activity. Stenman et al. link the benefit to changes in serum zonulin, a potential gut permeability marker. The authors have previously shown in animal studies that these gut microbiota targeting products improve metabolic health in mice by strengthening gut barrier function. These effects are now translated to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotta K Stenman
- Global Health and Nutrition Science, DuPont Nutrition & Health, FI-02460 Kantvik, Finland.
| | - Markus J Lehtinen
- Global Health and Nutrition Science, DuPont Nutrition & Health, FI-02460 Kantvik, Finland
| | - Nils Meland
- Smerud Medical Research, N-0212 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Nicolas Yeung
- Global Health and Nutrition Science, DuPont Nutrition & Health, FI-02460 Kantvik, Finland
| | - Markku T Saarinen
- Global Health and Nutrition Science, DuPont Nutrition & Health, FI-02460 Kantvik, Finland
| | | | | | | | - Jüri Linros
- Kerava Health Centre, FI-04200 Kerava, Finland
| | | | - Mika Scheinin
- Clinical Research Services Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | | | - Aila Rissanen
- Obesity Research Unit, University of Helsinki, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sampo Lahtinen
- Global Health and Nutrition Science, DuPont Nutrition & Health, FI-02460 Kantvik, Finland
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25
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Munford RS. Endotoxemia-menace, marker, or mistake? J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:687-698. [PMID: 27418356 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3ru0316-151r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Endotoxemia is in its scientific ascendancy. Never has blood-borne, Gram-negative bacterial endotoxin (LPS) been invoked in the pathogenesis of so many diseases-not only as a trigger for septic shock, once its most cited role, but also as a contributor to atherosclerosis, obesity, chronic fatigue, metabolic syndrome, and many other conditions. Finding elevated plasma endotoxin levels has been essential supporting evidence for each of these links, yet the assays used to detect and quantitate endotoxin have important limitations. This article describes several assays for endotoxin in plasma, reviews what they do and do not measure, and discusses why LPS heterogeneity, LPS trafficking pathways, and host LPS inactivation mechanisms should be considered when interpreting endotoxin assay results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Munford
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, USA
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26
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Govers C, Tomassen MM, Rieder A, Ballance S, Knutsen SH, Mes JJ. Lipopolysaccharide quantification and alkali-based inactivation in polysaccharide preparations to enable in vitro immune modulatory studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcdf.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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27
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Brandenburg K, Heinbockel L, Correa W, Lohner K. Peptides with dual mode of action: Killing bacteria and preventing endotoxin-induced sepsis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2016; 1858:971-9. [PMID: 26801369 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial infections, with the most severe form being sepsis, can often not be treated adequately leading to high morbidity and lethality of infected patients in critical care units. In particular, the increase in resistant bacterial strains and the lack of new antibiotics are main reasons for the worsening of the current situation, As a new approach, the use of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) seems to be promising, combining the ability of broad-spectrum bactericidal activity and low potential of induction of resistance. Peptides based on natural defense proteins or polypeptides such as lactoferrin, Limulus anti-lipopolysaccharide factor (LALF), cathelicidins, and granulysins are candidates due to their high affinity to bacteria and to their pathogenicity factors, in first line lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin) of Gram-negative origin. In this review, we discuss literature with the focus on the use of AMPs from natural sources and their variants as antibacterial as well as anti-endotoxin (anti-inflammatory) drugs. Considerable progress has been made by the design of new AMPs for acting efficiently against the LPS-induced inflammation reaction in vitro as well as in vivo (mouse) models of sepsis. Furthermore, the data indicate that efficient antibacterial compounds are not necessarily equally efficient as anti-endotoxin drugs and vice versa. The most important reason for this may be the different molecular geometry of LPS in bacteria and in free form. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Antimicrobial peptides edited by Karl Lohner and Kai Hilpert.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Brandenburg
- Forschungszentrum Borstel, Div. of Biophysics, Parkallee 10, D-23845 Borstel, Germany.
| | - Lena Heinbockel
- Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Parkallee 10, D-23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Wilmar Correa
- Forschungszentrum Borstel, Div. of Biophysics, Parkallee 10, D-23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Karl Lohner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Biophysics Division, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, Humboldtstr. 50/III, Graz, Austria
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28
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Gnauck A, Lentle RG, Kruger MC. Chasing a ghost?--Issues with the determination of circulating levels of endotoxin in human blood. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2016; 53:197-215. [PMID: 26732012 DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2015.1123215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Reliable quantification of bacterial products such as endotoxin is important for the diagnosis of Gram-negative infection and for the monitoring of its treatment. Further, it is important to identify patients with persistent subclinical level of bacterial products in their systemic circulation as data from animal studies also suggest this may be correlated with the onset of metabolic syndrome. In this review, we first aim to describe the principles of the Limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) test, an assay that is used to quantify endotoxin, and the various shortcomings that must be addressed before it can become a reliable means of quantifying endotoxin in samples derived from blood. We then review published data regarding endotoxin levels in healthy subjects and those with sepsis, inflammatory bowel disease, liver disorders and metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes. We also review the evidence regarding influence of macronutrients in augmenting the levels of systemic endotoxin. The results of this review show that reported mean levels of endotoxin in the systemic circulation of healthy humans and of those with various clinical disorders vary over a wide range. Further, this review shows that a significant proportion of this variation can be related to the method that was used to prepare plasma and serum samples prior to assay and its ability to reduce the effect of various blood borne factors that interfere with the LAL assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Gnauck
- a Physiology Group, School of Food and Nutrition, College of Health, Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
| | - Roger Graham Lentle
- a Physiology Group, School of Food and Nutrition, College of Health, Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
| | - Marlena Cathorina Kruger
- a Physiology Group, School of Food and Nutrition, College of Health, Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
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29
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Gnauck A, Lentle RG, Kruger MC. The Characteristics and Function of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides and Their Endotoxic Potential in Humans. Int Rev Immunol 2015; 35:189-218. [PMID: 26606737 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2015.1087518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cross-talk between enteral microbiota and human host is essential for the development and maintenance of the human gastrointestinal and systemic immune systems. The presence of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) lysed from the cell membrane of Gram-negative bacteria in the gut lumen is thought to promote the development of a balanced gut immune response whilst the entry of the same LPS into systemic circulation may lead to a deleterious pro-inflammatory systemic immune response. Recent data suggest that chronically low levels of circulating LPS may be associated with the development of metabolic diseases such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. This review focuses on the cross-talk between enteral commensal bacteria and the human immune system via LPS. We explain the structural characterisation of the LPS molecule and its function in the bacteria. We then examine how LPS is recognised by various elements of the human immune system and the signalling pathways that are activated by the structure of the LPS molecule and the effect of various concentrations. Further, we discuss the sequelae of this signalling in the gut-associated and systemic immune systems i.e. the neutralisation of LPS and the development of tolerance to LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Gnauck
- a School of Food and Nutrition, College of Health , Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
| | - Roger G Lentle
- a School of Food and Nutrition, College of Health , Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
| | - Marlena C Kruger
- a School of Food and Nutrition, College of Health , Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
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30
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Mamat U, Wilke K, Bramhill D, Schromm AB, Lindner B, Kohl TA, Corchero JL, Villaverde A, Schaffer L, Head SR, Souvignier C, Meredith TC, Woodard RW. Detoxifying Escherichia coli for endotoxin-free production of recombinant proteins. Microb Cell Fact 2015; 14:57. [PMID: 25890161 PMCID: PMC4404585 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-015-0241-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), also referred to as endotoxin, is the major constituent of the outer leaflet of the outer membrane of virtually all Gram-negative bacteria. The lipid A moiety, which anchors the LPS molecule to the outer membrane, acts as a potent agonist for Toll-like receptor 4/myeloid differentiation factor 2-mediated pro-inflammatory activity in mammals and, thus, represents the endotoxic principle of LPS. Recombinant proteins, commonly manufactured in Escherichia coli, are generally contaminated with endotoxin. Removal of bacterial endotoxin from recombinant therapeutic proteins is a challenging and expensive process that has been necessary to ensure the safety of the final product. RESULTS As an alternative strategy for common endotoxin removal methods, we have developed a series of E. coli strains that are able to grow and express recombinant proteins with the endotoxin precursor lipid IVA as the only LPS-related molecule in their outer membranes. Lipid IVA does not trigger an endotoxic response in humans typical of bacterial LPS chemotypes. Hence the engineered cells themselves, and the purified proteins expressed within these cells display extremely low endotoxin levels. CONCLUSIONS This paper describes the preparation and characterization of endotoxin-free E. coli strains, and demonstrates the direct production of recombinant proteins with negligible endotoxin contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Mamat
- Division of Structural Biochemistry, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Parkallee 1-40, D-23845, Borstel, Germany.
| | - Kathleen Wilke
- Division of Structural Biochemistry, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Parkallee 1-40, D-23845, Borstel, Germany.
| | - David Bramhill
- Research Corporation Technologies, Inc, 5210 East Williams Circle, Suite 240, Tucson, AZ, 85711-4410, USA. .,Present address: Bramhill Biological Consulting, LLC, 8240 East Moonstone Drive, Tucson, AZ, 85750, USA.
| | - Andra Beate Schromm
- Division of Immunobiophysics, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Parkallee 1-40, D-23845, Borstel, Germany.
| | - Buko Lindner
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Parkallee 1-40, D-23845, Borstel, Germany.
| | - Thomas Andreas Kohl
- Division of Molecular Mycobacteriology, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Parkallee 1-40, D-23845, Borstel, Germany.
| | - José Luis Corchero
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain. .,Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain. .,Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Antonio Villaverde
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain. .,Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain. .,Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Lana Schaffer
- NGS and Microarray Core Facility, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North, Pines Road, La Jolla, Torrey, CA, 92037, USA.
| | - Steven Robert Head
- NGS and Microarray Core Facility, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North, Pines Road, La Jolla, Torrey, CA, 92037, USA.
| | - Chad Souvignier
- Research Corporation Technologies, Inc, 5210 East Williams Circle, Suite 240, Tucson, AZ, 85711-4410, USA.
| | - Timothy Charles Meredith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 206 South Frear, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - Ronald Wesley Woodard
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1065, USA.
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31
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Gnauck A, Lentle RG, Kruger MC. Aspirin-induced increase in intestinal paracellular permeability does not affect the levels of LPS in venous blood of healthy women. Innate Immun 2014; 21:537-45. [PMID: 25398227 DOI: 10.1177/1753425914557101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of subclinical levels of LPS from Gram-negative bacteria, also referred to as endotoxin, in the circulation may induce a pro-inflammatory immune response that leads to the development of obesity and insulin resistance. Recent data indicate that high-fat meals may elevate circulating levels of LPS. However, it is currently unclear how the LPS transits from the gut lumen to the general circulation. We determined whether aspirin-induced damage of the small intestinal mucosa, evidenced by an increase in the paracellular permeability, allows greater transit of LPS into the systemic circulation. The 3-h cumulative excretion of lactulose was significantly increased after the consumption of aspirin solution relative to that after the consumption of an equal volume of water in 15 healthy women (median after aspirin 0.09% of dose vs. median after water 0.03% of dose; P = 0.004). Dosage with aspirin also significantly increased the lactulose : mannitol ratio (median after aspirin 0.014 vs. median after water 0.005; P = 0.017). However, serum LPS levels after the consumption of the aspirin solution were not significantly different from those after consumption of the control (plain water). Further, there was no correlation between body fat content and circulating levels of LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Gnauck
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Roger G Lentle
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Marlena C Kruger
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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32
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Dowling QM, Sivananthan SJ, Guderian JA, Moutaftsi M, Chesko JD, Fox CB, Vedvick TS, Kramer RM. Modulating potency: Physicochemical characteristics are a determining factor of TLR4-agonist nanosuspension activity. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:879-89. [PMID: 24464844 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Activity of adjuvanted vaccines is difficult to predict in vitro and in vivo. The wide compositional and conformational range of formulated adjuvants, from aluminum salts to oil-in-water emulsions, makes comparisons between physicochemical and immunological properties difficult. Even within a formulated adjuvant class, excipient selection and concentration can alter potency and physicochemical properties of the mixture. Complete characterization of physicochemical properties of adjuvanted vaccine formulations and relationship to biological response is necessary to move beyond a guess-and-check paradigm toward directed development. Here we present a careful physicochemical characterization of a two-component nanosuspension containing synthetic TLR-4 agonist glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant (GLA) and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) at various molar ratios. Physicochemical properties were compared with potency, as measured by stimulation of cytokine production in human whole blood. We found a surprising, nonlinear relationship between physicochemical properties and GLA-DPPC ratios that corresponded well with changes in biological activity. We discuss these data in light of the current understanding of TLR4 activation and the conformation-potency relationship in development of adjuvanted vaccines.
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33
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Das AP, Kumar PS, Swain S. Recent advances in biosensor based endotoxin detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 51:62-75. [PMID: 23934306 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Endotoxins also referred to as pyrogens are chemically lipopolysaccharides habitually found in food, environment and clinical products of bacterial origin and are unavoidable ubiquitous microbiological contaminants. Pernicious issues of its contamination result in high mortality and severe morbidities. Standard traditional techniques are slow and cumbersome, highlighting the pressing need for evoking agile endotoxin detection system. The early and prompt detection of endotoxin assumes prime importance in health care, pharmacological and biomedical sectors. The unparalleled recognition abilities of LAL biosensors perched with remarkable sensitivity, high stability and reproducibility have bestowed it with persistent reliability and their possible fabrication for commercial applicability. This review paper entails an overview of various trends in current techniques available and other possible alternatives in biosensor based endotoxin detection together with its classification, epidemiological aspects, thrust areas demanding endotoxin control, commercially available detection sensors and a revolutionary unprecedented approach narrating the influence of omics for endotoxin detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Das
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Centre of Biotechnology, Siksha O Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar, India.
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34
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Matera G, Quirino A, Giancotti A, Pulicari MC, Rametti L, Rodríguez ML, Liberto MC, Focà A. Procalcitonin neutralizes bacterial LPS and reduces LPS-induced cytokine release in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. BMC Microbiol 2012; 12:68. [PMID: 22568957 PMCID: PMC3406977 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-12-68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Procalcitonin (PCT) is a polypeptide with several cationic aminoacids in its chemical structure and it is a well known marker of sepsis. It is now emerging that PCT might exhibit some anti-inflammatory effects. The present study, based on the evaluation of the in vitro interaction between PCT and bacterial lipopolisaccharide (LPS), reports new data supporting the interesting and potentially useful anti-inflammatory activity of PCT. RESULTS PCT significantly decreased (p < 0.05) the limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) assay reactivity of LPS from both Salmonella typhimurium (rough chemotype) and Escherichia coli (smooth chemotype). Subsequently, the in vitro effects of PCT on LPS-induced cytokine release were studied in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). When LPS was pre-incubated for 30 minutes with different concentrations of PCT, the release of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) by PBMC decreased in a concentration-dependent manner after 24 hours for IL-10 and 4 hours for TNFα. The release of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) exhibited a drastic reduction at 4 hours for all the PCT concentrations assessed, whereas such decrease was concentration-dependent after 24 hours. CONCLUSIONS This study provides the first evidence of the capability of PCT to directly neutralize bacterial LPS, thus leading to a reduction of its major inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Matera
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Medical Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, I-88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Angela Quirino
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Medical Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, I-88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Aida Giancotti
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Medical Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, I-88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Concetta Pulicari
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Medical Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, I-88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Linda Rametti
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Medical Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, I-88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Luz Rodríguez
- Randox Laboratories Limited, 5 Diamond Rd., Crumlin, County Antrim, BT29, 4QY, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Carla Liberto
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Medical Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, I-88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Alfredo Focà
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Medical Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, I-88100, Catanzaro, Italy
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Yeo TY, Choi JS, Lee BK, Kim BS, Yoon HI, Lee HY, Cho YW. Electrochemical endotoxin sensors based on TLR4/MD-2 complexes immobilized on gold electrodes. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 28:139-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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36
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Kaconis Y, Kowalski I, Howe J, Brauser A, Richter W, Razquin-Olazarán I, Iñigo-Pestaña M, Garidel P, Rössle M, Martinez de Tejada G, Gutsmann T, Brandenburg K. Biophysical mechanisms of endotoxin neutralization by cationic amphiphilic peptides. Biophys J 2011; 100:2652-61. [PMID: 21641310 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2011.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial endotoxins (lipopolysaccharides (LPS)) are strong elicitors of the human immune system by interacting with serum and membrane proteins such as lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) and CD14 with high specificity. At LPS concentrations as low as 0.3 ng/ml, such interactions may lead to severe pathophysiological effects, including sepsis and septic shock. One approach to inhibit an uncontrolled inflammatory reaction is the use of appropriate polycationic and amphiphilic antimicrobial peptides, here called synthetic anti-LPS peptides (SALPs). We designed various SALP structures and investigated their ability to inhibit LPS-induced cytokine secretion in vitro, their protective effect in a mouse model of sepsis, and their cytotoxicity in physiological human cells. Using a variety of biophysical techniques, we investigated selected SALPs with considerable differences in their biological responses to characterize and understand the mechanism of LPS inactivation by SALPs. Our investigations show that neutralization of LPS by peptides is associated with a fluidization of the LPS acyl chains, a strong exothermic Coulomb interaction between the two compounds, and a drastic change of the LPS aggregate type from cubic into multilamellar, with an increase in the aggregate sizes, inhibiting the binding of LBP and other mammalian proteins to the endotoxin. At the same time, peptide binding to phospholipids of human origin (e.g., phosphatidylcholine) does not cause essential structural changes, such as changes in membrane fluidity and bilayer structure. The absence of cytotoxicity is explained by the high specificity of the interaction of the peptides with LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yani Kaconis
- Forschungszentrum Borstel, Leibniz-Zentrum für Medizin und Biowissenschaften, Borstel, Germany
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Brandenburg K, Andrä J, Garidel P, Gutsmann T. Peptide-based treatment of sepsis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 90:799-808. [PMID: 21369803 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3185-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Revised: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis (blood poisoning) is a severe infectious disease with high mortality, and no effective therapy is actually known. In the case of Gram-negative bacteria, endotoxins (lipopolysaccharides) are known to be responsible for the strong inflammation reaction leading to the systemic infection. Peptides based on endotoxin-binding domains of human or animal proteins represent a promising approach in sepsis research. Although so far no medicament is available, the progress in recent years might lead to a breakthrough in this field. In this review, recent investigations are summarised, which may lead to an understanding of the mechanisms of action of peptides to suppress the inflammation reaction in vitro and in vivo (animal models) and thus may allow the development of effective anti-septic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Brandenburg
- Forschungszentrum Borstel, Leibniz-Zentrum für Medizin and Biowissenschaften, Parkallee 10, 23845 Borstel, Germany.
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Intrinsic nitric oxide-stimulatory activity of lipoteichoic acids from different Gram-positive bacteria. Nitric Oxide 2010; 23:300-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2010.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Revised: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Gustafsson A, Olin AI, Ljunggren L. LPS interactions with immobilized and soluble antimicrobial peptides. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2010; 70:194-200. [DOI: 10.3109/00365511003663622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gustafsson
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anders I. Olin
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lennart Ljunggren
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
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