1
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Wu J. Emerging Innate Immune Cells in Cancer Immunotherapy: Promises and Challenges. BioDrugs 2024:10.1007/s40259-024-00657-2. [PMID: 38700835 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-024-00657-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-based therapy has made an unprecedented impact on survival benefit for a subset of cancer patients; however, only a subset of cancer patients is benefiting from ICI therapy if all cancer types are considered. With the advanced understanding of interactions of immune effector cell types and tumors, cell-based therapies are emerging as alternatives to patients who could not benefit from ICI therapy. Pioneering work of chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) therapy for hematological malignancies has brought encouragement to a broad range of development for cellular-based cancer immunotherapy, both innate immune cell-based therapies and T-cell-based therapies. Innate immune cells are important cell types due to their rapid response, versatile function, superior safety profiles being demonstrated in early clinical development, and being able to utilize multiple allogeneic cell sources. Efforts on engineering innate immune cells and exploring their therapeutic potential are rapidly emerging. Some of the therapies, such as CD19 CAR natural killer (CAR-NK) cell-based therapy, have demonstrated comparable early efficacy with CD19 CAR-T cells. These studies underscore the significance of developing innate immune cells for cancer therapy. In this review, we focus on the current development of emerging NK cells, γδ T cells, and macrophages. We also present our views on potential challenges and perspectives to overcome these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Wu
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Robert Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, 303 E. Superior St, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Robert Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
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2
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Langley D, Zimmermann K, Krenske E, Stefanutti G, Kimble RM, Holland AJA, Fear MW, Wood FM, Kenna T, Cuttle L. Unremitting pro-inflammatory T-cell phenotypes, and macrophage activity, following paediatric burn injury. Clin Transl Immunology 2024; 13:e1496. [PMID: 38463658 PMCID: PMC10921233 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study was to characterise the dynamic immune profile of paediatric burn patients for up to 18 months post-burn. Methods Flow cytometry was used to measure 25 cell markers, chemokines and cytokines which reflected both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory immune profiles. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 6 paediatric burn patients who had returned for repeated burn and scar treatments for > 4 timepoints within 12 months post-burn were compared to four age-matched healthy controls. Results While overall proportions of T cells, NK cells and macrophages remained relatively constant, over time percentages of these immune cells differentiated into effector and proinflammatory cell phenotypes including Th17 and activated γδ T cells. Circulating proportions of γδ T cells increased their expression of pro-inflammatory mediators throughout the burn recovery, with a 3-6 fold increase of IL-17 at 1-3 weeks, and NFκβ 9-18 months post-burn. T-regulatory cell plasticity was also observed, and Treg phenotype proportions changed from systemically reduced skin-homing T-regs (CCR4+) and increased inflammatory (CCR6+) at 1-month post-burn, to double-positive cell types (CCR4+CCR6+) elevated in circulation for 18 months post-burn. Furthermore, Tregs were observed to proportionally express less IL-10 but increased TNF-α over 18 months. Conclusion Overall, these results indicate the circulating percentages of immune cells do not increase or decrease over time post-burn, instead they become highly specialised, inflammatory and skin-homing. In this patient population, these changes persisted for at least 18 months post-burn, this 'immune distraction' may limit the ability of immune cells to prioritise other threats post-burn, such as respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna Langley
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of HealthQueensland University of Technology (QUT)South BrisbaneQLDAustralia
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control (CIIC)QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology (QUT)BrisbaneQLDAustralia
- Centre for Biomedical Technology (CBT)Queensland University of Technology (QUT)Kelvin GroveQLDAustralia
| | - Kate Zimmermann
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of HealthQueensland University of Technology (QUT)South BrisbaneQLDAustralia
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control (CIIC)QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology (QUT)BrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Emma Krenske
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of HealthQueensland University of Technology (QUT)South BrisbaneQLDAustralia
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control (CIIC)QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology (QUT)BrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Giorgio Stefanutti
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Urology, Burns and TraumaChildren's Health Queensland, Queensland Children's HospitalSouth BrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Roy M Kimble
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Urology, Burns and TraumaChildren's Health Queensland, Queensland Children's HospitalSouth BrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Andrew JA Holland
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead Burns Unit, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Kids Research InstituteSydney Medical School, The University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Mark W Fear
- Burn Injury Research Unit, School of Biomedical SciencesThe University of Western AustraliaPerthWAAustralia
| | - Fiona M Wood
- Burn Injury Research Unit, School of Biomedical SciencesThe University of Western AustraliaPerthWAAustralia
- Burns Service of Western AustraliaPerth Children's Hospital and Fiona Stanley HospitalPerthWAAustralia
| | - Tony Kenna
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of HealthQueensland University of Technology (QUT)South BrisbaneQLDAustralia
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control (CIIC)QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology (QUT)BrisbaneQLDAustralia
| | - Leila Cuttle
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of HealthQueensland University of Technology (QUT)South BrisbaneQLDAustralia
- Centre for Biomedical Technology (CBT)Queensland University of Technology (QUT)Kelvin GroveQLDAustralia
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3
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Samborska I, Maievskyi O, Podzihun L, Lavrynenko V. Features of immune reactivity of the spleen and mechanisms of organ damage under the influence of animal venom toxins including scorpions (review). WIADOMOSCI LEKARSKIE (WARSAW, POLAND : 1960) 2024; 77:120-125. [PMID: 38431816 DOI: 10.36740/wlek202401115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aim: To establish features of immune reactivity of the spleen and mechanisms of organ damage under the influence of animal venom toxins including scorpions. PATIENTS AND METHODS Materials and Methods: A thorough literature analysis was conducted on the basis of PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Scopus databases. When processing the search results, we chose the newest publications up to 5 years old or the most thorough publications that vividly described the essence of our topic. CONCLUSION Conclusions: Spleen plays a leading role in the implementation of the body's defense processes, the elimination of structural elements affected by toxins, and the restoration of immune homeostasis. Its participation in the formation of the immune response can be accompanied by qualitative and quantitative changes in histological organization. Morpho-functional changes in the spleen under the action of animal venom toxins currently require careful study, because from the information available in the literature today, it is not possible to clearly construct a complete picture of lesions of certain components of the organ at the microscopic or submicroscopic levels. Therefore, this direction of research in the medical field is currently relevant, taking into account the existence of a large number of poisonous animals, including scorpions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inha Samborska
- NATIONAL PIROGOV MEMORIAL MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, VINNYTSIA, UKRAINE
| | - Oleksandr Maievskyi
- EDUCATIONAL AND SCIENTIFIC CENTER "INSTITUTE OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE" OF TARAS SHEVCHENKO NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF KYIV, KYIV, UKRAINE
| | | | - Victoriia Lavrynenko
- EDUCATIONAL AND SCIENTIFIC CENTER "INSTITUTE OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE" OF TARAS SHEVCHENKO NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF KYIV, KYIV, UKRAINE
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4
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Horner E, Lord JM, Hazeldine J. The immune suppressive properties of damage associated molecular patterns in the setting of sterile traumatic injury. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1239683. [PMID: 37662933 PMCID: PMC10469493 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1239683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Associated with the development of hospital-acquired infections, major traumatic injury results in an immediate and persistent state of systemic immunosuppression, yet the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Detected in the circulation in the minutes, days and weeks following injury, damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are a heterogeneous collection of proteins, lipids and DNA renowned for initiating the systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Suggesting additional immunomodulatory roles in the post-trauma immune response, data are emerging implicating DAMPs as potential mediators of post-trauma immune suppression. Discussing the results of in vitro, in vivo and ex vivo studies, the purpose of this review is to summarise the emerging immune tolerising properties of cytosolic, nuclear and mitochondrial-derived DAMPs. Direct inhibition of neutrophil antimicrobial activities, the induction of endotoxin tolerance in monocytes and macrophages, and the recruitment, activation and expansion of myeloid derived suppressor cells and regulatory T cells are examples of some of the immune suppressive properties assigned to DAMPs so far. Crucially, with studies identifying the molecular mechanisms by which DAMPs promote immune suppression, therapeutic strategies that prevent and/or reverse DAMP-induced immunosuppression have been proposed. Approaches currently under consideration include the use of synthetic polymers, or the delivery of plasma proteins, to scavenge circulating DAMPs, or to treat critically-injured patients with antagonists of DAMP receptors. However, as DAMPs share signalling pathways with pathogen associated molecular patterns, and pro-inflammatory responses are essential for tissue regeneration, these approaches need to be carefully considered in order to ensure that modulating DAMP levels and/or their interaction with immune cells does not negatively impact upon anti-microbial defence and the physiological responses of tissue repair and wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Horner
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Janet M. Lord
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jon Hazeldine
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Bettin L, Darbellay J, van Kessel J, Buchanan R, Popowych Y, Gerdts V. Co-stimulation by TLR7/8 ligand R848 modulates IFN-γ production of porcine γδ T cells in a microenvironment-dependent manner. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 138:104543. [PMID: 36130633 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Gamma-Delta (γδ) T cells represent a prominent lymphocyte subset in pigs. Their role and function, however, remains largely unknown. Toll-like receptors (TLR) are key receptors for the recognition of pathogens, but so far, it is unknown if porcine γδ T cells express TLRs and therefore have the innate ability to recognize pathogens through pattern recognition receptors. In this study, we compared γδ T cells in different age groups of pigs and investigated the functional relevance of TLR7/8 expression. We found that the major γδ T cell phenotype shifts from CD2-CD8α-/dimCD27+ in young pigs to CD2+CD8αhighCD27- in 3-year-old pigs impacting their ability to produce IFN-γ upon cytokine and TLR stimulation. Furthermore, we report that stimulation with TLR7/8 ligand R848 increased IFN-γ production in purified γδ T cells upon co-stimulation with IL-2 and IL-12. However, the effect of R848 as a co-activator of γδ T cells was abrogated by the addition of monocytes or within PBMCs, suggesting that γδ T cells respond to multiple direct and indirect stimulations. Thus, our results indicate that γδ T cells express TLRs, are modulated by TLR7/8 ligand R848 and have subset-specific responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Bettin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Joseph Darbellay
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Jill van Kessel
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Rachelle Buchanan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Yurij Popowych
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Volker Gerdts
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
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Ding L, Zhou C, Zheng H, Wang Q, Song H, Buckwalter JA, Martin JA. Migrating Progenitor Cells Derived From Injured Cartilage Surface Respond to Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns. Cartilage 2021; 13:755S-765S. [PMID: 34636628 PMCID: PMC8804768 DOI: 10.1177/19476035211049559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To delineate the response of migrating chondrogenic progenitor cells (CPCs) that arose from the surface of mechanically injured articular cartilage to proinflammatory damage-associated-molecular-patterns (DAMPs). DESIGN Bovine CPCs and non-CPC chondrocytes isolated from either impacted or scratched articular cartilage were studied. Those 2 types of cells were treated with mitochondrial DAMPs (MTDs; 10 nM fMLF and 10 µg/mL CpG DNA), or 10 nM HMGB1, or 10 ng/mL IL-1b for 24 hours. At the end of experiments, conditioned media and cell lysates were collected for analysis of expression levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), chemokines, and cytokines that are associated with cartilage degeneration with Western blotting and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The difference of expression levels was compared by Welch's t-test. RESULTS Our data indicated that HMGB1 and MTDs remarkably upregulated pro-MMP-13 expression in CPCs. Compared with non-CPCs, CPCs expressed significantly more baseline mRNAs of MMP-13, CXCL12, and IL-6. MTDs greatly increased the expression of MMP-13 and IL-6 in CPCs by over 100-fold (P < 0.001). MTDs also significantly increased IL-8 expression in CPCs to a similar extent (P < 0.001). However, when IL-1b was present, CPCs expressed less MMP-3 and active MMP-13 proteins as well as less CCL2 and IL-6 than did non-CPCs. CONCLUSIONS We concluded that CPCs were more sensitive than non-CPCs in response to DAMPs, especially MTDs. The proinflammatory nature of CPCs implied their critical role in the early phase of posttraumatic osteoarthritis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ding
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences,
Wuxi College of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Orthopaedics and
Rehabilitation, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Cheng Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics and
Rehabilitation, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Hongjun Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedics and
Rehabilitation, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Quanming Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery,
Affiliated Hospital, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haiyan Song
- Department of Endocrinology and
Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin,
China
| | - Joseph A. Buckwalter
- Department of Orthopaedics and
Rehabilitation, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa
City, IA, USA
| | - James A. Martin
- Department of Orthopaedics and
Rehabilitation, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Songjang W, Nensat C, Pongcharoen S, Jiraviriyakul A. The role of immunogenic cell death in gastrointestinal cancer immunotherapy (Review). Biomed Rep 2021; 15:86. [PMID: 34512974 PMCID: PMC8411483 DOI: 10.3892/br.2021.1462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern cancer immunotherapy techniques are aimed at enhancing the responses of the patients' immune systems to fight against the cancer. The main promising strategies include active vaccination of tumor antigens, passive vaccination with antibodies specific to cancer antigens, adoptive transfer of cancer-specific T cells and manipulation of the patient's immune response by inhibiting immune checkpoints. The application of immunogenic cell death (ICD) inducers has been proven to enhance the immunity of patients undergoing various types of immunotherapy. The dying, stressed or injured cells release or present molecules on the cell surface, which function as either adjuvants or danger signals for detection by the innate immune system. These molecules are now termed 'damage-associated molecular patterns'. The term 'ICD' indicates a type of cell death that triggers an immune response against dead-cell antigens, particularly those derived from cancer cells, and it was initially proposed with regards to the effects of anticancer chemotherapy with conventional cytotoxic drugs. The aim of the present study was to review and discuss the role and mechanisms of ICD as a promising combined immunotherapy for gastrointestinal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Worawat Songjang
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
- Integrative Biomedical Research Unit (IBRU), Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Chatchai Nensat
- Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Sutatip Pongcharoen
- Division of Immunology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Arunya Jiraviriyakul
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
- Integrative Biomedical Research Unit (IBRU), Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
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8
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Walsh SA, Hoyt BW, Rowe CJ, Dey D, Davis TA. Alarming Cargo: The Role of Exosomes in Trauma-Induced Inflammation. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11040522. [PMID: 33807302 PMCID: PMC8065643 DOI: 10.3390/biom11040522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe polytraumatic injury initiates a robust immune response. Broad immune dysfunction in patients with such injuries has been well-documented; however, early biomarkers of immune dysfunction post-injury, which are critical for comprehensive intervention and can predict the clinical course of patients, have not been reported. Current circulating markers such as IL-6 and IL-10 are broad, non-specific, and lag behind the clinical course of patients. General blockade of the inflammatory response is detrimental to patients, as a certain degree of regulated inflammation is critical and necessary following trauma. Exosomes, small membrane-bound extracellular vesicles, found in a variety of biofluids, carry within them a complex functional cargo, comprised of coding and non-coding RNAs, proteins, and metabolites. Composition of circulating exosomal cargo is modulated by changes in the intra- and extracellular microenvironment, thereby serving as a homeostasis sensor. With its extensively documented involvement in immune regulation in multiple pathologies, study of exosomal cargo in polytrauma patients can provide critical insights on trauma-specific, temporal immune dysregulation, with tremendous potential to serve as unique biomarkers and therapeutic targets for timely and precise intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Walsh
- USU Walter Reed Surgery, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; (S.A.W.); (B.W.H.); (C.J.R.); (D.D.)
| | - Benjamin W. Hoyt
- USU Walter Reed Surgery, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; (S.A.W.); (B.W.H.); (C.J.R.); (D.D.)
| | - Cassie J. Rowe
- USU Walter Reed Surgery, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; (S.A.W.); (B.W.H.); (C.J.R.); (D.D.)
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Devaveena Dey
- USU Walter Reed Surgery, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; (S.A.W.); (B.W.H.); (C.J.R.); (D.D.)
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Thomas A. Davis
- USU Walter Reed Surgery, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; (S.A.W.); (B.W.H.); (C.J.R.); (D.D.)
- Correspondence:
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9
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Skin Resident γδ T Cell Function and Regulation in Wound Repair. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239286. [PMID: 33291435 PMCID: PMC7729629 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin is a critical barrier that protects against damage and infection. Within the epidermis and dermis reside γδ T cells that play a variety of key roles in wound healing and tissue homeostasis. Skin-resident γδ T cells require T cell receptor (TCR) ligation, costimulation, and cytokine reception to mediate keratinocyte activity and inflammatory responses at the wound site for proper wound repair. While both epidermal and dermal γδ T cells regulate inflammatory responses in wound healing, the timing and factors produced are distinct. In the absence of growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines produced by γδ T cells, wound repair is negatively impacted. This disruption in γδ T cell function is apparent in metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. This review provides the current state of knowledge on skin γδ T cell activation, regulation, and function in skin homeostasis and repair in mice and humans. As we uncover more about the complex roles played by γδ T cells in wound healing, novel targets can be discovered for future clinical therapies.
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10
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Anderson G, Betancort Medina SR. Autism Spectrum Disorders: Role of Pre- and Post-Natal GammaDelta (γδ) T Cells and Immune Regulation. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:4321-4330. [PMID: 31682211 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666191102170125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is widely accepted that alterations in immune functioning are an important aspect of the pathoetiology and pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). A relatively under-explored aspect of these alterations is the role of gammaDelta (γδ) T cells, prenatally and in the postnatal gut, which seem important hubs in driving the course of ASD. METHODS The present article describes the role of γδ T cells in ASD, including their interactions with other immune cells shown to be altered in this spectrum of conditions, including natural killer cells and mast cells. RESULTS Other risk factors in ASD, such as decreased vitamins A & D, as well as toxin-associated activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, may also be intimately linked to γδ T cells, and alterations in the regulation of these cells. A growing body of data has highlighted an important role for alterations in mitochondria functioning in the regulation of immune cells, including natural killer cells and mast cells. This is an area that requires investigation in γδ T cells and their putative subtypes. CONCLUSION It is also proposed that maternal stress may act through alterations in the maternal microbiome, leading to changes in how the balance of short-chain fatty acids, such as butyrate, which may act to regulate the placenta and foetal development. Following an overview of previous research on immune, especially γδ T cells, effects in ASD, the future research implications are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Anderson
- CRC Scotland & London, Eccleston Square, London, United Kingdom
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11
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Chen D, Zhao Y, Feng Y, Jin C, Yang Q, Qiu H, Xie H, Xie S, Zhou Y, Huang J. Expression of TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, and TLR7 on pulmonary lymphocytes of Schistosoma japonicum-infected C57BL/6 mice. Innate Immun 2020; 25:224-234. [PMID: 31018808 PMCID: PMC6830883 DOI: 10.1177/1753425919840424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the paramount role of TLRs in the induction of innate immune and
inflammatory responses, there is a paucity of studies on the role of TLRs in
Schistosoma japonicum infection. Here, we observed obvious
infiltration of inflammatory cells in S. japonicum-infected
C57BL/6 mouse lungs. Expression and release of IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-17 were
significantly higher in pulmonary lymphocytes from infected mice compared with
control mice in response to anti-CD3 plus anti-CD28 mAbs. Higher percentages of
TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, and TLR7 were expressed on such lymphocytes, and the TLR
agonists PGN, Poly I:C, LPS, and R848 induced a higher level of IFN-γ. However,
a higher level of IL-4 was found in the supernatant of pulmonary lymphocytes
from infected mice stimulated by these TLR agonists plus CD3 Ab. Only R848 plus
anti-CD3 mAb could induce a higher level of IFN-γ in such lymphocytes. TLR
expressions were then compared on different pulmonary lymphocytes after
infection, including T cells, B cells, NK cells, NKT cells, and γδT cells. The
expression levels of TLR3 on T cells, B cells, NK cells, and γδT cells were
increased in the lungs after infection. NK cells also expressed higher levels of
TLR4 after infection of control mice. Collectively, these findings highlight the
potential role of TLR expression in the context of S. japonicum
infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianhui Chen
- 1 The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou Medical University, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- 2 Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, China
| | - Yuanfa Feng
- 2 Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, China
| | - Chenxi Jin
- 2 Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, China
| | - Quan Yang
- 2 Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, China
| | - Huaina Qiu
- 2 Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, China
| | - Hongyan Xie
- 2 Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, China
| | - Sihao Xie
- 2 Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- 3 College of Pharmacy, Guangzhou Medical University, China
| | - Jun Huang
- 2 Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Medical University, China
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary C Nakamura
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
- Arthritis/Immunology Section, San Francisco Veterans Administration Health Care System, 4150 Clement Street, 111R, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA.
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13
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Göcze I, Ehehalt K, Zeman F, Riquelme P, Pfister K, Graf BM, Bein T, Geissler EK, Kasprzak P, Schlitt HJ, Kellum JA, Hutchinson JA, Eggenhofer E, Renner P. Postoperative cellular stress in the kidney is associated with an early systemic γδ T-cell immune cell response. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2018; 22:168. [PMID: 29973233 PMCID: PMC6030780 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-018-2094-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Basic science data suggest that acute kidney injury (AKI) induced by ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is an inflammatory process involving the adaptive immune response. Little is known about the T-cell contribution in the very early phase, so we investigated if tubular cellular stress expressed by elevated cell cycle biomarkers is associated with early changes in circulating T-cell subsets, applying a bedside-to-bench approach. Methods Our observational pilot study included 20 consecutive patients undergoing endovascular aortic repair for aortic aneurysms affecting the renal arteries, thereby requiring brief kidney hypoperfusion and reperfusion. Clinical-grade flow cytometry-based immune monitoring of peripheral immune cell populations was conducted perioperatively and linked to tubular cell stress biomarkers ([TIMP-2]•[IGFBP7]) immediately after surgery. To confirm clinical results and prove T-cell infiltration in the kidney, we simulated tubular cellular injury in an established mouse model of mild renal IRI. Results A significant correlation between tubular cell injury and a peripheral decline of γδ T cells, but no other T-cell subpopulation, was discovered within the first 24 hours (r = 0.53; p = 0.022). Turning to a mouse model of kidney warm IRI, a similar decrease in circulating γδ T cells was found and concomitantly was associated with a 6.65-fold increase in γδ T cells (p = 0.002) in the kidney tissue without alterations in other T-cell subsets, consistent with our human data. In search of a mechanistic driver of IRI, we found that the damage-associated molecule high-mobility group box 1 protein HMGB1 was significantly elevated in the peripheral blood of clinical study subjects after tubular cell injury (p = 0.019). Correspondingly, HMGB1 RNA content was significantly elevated in the murine kidney. Conclusions Our investigation supports a hypothesis that γδ T cells are important in the very early phase of human AKI and should be considered when designing clinical trials aimed at preventing kidney damage. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01915446. Registered on 5 Aug 2013. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13054-018-2094-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Göcze
- Department of Surgery, Surgical Intensive Care and Experimental Surgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Katharina Ehehalt
- Department of Anesthesia, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Florian Zeman
- Center for Clinical Studies, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Paloma Riquelme
- Department of Surgery, Surgical Intensive Care and Experimental Surgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Karin Pfister
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard M Graf
- Department of Anesthesia, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Bein
- Department of Anesthesia, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Edward K Geissler
- Department of Surgery, Surgical Intensive Care and Experimental Surgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Piotr Kasprzak
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Hans J Schlitt
- Department of Surgery, Surgical Intensive Care and Experimental Surgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - John A Kellum
- Center for Critical Care Nephrology, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15621, USA
| | - James A Hutchinson
- Department of Surgery, Surgical Intensive Care and Experimental Surgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Elke Eggenhofer
- Department of Surgery, Surgical Intensive Care and Experimental Surgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Renner
- Department of Surgery, Surgical Intensive Care and Experimental Surgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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14
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Toll-like receptors in immunity and inflammatory diseases: Past, present, and future. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 59:391-412. [PMID: 29730580 PMCID: PMC7106078 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 376] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The immune system is a very diverse system of the host that evolved during evolution to cope with various pathogens present in the vicinity of environmental surroundings inhabited by multicellular organisms ranging from achordates to chordates (including humans). For example, cells of immune system express various pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that detect danger via recognizing specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and mount a specific immune response. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are one of these PRRs expressed by various immune cells. However, they were first discovered in the Drosophila melanogaster (common fruit fly) as genes/proteins important in embryonic development and dorso-ventral body patterning/polarity. Till date, 13 different types of TLRs (TLR1-TLR13) have been discovered and described in mammals since the first discovery of TLR4 in humans in late 1997. This discovery of TLR4 in humans revolutionized the field of innate immunity and thus the immunology and host-pathogen interaction. Since then TLRs are found to be expressed on various immune cells and have been targeted for therapeutic drug development for various infectious and inflammatory diseases including cancer. Even, Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) among various TLR genes have been identified among the different human population and their association with susceptibility/resistance to certain infections and other inflammatory diseases. Thus, in the present review the current and future importance of TLRs in immunity, their pattern of expression among various immune cells along with TLR based therapeutic approach is reviewed. TLRs are first described PRRs that revolutionized the biology of host-pathogen interaction and immune response The discovery of different TLRs in humans proved milestone in the field of innate immunity and inflammation The pattern of expression of all the TLRs expressed by human immune cells An association of various TLR SNPs with different inflammatory diseases Currently available drugs or vaccines based on TLRs and their future in drug targeting along with the role in reproduction, and regeneration
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15
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW The connections between allergy, asthma and metabolic syndrome are becoming increasingly clear. Recent research suggests a unifying mitochondrial link between the diverse phenotypes of these interlinked morbidities. The scope of this review is to highlight cellular mechanisms, epidemiology and environmental allergens influencing mitochondrial function and its importance in allergy and asthma. We briefly also consider the potential of mitochondria-targeted therapies in prevention and cure. RECENT FINDINGS Recent research has shown allergy, asthma and metabolic syndrome to be linked to mitochondrial dysfunction. Environmental pollutants and allergens are observed to cause mitochondrial dysfunction, primarily by inducing oxidative stress and ROS production. Malfunctioning mitochondria change the bioenergetics of the cell and its metabolic profile to favour systemic inflammation, which drives all three types of morbidities. Given the existing experimental evidence, approaches targeting mitochondria (e.g. antioxidant therapy and mitochondrial replacement) are being conducted in relevant disease models-with some progressing towards clinical trials, making mitochondrial function the focus of translational therapy research in asthma, allergy and linked metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divyaanka Iyer
- CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi University campus, Mall Road, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Navya Mishra
- Indian Institute of Public Health, Gurugram, India.,Chest Research Foundation, Pune, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Anurag Agrawal
- CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi University campus, Mall Road, Delhi, 110007, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India.
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Fleming C, Morrissey S, Cai Y, Yan J. γδ T Cells: Unexpected Regulators of Cancer Development and Progression. Trends Cancer 2017; 3:561-570. [PMID: 28780933 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests a role for gamma delta (γδ) T cells as unexpected drivers of tumor development and progression. These protumoral γδ T cells are abundant in the tumor microenvironment in both mouse and human. They promote tumor progression by: (i) inducing an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and angiogenesis via cytokine production; (ii) functioning as regulatory T (Treg)/T helper 2 (Th2)-like cells; (iii) interfering with dendritic cell (DC) effector function; and (iv) inhibiting antitumor adaptive T cell immunity via the programmed death-1 (PD-1)-programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) pathway. Understanding how these cells are regulated and what their specific role in cancer is will provide insight for the development of approaches that specifically target these cells and can thereby improve the efficacy of cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Fleming
- Department of Medicine, Tumor Immunobiology Program, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Samantha Morrissey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Yihua Cai
- Department of Medicine, Tumor Immunobiology Program, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Jun Yan
- Department of Medicine, Tumor Immunobiology Program, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.
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17
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Preimplantation Kidney Biopsies of Extended Criteria Donors Have a Heavier Inflammatory Burden Than Kidneys From Standard Criteria Donors. Transplant Direct 2017; 3:e180. [PMID: 28706983 PMCID: PMC5498021 DOI: 10.1097/txd.0000000000000671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Donors after brain death develop a systemic proinflammatory state that may predispose the kidneys to injury after transplantation. Because it is not known whether this inflammatory environment similarly affects the kidneys from expanded criteria donor (ECD) and standard criteria donors (SCD), we sought to evaluate differences in the gene expression of inflammatory cytokines in preimplantation biopsies (PIBx) from ECD and SCD kidneys. Methods Cytokines gene expression was measured in 80 PIBx (SCD, 52; ECD, 28) and associated with donor variables. Results Normal histology and chronic histological lesions were not different between both types of kidneys. ECD kidneys showed significant increase in the transcripts of MCP-1, RANTES, TGF-β1, and IL-10 when compared with SCD. Kidneys presenting normal histology had similar inflammatory profile except by a higher expression of RANTES observed in ECD (P = 0.04). Interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy ≥ 1) were associated with higher expression of TGF-β1, RANTES, and IL-10 in ECD compared with SCD kidneys. Cold ischemia time of 24 hours or longer was significantly associated with upregulation of FOXP3, MCP-1, RANTES, and IL10, whereas longer duration of donor hospitalization significantly increased gene expression of all markers. High FOXP3 expression was also associated with lower level of serum creatinine at 1 year. Donor age was not associated with any of the transcripts studied. Conclusions PIBx of ECD exhibit a higher gene expression of inflammatory cytokines when compared with SCD kidneys. This molecular profile may be a specific ECD kidney response to brain death and may help to predict the posttransplant outcomes of ECD recipients.
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18
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Holloway TL, Nicholson SE, Rani M, Cap AP, Schwacha MG. Toll-like receptor responses are suppressed in trauma ICU patients. J Surg Res 2016; 206:139-145. [PMID: 27916353 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2016.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation and activation of the innate immune system are often associated with traumatic injury and may involve alterations in toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated responses. METHODS A prospective observational study was designed and conducted. Twenty-one severely injured (ISS = 16-41) trauma intensive care unit (ICU) patients and six healthy volunteers that served as controls were enrolled. Anticoagulated whole blood was collected at 2-12 d after ICU admission and incubated in the presence of media alone (baseline), zymosan (TLR2 agonist) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS; TLR4 agonist) for 3 h. Supernatant levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TNFα) were determined. RESULTS TLR2-mediated and TLR4-mediated activation of whole blood cell cultures from both healthy volunteers and subjects-induced elevated cytokine levels over that observed in unstimulated cultures. Baseline values of IL-6 were significantly elevated in subject cultures as compared to healthy volunteers. Healthy volunteer cultures had 2-3-fold greater levels of IL-6 and TNFα than subject cultures when stimulated with zymosan (TLR2 agonist) or LPS (TLR4 agonist). IL-1β and IL-10 levels did not differ significantly between healthy volunteers and subjects. CONCLUSIONS The ability of circulating leukocytes from trauma ICU patients to be activated by TLR agonists is markedly suppressed and may play a role in the development of subsequent infectious complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis L Holloway
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas
| | - Susannah E Nicholson
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas
| | - Meenakshi Rani
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas
| | - Andrew P Cap
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas; Blood Research, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, Texas
| | - Martin G Schwacha
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas; Blood Research, US Army Institute of Surgical Research, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, Texas.
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19
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Cascabulho CM, Beghini DG, Meuser-Batista M, Penido C, Henriques-Pons A. Chemotaxis and Immunoregulatory Function of Cardiac γδ T Cells in Dystrophin-Deficient Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:3531-3544. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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Dermal γδ T-Cells Can Be Activated by Mitochondrial Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158993. [PMID: 27403524 PMCID: PMC4942064 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gamma delta T-cells have been shown to be important to the early immunoinflammatory response to injury, independent of infection. This unique T-cell population acts to regulate cell trafficking and the release of cytokines and growth factors. We propose this sterile inflammatory response is in part associated with damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) generated by major injury, such as burn, and mediated via toll-like receptors (TLRs). It is unknown whether DAMPs can activate resident γδ T-cells that reside in skin. Methods Gamma delta T-cells were isolated from the skin of male C57BL/6 mice by enzymatic digestion. Mitochondrial DAMPs (MTDs) were generated from mitochondria isolated from mouse livers by sonication and centrifugation. Dermal γδ T-cells were incubated with MTDs (0–500 μg/ml) for 24 hr and cells and supernatants were collected for analysis. Results MTDs activated dermal γδ T-cells, as evidenced by increased TLR2 and TLR4 expression following in vitro exposure. MTDs also induced the production of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6), and growth factors (PDGF and VEGF) by γδ T-cells. Conclusions These findings herein support the concept that MTDs released after tissue/cellular injury are capable of activating dermal γδ T-cells. We propose that the activation of this unique T-cell population is central in the initiation of sterile inflammation and also contributes to the subsequent healing processes.
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21
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Manson J, Cole E, De'Ath HD, Vulliamy P, Meier U, Pennington D, Brohi K. Early changes within the lymphocyte population are associated with the development of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in trauma patients. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2016; 20:176. [PMID: 27268230 PMCID: PMC4895987 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-016-1341-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early survival following severe injury has been improved with refined resuscitation strategies. Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) is common among this fragile group of patients leading to prolonged hospital stay and late mortality. MODS after trauma is widely attributed to dysregulated inflammation but the precise mechanics of this response and its influence on organ injury are incompletely understood. This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between early lymphocyte responses and the development of MODS during admission. METHODS During a 24-month period, trauma patients were recruited from an urban major trauma centre to an ongoing, observational cohort study. Admission blood samples were obtained within 2 h of injury and before in-hospital intervention, including blood transfusion. The study population was predominantly male with a blunt mechanism of injury. Lymphocyte subset populations including T helper, cytotoxic T cells, NK cells and γδ T cells were identified using flow cytometry. Early cytokine release and lymphocyte count during the first 7 days of admission were also examined. RESULTS This study demonstrated that trauma patients who developed MODS had an increased population of NK dim cells (MODS vs no MODS: 22 % vs 13 %, p < 0.01) and reduced γδ-low T cells (MODS vs no MODS: 0.02 (0.01-0.03) vs 0.09 (0.06-0.12) × 10^9/L, p < 0.01) at admission. Critically injured patients who developed MODS (n = 27) had higher interferon gamma (IFN-γ) concentrations at admission, compared with patients of matched injury severity and shock (n = 60) who did not develop MODS (MODS vs no MODS: 4.1 (1.8-9.0) vs 1.0 (0.6-1.8) pg/ml, p = 0.01). Lymphopenia was observed within 24 h of injury and was persistent in those who developed MODS. Patients with a lymphocyte count of 0.5 × 10(9)/L or less at 48 h, had a 45 % mortality rate. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence of lymphocyte activation within 2 h of injury, as demonstrated by increased NK dim cells, reduced γδ-low T lymphocytes and high blood IFN-γ concentration. These changes are associated with the development of MODS and lymphopenia. The study reveals new opportunities for investigation to characterise the cellular response to trauma and examine its influence on recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Manson
- Barts Centre for Trauma Sciences, Blizard Institute, QMUL, London, E1 2AT, UK.
| | - Elaine Cole
- Barts Centre for Trauma Sciences, Blizard Institute, QMUL, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Henry D De'Ath
- Barts Centre for Trauma Sciences, Blizard Institute, QMUL, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Paul Vulliamy
- Barts Centre for Trauma Sciences, Blizard Institute, QMUL, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Ute Meier
- Centre for Neuroscience, Blizard Institute, QMUL, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Dan Pennington
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, QMUL, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Karim Brohi
- Barts Centre for Trauma Sciences, Blizard Institute, QMUL, London, E1 2AT, UK
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22
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Abstract
Mitochondria are unique dynamic organelles that evolved from free-living bacteria into endosymbionts of mammalian hosts (Sagan 1967; Hatefi 1985). They have a distinct ~16.6 kb closed circular DNA genome coding for 13 polypeptides (Taanman 1999). In addition, a majority of the ~1500 mitochondrial proteins are encoded in the nucleus and transported to the mitochondria (Bonawitz et al. 2006). Mitochondria have two membranes: an outer smooth membrane and a highly folded inner membrane called cristae, which encompasses the matrix that houses the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and lipid metabolism. The inner mitochondrial membrane houses the protein complexes comprising the electron transport chain (ETC) (Hatefi 1985).
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Hockenbery
- Clinical Research Divison, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington USA
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23
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Che L, Jin Y, Zhang C, Lai T, Zhou H, Xia L, Tian B, Zhao Y, Liu J, Wu Y, Wu Y, Du J, Li W, Ying S, Chen Z, Shen H. Ozone-induced IL-17A and neutrophilic airway inflammation is orchestrated by the caspase-1-IL-1 cascade. Sci Rep 2016; 6:18680. [PMID: 26739627 PMCID: PMC4703985 DOI: 10.1038/srep18680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Ozone is a common environmental air pollutant leading to respiratory illness. The mechanisms regulating ozone-induced airway inflammation remain poorly understood. We hypothesize that ozone-triggered inflammasome activation and interleukin (IL)-1 production regulate neutrophilic airway inflammation through IL-17A. Pulmonary neutrophilic inflammation was induced by extended (72 h) low-dose (0.7 ppm) exposure to ozone. IL-1 receptor 1 (Il1r1)−/−, Il17a−/− mice and the caspase-1 inhibitor acetyl-YVAD-chloromethylketone (Ac-YVAD-cmk) were used for in vivo studies. Cellular inflammation and protein levels in bronchial alveolar lavage fluid (BALF), cytokines, and IL-17A-producing γδT-cells, as well as mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) release, and inflammasome activation in lung macrophages were analyzed. Ozone-induced neutrophilic airway inflammation, accompanied an increased production of IL-1β, IL-18, IL-17A, Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), Interferon-γ inducible protein 10 (IP-10) and BALF protein in the lung. Ozone-induced IL-17A production was predominantly in γδT-cells, and Il17a-knockout mice exhibited reduced airway inflammation. Lung macrophages from ozone-exposed mice exhibited higher levels of mitochondrial ROS, enhanced cytosolic mtDNA, increased caspase-1 activation, and higher production of IL-1β. Il1r1-knockout mice or treatment with Ac-YVAD-cmk decreased the IL-17A production and subsequent airway inflammation. Taken together, we demonstrate that ozone-induced IL-17A and neutrophilic airway inflammation is orchestrated by the caspase-1-IL-1 cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luanqing Che
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Yan Jin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China.,Department of Respiratory Diseases, Taizhou Municipal Hospital, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Tianwen Lai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Hongbin Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Lixia Xia
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Baoping Tian
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Yinfang Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Yanping Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Jie Du
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, The Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung, and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Songmin Ying
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Zhihua Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Huahao Shen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China.,State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China
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Derkow K, Krüger C, Dembny P, Lehnardt S. Microglia Induce Neurotoxic IL-17+ γδ T Cells Dependent on TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 Activation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135898. [PMID: 26288016 PMCID: PMC4545749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin-17 (IL-17) acts as a key regulator in central nervous system (CNS) inflammation. γδ T cells are an important innate source of IL-17. Both IL-17+ γδ T cells and microglia, the major resident immune cells of the brain, are involved in various CNS disorders such as multiple sclerosis and stroke. Also, activation of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathways contributes to CNS damage. However, the mechanisms underlying the regulation and interaction of these cellular and molecular components remain unclear. Objective In this study, we investigated the crosstalk between γδ T cells and microglia activated by TLRs in the context of neuronal damage. To this end, co-cultures of IL-17+ γδ T cells, neurons, and microglia were analyzed by immunocytochemistry, flow cytometry, ELISA and multiplex immunoassays. Results We report here that IL-17+ γδ T cells but not naïve γδ T cells induce a dose- and time-dependent decrease of neuronal viability in vitro. While direct stimulation of γδ T cells with various TLR ligands did not result in up-regulation of CD69, CD25, or in IL-17 secretion, supernatants of microglia stimulated by ligands specific for TLR2, TLR4, TLR7, or TLR9 induced activation of γδ T cells through IL-1β and IL-23, as indicated by up-regulation of CD69 and CD25 and by secretion of vast amounts of IL-17. This effect was dependent on the TLR adaptor myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) expressed by both γδ T cells and microglia, but did not require the expression of TLRs by γδ T cells. Similarly to cytokine-primed IL-17+ γδ T cells, IL-17+ γδ T cells induced by supernatants derived from TLR-activated microglia also caused neurotoxicity in vitro. While these neurotoxic effects required stimulation of TLR2, TLR4, or TLR9 in microglia, neuronal injury mediated by bone marrow-derived macrophages did not require TLR signaling. Neurotoxicity mediated by IL-17+ γδ T cells required a direct cell-cell contact between T cells and neurons. Conclusion Taken together, these results point to a crucial role for microglia activated through TLRs in polarization of γδ T cells towards neurotoxic IL-17+ γδ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Derkow
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christina Krüger
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul Dembny
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Seija Lehnardt
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Cluster of Excellence NeuroCure, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Center for Anatomy, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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25
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To update knowledge concerning the cause and consequences of the detrimental forms of innate immunity that inevitably occurs in peritransplant period tissue and cellular transplants. In addition, we review the information that a newly discovered, engraftment-promoting, and tolerance-inducing macrophage population is identified and characterized. RECENT FINDINGS The allograft response mounted by adaptive immune cells is shaped by innate immunity. The early allograft response is uniquely intense as a result of activation of the innate immune response created by ischemia reperfusion injury in organ transplants, delayed revascularization of cell transplants, and hypoxia. Inflammation is created by both cellular 'debris' and cytokines. However, a newly discovered prominent, albeit fragile, tissue-resident, noninvasive, and immunoregulatory macrophage promotes engraftment and tolerance. The role of intracellular 'debris' as well as inflammation in evoking detrimental rejection-provoking peritransplant inflammation is emphasized as well as characterization of a prominent and highly immunoregulatory albeit fragile macrophage population that is tissue-resident and does not circulate is characterized. SUMMARY Opportunity lies in the ability to rein in detrimental peri-transplant inflammation and in the ability to promote the longevity of a subpopulation of highly potent tissue-resident immunoregulatory macrophages.
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Lobet E, Letesson JJ, Arnould T. Mitochondria: a target for bacteria. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 94:173-85. [PMID: 25707982 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells developed strategies to detect and eradicate infections. The innate immune system, which is the first line of defence against invading pathogens, relies on the recognition of molecular patterns conserved among pathogens. Pathogen associated molecular pattern binding to pattern recognition receptor triggers the activation of several signalling pathways leading to the establishment of a pro-inflammatory state required to control the infection. In addition, pathogens evolved to subvert those responses (with passive and active strategies) allowing their entry and persistence in the host cells and tissues. Indeed, several bacteria actively manipulate immune system or interfere with the cell fate for their own benefit. One can imagine that bacterial effectors can potentially manipulate every single organelle in the cell. However, the multiple functions fulfilled by mitochondria especially their involvement in the regulation of innate immune response, make mitochondria a target of choice for bacterial pathogens as they are not only a key component of the central metabolism through ATP production and synthesis of various biomolecules but they also take part to cell signalling through ROS production and control of calcium homeostasis as well as the control of cell survival/programmed cell death. Furthermore, considering that mitochondria derived from an ancestral bacterial endosymbiosis, it is not surprising that a special connection does exist between this organelle and bacteria. In this review, we will discuss different mitochondrial functions that are affected during bacterial infection as well as different strategies developed by bacterial pathogens to subvert functions related to calcium homeostasis, maintenance of redox status and mitochondrial morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Lobet
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology (URBC), NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Science (NARILIS), University of Namur, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium.
| | - Jean-Jacques Letesson
- Research Unit in Microorganisms Biology, University of Namur, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium.
| | - Thierry Arnould
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology (URBC), NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Science (NARILIS), University of Namur, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium.
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Zhang J, Wang J, Pang L, Xie G, Welte T, Saxena V, Wicker J, Mann B, Soong L, Barrett A, Born W, O'Brien R, Wang T. The co-stimulatory effects of MyD88-dependent Toll-like receptor signaling on activation of murine γδ T cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108156. [PMID: 25232836 PMCID: PMC4169491 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells express several different toll-like receptor (TLR)s. The role of MyD88- dependent TLR signaling in TCR activation of murine γδ T cells is incompletely defined. Here, we report that Pam3CSK4 (PAM, TLR2 agonist) and CL097 (TLR7 agonist), but not lipopolysaccharide (TLR4 agonist), increased CD69 expression and Th1-type cytokine production upon anti-CD3 stimulation of γδ T cells from young adult mice (6-to 10-week-old). However, these agonists alone did not induce γδ T cell activation. Additionally, we noted that neither PAM nor CL097 synergized with anti-CD3 in inducing CD69 expression on γδ T cells of aged mice (21-to 22-month-old). Compared to young γδ T cells, PAM and CL097 increased Th-1 type cytokine production with a lower magnitude from anti-CD3- stimulated, aged γδ T cells. Vγ1+ and Vγ4+ cells are two subpopulations of splenic γδ T cells. PAM had similar effects in anti-CD3-activated control and Vγ4+ subset- depleted γδ T cells; whereas CL097 induced more IFN-γ production from Vγ4+ subset-depleted γδ T cells than from the control group. Finally, we studied the role of MyD88-dependent TLRs in γδ T cell activation during West Nile virus (WNV) infection. γδ T cell, in particular, Vγ1+ subset expansion was significantly reduced in both MyD88- and TLR7- deficient mice. Treatment with TLR7 agonist induced more Vγ1+ cell expansion in wild-type mice during WNV infection. In summary, these results suggest that MyD88-dependent TLRs provide co-stimulatory signals during TCR activation of γδ T cells and these have differential effects on distinct subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinping Zhang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lan Pang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Guorui Xie
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Thomas Welte
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Vandana Saxena
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jason Wicker
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Brian Mann
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lynn Soong
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alan Barrett
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Willi Born
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health Center, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Rebecca O'Brien
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health Center, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Dar AA, Patil RS, Chiplunkar SV. Insights into the Relationship between Toll Like Receptors and Gamma Delta T Cell Responses. Front Immunol 2014; 5:366. [PMID: 25132835 PMCID: PMC4116803 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is an important aspect of cancer biology that contributes to tumor initiation, tumor progression and responses to therapy. The composition and characteristics of the tumor microenvironment vary widely and are important in determining the anti-tumor immune response. Successful immunization requires activation of both innate and adaptive immunity. Generally, immune system is compromised in patients with cancer due to immune suppression, loss of tumor antigen expression and dysfunction of antigen presenting cells (APC). Thus, therapeutic immunization leading to cancer regression remains a significant challenge. Certain cells of the immune system, including dendritic cells (DCs) and gamma delta (γδ) T cells are capable of driving potent anti-tumor responses. The property of MHC-unrestricted cytotoxicity, high potential of cytokine release, tissue tropism and early activation in infections and malignant disease makes γδ T cells as an emerging candidate for immunotherapy. Various strategies are being developed to enhance anti-tumor immune responses of γδ T cells and DCs one of them is the use of novel adjuvants like toll like receptors (TLR) agonists, which enhance γδ T cell function directly or through DC activation, which has ability to prime γδ T cells. TLR agonists are being used clinically either alone or in combination with tumor antigens and has shown initial success in both enhancing immune responses and eliciting anti-tumor activity. TLR activated γδ T cells and DCs nurture each other's activation. This provides a potent base for first line of defense and manipulation of the adaptive response against pathogens and cancer. The available data provides a strong rationale for initiating combinatorial therapy for the treatment of diseases and this review will summarize the application of adjuvants (TLRs) for boosting immune response of γδ T cells to treat cancer and infectious diseases and their use in combinatorial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Amin Dar
- Chiplunkar Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre , Navi Mumbai , India
| | - Rushikesh Sudam Patil
- Chiplunkar Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre , Navi Mumbai , India
| | - Shubhada Vivek Chiplunkar
- Chiplunkar Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre , Navi Mumbai , India
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DAMPs activating innate and adaptive immune responses in COPD. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:215-26. [PMID: 24150257 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2013.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a progressive lung disease characterized by sustained neutrophilic airway inflammation, is caused by chronic exposure to noxious stimuli, e.g., cigarette smoke. This chronic exposure can induce immunogenic cell death of structural airway cells, inducing the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Levels of several DAMPs, including S100 proteins, defensins, and high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1), are increased in extracellular lung fluids of COPD patients. As DAMPs can attract and activate immune cells upon binding to pattern recognition receptors, we propose that their release may contribute to neutrophilic airway inflammation. In this review, we discuss the novel role of DAMPs in COPD pathogenesis. Relevant DAMPs are categorized based on their subcellular origin, i.e. cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus, and mitochondria. Furthermore, their potential role in the pathophysiology of COPD will be discussed.
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