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Rodriguez Quinteros AC, Soler P, Larroza M, Morales JM, Gurevitz JM. Water temperature and microenvironmental factors predict the presence and detection of the snail host of Fasciola hepatica in Andean Patagonia. Vet Parasitol 2024; 329:110209. [PMID: 38823188 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
The transmission of Fasciola hepatica occurs only where there are -or recently were- aquatic or amphibious snails of the Lymnaeidae family, the intermediate host of this parasite. Direct detection of these snails is time-consuming and imprecise, hindering accurate and detailed mapping of transmission risk. To identify which microenvironmental factors could be used as proxies for the occurrence of the lymnaeid snail Galba viator, a major intermediate host in South America, a total of 183 1-m2 quadrants across diverse water bodies in an endemic area in Andean Patagonia were manually timed-searched for snails and microenvironmental variables were registered. Data was analyzed using a Bayesian hierarchical occupancy model that assessed the effects of the microenvironmental variables on the presence of snails while considering imperfect snail detection. The model estimated that G. viator predominantly inhabits shallow aquatic environments, in the presence of grasses, where snails of the genus Biomphalaria are also detected, and with scarce tree canopy cover. Physical factors affecting occupancy presumably act as proxies for the average water temperature, while the temperature at the time of sampling was found to affect snail detectability. The identified variables are easy, fast, and inexpensive to measure, and can complement management decisions and risk maps based on coarser remote-sensing data, particularly relevant in a context of growing resistance to anthelminthic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Rodriguez Quinteros
- Grupo de Ecología Cuantitativa, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (INIBIOMA), CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue, S.C. de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina.
| | - Paula Soler
- Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche (IFAB), INTA-CONICET, Modesta Victoria 4450, S.C. de Bariloche, Río Negro, 8400, Argentina
| | - Marcela Larroza
- Grupo de Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), EEA-Bariloche, S.C. de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Juan M Morales
- Grupo de Ecología Cuantitativa, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (INIBIOMA), CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue, S.C. de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina; School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Juan M Gurevitz
- Grupo de Ecología Cuantitativa, Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (INIBIOMA), CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue, S.C. de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
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Mowlavi G, Bargues MD, Najafi F, Naddaf SR, Salehabadi A, Vejdan AK, Salimi M, Fadavi A, Arab-Mazar Z, Mas-Coma S. Fasciola Infection Unexpectedly Found During Cholecystectomy: Review on How to Avoid Increasing Surgery Interventions in Non-human Endemic Areas. Acta Parasitol 2023; 68:891-902. [PMID: 37934346 PMCID: PMC10665236 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-023-00726-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fascioliasis is caused by Fasciola hepatica of almost worldwide distribution and F. gigantica in wide regions of Asia and Africa. Their adult stage develops in the biliary canals and gallbladder. Infection follows an initial, 3-4 month long invasive, migratory or acute phase, and a several year-long biliary, chronic or obstructive phase. METHODS The unexpected finding of a fasciolid inside the gallbladder during a cholecystectomy for obstructive lithiasis suspicion in a patient is reported from an area of Iran where human infection had been never reported before and studies on fascioliasis in livestock are absent. RESULTS The fluke obtained was phenotypically classified as F. hepatica by morphometry and genotypically as F. gigantica by mtDNA cox1 fragment sequencing, although with F. hepatica scattered mutations in species-differing nucleotide positions. The clinical, radiological, and biological signs observed at the acute and chronic phases often lead to some misdiagnosis. Serological methods may be useful in cases of negative coprology. Diagnostic techniques with insufficient resolution leading to unnecessary invasive interventions are analyzed. The way to avoid unnecessary surgery is described, including analyses to be made, diagnostic tools to be used, and aspects to be considered. CONCLUSION Reaching a correct diagnosis in the confusing presentations avoids procedure delays and unnecessary surgery. A correct drug treatment may be sufficient. Except in extreme pathological presentations, lesions decrease in number and size and finally disappear or calcify after a successful treatment. Finally, the need to increase awareness of physicians about fascioliasis is highlighted, mainly in non-human endemic areas.
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Grants
- PI16/00520 Subprograma Estatal de Generación de Conocimiento de la Acción Estratégica en Salud (AES), Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación y Fondos FEDER, ISCIII-MINECO, Madrid, Spain;
- PROMETEO 2016/099 Conselleria de Cultura, Educación y Ciencia, Generalitat Valenciana
- 2021/004 Conselleria de Cultura, Educación y Ciencia, Generalitat Valenciana
- RD16/0027/0023 Red de Investigación de Centros de Enfermedades Tropicales - RICET, Ministry of Health and Consumption, Madrid
- CB21/13/00056 Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Infecciosas (ES)
- Red de Investigación de Centros de Enfermedades Tropicales – RICET, Ministry of Health and Consumption, Madrid
- Universitat de Valencia
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Mowlavi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran (CREPI), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - María Dolores Bargues
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andres Estelles s/n, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain.
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIII, C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Faezeh Najafi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saied Reza Naddaf
- Department of Parasitology, Research Center for Emerging and Reemerging Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Salehabadi
- Department of Microbiology, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Amir Kazem Vejdan
- Department of General Surgery, Imam Reza Hospital, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Mahboobeh Salimi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arezoo Fadavi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Arab-Mazar
- Department of Microbiology, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Santiago Mas-Coma
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andres Estelles s/n, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIII, C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, 28029, Madrid, Spain
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Soler P, Abdala AM, Larroza M. Genetic characterization and regional distribution of lymnaeid snails in northern Patagonia, Argentina. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2023; 44:100919. [PMID: 37652637 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2023.100919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Lymnaeid snails serve as intermediate hosts for Fasciola hepatica (Linnaeus, 1758), the etiological agent of fasciolosis, which is a widespread livestock disease in Argentina. Determining their geographic distribution and identifying the snail species involved in the transmission of fasciolosis can provide crucial information for designing strategic control programs. In this context, this work aimed at genetically characterizing the species of lymnaeid snails collected in different water bodies of northern Patagonia, Argentina. To this end, 689 snails were collected in 12 sites in the provinces of Neuquén, Río Negro and Chubut, in areas where fasciolosis is endemic. According to the morphological characteristics of their valves, they were identified as Galba spp. Twenty-three of these specimens were further identified using the nuclear sequences of the internal transcribed spacers ITS-1 and ITS-2 and 18S rRNA. The results confirmed the identity of all the analyzed snails as Galba viatrix and provided evidence that studying the variable region V2 of the 18S rRNA gene is not enough to differentiate closely related species, as observed in lymnaeid snails. Both the fact that G. viatrix was the only species identified in the endemic area surveyed and previous evidence of the high prevalence of F. hepatica infestation in grazing animals in the region suggest that this species is the main intermediate host of F. hepatica. The correct identification of lymnaeid snail species has great importance to determine risk zones and develop appropriate control measures to reduce transmission, according to the different ecological characteristics of each species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Soler
- Grupo de Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), EEA- Bariloche, San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche (IFAB), INTA-CONICET, San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina.
| | - Alejandra Mariana Abdala
- Grupo de Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), EEA- Bariloche, San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Marcela Larroza
- Grupo de Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), EEA- Bariloche, San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
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Medeiros C, Silva Scholte LL, Marques Cardoso PC, Pointier JP, Rumi A, Rocha Oliveira IH, de Souza PM, D'ávila S, Rosenberg G, Santos Carvalho OD, Caldeira RL. An Integrative Approach for the Identification of Native and Exotic Lymnaeids from Brazil. MALACOLOGIA 2022. [DOI: 10.4002/040.065.0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Medeiros
- Grupo de Pesquisas em Helmintologia e Malacologia Médica, Instituto René Rachou (IRR), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Larissa Lopes Silva Scholte
- Grupo de Genômica e Biologia Computacional, Instituto René Rachou (IRR), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Paula Cristina Marques Cardoso
- Grupo de Pesquisas em Helmintologia e Malacologia Médica, Instituto René Rachou (IRR), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Alejandra Rumi
- División Zoología Invertebrados, Museo de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina
| | - Ivana Helena Rocha Oliveira
- Grupo de Pesquisas em Helmintologia e Malacologia Médica, Instituto René Rachou (IRR), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Pedro Mendes de Souza
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade e Conservação da Natureza, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sthefane D'ávila
- Museu de Malacologia Prof. Maury Pinto de Oliveira, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gary Rosenberg
- Department of Malacology, Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Omar dos Santos Carvalho
- Grupo de Pesquisas em Helmintologia e Malacologia Médica, Instituto René Rachou (IRR), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Roberta Lima Caldeira
- Grupo de Pesquisas em Helmintologia e Malacologia Médica, Instituto René Rachou (IRR), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Mas-Coma S, Valero MA, Bargues MD. Human and Animal Fascioliasis: Origins and Worldwide Evolving Scenario. Clin Microbiol Rev 2022; 35:e0008819. [PMID: 36468877 PMCID: PMC9769525 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00088-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fascioliasis is a plant- and waterborne zoonotic parasitic disease caused by two trematode species: (i) Fasciola hepatica in Europe, Asia, Africa, the Americas, and Oceania and (ii) F. gigantica, which is restricted to Africa and Asia. Fasciolid liver flukes infect mainly herbivores as ruminants, equids, and camelids but also omnivore mammals as humans and swine and are transmitted by freshwater Lymnaeidae snail vectors. Two phases may be distinguished in fasciolid evolution. The long predomestication period includes the F. gigantica origin in east-southern Africa around the mid-Miocene, the F. hepatica origin in the Near-Middle East of Asia around the latest Miocene to Early Pliocene, and their subsequent local spread. The short postdomestication period includes the worldwide spread by human-guided movements of animals in the last 12,000 years and the more recent transoceanic anthropogenic introductions of F. hepatica into the Americas and Oceania and of F. gigantica into several large islands of the Pacific with ships transporting livestock in the last 500 years. The routes and chronology of the spreading waves followed by both fasciolids into the five continents are redefined on the basis of recently generated knowledge of human-guided movements of domesticated hosts. No local, zonal, or regional situation showing disagreement with historical records was found, although in a few world zones the available knowledge is still insufficient. The anthropogenically accelerated evolution of fasciolids allows us to call them "peridomestic endoparasites." The multidisciplinary implications for crucial aspects of the disease should therefore lead the present baseline update to be taken into account in future research studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Mas-Coma
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Adela Valero
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Dolores Bargues
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIII, Madrid, Spain
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Bargues MD, Halajian A, Artigas P, Luus-Powell WJ, Valero MA, Mas-Coma S. Paleobiogeographical origins of Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica in light of new DNA sequence characteristics of F. nyanzae from hippopotamus. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:990872. [PMID: 36157179 PMCID: PMC9500510 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.990872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fascioliasis is a highly pathogenic disease affecting humans and livestock worldwide. It is caused by the liver flukes Fasciola hepatica transmitted by Galba/Fossaria lymnaeid snails in Europe, Asia, Africa, the Americas and Oceania, and F. gigantica transmitted by Radix lymnaeids in Africa and Asia. An evident founder effect appears in genetic studies as the consequence of their spread by human-guided movements of domestic ruminants, equines and Old World camelids in the post-domestication period from the beginning of the Neolithic. Establishing the geographical origins of fasciolid expansion is multidisciplinary crucial for disease assessment. Sequencing of selected nuclear ribosomal and mitochondrial DNA markers of F. nyanzae infecting hippopotamuses (Hippopotamus amphibius) in South Africa and their comparative analyses with F. hepatica and F. gigantica, and the two Fascioloides species, Fs. jacksoni from Asian elephants and Fs. magna from Holarctic cervids, allow to draw a tuned-up evolutionary scenario during the pre-domestication period. Close sequence similarities indicate a direct derivation of F. hepatica and F. gigantica from F. nyanzae by speciation after host capture phenomena. Phylogenetic reconstruction, genetic distances and divergence estimates fully fit fossil knowledge, past interconnecting bridges between continents, present fasciolid infection in the wild fauna, and lymnaeid distribution. The paleobiogeographical analyses suggest an origin for F. gigantica by transfer from primitive hippopotamuses to grazing bovid ancestors of Reduncinae, Bovinae and Alcelaphinae, by keeping the same vector Radix natalensis in warm lowlands of southeastern Africa in the mid-Miocene, around 13.5 mya. The origin of F. hepatica should have occurred after capture from primitive, less amphibious Hexaprotodon hippopotamuses to mid-sized ovicaprines as the wild bezoar Capra aegagrus and the wild mouflon Ovis gmelini, and from R. natalensis to Galba truncatula in cooler areas and mountainous foothills of Asian Near East in the latest Miocene to Early Pliocene, around 6.0 to 4.0 mya and perhaps shortly afterwards.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Dolores Bargues
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIII, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: María Dolores Bargues
| | - Ali Halajian
- DSI-NRF SARChi Chair (Ecosystem Health), Department of Biodiversity, University of Limpopo, Sovenga, South Africa
- Research Administration and Development, University of Limpopo, Sovenga, South Africa
| | - Patricio Artigas
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Wilmien J. Luus-Powell
- DSI-NRF SARChi Chair (Ecosystem Health), Department of Biodiversity, University of Limpopo, Sovenga, South Africa
| | - M. Adela Valero
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Mas-Coma
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos IIII, Madrid, Spain
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Geography and ecology of invasive Pseudosuccinea columella (Gastropoda: Lymnaeidae) and implications in the transmission of Fasciola species (Digenea: Fasciolidae) - a review. J Helminthol 2022; 96:e1. [PMID: 34991739 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x21000717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Pseudosuccinea columella is considered invasive and has become an important intermediate host of both Fasciola species in many regions of the world. This systematic review assessed the geographical distribution of P. columella, and its implications in the transmission of Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica, globally. A literature search was conducted on Google Scholar, JSTOR and PubMed databases using Boolean operators in combination with predetermined search terms for thematic analysis. Results show that P. columella has been documented in 22 countries from Europe (3), Africa (8), Oceania (2), North America (3) and South America (6). Furthermore, this snail species has shown to adapt to and inhabit a vast array of freshwater bodies including thermal lakes and ditches with acidic soils. Studies showed that P. columella transmits F. hepatica, with natural and experimental infections documented in sub-Saharan Africa, Europe, South America and North America. Experimental infection studies in Cuba showed the presence of P. columella populations resistant to F. hepatica infection. Furthermore, some populations of this invasive snail collected from F. hepatica endemic locations in Brazil, Venezuela, Australia, South Africa, Colombia and Argentina were found without Fasciola infection. As a result, the role played by this snail in the transmission of Fasciola spp. in these endemic areas is still uncertain. Therefore, further studies to detect natural infections are needed in regions/countries where the snail is deemed invasive to better understand the veterinary and public health importance of this snail species in Fasciola-endemic areas and determine the global dispersion of resistant populations of P. columella.
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Buffalo Infection by Fasciola gigantica Transmitted by Radix acuminata in Uttar Pradesh, India: A Molecular Tool to Improve Snail Vector Epidemiology Assessments and Control Surveillance. Acta Parasitol 2021; 66:1396-1405. [PMID: 34019279 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-021-00414-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fascioliasis is caused by Fasciola species transmitted by freshwater Lymnaeidae snails and infecting herbivorous mammals and humans worldwide. In southern Asia, fascioliasis is a problem in livestock from the Near East to Bangladesh, where recent human infection reports are worrying. In this region, Fasciola gigantica is transmitted by species of the Radix auricularia superspecies group. In the densely populated northern Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, livestock appears infected throughout. The economic importance of buffaloes highlights the need to control their very high infection rates. METHODS In the Gorakhpur area, a molecular method based on the two specific primer sets of genomic DNA was applied to fasciolids from buffaloes slaughtered in local abattoirs and cercariae from R. acuminata snails from freshwater collections. RESULTS PCR products and sequences demonstrated that the cercariae belonged to F. gigantica and that R. acuminata acts as vector for its transmission to buffaloes. The 72.0% rate found in one transmission focus appears to be the highest worldwide record of fasciolid infection in a lymnaeid population. Lymnaeid prevalences and burdens found close to human communities indicate a very high infection risk. CONCLUSION This method is simple, fast and cheap because there is no need for sequencing, it differentiates between fasciolid species and between fasciolids and other trematodes infecting R. acuminata, facilitates epidemiological surveys, and is useful for surveillance to evaluate the efficiency of control measures. Within climate change predictions, future increases of rain events and floods suggest the need for control and surveillance efforts in this endemic area.
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Mas-Coma S, Funatsu IR, Angles R, Buchon P, Mas-Bargues C, Artigas P, Valero MA, Bargues MD. Domestic pig prioritized in one health action against fascioliasis in human endemic areas: Experimental assessment of transmission capacity and epidemiological evaluation of reservoir role. One Health 2021; 13:100249. [PMID: 33997234 PMCID: PMC8091924 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Northern Bolivian Altiplano is the human fascioliasis hyperendemic area where the highest prevalences and intensities in humans have been reported. Preventive chemotherapy was implemented in the last ten years. Surveillance showed high human infection and re-infection rates in between the annual triclabendazole monodose treatments. A complementary One Health control action was launched to decrease the infection risk. Among the multidisciplinary axes, there is the need to establish animal reservoir species priorities for a more efficient control. Laboratory and field studies were performed for the first time to assess the Fasciola hepatica transmission capacity of the pig and its potential reservoir role. The experimental follow-up of altiplanic pig isolates through altiplanic Galba truncatula snail vector isolates were performed at different miracidial doses and different day/night temperatures. Experiments included egg embryonation, miracidial infectivity, lymnaeid snail infection, intramolluscan larval development, cercarial production, chronobiology of the cercarial shedding, vector survival to infection, metacercarial infectivity of mammal host, and adult stage development. Surveys included the assessment of prevalence, intensity, egg measurements and egg shedding rates in nature. Pig contribution was evaluated by comparing with the main altiplanic reservoirs sheep and cattle. Results demonstrated that the pig assures the whole F. hepatica life cycle and participates in its transmission in this area. The fast egg embryonation, high cercarial production, long multi-wave shedding chronobiological pattern in monomiracidial infections at permanent 20 °C temperature, and the high daily egg outputs per pig are worth mentioning. The high infection risk suggests early infection of freely running piglets and evolutionary long-term adaptation of the liver fluke to this omnivorous mammal, despite its previously evoked resistance or non-suitability. Genetic, physiological and immune similarities with humans may also underlie the parasite adaptation to humans in this area. The pig should be accordingly included for appropriate control measures within a One Health action against human fascioliasis. The pig should henceforth be considered in epidemiological studies and control initiatives not only in fascioliasis endemic areas with human infection risk on other Andean countries, but also in rural areas of Latin America, Africa and Asia where domestic pigs are allowed to run freely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Mas-Coma
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ilra R. Funatsu
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rene Angles
- Cátedra de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (UMSA), Av. Saavedra, Miraflores, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Paola Buchon
- Unidad de Limnología, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (UMSA), Calle 27 y Andrés Bello s/n, Cota Cota, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Cristina Mas-Bargues
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibañez No. 15, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Patricio Artigas
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - M. Adela Valero
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - M. Dolores Bargues
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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Bardales-Valdivia J, Bargues M, Hoban-Vergara C, Bardales-Bardales C, Goicochea-Portal C, Bazán-Zurita H, Del Valle-Mendoza J, Ortiz P, Mas-Coma S. Spread of the fascioliasis endemic area assessed by seasonal follow-up of rDNA ITS-2 sequenced lymnaeid populations in Cajamarca, Peru. One Health 2021; 13:100265. [PMID: 34041348 PMCID: PMC8141929 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Fascioliasis is a worldwide emerging snail-borne zoonotic trematodiasis with a great spreading capacity linked to animal and human movements, climate change, and anthropogenic modifications of freshwater environments. South America is the continent with more human endemic areas caused by Fasciola hepatica, mainly in high altitude areas of Andean regions. The Peruvian Cajamarca area presents the highest human prevalences reported, only lower than those in the Bolivian Altiplano. Sequencing of the complete rDNA ITS-2 allowed for the specific and haplotype classification of lymnaeid snails collected in seasonal field surveys along a transect including 2007-3473 m altitudes. The species Galba truncatula (one haplotype preferentially in higher altitudes) and Pseudosuccinea columella (one haplotype in an isolated population), and the non-transmitting species Lymnaea schirazensis (two haplotypes mainly in lower altitudes) were found. Climatic seasonality proved to influence G. truncatula populations in temporarily dried habitats, whereas L. schirazensis appeared to be more climatologically independent due to its extreme amphibious ecology. Along the southeastern transect from Cajamarca city, G. truncatula and L. schirazensis shared the same site in 7 localities (46.7% of the water collections studied). The detection of G. truncatula in 11 new foci (73.3%), predominantly in northern localities closer to the city, demonstrate that the Cajamarca transmission risk area is markedly wider than previously considered. Lymnaea schirazensis progressively increases its presence when moving away from the city. Results highlight the usefulness of lymnaeid surveys to assess borders of the endemic area and inner distribution of transmission foci. Similar lymnaeid surveys are still in need to be performed in the wide northern and western zones of the Cajamarca city. The coexistence of more than one lymnaeid transmitting species, together with a morphologically indistinguishable non-transmitting species and livestock movements inside the area, conform a complex scenario which poses difficulties for the needed One Health control intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.N. Bardales-Valdivia
- Departamento de Biología y Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Cajamarca, Carretera Baños del Inca km 3,5, Cajamarca, Peru
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de Cajamarca, Carretera Baños del Inca km 3,5, Cajamarca, Peru
| | - M.D. Bargues
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - C. Hoban-Vergara
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de Cajamarca, Carretera Baños del Inca km 3,5, Cajamarca, Peru
| | - C. Bardales-Bardales
- Dirección Regional de Agricultura Cajamarca, Gobierno Regional de Cajamarca, Carretera Baños del Inca km 3,5, Cajamarca, Peru
| | - C. Goicochea-Portal
- Dirección Regional de Agricultura Cajamarca, Gobierno Regional de Cajamarca, Carretera Baños del Inca km 3,5, Cajamarca, Peru
| | - H. Bazán-Zurita
- Vice-Rectorado de Investigación, Universidad Privada Antonio Guillermo Urrelo, Jirón José Sabogal No. 913, Cajamarca, Peru
| | - J. Del Valle-Mendoza
- Escuela de Medicina, Centro de Investigación e Innovación, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, and Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Prolongación Primavera No. 2390, Lima, Peru
| | - P. Ortiz
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de Cajamarca, Carretera Baños del Inca km 3,5, Cajamarca, Peru
| | - S. Mas-Coma
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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Chen Y, Zhou H, Lai Y, Chen Q, Yu XQ, Wang X. Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis Influences Metabolic Homeostasis in Spodoptera frugiperda. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:727434. [PMID: 34659154 PMCID: PMC8514726 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.727434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Insect gut microbiota plays important roles in acquiring nutrition, preventing pathogens infection, modulating immune responses, and communicating with environment. Gut microbiota can be affected by external factors such as foods and antibiotics. Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is an important destructive pest of grain crops worldwide. The function of gut microbiota in S. frugiperda remains to be investigated. In this study, we fed S. frugiperda larvae with artificial diet with antibiotic mixture (penicillin, gentamicin, rifampicin, and streptomycin) to perturb gut microbiota, and then examined the effect of gut microbiota dysbiosis on S. frugiperda gene expression by RNA sequencing. Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria were the most dominant phyla in S. frugiperda. We found that the composition and diversity of gut bacterial community were changed in S. frugiperda after antibiotics treatment. Firmicutes was decreased, and abundance of Enterococcus and Weissella genera was dramatically reduced. Transcriptome analysis showed that 1,394 differentially expressed transcripts (DETs) were found between the control and antibiotics-treated group. The Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) results showed that antibiotics-induced dysbiosis affected many biological processes, such as energy production, metabolism, and the autophagy–lysosome signal pathway. Our results indicated that dysbiosis of gut microbiota by antibiotics exposure affects energy and metabolic homeostasis in S. frugiperda, which help better understand the role of gut microbiota in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqing Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huanchan Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yushan Lai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyun Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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12
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Periago MV, Valero MA, Artigas P, Agramunt VH, Bargues MD, Curtale F, Mas-Coma S. Very High Fascioliasis Intensities in Schoolchildren from Nile Delta Governorates, Egypt: The Old World Highest Burdens Found in Lowlands. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10091210. [PMID: 34578242 PMCID: PMC8470878 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantitative coprological analyses of children were performed in Alexandria and Behera governorates, Egypt, to ascertain whether individual intensities in the Nile Delta lowlands reach high levels as those known in hyperendemic highland areas of Latin America. Analyses focused on subjects presenting intensities higher than 400 eggs per gram of faeces (epg), the high burden cut-off according to WHO classification. A total of 96 children were found to shed between 408 and 2304 epg, with arithmetic and geometric means of 699.5 and 629.07 epg, respectively. Intensities found are the highest hitherto recorded in Egypt, and also in the whole Old World. A total of 38 (39.6%) were males and 58 (60.4%) were females, with high intensities according to gender following a negative binomial distribution. The high burden distribution shows a peak in the 7-10 year-old children group, more precocious in females than males. Results showed high burdens in winter to be remarkably higher than those known in summer. The fascioliasis scenario in Egyptian lowlands shows similarities to highlands of Bolivia and Peru. Diagnostic methods, pathogenicity and morbidity in high burdens should be considered. The need for an appropriate quantitative assessment of heavy infected children to avoid post-treatment colic episodes is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Victoria Periago
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andres Estelles s/n, 46100 Valencia, Spain; (M.V.P.); (M.A.V.); (P.A.); (V.H.A.)
| | - M. Adela Valero
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andres Estelles s/n, 46100 Valencia, Spain; (M.V.P.); (M.A.V.); (P.A.); (V.H.A.)
| | - Patricio Artigas
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andres Estelles s/n, 46100 Valencia, Spain; (M.V.P.); (M.A.V.); (P.A.); (V.H.A.)
| | - Verónica H. Agramunt
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andres Estelles s/n, 46100 Valencia, Spain; (M.V.P.); (M.A.V.); (P.A.); (V.H.A.)
| | - M. Dolores Bargues
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andres Estelles s/n, 46100 Valencia, Spain; (M.V.P.); (M.A.V.); (P.A.); (V.H.A.)
- Correspondence: (M.D.B.); (S.M.-C.)
| | - Filippo Curtale
- U.O.C. Rapporti internazionali, con le Regioni e Gestione del Ciclo di Progetto, Istituto Nazionale per la Promozione della Salute delle Popolazioni Migranti e il Contrasto delle Malattie della Povertà, 00153 Roma, Italy;
| | - Santiago Mas-Coma
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andres Estelles s/n, 46100 Valencia, Spain; (M.V.P.); (M.A.V.); (P.A.); (V.H.A.)
- Correspondence: (M.D.B.); (S.M.-C.)
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Mas-Coma S, Cafrune MM, Funatsu IR, Mangold AJ, Angles R, Buchon P, Fantozzi MC, Artigas P, Valero MA, Bargues MD. Fascioliasis in Llama, Lama glama, in Andean Endemic Areas: Experimental Transmission Capacity by the High Altitude Snail Vector Galba truncatula and Epidemiological Analysis of Its Reservoir Role. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092693. [PMID: 34573658 PMCID: PMC8470536 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The infection by the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica in South American camelids, mainly llamas and alpacas, has been the focus of many studies. However, their capacity to participate in the transmission of the disease and their potential reservoir role in human or animal endemic areas have never been studied. Therefore, all development stages of an isolate from Argentine llama of the high Andean plateau have been experimentally investigated, from egg embryogenesis to metacercarial infectivity, by using the vector snail Galba truncatula from the high altitude Bolivian Altiplano human hyperendemic area. Although eggs shed by llamas may successfully develop until the adult stage in a subsequent mammal host, the transmission capacity of the llama proved to be pronouncedly less efficient than that of other hosts as sheep and cattle. Moreover, the low prevalences, intensities, and daily fecal outputs of liver fluke eggs in llama in Andean endemic areas, together with their peculiar defecating behavior in dung piles always far from freshwater collections, indicate that the contribution of this camelid should be considered negligible. Therefore, the llama does not need to receive priority within fascioliasis control initiatives, although it may play a disease-spreading role if used as a pack animal. Abstract South American camelids are definitive hosts of Fasciola hepatica. However, their capacity to participate in the transmission and epidemiology of fascioliasis has never been appropriately studied. Therefore, an F. hepatica isolate from Argentine llama is for the first time analyzed using Galba truncatula lymnaeids from Bolivia. Experimental follow-up studies included egg embryogenesis, miracidial infection of lymnaeid snails, intramolluscan larval development, cercarial production, chronobiology of cercarial shedding, vector survival to infection, and metacercarial infectivity of mammal host. Shorter prepatent and patent periods were leading to markedly lower cercarial production, shorter cercarial shedding, and a higher negative impact on snail survival. The usually low liver fluke prevalences and intensities and low daily fecal outputs indicate that llamas do not substantially contribute to fascioliasis transmission. The defecating behavior in dung piles far from freshwater collections prevents lymnaeid infection by eggs shed by this camelid. All results suggest the reservoir role of the llama to be negligible and, therefore, no priority within control measures in endemic areas. However, llamas may play a disease-spreading role if used as pack animals in rural areas. In the Northern Bolivian Altiplano human hyperendemic area, neither llamas nor alpacas should be considered for control measures within a One Health action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Mas-Coma
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andres Estelles s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain; (I.R.F.); (M.C.F.); (P.A.); (M.A.V.)
- Correspondence: (S.M.-C.); (M.D.B.)
| | - Maria Mercedes Cafrune
- Instituto de Investigación Animal del Chaco Semiárido, Área de Investigación en Salud Animal, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Salta, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Ministerio de Agricultura, Ganadería y Pesca CIAP, Ruta Nacional 68–km 172, Cerrillos A4403, Salta, Argentina;
| | - Ilra Renata Funatsu
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andres Estelles s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain; (I.R.F.); (M.C.F.); (P.A.); (M.A.V.)
| | - Atilio Jose Mangold
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria (INTA), Ministerio de Agricultura, Ganadería y Pesca, CC 22 INTA Rafaela, Rafaela 2300, Santa Fe, Argentina;
| | - Rene Angles
- Cátedra de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (UMSA), Av. Saavedra, Miraflores, La Paz, Bolivia;
| | - Paola Buchon
- Unidad de Limnología, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (UMSA), Campus Calle 27, Cota Cota, La Paz, Bolivia;
| | - Maria Cecilia Fantozzi
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andres Estelles s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain; (I.R.F.); (M.C.F.); (P.A.); (M.A.V.)
| | - Patricio Artigas
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andres Estelles s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain; (I.R.F.); (M.C.F.); (P.A.); (M.A.V.)
| | - Maria Adela Valero
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andres Estelles s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain; (I.R.F.); (M.C.F.); (P.A.); (M.A.V.)
| | - Maria Dolores Bargues
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andres Estelles s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain; (I.R.F.); (M.C.F.); (P.A.); (M.A.V.)
- Correspondence: (S.M.-C.); (M.D.B.)
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Ferreira APPN, Costa ALO, Becattini RM, Ferreira MAND, Paixão HPRD, Coscarelli D, Vidigal THDA, Lima WDS, Pereira CADJ. Integrative taxonomy: combining molecular and morphological characteristics to identify Lymnaea (Galba) cubensis, intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 30:e026320. [PMID: 34161492 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612021052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite the epidemiological importance of the Lymnaeidae family regarding transmission of Fasciola hepatica, knowledge about the diversity and distribution of these molluscs and the role of each species in the expansion of fasciolosis remains sparse. Classical morphological (n=10) identification was performed in lymneids from Lagoa Santa, a municipality in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, along with molecular and phylogenetic analysis (n=05) based on the partial nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COI mtDNA) and ribosomal internal transcribed spacer II (ITS-2 rDNA). The shell morphology made it possible to distinguish the lymneids of Lagoa Santa from Pseudosuccinea columella. Differences found in the penile complex and prostate shape allowed this species to be distinguished from Galba truncatula. However, the homogeneity of reproductive tract characteristics among Lymnaea (Galba) cubensis, L. viator and L. neotropica confirmed that these characteristics show low taxonomic reliability for identifying cryptic species. Genetic divergence analysis for the COI mtDNA gene and ITS-2 region of rDNA revealed greater similarity to Lymnaea (Galba) cubensis. Thus, correct species differentiation is important for monitoring the epidemiological risk of fasciolosis in the state of Minas Gerais, where cases of the disease have increased over recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Pereira Neves Ferreira
- Laboratório de Helmintologia Veterinária, Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Andréia Luiza Oliveira Costa
- Laboratório de Helmintologia Veterinária, Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Raphael Meira Becattini
- Laboratório de Helmintologia Veterinária, Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Mônica Alves Neves Diniz Ferreira
- Laboratório Laboratório de Patologia Comparada, Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Hugo Pinto Rezende da Paixão
- Laboratório de Malacologia e Sistemática Molecular, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Daniel Coscarelli
- Laboratório de Malacologia e Sistemática Molecular, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Teofânia Helena Dutra Amorim Vidigal
- Laboratório de Malacologia e Sistemática Molecular, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Walter Dos Santos Lima
- Laboratório de Helmintologia Veterinária, Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Cíntia Aparecida de Jesus Pereira
- Laboratório de Helmintologia Veterinária, Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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Bargues MD, Angles R, Coello J, Artigas P, Funatsu IR, Cuervo PF, Buchon P, Mas-Coma S. One Health initiative in the Bolivian Altiplano human fascioliasis hyperendemic area: Lymnaeid biology, population dynamics, microecology and climatic factor influences. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 30:e025620. [PMID: 34076053 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612021014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Fascioliasis is a freshwater snail-borne zoonotic disease. The Northern Bolivian Altiplano is a very high altitude endemic area where the highest human prevalences and intensities have been reported. Preventive chemotherapy by treatment campaigns is yearly applied. However, liver fluke infection of cattle, sheep, pigs and donkeys assures endemicity and consequent human infection and re-infection risks. A One Health action has therefore been implemented. Activity concerns lymnaeid vectors and environment diversity. Studies included growth, egg-laying and life span in laboratory-reared lymnaeids. Different habitat types and influencing factors were assessed. All populations proved to belong to Galba truncatula by rDNA sequencing. Analyses comprised physico-chemical characteristics and monthly follow-up of water temperature, pH and quantity, and lymnaeid abundance and density. Population dynamics in the transmission foci differed. Mean environmental temperature was lower than fluke development minimum temperature threshold, but water temperature was higher, except during winter. A two generations/year pattern appeared in permanent water habitats, and one generation/year pattern in habitats drying out for months. The multidisciplinary control measures can be extended from one part of the endemic area to another. These studies, made for the first time at very high altitude, constitute a baseline useful for fascioliasis control in other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Dolores Bargues
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - René Angles
- Cátedra de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés - UMSA, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - José Coello
- Laboratorio de Biología, Colegio "San Calixto", La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Patricio Artigas
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ilra Renata Funatsu
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pablo Fernando Cuervo
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Paola Buchon
- Unidad de Limnología, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés - UMSA, Campus Universitario de Cota Cota, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Santiago Mas-Coma
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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16
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Systematics and geographical distribution of Galba species, a group of cryptic and worldwide freshwater snails. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2020; 157:107035. [PMID: 33285288 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2020.107035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cryptic species can present a significant challenge to the application of systematic and biogeographic principles, especially if they are invasive or transmit parasites or pathogens. Detecting cryptic species requires a pluralistic approach in which molecular markers facilitate the detection of coherent taxonomic units that can then be analyzed using various traits (e.g., internal morphology) and crosses. In asexual or self-fertilizing species, the latter criteria are of limited use. We studied a group of cryptic freshwater snails (genus Galba) from the family Lymnaeidae that have invaded almost all continents, reproducing mainly by self-fertilization and transmitting liver flukes to humans and livestock. We aim to clarify the systematics, distribution, and phylogeny of these species with an integrative approach that includes morphology, molecular markers, wide-scale sampling across America, and data retrieved from GenBank (to include Old World samples). Our phylogenetic analysis suggests that the genus Galba originated ca. 22 Myr ago and today comprises six species or species complexes. Four of them show an elongated-shell cryptic phenotype and exhibit wide variation in their genetic diversity, geographic distribution, and invasiveness. The remaining two species have more geographically restricted distributions and exhibit a globose-shell cryptic phenotype, most likely phylogenetically derived from the elongated one. We emphasize that no Galba species should be identified without molecular markers. We also discuss several hypotheses that can explain the origin of cryptic species in Galba, such as convergence and morphological stasis.
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Mas-Coma S, Buchon P, Funatsu IR, Angles R, Mas-Bargues C, Artigas P, Valero MA, Bargues MD. Donkey Fascioliasis Within a One Health Control Action: Transmission Capacity, Field Epidemiology, and Reservoir Role in a Human Hyperendemic Area. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:591384. [PMID: 33251272 PMCID: PMC7674489 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.591384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A One Health initiative has been implemented for fascioliasis control in a human hyperendemic area for the first time. The area selected for this multidisciplinary approach is the Northern Bolivian Altiplano, where the highest prevalences and intensities in humans have been reported. Within the strategic intervention axis of control activities concerning animal reservoirs, complete experimental studies, and field surveys have been performed to assess the fascioliasis transmission capacity and epidemiological role of the donkey for the first time. Laboratory studies with altiplanic donkey-infecting Fasciola hepatica and altiplanic Galba truncatula snail vector isolates demonstrate that the donkey assures the viability of the whole fasciolid life cycle. Several aspects indicate, however, that F. hepatica does not reach, in the donkey, the level of adaptation it shows in sheep and cattle in this high altitude hyperendemic area. This is illustrated by a few-day delay in egg embryonation, longer prepatent period despite similar miracidial infectivity and shorter patent period in the intramolluscan development, lower cercarial production per snail, different cercarial chronobiology, shorter snail survival after shedding end, shorter longevity of shedding snails, and lower metacercarial infectivity in Wistar rats. Thus, the role of the donkey in the disease transmission should be considered secondary. Field survey results proved that liver fluke prevalence and intensity in donkeys are similar to those of the main reservoirs sheep and cattle in this area. Fasciolid egg shedding by a donkey individual contributes to the environment contamination at a rate similar to sheep and cattle. In this endemic area, the pronounced lower number of donkeys when compared to sheep and cattle indicates that the epidemiological reservoir role of the donkey is also secondary. However, the donkey plays an important epidemiological role in the disease spread because of its use by Aymara inhabitants for good transport, movements, and travel from one locality/zone to another, a repercussion to be considered in the present geographical spread of fascioliasis in the Altiplano due to climate change. Donkey transport of parasite and vector, including movements inside the zone under control and potential introduction from outside that zone, poses a problem for the One Health initiative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Mas-Coma
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Paola Buchon
- Unidad de Limnología, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (UMSA), La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Ilra R Funatsu
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rene Angles
- Cátedra de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (UMSA), La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Cristina Mas-Bargues
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Patricio Artigas
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - M Adela Valero
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - M Dolores Bargues
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Mas-Coma S, Buchon P, Funatsu IR, Angles R, Artigas P, Valero MA, Bargues MD. Sheep and Cattle Reservoirs in the Highest Human Fascioliasis Hyperendemic Area: Experimental Transmission Capacity, Field Epidemiology, and Control Within a One Health Initiative in Bolivia. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:583204. [PMID: 33195605 PMCID: PMC7655135 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.583204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Northern Bolivian Altiplano is the human fascioliasis hyperendemic area where the highest prevalences and intensities of infection by Fasciola hepatica in humans have been reported. Four animal species are the reservoir species for F. hepatica in this area, namely, sheep, cattle, pigs, and donkeys. Livestock for the Aymara inhabitants is crucial because vegetable cultures are not viable due to the inhospitality of the very high altitude of 3,820-4,100 m. A One Health initiative has been implemented in this area in recent years, as the first such control action in a human endemic area ever. Among the different control axes included, special focus is devoted to the two main reservoirs sheep and cattle. Egg embryonation, miracidial infectivity, intramolluscan development, cercarial production, infected snail survival, and metacercarial infectivity were experimentally studied in altiplanic sheep and cattle isolates. These laboratory studies were performed using altiplanic isolates of the lymnaeid species Galba truncatula, the only vector present in the hyperendemic area. Experiments were made at constant 12 h day/12 h night and varying 20/20°C and 22/5°C photoperiods. Infections were implemented using mono-, bi-, and trimiracidial doses. Results demonstrate that sheep and cattle have the capacity to assure F. hepatica transmission in this very high-altitude area. Field surveys included prevalence studies by coprology on fecal samples from 1,202 sheep and 2,690 cattle collected from different zones of the Northern Bolivian Altiplano. Prevalences were pronouncedly higher and more homogeneous in sheep (63.1%; range: 38.9-68.5%) than in cattle (20.6%; range: 8.2-43.3%) in each one of the different zones. Although similarities between the prevalences in sheep and cattle appeared in the zones of the highest and lowest infection rates, this disappeared in the other zones due to cattle treatments. Comparison with past surveys demonstrates that this hyperendemic area is stable from the disease transmission point of view. Therefore, the control design should prioritize sheep and cattle within the One Health action. Studies performed in the Bolivian Altiplano furnish a baseline for future initiatives to assess the transmission and epidemiological characteristics of fascioliasis in the way for its control in other high altitude Andean endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Mas-Coma
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Paola Buchon
- Unidad de Limnología, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Ilra R Funatsu
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rene Angles
- Cátedra de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Patricio Artigas
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - M Adela Valero
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - M Dolores Bargues
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Siles-Lucas M, Becerro-Recio D, Serrat J, González-Miguel J. Fascioliasis and fasciolopsiasis: Current knowledge and future trends. Res Vet Sci 2020; 134:27-35. [PMID: 33278757 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Food-borne zoonotic trematodiases are classified as neglected diseases by the World Health Organization. Among them, fascioliasis is caused worldwide by Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica, and represent a huge problem in livestock production and human health in endemic areas. Fasciolopsis buski, restricted to specific regions of Asia, causes fasciolopsiasis. The incidence of these trematodiases is underestimated due to under-reporting and to the lack of sensitive and widely accepted tool for their diagnosis. This, together with a rising trend in reporting of drug resistance and the need for an effective vaccine against these parasites, pose a challenge in the effective control of these diseases. Here, the latest reports on fascioliasis outbreaks between 2000 and 2020 and the most recent advances in their epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment and control are revised. Finally, future needs in the field of fascioliasis and fasciolopsiasis are presented, which could be addressed based on current knowledge and by means of new emerging technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Siles-Lucas
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), C/ Cordel de Merinas 40-52, 37008 Salamanca, Spain.
| | - David Becerro-Recio
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), C/ Cordel de Merinas 40-52, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Judit Serrat
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), C/ Cordel de Merinas 40-52, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Javier González-Miguel
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), C/ Cordel de Merinas 40-52, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
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Equines as reservoirs of human fascioliasis: transmission capacity, epidemiology and pathogenicity in Fasciola hepatica-infected mules. J Helminthol 2020; 94:e189. [PMID: 32907643 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x20000693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Fascioliasis is a zoonotic disease caused by liver flukes transmitted by freshwater lymnaeid snails. Donkey and horse reservoir roles have been highlighted in human endemic areas. Liver fluke infection in mules has received very limited research. Their role in disease transmission, epidemiological importance and Fasciola hepatica pathogenicity are studied for the first time. Prevalence was 39.5% in 81 mules from Aconcagua, and 24.4% in 127 from Uspallata, in high-altitude areas of Mendoza province, Argentina. A mean amount of 101,242 eggs/mule/day is estimated. Lymnaeids from Uspallata proved to belong to ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) markers ITS-1 and ITS-2 combined haplotype 3C of Galba truncatula. These lymnaeids were experimentally susceptible to infection by egg miracidia from mules. Infectivity, number of cercariae/snail and shedding period fit the enhanced F. hepatica/G. truncatula transmission pattern at very high altitude. This indicates that the mule is able to maintain the F. hepatica cycle independently. Individual burdens of 20 and 97 flukes were found. Mule infection susceptibility is intermediate between donkey and horse, although closer to the latter. Anatomo-pathology and histopathology indicate that massive infection may cause mule death. Haematological value decreases of red blood cells, haemoglobin, leucocytes and lymphocytes indicate anaemia and strong immunosuppression. Strongly increased biochemical marker values indicate liver function alterations. The mule probably played a role in the past exchanges with Chile and Bolivia through Mendoza province. Evidence suggests that mules could contribute to the spread of both F. hepatica and G. truncatula to human fascioliasis-endemic areas in these countries.
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Chougar L, Mas-Coma S, Artigas P, Harhoura K, Aissi M, Agramunt VH, Bargues MD. Genetically 'pure' Fasciola gigantica discovered in Algeria: DNA multimarker characterization, trans-Saharan introduction from a Sahel origin and spreading risk into north-western Maghreb countries. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:2190-2205. [PMID: 32304266 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Fascioliasis is a freshwater snail-borne zoonotic helminth disease caused by two species of trematodes: Fasciola hepatica of almost worldwide distribution and the more pathogenic F. gigantica restricted to parts of Asia and most of Africa. Of high pathological impact in ruminants, it underlies large livestock husbandry losses. Fascioliasis is moreover of high public health importance and accordingly included within the main neglected tropical diseases by WHO. Additionally, this is an emerging disease due to influences of climate and global changes. In Africa, F. gigantica is distributed throughout almost the whole continent except in the north-western Maghreb countries of Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia where only F. hepatica is present. The present study concerns the DNA multimarker characterization of the first finding of F. gigantica in sheep in Algeria by the complete sequences of rDNA ITS-1 and ITS-2 and mtDNA cox1 and nad1 genes. Sequence comparisons and network analyses show sequence identities and similarities suggesting a south-north trans-Saharan geographical origin, with introduction from Ghana, through the Sahel countries of Burkina Faso and Mali into Algeria. This way perfectly fits with nomadic pastoralism according to interconnecting intranational and transborder herd transhumance routes traditionally followed in this western part of Africa from very long ago. The risk for further spread throughout the three north-western Maghreb countries is multidisciplinarily analysed, mainly considering the present extensive motorization of the intranational transhumance system in Algeria, the lymnaeid snail vector species present throughout the north-western Maghreb, the increasing demand for animal products in the growing cities of northern Algeria and the continued human infection reports. Control measures should assure making anti-fasciolid drugs available and affordable for herders from the beginning and along their transhumant routes and include diffusion and rules within the regional regulatory framework about the need for herd treatments.
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Grants
- PI16/00520 Subprograma Estatal de Generación de Conocimiento de la Acción Estratégica en Salud (AES) y Fondos FEDER, Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación, ISCIII-MINECO, Madrid, Spain
- RD16/0027/0023 Red de Investigación de Centros de Enfermedades Tropicales - RICET, PN de I+D+I, ISCIII-Subdirección General de Redes y Centros de Investigación Cooperativa RETICS, Ministry of Health and Consumption, Madrid
- D01N01ES161420190004 University Training Research Project (PRFU) funded by the High National Veterinary School of Algiers, Algerian Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research
- 2016/099 PROMETEO Program, Programa of Ayudas para Grupos de Investigación de Excelencia, Generalitat Valenciana, Valencia, Spain
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Chougar
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- Animal Health and Productions Laboratory, High National Veterinary School, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Santiago Mas-Coma
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Patricio Artigas
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Khaled Harhoura
- Animal Health and Productions Laboratory, High National Veterinary School, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Miriem Aissi
- Animal Health and Productions Laboratory, High National Veterinary School, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Veronica H Agramunt
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - María D Bargues
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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Bargues MD, Artigas P, Angles R, Osca D, Duran P, Buchon P, Gonzales-Pomar RK, Pinto-Mendieta J, Mas-Coma S. Genetic uniformity, geographical spread and anthropogenic habitat modifications of lymnaeid vectors found in a One Health initiative in the highest human fascioliasis hyperendemic of the Bolivian Altiplano. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:171. [PMID: 32252808 PMCID: PMC7137187 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04045-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fascioliasis is a snail-borne zoonotic trematodiasis emerging due to climate changes, anthropogenic environment modifications, and livestock movements. Many areas where Fasciola hepatica is endemic in humans have been described in Latin America altitude areas. Highest prevalences and intensities were reported from four provinces of the northern Bolivian Altiplano, where preventive chemotherapy is ongoing. New strategies are now incorporated to decrease infection/re-infection risk, assessment of human infection sources to enable efficient prevention measures, and additionally a One Health initiative in a selected zone. Subsequent extension of these pilot interventions to the remaining Altiplano is key. Methods To verify reproducibility throughout, 133 specimens from 25 lymnaeid populations representative of the whole Altiplano, and 11 used for population dynamics studies, were analyzed by rDNA ITS2 and ITS1 and mtDNA cox1 and 16S sequencing to assess their classification, variability and geographical spread. Results Lymnaeid populations proved to belong to a monomorphic group, Galba truncatula. Only a single cox1 mutation was found in a local population. Two cox1 haplotypes were new. Comparisons of transmission foci data from the 1990’s with those of 2018 demonstrated an endemic area expansion. Altitudinal, northward and southward expansions suggest movements of livestock transporting G. truncatula snails, with increasing temperatures transforming previously unsuitable habitats into suitable transmission areas. Transmission foci appear to be stable when compared to past field observations, except for those modified by human activities, including construction of new roads or control measures undertaken in relation to fascioliasis. Conclusions For a One Health initiative, the control of only one Fasciola species and snail vector species simplifies efforts because of the lower transmission complexity. Vector monomorphism suggests uniformity of vector population responses after control measure implementation. Hyperendemic area outer boundary instability suggests a climate change impact. All populations outside previously known boundaries were close to villages, human dwellings and/or schools, and should therefore be considered during disease control planning. The remarkable southward expansion implies that a fifth province, Aroma, should now be included within preventive chemotherapy programmes. This study highlights the need for lymnaeid molecular identification, transmission foci stability monitoring, and potential vector spread assessment.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dolores Bargues
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Patricio Artigas
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rene Angles
- Cátedra de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (UMSA), Av. Saavedra, Miraflores, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - David Osca
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pamela Duran
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain
| | - Paola Buchon
- Unidad de Limnología, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (UMSA), Campus Universitario de Cota Cota, Calle 27, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - R Karina Gonzales-Pomar
- Unidad de Limnología, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (UMSA), Campus Universitario de Cota Cota, Calle 27, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Julio Pinto-Mendieta
- Unidad de Limnología, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (UMSA), Campus Universitario de Cota Cota, Calle 27, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Santiago Mas-Coma
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain
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Lymnaeid Snail Vectors of Fascioliasis, Including the First Finding of Lymnaea neotropica in Ecuador, Assessed by Ribosomal DNA Sequencing in the Southern Zone Close to the Peru Border. Acta Parasitol 2019; 64:839-849. [PMID: 31420774 DOI: 10.2478/s11686-019-00104-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fascioliasis is a freshwater snail-borne zoonotic trematodiasis of high pathogenicity and wide veterinary repercussions. In South America, moreover, it causes serious public health problems, with high human infection rates in Andean countries. Ecuador offers a worrying risky scenario due to its physiography, including many human infection reports and animal endemicity throughout its Andean highlands. METHODS Endemic areas with increasing animal fascioliasis were surveyed for lymnaeid snails in the province of Loja, southern Ecuador, close to the border of Peru, the country known to present the widest human fascioliasis endemic zone. The altitude of the sampling sites ranged between 150 and 1770 m a.s.l., and their location was close to human villages. Biotopes surveyed were characterized according to fascioliasis transmission needs. RESULTS The species Lymnaea schirazensis and L. neotropica were identified by rDNA ITS-2 and ITS-1 sequencing. The non-transmitting L. schirazensis combined haplotype agreed with populations of this species previously reported from northern Ecuador. The finding of the efficient vector L. neotropica is reported for the first time in Ecuador and suggests a passive introduction from neighbouring Peru by uncontrolled livestock transport. CONCLUSIONS Rice irrigation system implementation, lymnaeid finding on Taraxacum (dandelion) plants which are consumed fresh in salads by people, and Saccharum (sugarcane), whose bark is peeled off with the teeth, represent potential infection sources for humans. The closeness to the Cajamarca human hyperendemic area in northern Peru, where the same two lymnaeids have been also found and triclabendazole resistance reported, is an additional risk to be considered regarding the livestock transborder exchange.
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Malatji MP, Lamb J, Mukaratirwa S. Molecular characterization of liver fluke intermediate host lymnaeids (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) snails from selected regions of Okavango Delta of Botswana, KwaZulu-Natal and Mpumalanga provinces of South Africa. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2019; 17:100318. [PMID: 31303242 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2019.100318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lymnaeidae snail species are known to be intermediate hosts of human and livestock helminths parasites, especially Fasciola species. Identification of these species and their geographical distribution is important to better understand the epidemiology of the disease. Significant diversity has been observed in the shell morphology of snails from the Lymnaeidae family and the systematics within this family is still unclear, especially when the anatomical traits among various species have been found to be homogeneous. Although there are records of lymnaeid species of southern Africa based on shell morphology and controversial anatomical traits, there is paucity of information on the molecular identification and phylogenetic relationships of the different taxa. Therefore, this study aimed at identifying populations of Lymnaeidae snails from selected sites of the Okavango Delta (OKD) in Botswana, and sites located in the KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) and Mpumalanga (MP) provinces of South Africa using molecular techniques. Lymnaeidae snails were collected from 8 locations from the Okavango delta in Botswana, 9 from KZN and one from MP provinces and were identified based on phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS-2). Analyses based on the ITS-2 marker identified the presence of a well-supported Radix clade containing Radix auricularia, R. natalensis and R. rubiginosa, which were not well resolved. Experimental samples from the OKD and KZN present in this clade were referable to these species. An unidentified experimental taxon from the OKD formed a well-supported sister clade to the Radix clade, although it was not possible to identify it. Galba truncatula was well supported in a sister relationship to a well-supported Pseudosuccinea columella clade which included samples from MP and KZN provinces of South Africa. We observed that P. columella shared the same habitats with R. natalensis and R. auricularia in KZN. Our study contributes new knowledge on the Lymnaeidae species present in Southern Africa and their phylogenetic relationships. The study further identifies the species which are likely to co-exist in the same environment and this information will be of use to those designing control programs for fasciolosis. This is the first study reporting the presence of R. auricularia in the OKD of Botswana and KZN province of South Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mokgadi P Malatji
- School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4001, South Africa.
| | - Jennifer Lamb
- School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Samson Mukaratirwa
- School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4001, South Africa
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Mas-Coma S, Valero MA, Bargues MD. Fascioliasis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1154:71-103. [PMID: 31297760 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-18616-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fascioliasis is a major parasitic disease caused by the digenetic trematodes Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica. The disease is a well-known veterinary problem of worldwide distribution. Fascioliasis is the vector-borne parasitic disease presenting the widest latitudinal, longitudinal, and altitudinal distribution known at present. In the last two decades, many surveys have shown it to be an important public health problem as well, including estimations of 2.4 million, up to 17 million people, or even higher depending on the hitherto unknown situations mainly in several regions of Asia and Africa. In recent years, the increasing number of human case reports in many countries of the five continents and the results of studies on pathogenicity and immunity, mainly regarding the chronic period of the disease, were the reasons why it was decided to no longer consider fascioliasis merely a secondary zoonotic disease but an important human parasitic disease. In this chapter, we review the most relevant features in relation to fascioliasis, including from the most traditional to the most innovative aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Mas-Coma
- Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Mª Adela Valero
- Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mª Dolores Bargues
- Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Qureshi AW, Zeb A, Mansoor A, Hayat A, Mas-Coma S. Fasciola hepatica infection in children actively detected in a survey in rural areas of Mardan district, Khyber Pakhtunkhawa province, northern Pakistan. Parasitol Int 2018; 69:39-46. [PMID: 30445198 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Human fascioliasis is a freshwater snail borne, zoonotic disease caused by Fasciola liver flukes which are widely spread throughout Pakistan and has recently proved to be endemic in humans of the Punjab province. To verify whether fasciolids are also affecting humans outside this province, studies were conducted in four communities comprising rural and urban areas of Mardan district, Khyber Pakhtunkha province, northern Pakistan. Activities comprised two surveys, a coprological one to look for Fasciola infection and another to get information on potential human infection sources and risk factors by means of a questionnaire. Out of 540 subjects of all ages surveyed, only 4 children (0.74%) were found positive for Fasciola eggs: two 9- and 13-year old boys and two 7- and 16-year old girls. Burden per child ranged 73-146 eggs per gram of faeces (epg), with an average of 106 ± 15.4 epg. Based on the egg size, the infection was diagnosed to be caused by F. hepatica. Serum analyses showed eosinophilia and elevated enzyme values in liver function tests. The Mardan area fits well to all transmission and epidemiological requirements of F. hepatica, namely the presence of infected livestock reservoirs throughout, the appropriate climatic factors (mainly monthly temperature variation along the year), and the existence of adequate freshwater collections. The existence of the specific lymnaeid snail vector species for F. hepatica transmission was reported in the neighbouring Swat valley time ago. Results show that human fascioliasis may be widespread in Pakistan and that both F. hepatica and F. gigantica may be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma W Qureshi
- Department of Zoology, GC Women University, Sialkot, Pakistan.
| | - Aurang Zeb
- Department of Zoology, University of Hazara, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Abu Mansoor
- Department of Zoology, GC Women University, Sialkot, Pakistan
| | - Azam Hayat
- Department of Zoology, University of Hazara, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Santiago Mas-Coma
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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First phenotypic and genotypic description of Fasciola hepatica infecting highland cattle in the state of Mexico, Mexico. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 64:231-240. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Sah R, Khadka S, Lakhey PJ, Pradhan S, Shah NP, Singh YP, Mas-Coma S. Human case of Fasciola gigantica-like infection, review of human fascioliasis reports in Nepal, and epidemiological analysis within the South Central Asia. Acta Parasitol 2018; 63:435-443. [PMID: 29975653 DOI: 10.1515/ap-2018-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The diagnosis of a 22 year-old male patient from Kerabari, Morang District, Nepal led to the review of human fascioliasis cases and analysis of the epidemiological situation in that country not included in the WHO fascioliasis map. Symptom onset one month before egg detection and normal levels of ALT and AST did not agree with the 3-4-month migratory period of fascioliasis. A shorter acute phase may happen when the main biliary duct is reached by the migratory juveniles directly from the intestinal lumen. The causal agent was ascribed to F. gigantica-like worms after considering adult fluke morphology, altitude of the patient's infection area, fasciolid characteristics in the neighbouring Bangladesh, and lymnaeid snail vector species known in Nepal and in the patient's infection area. Previous reports of human infection by Fasciola in Nepal are reviewed. The patient in question proved to be the twelfth case and the first in whom a F. gigantica-like infection is reported. In Nepal, the wide geographical distribution of livestock fascioliasis, with high prevalences in buffaloes, cattle and goats, and the reports of Fasciola-infected schoolchildren close to the capital Kathmandu, give rise to concern on the situation in remote rural areas in a country where most of the population lives in rural areas. Moreover, the climate change impact in Nepal remembers Pakistan, where human fascioliasis emergence has been related to climate change and man-made irrigation. All in all, the present analysis suggests that human infection by Fasciola may be underestimated in Nepal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjit Sah
- Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University and Teaching Hospital (TUTH), Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Shusila Khadka
- Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University and Teaching Hospital (TUTH), Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Paleswan Joshi Lakhey
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery and General Surgery, Tribhuvan University and Teaching Hospital (TUTH), Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Sumita Pradhan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery and General Surgery, Tribhuvan University and Teaching Hospital (TUTH), Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Niranjan Parsad Shah
- Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University and Teaching Hospital (TUTH), Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Yogendra Prasad Singh
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery and General Surgery, Tribhuvan University and Teaching Hospital (TUTH), Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Santiago Mas-Coma
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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Askari Z, Mas-Coma S, Bouwman AS, Boenke N, Stöllner T, Aali A, Rezaiian M, Mowlavi G. Fasciola hepatica eggs in paleofaeces of the Persian onager Equus hemionus onager, a donkey from Chehrabad archaeological site, dating back to the Sassanid Empire (224–651 AD), in ancient Iran. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 62:233-243. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Abstract
Mollusks of the genus Galba Schrank, 1803, inhabiting north-east Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, are separated into two morphologically distinct groups. The first group contains two conchologically indistinguishable species, G. truncatula (O.F. Müller, 1774) and G. schirazensis (Küster, 1862). The second group includes one species characterized by significantly larger size and different shell proportions as compared to G. truncatula and G. schirazensis. This species is new one and described here as G. robusta sp. nov. with type locality situated in Yemen. It is hypothesized that G. robusta sp. nov. has a vast distribution, ranging from Central Iran southwards to East Africa. A comparison of the new taxon with two nominal species of Galba, G. mweruensis (Connolly, 1929) and G. umlaasianus (Küster, 1862) described from East and South Africa, as well as some data on conchological variation of African representatives of this genus are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.V. Vinarski
- Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Emb., St Petersburg 199034, Russia; Omsk State Pedagogical University, 14 Tukhachevskogo Emb., Omsk 644099, Russia
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Schniebs K, Glöer P, Quiñonero-Salgado S, Lopez-Soriano J, Hundsdoerfer AK. The first record of Galba cubensis (L. Pfeiffer, 1839) (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Lymnaeidae) from open fields of Europe. FOLIA MALACOLOGICA 2018. [DOI: 10.12657/folmal.026.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Alda P, Lounnas M, Vázquez AA, Ayaqui R, Calvopiña M, Celi-Erazo M, Dillon RT, Jarne P, Loker ES, Muñiz Pareja FC, Muzzio-Aroca J, Nárvaez AO, Noya O, Robles LM, Rodríguez-Hidalgo R, Uribe N, David P, Pointier JP, Hurtrez-Boussès S. A new multiplex PCR assay to distinguish among three cryptic Galba species, intermediate hosts of Fasciola hepatica. Vet Parasitol 2018; 251:101-105. [PMID: 29426464 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A molecular tool described here allows in one step for specific discrimination among three cryptic freshwater snail species (genus Galba) involved in fasciolosis transmission, a worldwide infectious disease of humans and livestock. The multiplex PCR approach taken targets for each species a distinctive, known microsatellite locus which is amplified using specific primers designed to generate an amplicon of a distinctive size that can be readily separated from the amplicons of the other two species on an agarose gel. In this way, the three Galba species (G. cubensis, G. schirazensis, and G. truncatula) can be differentiated from one another, including even if DNA from all three were present in the same reaction. The accuracy of this new molecular tool was tested and validated by comparing multiplex PCR results with species identification based on sequences at mitochondrial and nuclear markers. This new method is accurate, inexpensive, simple, rapid, and can be adapted to handle large sample sizes. It will be helpful for monitoring invasion of Galba species and for developing strategies to limit the snail species involved in the emergence or re-emergence of fasciolosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Alda
- Laboratorio de Zoología de Invertebrados I, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, San Juan No. 670, B8000ICN, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina; MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France.
| | - Manon Lounnas
- MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Antonio Alejandro Vázquez
- MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France; Laboratory of Malacology, Institute of Tropical Medicine Pedro Kourí, Autopista Novia del Mediodía km 6, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Rolando Ayaqui
- Departamento de Microbiología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa, Peru
| | - Manuel Calvopiña
- Carrera de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad De Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Maritza Celi-Erazo
- Instituto de Investigación en Salud Pública y Zoonosis - CIZ, Universidad Central de Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Robert T Dillon
- Freshwater Gastropods of North America Project, Charleston, SC, 29407, USA
| | - Philippe Jarne
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et d'Evolution, UMR 5175, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier, EPHE, 1919 route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Eric S Loker
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM87131, USA
| | | | - Jenny Muzzio-Aroca
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública INSPI, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Alberto Orlando Nárvaez
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública INSPI, Guayaquil, Ecuador; Universidad Agraria del Ecuador, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Oscar Noya
- Sección de Biohelmintiasis, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela; Centro para Estudios Sobre Malaria, Instituto de Altos Estudios "Dr. Arnoldo Gabaldón"-Instituto Nacional de Higiene "Rafael Rangel" del Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Salud, Caracas, Venezuela
| | | | - Richar Rodríguez-Hidalgo
- Instituto de Investigación en Salud Pública y Zoonosis - CIZ, Universidad Central de Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador; Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Nelson Uribe
- Grupo de Investigación en Epidemiología Molecular (GIEM), Escuela de Microbiología, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Patrice David
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et d'Evolution, UMR 5175, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier, EPHE, 1919 route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Pointier
- PSL Research University, USR 3278 CNRS-EPHE, CRIOBE Université de Perpignan, Perpignan, France
| | - Sylvie Hurtrez-Boussès
- MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France; Département de Biologie-Ecologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Caron Y, Celi-Erazo M, Hurtrez-Boussès S, Lounnas M, Pointier JP, Saegerman C, Losson B, Benítez-Ortíz W. Is Galba schirazensis (Mollusca, Gastropoda) an intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica (Trematoda, Digenea) in Ecuador? Parasite 2017; 24:24. [PMID: 28664841 PMCID: PMC5492793 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2017026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fasciolosis is a widely distributed disease in livestock in South America but knowledge about the epidemiology and the intermediate hosts is relatively scarce in Ecuador. For three months, lymnaeid snails were sampled (n = 1482) in Pichincha Province at two sites located in a highly endemic area. Snails were identified (based on morphology and ITS-2 sequences) and the infection status was established through microscopic dissection and a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based technique. Techniques based on morphology were not useful to accurately name the collected snail species. Comparison with available DNA sequences showed that a single snail species was collected, Galba schirazensis. Live rediae were observed in 1.75% (26/1482) and Fasciola sp. DNA was detected in 6% (89/1482) of collected snails. The COX-1 region permitted identification of the parasite as Fasciola hepatica. The relative sensitivity and specificity of the microscope study, compared to PCR results, were 25.84% and 99.78%, respectively. The mean size of the snails recorded positive for F. hepatica through crushing and microscopy was significantly higher than the mean size of negative snails, but there was no such difference in PCR-positive snails. The role of G. schirazensis as an intermediate host of F. hepatica in Ecuador is discussed and the hypothesis of an adaptation of the parasite to this invasive snail is proposed. For the first time, an epidemiological survey based on molecular biology-based techniques assessed the possible role of lymnaeid snails in the epidemiology of fasciolosis in Ecuador.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Caron
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Parasitology and Pathology of Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège Quartier Vallée 2, 6 Avenue de Cureghem 4000
Liège Belgium
| | - Maritza Celi-Erazo
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International Center for Zoonosis, Day Hospital, Central University of Ecuador PO Box 17-03-100
Quito Ecuador
| | - Sylvie Hurtrez-Boussès
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MIVEGEC, UMR IRD 224-CNRS 5290-UM 911 Avenue Agropolis 34394
Montpellier France
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Department of Biology Ecology (Sciences Faculty), Montpellier University 2 Place Pierre Viala 34060
Montpellier France
| | - Mannon Lounnas
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MIVEGEC, UMR IRD 224-CNRS 5290-UM 911 Avenue Agropolis 34394
Montpellier France
| | - Jean-Pierre Pointier
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PSL Research University: EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Perpignan University 58 Avenue Paul Alduy 66860
Perpignan France
| | - Claude Saegerman
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Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULg), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège Quartier Vallée 2, 7A-7D Avenue de Cureghem 4000
Liège Belgium
| | - Bertrand Losson
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Parasitology and Pathology of Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège Quartier Vallée 2, 6 Avenue de Cureghem 4000
Liège Belgium
| | - Washington Benítez-Ortíz
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International Center for Zoonosis, Day Hospital, Central University of Ecuador PO Box 17-03-100
Quito Ecuador
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Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny Faculty, Avenida América, Central University of Ecuador PO Box 17-03-100
Quito Ecuador
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Campbell DC, Clark SA, Lydeard C. Phylogenetic analysis of the Lancinae (Gastropoda, Lymnaeidae) with a description of the U.S. federally endangered Banbury Springs lanx. Zookeys 2017:107-132. [PMID: 28769620 PMCID: PMC5523177 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.663.11320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the patelliform snails of the subfamily Lancinae, endemic to northwestern North America, to test whether morphological variation correlated with genetic and anatomical differences. Molecular analyses using cox1, 16S, calmodulin intron, and 28S rDNA partial sequences and anatomical data supported recognition of four species in three genera. The relationships of lancines within Lymnaeidae are not yet well-resolved. The federally endangered Banbury Springs lanx is described as a new genus and species, Idaholanxfresti, confirming its distinctiveness and narrow endemicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Campbell
- Department of Natural Sciences, Gardner-Webb University, PO Box 7260, Boiling Springs, NC, 28017, USA
| | - Stephanie A Clark
- Invertebrate Identification, 6535 N Mozart St, Chicago, IL, 60645, USA.,Invertebrates, Gantz Family Collections Center, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, USA
| | - Charles Lydeard
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Morehead State University, 103 Lappin Hall, Morehead, KY, 40351, USA
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Bargues MD, Gayo V, Sanchis J, Artigas P, Khoubbane M, Birriel S, Mas-Coma S. DNA multigene characterization of Fasciola hepatica and Lymnaea neotropica and its fascioliasis transmission capacity in Uruguay, with historical correlation, human report review and infection risk analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005352. [PMID: 28158188 PMCID: PMC5310921 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fascioliasis is a pathogenic disease transmitted by lymnaeid snails and recently emerging in humans, in part due to effects of climate changes, anthropogenic environment modifications, import/export and movements of livestock. South America is the continent presenting more human fascioliasis hyperendemic areas and the highest prevalences and intensities known. These scenarios appear mainly linked to altitude areas in Andean countries, whereas lowland areas of non-Andean countries, such as Uruguay, only show sporadic human cases or outbreaks. A study including DNA marker sequencing of fasciolids and lymnaeids, an experimental study of the life cycle in Uruguay, and a review of human fascioliasis in Uruguay, are performed. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The characterization of Fasciola hepatica from cattle and horses of Uruguay included the complete sequences of the ribosomal DNA ITS-2 and ITS-1 and mitochondrial DNA cox1 and nad1. ITS-2, ITS-1, partial cox1 and rDNA 16S gene of mtDNA were used for lymnaeids. Results indicated that vectors belong to Lymnaea neotropica instead of to Lymnaea viator, as always reported from Uruguay. The life cycle and transmission features of F. hepatica by L. neotropica of Uruguay were studied under standardized experimental conditions to enable a comparison with the transmission capacity of F. hepatica by Galba truncatula at very high altitude in Bolivia. On this baseline, we reviewed the 95 human fascioliasis cases reported in Uruguay and analyzed the risk of human infection in front of future climate change estimations. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The correlation of fasciolid and lymnaeid haplotypes with historical data on the introduction and spread of livestock into Uruguay allowed to understand the molecular diversity detected. Although Uruguayan L. neotropica is a highly efficient vector, its transmission capacity is markedly lower than that of Bolivian G. truncatula. This allows to understand the transmission and epidemiological differences between Andean highlands and non-Andean lowlands in South America. Despite rainfall increase predictions for Uruguay, nothing suggests a trend towards a worrying human infection scenario as in Andean areas.
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Grants
- Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Madrid, Spain
- ISCIII-Subdirección General de Redes y Centros de Investigación Cooperativa RETICS, Ministry of Health and Consumption, Madrid
- Generalitat Valenciana, Valencia, Spain
- The International Atomic Energy Agency (Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, IAEA Headquaters Vienna, Austria)
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Affiliation(s)
- María Dolores Bargues
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Valeria Gayo
- Departamento de Parasitología, División de Laboratorios Veterinarios (DILAVE), "Miguel C. Rubino", Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca (MGAP), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Jaime Sanchis
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidad de la República (Regional Norte), Salto, Uruguay
| | - Patricio Artigas
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Messaoud Khoubbane
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Soledad Birriel
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República Oriental del Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Santiago Mas-Coma
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Bargues MD, Malandrini JB, Artigas P, Soria CC, Velásquez JN, Carnevale S, Mateo L, Khoubbane M, Mas-Coma S. Human fascioliasis endemic areas in Argentina: multigene characterisation of the lymnaeid vectors and climatic-environmental assessment of the transmission pattern. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:306. [PMID: 27229862 PMCID: PMC4882814 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1589-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In South America, fascioliasis stands out due to the human endemic areas in many countries. In Argentina, human endemic areas have recently been detected. Lymnaeid vectors were studied in two human endemic localities of Catamarca province: Locality A beside Taton and Rio Grande villages; Locality B close to Recreo town. METHODS Lymnaeids were characterised by the complete sequences of rDNA ITS-2 and ITS-1 and fragments of the mtDNA 16S and cox1. Shell morphometry was studied with the aid of a computer image analysis system. Climate analyses were made by nearest neighbour interpolation from FAO data. Koeppen & Budyko climate classifications were used. De Martonne aridity index and Gorczynski continentality index were obtained. Lymnaeid distribution was assessed in environmental studies. RESULTS DNA sequences demonstrated the presence of Lymnaea neotropica and L. viator in Locality A and of L. neotropica in Locality B. Two and four new haplotypes were found in L. neotropica and L. viator, respectively. For interspecific differentiation, ITS-1 and 16S showed the highest and lowest resolution, respectively. For intraspecific analyses, cox1 was the best marker and ITS-1 the worst. Shell intraspecific variability overlapped in both species, except maximum length which was greater in L. viator. The desertic-arid conditions surrounding Locality A, the semiaridity-aridity surrounding Locality B, and the very low yearly precipitation in both localities, are very different from the typical fascioliasis transmission foci. Lymnaeids are confined to lateral river side floodings and small man-made irrigation systems. Water availability only depends on the rivers flowing from neighbouring mountains. All disease transmission factors are concentrated in small areas where humans and animals go for water supply, vegetable cultures and livestock farming. CONCLUSIONS The unusually high number of DNA haplotypes and the extreme climate unsuitable for F. hepatica and lymnaeid development, demonstrate that the transmission foci are isolated. Seasonal transmission may depend on the timely overlap of appropriate temperature and river water availability. Lymnaeids and F. hepatica have probably reached these localities by livestock introduction. DNA differences regarding other populations of L. neotropica and L. viator in Argentina suggest an introduction independent from the spreading movements which allowed these two lymnaeids to expand throughout the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Dolores Bargues
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Jorge Bruno Malandrini
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Catamarca, Maestro Quiroga 1ra. Cuadra, CP 4700, San Fernando del Valle de Catamarca, Argentina
| | - Patricio Artigas
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Claudia Cecilia Soria
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Catamarca, Maestro Quiroga 1ra. Cuadra, CP 4700, San Fernando del Valle de Catamarca, Argentina
| | - Jorge Néstor Velásquez
- Hospital Municipal de Infecciosas "Dr. Francisco Javier Muñiz", Uspallata 2272, CP 1282, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvana Carnevale
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas - ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Av. Vélez Sársfield 563, CP 1281, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia 1917, CP 1033, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucía Mateo
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Messaoud Khoubbane
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Santiago Mas-Coma
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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Ahasan SA, Valero MA, Chowdhury EH, Islam MT, Islam MR, Hussain Mondal MM, Peixoto RV, Berinde L, Panova M, Mas-Coma S. CIAS detection of Fasciola hepatica/F. gigantica intermediate forms in bovines from Bangladesh. Acta Parasitol 2016; 61:267-77. [PMID: 27078650 DOI: 10.1515/ap-2016-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Fascioliasis is an important food-borne parasitic zoonosis caused by two trematode species, Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica. The characterisation and differentiation of Fasciola populations is crucial to control the disease, given the different transmission, epidemiology and pathology characteristics of the two species. Lineal biometric features of adult liver flukes infecting livestock have been studied to characterise and discriminate fasciolids from Bangladesh. An accurate analysis was conducted to phenotypically discriminate between fasciolids from naturally infected bovines (cattle, buffaloes) throughout the country. Morphometric analyses were made with a computer image analysis system (CIAS) applied on the basis of standardised measurements and the logistic model of the body growth and development of fasciolids in the different host groups. Since it is the first ever comprehensive study of this kind undertaken in Bangladesh, the results are compared to pure fasciolid populations of F. hepatica from the European Mediterranean area and F. gigantica from Burkina Faso, geographical areas where both species do not co-exist. Principal component analysis showed that the biometric characteristics of fasciolids from Bangladesh are situated between F. hepatica and F. gigantica standard populations, indicating the presence of phenotypes of intermediate forms in Bangladesh. These results are analysed by considering the present emergence of animal fascioliasis, the local lymnaeid fauna, the impact of climate change, and the risk of human infection in the country.
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Pujadas JM, Farber M, Pointier JP, Giudici C, Wisnivesky C, Prepelitchi L. New record forGalba neotropica(d'Orbigny, 1835) in Argentina, with a detailed analysis of its morphology and molecular characteristics. MOLLUSCAN RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/13235818.2015.1044925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Ashrafi K, Valero MA, Peixoto RV, Artigas P, Panova M, Mas-Coma S. Distribution of Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica in the endemic area of Guilan, Iran: Relationships between zonal overlap and phenotypic traits. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 31:95-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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Pieńkowska JR, Rybska E, Banasiak J, Wesołowska M, Lesicki A. Taxonomic status of Stagnicola palustris
(O. F. Müller, 1774) and S. turricula (Held, 1836) (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Lymnaeidae) in view of new molecular and chorological data. FOLIA MALACOLOGICA 2015. [DOI: 10.12657/folmal.023.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Medeiros C, Scholte RGC, D'ávila S, Caldeira RL, Carvalho ODS. Spatial distribution of Lymnaeidae (Mollusca, Basommatophora), intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica Linnaeus, 1758 (Trematoda, Digenea) in Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2014; 56:235-52. [PMID: 24879003 PMCID: PMC4085869 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652014000300010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Snails of the family Lymnaeidae act as intermediate hosts in the
biological cycle of Fasciola hepatica, which is a biological agent
of fasciolosis, a parasitic disease of medical importance for humans and animals. The
present work aimed to update and map the spatial distribution of the intermediate
host snails of F. hepatica in Brazil. Data on the distribution of
lymnaeids species were compiled from the Collection of Medical Malacology
(Fiocruz-CMM, CPqRR), Collection of Malacology (MZUSP), “SpeciesLink” (CRIA) network
and through systematic surveys in the literature. Our maps of the distribution of
lymnaeids show that Pseudosuccinea columella is the most common
species and it is widespread in the South and Southeast with few records in the
Midwest, North and Northeast regions. The distribution of the Galba
viatrix, G. cubensis and G. truncatula
showed a few records in the South and Southeast regions, they were not reported for
the Midwest, North and Northeast. In addition, in the South region there are a few
records for G. viatrix and one occurrence of Lymnaea
rupestris. Our findings resulted in the first map of the spatial
distribution of Lymnaeidae species in Brazil which might be useful to better
understand the fasciolosis distribution and delineate priority areas for control
interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Medeiros
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Sthefane D'ávila
- Museu de Malacologia Prof. Maury Pinto de Oliveira, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Roberta Lima Caldeira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Omar Dos Santos Carvalho
- Laboratório de Helmintologia e Malacologia Médica, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Ashrafi K, Mas-Coma S. Fasciola gigantica transmission in the zoonotic fascioliasis endemic lowlands of Guilan, Iran: experimental assessment. Vet Parasitol 2014; 205:96-106. [PMID: 25095734 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The lowland flatlands around the city of Bandar-Anzali, at the Caspian Sea shore, Guilan province, are an endemic area where Fasciola gigantica appears to be the fasciolid species involved and past outbreaks affecting around 15,000 people and the highest human infection rates in Iran have been reported. Fascioliasis transmission in that area has been experimentally analysed for the first time, by means of assays of monomiracidial (Group A: 120 snails) and pentamiracidial (Group B: 96 snails) infections of local Radix lymnaeid snails with a local cattle F. gigantica isolate. Ribosomal DNA ITS-2 sequencing proved that Lymnaea (Radix) gedrosiana should henceforth be considered a synonym of Radix auricularia, the haplotype found in Bandar-Anzali being identical to that found in many European countries. Survival rates at day 30 postinfection and metacercarial productivity (both higher in Group A) and longevity of the shedding snails (higher in Group B), were affected by the miracidial dose, whereas prepatent period, patent period, infection rate, and the percentages of shedding and infected non-shedding snails did not. The higher percentage of shedding snails in Group A (51.0% versus 37.7%) counteracts the higher number of metacercariae produced in Group B (243.9 ± 259.2 versus 157.2 ± 153.2). High numbers of shedding snails in both experimental groups passed less than 100 cercariae, and 16% in Group A and 35% in Group B produced more than 300 metacercariae, while only four snails (8%) in Group A and two snails (10%) in Group B shed more than 500 metacercariae. Most metacercariae (94.7% in Group A and 85.1% in Group B) were recorded during the first 15 days of patent period. The comparison with results from other fasciolid/lymnaeid systems indicates that the F. gigantica/R. auricularia system of Guilan is highly susceptible and compatible. Results obtained suggest that increased lymnaeid vector populations and not polymiracidial snail infections most probably underlay the human outbreaks in the past. The climatic analyses suggest a long fascioliasis transmission period in the Bandar-Anzali area covering from May to the end of November regarding permanent water bodies, a transmission season window widening in rice fields and irrigation canals, and a shortening of the transmission period from only end of August to beginning of November in temporary water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyhan Ashrafi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Guilan University Complex, km 7 of Rasht-Tehran Highway, 41996-13769 Rasht, Guilan Province, Iran.
| | - Santiago Mas-Coma
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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Differences in the compatibility of infection between the liver flukes Fascioloides magna and Fasciola hepatica in a Colombian population of the snail Galba sp. J Helminthol 2014; 89:720-6. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x14000509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractExperimental infections of Galba sp. (origin, Colombia) with allopatric isolates of Fasciola hepatica from France or Fascioloides magna from the Czech Republic were carried out during five successive snail generations to determine if this lymnaeid might sustain complete larval development of either parasite. In snails exposed to F. hepatica, 7 of 400 snails harboured several rediae and only two snails contained a small number of free cercariae on day 50 post-exposure. In contrast, the intensity of F. magna infection in Galba sp. progressively increased from the F1 to F5 generations. Spontaneous cercarial shedding of F. magna occurred in 7 of 100 Galba sp. belonging to the F5 generation and the number of shed cercariae did not differ significantly from that noted in control Galba truncatula of French origin. Galba sp. from Colombia can be added to the list of potential intermediate hosts for F. magna.
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Vignoles P, Novobilský A, Höglund J, Kašný M, Pankrác J, Dreyfuss G, Pointier JP, Rondelaud D. Lymnaea cubensis, an experimental intermediate host for Fascioloides magna. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2014. [DOI: 10.14411/fp.2014.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Mas-Coma S, Valero MA, Bargues MD. Fascioliasis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 766:77-114. [PMID: 24903364 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0915-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Mas-Coma
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain,
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Zumaquero-Ríos JL, Sarracent-Pérez J, Rojas-García R, Rojas-Rivero L, Martínez-Tovilla Y, Valero MA, Mas-Coma S. Fascioliasis and intestinal parasitoses affecting schoolchildren in Atlixco, Puebla State, Mexico: epidemiology and treatment with nitazoxanide. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2553. [PMID: 24278492 PMCID: PMC3836726 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Atlixco municipality, Puebla State, at a mean altitude of 1840 m, was selected for a study of Fasciola hepatica infection in schoolchildren in Mexico. This area presents permanent water collections continuously receiving thaw water from Popocatepetl volcano (5426 m altitude) through the community supply channels, conforming an epidemiological scenario similar to those known in hyperendemic areas of Andean countries. METHODOLOGY AND FINDINGS A total of 865 6-14 year-old schoolchildren were analyzed with FasciDIG coproantigen test and Lumbreras rapid sedimentation technique, and quantitatively assessed with Kato-Katz. Fascioliasis prevalences ranged 2.94-13.33% according to localities (mean 5.78%). Intensities were however low (24-384 epg). The association between fascioliasis and the habit of eating raw vegetables was identified, including watercress and radish with pronouncedly higher relative risk than lettuce, corncob, spinach, alfalfa juice, and broccoli. Many F. hepatica-infected children were coinfected by other parasites. Entamoeba histolytica/dispar, Giardia intestinalis, Blastocystis hominis, Hymenolepis nana and Ascaris lumbricoides infection resulted in risk factors for F. hepatica infection. Nitazoxanide efficacy against fascioliasis was 94.0% and 100% after first and second treatment courses, respectively. The few children, for whom a second treatment course was needed, were concomitantly infected by moderate ascariasis burdens. Its efficacy was also very high in the treatment of E. histolytica/E. dispar, G. intestinalis, B. hominis, H. nana, A. lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and Enterobius vermicularis. A second treatment course was needed for all children affected by ancylostomatids. CONCLUSIONS Fascioliasis prevalences indicate this area to be mesoendemic, with isolated hyperendemic foci. This is the first time that a human fascioliasis endemic area is described in North America. Nitazoxanide appears as an appropriate alternative to triclabendazole, the present drug of choice for chronic fascioliasis. Its wide spectrum efficacy against intestinal protozooses and helminthiasis, usually coinfecting liver fluke infected subjects in human endemic areas, represents an important added value.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Lino Zumaquero-Ríos
- Laboratorio de Parasitología y Vectores, Facultad de Biología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Ciudad Universitaria, Col. Jardines de San Manuel, Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - Jorge Sarracent-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Instituto de Medicina Tropical “Pedro Kouri”, Ciudad de la Habana, Cuba
| | - Raúl Rojas-García
- Laboratorio de Parasitología y Vectores, Facultad de Biología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Ciudad Universitaria, Col. Jardines de San Manuel, Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - Lázara Rojas-Rivero
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Instituto de Medicina Tropical “Pedro Kouri”, Ciudad de la Habana, Cuba
| | - Yaneth Martínez-Tovilla
- Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario de Puebla, Col. Volcanes, Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - María Adela Valero
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Santiago Mas-Coma
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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Standley CJ, Prepelitchi L, Pietrokovsky SM, Issia L, Stothard JR, Wisnivesky-Colli C. Molecular characterization of cryptic and sympatric lymnaeid species from the Galba/Fossaria group in Mendoza Province, Northern Patagonia, Argentina. Parasit Vectors 2013; 6:304. [PMID: 24499569 PMCID: PMC3816585 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Freshwater lymnaeid snails can act as the intermediate hosts for trematode parasites such as the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica, that cause significant economic and biomedical burden worldwide, particularly through bovine fascioliasis. Transmission potential is tightly coupled to local compatibility with snail hosts, so accurate identification of lymnaeid species is crucial for understanding disease risk, especially when invasive species are encountered. Mendoza Province, in Argentina, is a center of livestock production and also an area of endemic fascioliasis transmission. However, the distribution of lymnaeid species in the region is not well known. Methods This study examined lymnaeid snails from seven localities in the Department of Malarguë, Mendoza Province, using morphological and molecular analyses and also describing ecological variables associated with snail presence. Results While morphological characters identified two species of lymnaeid, Galba truncatula and G. viatrix, molecular data revealed a third, cryptic species, G. neotropica, which was sympatric with G. viatrix. G. truncatula was exclusively found in high altitude (>1900 meters above sea level [masl]) sites, whereas mixed G. neotropica/G. viatrix localities were at middle elevations (1300–1900 masl), and G. viatrix was found alone at the lowest altitude sites (<1300 masl). Phylogenetic analysis using two mitochondrial markers revealed G. neotropica and G. viatrix to be closely related, and given their morphological similarities, their validities as separate taxonomic entities should be questioned. Conclusions This study highlights the need of a robust taxonomic framework for the identification of lymnaeid snails, incorporating molecular, morphological and ecological variables while avoiding nomenclature redundancy. As the three species observed here, including one alien invasive species, are considered hosts of varying susceptibility to Fasciola parasites, and given the economic importance of fascioliasis for livestock production, this research has critical importance for the ultimate aim of controlling disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire J Standley
- Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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Bargues MD, Mera Y Sierra RL, Artigas P, Mas-Coma S. DNA multigene sequencing of topotypic specimens of the fascioliasis vector Lymnaea diaphana and phylogenetic analysis of the genus Pectinidens (Gastropoda). Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2012; 107:111-24. [PMID: 22310544 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762012000100016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Freshwater lymnaeid snails are crucial in defining transmission and epidemiology of fascioliasis. In South America, human endemic areas are related to high altitudes in Andean regions. The species Lymnaea diaphana has, however, been involved in low altitude areas of Chile, Argentina and Peru where human infection also occurs. Complete nuclear ribosomal DNA 18S, internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-2 and ITS-1 and fragments of mitochondrial DNA 16S and cytochrome c oxidase (cox)1 genes of L. diaphana specimens from its type locality offered 1,848, 495, 520, 424 and 672 bp long sequences. Comparisons with New and Old World Galba/Fossaria, Palaearctic stagnicolines, Nearctic stagnicolines, Old World Radix and Pseudosuccinea allowed to conclude that (i) L. diaphana shows sequences very different from all other lymnaeids, (ii) each marker allows its differentiation, except cox1 amino acid sequence, and (iii) L. diaphana is not a fossarine lymnaeid, but rather an archaic relict form derived from the oldest North American stagnicoline ancestors. Phylogeny and large genetic distances support the genus Pectinidens as the first stagnicoline representative in the southern hemisphere, including colonization of extreme world regions, as most southern Patagonia, long time ago. The phylogenetic link of L. diaphana with the stagnicoline group may give light to the aforementioned peculiar low altitude epidemiological scenario of fascioliasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dolores Bargues
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Burjassot, Spain.
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Bargues MD, Artigas P, Khoubbane M, Ortiz P, Naquira C, Mas-Coma S. Molecular characterisation of Galba truncatula, Lymnaea neotropica and L. schirazensis from Cajamarca, Peru and their potential role in transmission of human and animal fascioliasis. Parasit Vectors 2012; 5:174. [PMID: 22894178 PMCID: PMC3436774 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-5-174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human and animal fascioliasis is emerging in many world regions, among which Andean countries constitute the largest regional hot spot and Peru the country presenting more human endemic areas. A survey was undertaken on the lymnaeid snails inhabiting the hyperendemic area of Cajamarca, where human prevalences are the highest known among the areas presenting a "valley transmission pattern", to establish which species are present, genetically characterise their populations by comparison with other human endemic areas, and discuss which ones have transmission capacity and their potential implications with human and animal infection. Methods Therefore, ribosomal DNA ITS-2 and ITS-1, and mitochondrial DNA 16S and cox1 were sequenced by the dideoxy chain-termination method. Results Results indicate the presence of three, morphologically similar, small lymnaeid species belonging to the Galba/Fossaria group: Galba truncatula, Lymnaea neotropica and L. schirazensis. Only one combined haplotype for each species was found. The ITS-1, 16S and cox1 haplotypes of G. truncatula are new. No new haplotypes were found in the other two species. This scenario changes previous knowledge, in which only L. viator (= L. viatrix) was mentioned. Galba truncatula appears to be the most abundant, with high population densities and evident anthropophyly including usual presence in human neighbourhood. Infection by Fasciola hepatica larval stages were molecularly confirmed in two populations of this species. The nearness between G. truncatula populations presenting liver fluke infection and both human settings and schools for children, together with the absence of populations of other lymnaeid species in the locality, suggest a direct relationship with human infection. Conclusions The geographical overlap of three lymnaeid species poses problems for epidemiological studies and control action. First, a problem in classifying lymnaeid specimens in both field and laboratory activities, given their transmission capacity differences: G. truncatula mainly involved in transmission to humans, L neotropica typically responsible for livestock infection, and L. schirazensis unable for transmission. Although several phenotypic characteristics may be helpful for a preliminary specimen classification, a definitive classification can only be obtained by marker sequencing. Aditionally, L. schirazensis increases the confusion, owing to its ability to mix with other Galba/Fossaria species and distort fascioliasis data such as transmission capacity and infection susceptibility. Second, a problem for epidemiological analysis, surveillance and control by methods as mathematical modelling and Remote Sensing - Geographical Information Systems. In Cajamarca, low resolution mapping may be insufficient, as already verified in Andean areas where different lymnaeid species overlap.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dolores Bargues
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot-Valencia, Spain
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Sirgel WF, Artigas P, Bargues MD, Mas-Coma S. Life cycle of Renylaima capensis, a brachylaimid trematode of shrews and slugs in South Africa: two-host and three-host transmission modalities suggested by epizootiology and DNA sequencing. Parasit Vectors 2012; 5:169. [PMID: 22889081 PMCID: PMC3439694 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-5-169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The life cycle of the brachylaimid trematode species Renylaima capensis, infecting the urinary system of the shrew Myosorex varius (Mammalia: Soricidae: Crocidosoricinae) in the Hottentots Holland Nature Reserve, South Africa, has been elucidated by a study of its larval stages, epizootiological data in local snails and mammals during a 34-year period, and its verification with mtDNA sequencing. Methods Parasites obtained from dissected animals were mounted in microscope slides for the parasitological study and measured according to standardized methods. The mitochondrial DNA cox1 gene was sequenced by the dideoxy chain-termination method. Results The slugs Ariostralis nebulosa and Ariopelta capensis (Gastropoda: Arionidae) act as specific first and second intermediate hosts, respectively. Branched sporocysts massively develop in A. nebulosa. Intrasporocystic mature cercariae show differentiated gonads, male terminal duct, ventral genital pore, and usually no tail, opposite to Brachylaimidae in which mature cercariae show a germinal primordium and small tail. Unencysted metacercariae, usually brevicaudate, infect the kidney of A. capensis and differ from mature cercariae by only a slightly greater size. The final microhabitats are the kidneys and ureters of the shrews, kidney pelvis and calyces in light infections and also kidney medulla and cortex in heavy infections. Sporocysts, cercariae, metacercariae and adults proved to belong to R. capensis by analysis of a 437-bp-long cox1 fragment, which was identical except for three mutations in metacercariae, of which only one silent. Epizootiological studies showed usual sporocyst infection in A. nebulosa and very rare metacercarial infection in A. capensis, which does not agree with high prevalences and intensities in the shrews. Conclusions The presence of monotesticular adult forms and larval prevalences and intensities observed suggest that R. capensis may use two transmission strategies, a two-host life cycle by predation of A. nebulosa harbouring intrasporocystic cercariae may be the normal pattern, whereas a second mollusc host is just starting to be introduced. In shrews, a tissue-traversing, intraorganic migration followed by an interorganic migration to reach and penetrate the outer surface of either of both kidneys should occur. For first slug infection, the fluke takes advantage of the phenomenon that M. varius always urinate during defaecation. Consequently, in Brachylaimidae, the second intermediate mollusc host should evolutionarily be seen as a last addition to the cycle and their present adult stage microhabitat restricted to digestive tract and related organs as a loss of the tissue-traversing capacity of the metacercaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelm F Sirgel
- Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
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