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Fischer G, Bättig L, Stienen MN, Curt A, Fehlings MG, Hejrati N. Advancements in neuroregenerative and neuroprotective therapies for traumatic spinal cord injury. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1372920. [PMID: 38812974 PMCID: PMC11133582 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1372920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injuries (SCIs) continue to be a major healthcare concern, with a rising prevalence worldwide. In response to this growing medical challenge, considerable scientific attention has been devoted to developing neuroprotective and neuroregenerative strategies aimed at improving the prognosis and quality of life for individuals with SCIs. This comprehensive review aims to provide an up-to-date and thorough overview of the latest neuroregenerative and neuroprotective therapies currently under investigation. These strategies encompass a multifaceted approach that include neuropharmacological interventions, cell-based therapies, and other promising strategies such as biomaterial scaffolds and neuro-modulation therapies. In addition, the review discusses the importance of acute clinical management, including the role of hemodynamic management as well as timing and technical aspects of surgery as key factors mitigating the secondary injury following SCI. In conclusion, this review underscores the ongoing scientific efforts to enhance patient outcomes and quality of life, focusing on upcoming strategies for the management of traumatic SCI. Each section provides a working knowledge of the fundamental preclinical and patient trials relevant to clinicians while underscoring the pathophysiologic rationale for the therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Fischer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cantonal Hospital St.Gallen, Medical School of St.Gallen, St.Gallen, Switzerland
- Spine Center of Eastern Switzerland, Cantonal Hospital St.Gallen, Medical School of St.Gallen, St.Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Linda Bättig
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cantonal Hospital St.Gallen, Medical School of St.Gallen, St.Gallen, Switzerland
- Spine Center of Eastern Switzerland, Cantonal Hospital St.Gallen, Medical School of St.Gallen, St.Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Martin N. Stienen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cantonal Hospital St.Gallen, Medical School of St.Gallen, St.Gallen, Switzerland
- Spine Center of Eastern Switzerland, Cantonal Hospital St.Gallen, Medical School of St.Gallen, St.Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Armin Curt
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, University Hospital Balgrist, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael G. Fehlings
- Division of Neurosurgery and Spine Program, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nader Hejrati
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cantonal Hospital St.Gallen, Medical School of St.Gallen, St.Gallen, Switzerland
- Spine Center of Eastern Switzerland, Cantonal Hospital St.Gallen, Medical School of St.Gallen, St.Gallen, Switzerland
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2
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Huang Q, Liu B, Wu W. Biomaterial-Based bFGF Delivery for Nerve Repair. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2023; 2023:8003821. [PMID: 37077657 PMCID: PMC10110389 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8003821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Diseases in the nervous system are common in the human body. People have to suffer a great burden due to huge economic costs and poor prognosis of the diseases. Many treatment modalities are now available that can make recovery better. Managing nutritional factors is also helpful for such diseases. The basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is one of the major nutritional factors, which plays a crucial role in organogenesis and tissue homeostasis. It plays a role in cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation, thereby regulating angiogenesis and wound healing and repair of the muscle, bone, and nerve. The study on how to improve the stability of bFGF to increase the treatment effect for different diseases has garnered tremendous attention. Biomaterials are the popular methods to improve the stability of bFGF because they are safe for the living body as they are biocompatible. Biomaterials can be loaded with bFGF and delivered locally to achieve the goal of sustained bFGF release. In the present review, we report different types of biomaterials that are used for bFGF delivery for nerve repair and briefly report how the introduced bFGF can function in the nervous system. We aim to provide summative guidance for future studies about nerve injury using bFGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinying Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, China
| | - Bo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, China
| | - Wencan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, China
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Yousefifard M, Sarveazad A, Babahajian A, Rafiei Alavi SN, Neishaboori AM, Vaccaro AR, Hosseini M, Rahimi-Movaghar V. Growth Factor Gene-Modified Cells in Spinal Cord Injury Recovery; a Systematic Review. World Neurosurg 2022; 162:150-162.e1. [PMID: 35276395 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2022.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous pre-clinical studies have been performed in recent years on the effects of growth factor gene-modified cells' administration in spinal cord injury (SCI). However, findings of these studies are contradictory. OBJECTIVE The present study aims to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis on animal studies evaluating the effects of growth factor gene-modified cells' administration on locomotion recovery following SCI. METHODS A search of the Medline, Embase, Scopus and Web of Science databases was conducted, including all animal studies until the end of 2020. Two researchers screened search results, summarized relevant studies and assessed risk of bias, independently. RESULTS Thirty-three studies were included in the final analysis. Transplantation of growth factor gene-modified cells in the injured spinal cord resulted in a significant improvement in animals' locomotion compared with non-treated animals [standardized mean difference (SMD)=1.86; 95% CI: 1.39-2.33; p<0.0001)] and non-genetically modified cells treated animals (SMD=1.30; 0.80-1.79; p<0.0001). Transplantation efficacy of these cells failed to achieve significance in moderate lesions (p=0.091), when using modified neural stem/progenitor cells (p=0.164), when using synthetic neurotrophins (p=0.086) and when the number of transplanted cells was less than 1.0 × 105 cells per animal (p = 0.119). CONCLUSION The result showed that transplantation of growth factor gene-modified cells significantly improved locomotion in SCI animal models. However, there is a major concern regarding the safety of genetically modified cells' transplantation, in terms of overexpressing growth factors. Further studies are needed before any effort to perform a translational and clinical study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Yousefifard
- Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Sarveazad
- Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Nursing Care Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Asrin Babahajian
- Liver and digestive research center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | | | | | - Alex R Vaccaro
- Department of Orthopedics and Neurosurgery, Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Mostafa Hosseini
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Brain and Spinal Injuries Research Center (BASIR), Neuroscience Institute, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Combinatrial treatment of anti-High Mobility Group Box-1 monoclonal antibody and epothilone B improves functional recovery after spinal cord contusion injury. Neurosci Res 2021; 172:13-25. [PMID: 33864880 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes motor and sensory deficits and is currently considered an incurable disease. We have previously reported that administration of anti-High Mobility Group Box-1 monoclonal antibody (anti-HMGB1 mAb) preserved lesion area and improved locomotion recovery in mouse model of SCI. In order to further enhance the recovery, we here examined combinatorial treatment of anti-HMGB1 mAb and epothilone B (Epo B), which has been reported to promote axon regeneration. This combinatorial treatment significantly increased hindlimb movement compared with anti-HMGB1 mAb alone, although Epo B alone failed to increase functional recovery. These results are in agreement with that anti-HMGB1 mAb alone was able to decrease the lesion area spreading and increase the surviving neuron numbers around the lesion, whereas Epo B facilitated axon outgrowth only in combination with anti-HMGB1 mAb, suggesting that anti-HMGB1 mAb-dependent tissue preservation is necessary for Epo B to exhibit its therapeutic effect. Taken together, the combinatorial treatment can be considered as a novel and clinically applicable strategy for SCI.
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Zhu S, Ying Y, Ye J, Chen M, Wu Q, Dou H, Ni W, Xu H, Xu J. AAV2-mediated and hypoxia response element-directed expression of bFGF in neural stem cells showed therapeutic effects on spinal cord injury in rats. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:274. [PMID: 33723238 PMCID: PMC7960741 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03546-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cell (NSCs) transplantation has been one of the hot topics in the repair of spinal cord injury (SCI). Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) is considered a promising nerve injury therapy after SCI. However, owing to a hostile hypoxia condition in SCI, there remains a challenging issue in implementing these tactics to repair SCI. In this report, we used adeno-associated virus 2 (AAV2), a prototype AAV used in clinical trials for human neuron disorders, basic FGF (bFGF) gene under the regulation of hypoxia response element (HRE) was constructed and transduced into NSCs to yield AAV2-5HRE-bFGF-NSCs. Our results showed that its treatment yielded temporally increased expression of bFGF in SCI, and improved scores of functional recovery after SCI compared to vehicle control (AAV2-5HRE-NSCs) based on the analyses of the inclined plane test, Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) scale and footprint analysis. Mechanistic studies showed that AAV2-5HRE-bFGF-NSCs treatment increased the expression of neuron-specific neuronal nuclei protein (NeuN), neuromodulin GAP43, and neurofilament protein NF200 while decreased the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) as compared to the control group. Further, the expressions of autophagy-associated proteins LC3-II and Beclin 1 were decreased, whereas the expression of P62 protein was increased in AAV2-5HRE-bFGF-NSCs treatment group. Taken together, our data indicate that AAV2-5HRE-bFGF-NSCs treatment improved the recovery of SCI rats, which is accompanied by evidence of nerve regeneration, and inhibition of SCI-induced glial scar formation and cell autophagy. Thus, this study represents a step forward towards the potential use of AAV2-5HRE-bFGF-NSCs for future clinical trials of SCI repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sipin Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China.
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, Wenzhou, China.
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.
| | - Yibo Ying
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiahui Ye
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, Wenzhou, China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qiuji Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, Wenzhou, China
| | - Haicheng Dou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenfei Ni
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huazi Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiake Xu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.
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Ahuja CS, Mothe A, Khazaei M, Badhiwala JH, Gilbert EA, van der Kooy D, Morshead CM, Tator C, Fehlings MG. The leading edge: Emerging neuroprotective and neuroregenerative cell-based therapies for spinal cord injury. Stem Cells Transl Med 2020; 9:1509-1530. [PMID: 32691994 PMCID: PMC7695641 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.19-0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injuries (SCIs) are associated with tremendous physical, social, and financial costs for millions of individuals and families worldwide. Rapid delivery of specialized medical and surgical care has reduced mortality; however, long-term functional recovery remains limited. Cell-based therapies represent an exciting neuroprotective and neuroregenerative strategy for SCI. This article summarizes the most promising preclinical and clinical cell approaches to date including transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells, neural stem cells, oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, Schwann cells, and olfactory ensheathing cells, as well as strategies to activate endogenous multipotent cell pools. Throughout, we emphasize the fundamental biology of cell-based therapies, critical features in the pathophysiology of spinal cord injury, and the strengths and limitations of each approach. We also highlight salient completed and ongoing clinical trials worldwide and the bidirectional translation of their findings. We then provide an overview of key adjunct strategies such as trophic factor support to optimize graft survival and differentiation, engineered biomaterials to provide a support scaffold, electrical fields to stimulate migration, and novel approaches to degrade the glial scar. We also discuss important considerations when initiating a clinical trial for a cell therapy such as the logistics of clinical-grade cell line scale-up, cell storage and transportation, and the delivery of cells into humans. We conclude with an outlook on the future of cell-based treatments for SCI and opportunities for interdisciplinary collaboration in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S. Ahuja
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of SurgeryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Institute of Medical ScienceUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of Genetics and DevelopmentKrembil Research Institute, UHNTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Andrea Mothe
- Department of Genetics and DevelopmentKrembil Research Institute, UHNTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Mohamad Khazaei
- Department of Genetics and DevelopmentKrembil Research Institute, UHNTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Jetan H. Badhiwala
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of SurgeryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Emily A. Gilbert
- Division of Anatomy, Department of SurgeryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Derek van der Kooy
- Department of Molecular GeneticsUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Cindi M. Morshead
- Institute of Medical ScienceUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Division of Anatomy, Department of SurgeryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Charles Tator
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of SurgeryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Institute of Medical ScienceUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of Genetics and DevelopmentKrembil Research Institute, UHNTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Michael G. Fehlings
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of SurgeryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Institute of Medical ScienceUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of Genetics and DevelopmentKrembil Research Institute, UHNTorontoOntarioCanada
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Zimmermann R, Vieira Alves Y, Sperling LE, Pranke P. Nanotechnology for the Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2020; 27:353-365. [PMID: 33135599 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2020.0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) affects the central nervous system (CNS) and there is currently no treatment with the potential for rehabilitation. Although several clinical treatments have been developed, they are still at an early stage and have not shown success in repairing the broken fiber, which prevents cellular regeneration and integral restoration of motor and sensory functions. Considering the importance of nanotechnology and tissue engineering for neural tissue injuries, this review focuses on the latest advances in nanotechnology for SCI treatment and tissue repair. The PubMed database was used for the bibliographic survey. Initial research using the following keywords "tissue engineering and spinal cord injury" revealed 970 articles published in the last 10 years. The articles were further analyzed, excluding those not related to SCI or with results that did not pertain to the field of interest, including the reviews. It was observed that a total of 811 original articles used the quoted keywords. When the word "treatment" was added, 662 articles were found and among them, 529 were original ones. Finally, when the keywords "Nanotechnology and spinal cord injury" were used, 102 articles were found, 65 being original articles. A search concerning the biomaterials used for SCI found 700 articles with 589 original articles. A total of 107 articles were included in the discussion of this review and some are used for the theoretical framework. Recent progress in nanotechnology and tissue engineering has shown promise for repairing CNS damage. A variety of in vivo animal testing for SCI has been used with or without cells and some of these in vivo studies have shown successful results. However, there is no translation to humans using nanotechnology for SCI treatment, although there is one ongoing trial that employs a tissue engineering approach, among other technologies. The first human surgical scaffold implantation will elucidate the possibility of this use for further clinical trials. This review concludes that even though tissue engineering and nanotechnology are being investigated as a possibility for SCI treatment, tests with humans are still in the theoretical stage. Impact statement Thousands of people are affected by spinal cord injury (SCI) per year in the world. This type of lesion is one of the most severe conditions that can affect humans and usually causes permanent loss of strength, sensitivity, and motor function below the injury site. This article reviews studies on the PubMed database, assessing the publications on SCI in the study field of tissue engineering, focusing on the use of nanotechnology for the treatment of SCI. The review makes an evaluation of the biomaterials used for the treatment of this condition and the techniques applied for the production of nanostructured biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Zimmermann
- Hematology and Stem Cell Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Yuri Vieira Alves
- Hematology and Stem Cell Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Laura E Sperling
- Hematology and Stem Cell Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Health School, Faculty of Medicine, UNISINOS, São Leopoldo, Brazil
| | - Patricia Pranke
- Hematology and Stem Cell Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Stem Cell Research Institute, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Torregrossa F, Sallì M, Grasso G. Emerging Therapeutic Strategies for Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury. World Neurosurg 2020; 140:591-601. [PMID: 32797989 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.03.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a debilitating neurologic condition with tremendous socioeconomic impact on affected individuals and the health care system. The treatment of SCI principally includes surgical treatment and marginal pharmacologic and rehabilitation therapies targeting secondary events with minor clinical improvements. This unsuccessful result mainly reflects the complexity of SCI pathophysiology and the diverse biochemical and physiologic changes that occur in the injured spinal cord. Once the nervous system is injured, cascades of cellular and molecular events are triggered at varying times. Although the cascade of tissue reactions and cell injury develops over a period of days or weeks, the most extensive cell death in SCI occurs within hours of trauma. This situation suggests that early intervention is likely to be the most promising approach to rescue the cord from further and irreversible cell damage. Over the past decades, a wealth of research has been conducted in preclinical and clinical studies with the hope to find new therapeutic strategies. Researchers have identified several targets for the development of potential therapeutic interventions (e.g., neuroprotection, replacement of cells lost, removal of inhibitory molecules, regeneration, and rehabilitation strategies to induce neuroplasticity). Most of these treatments have passed preclinical and initial clinical evaluations but have failed to be strongly conclusive in the clinical setting. This narrative review provides an update of the many therapeutic interventions after SCI, with an emphasis on the underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Torregrossa
- Neurosurgical Unit, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Marcello Sallì
- Department of Neurosensory and Motor Surgery, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Grasso
- Neurosurgical Unit, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
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Zhu S, Chen M, Deng L, Zhang J, Ni W, Wang X, Yao F, Li X, Xu H, Xu J, Xiao J. The repair and autophagy mechanisms of hypoxia-regulated bFGF-modified primary embryonic neural stem cells in spinal cord injury. Stem Cells Transl Med 2020; 9:603-619. [PMID: 32027101 PMCID: PMC7180297 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.19-0282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
There is no effective strategy for the treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI), a devastating condition characterized by severe hypoxia and ischemic insults. In this study, we investigated the histology and pathophysiology of the SCI milieu in a rat model and found that areas of hypoxia were unevenly interspersed in compressed SCI. With this new knowledge, we generated embryonic neural stem cells (NSCs) expressing basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) under the regulation of five hypoxia-responsive elements (5HRE) using a lentiviral vector (LV-5HRE-bFGF-NSCs) to specifically target these hypoxic loci. SCI models treated with bFGF expressed by the LV-5HRE-bFGF-NSCs viral vector demonstrated improved recovery, increased neuronal survival, and inhibited autophagy in spinal cord lesions in the rat model due to the reversal of hypoxic conditions at day 42 after injury. Furthermore, improved functional restoration of SCI with neuron regeneration was achieved in vivo, accompanied by glial scar inhibition and the evidence of axon regeneration across the scar boundary. This is the first study to illustrate the presence of hypoxic clusters throughout the injury site of compressed SCI and the first to show that the transplantation of LV-5HRE-bFGF-NSCs to target this hypoxic microenvironment enhanced the recovery of neurological function after SCI in rats; LV-5HRE-bFGF-NSCs may therefore be a good candidate to evaluate cellular SCI therapy in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sipin Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Molecular Laboratory, School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Liancheng Deng
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jinjing Zhang
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wenfei Ni
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiangyang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Felix Yao
- Molecular Laboratory, School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Xiaokun Li
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Huazi Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiake Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Molecular Laboratory, School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jian Xiao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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10
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Stem cell paracrine effect and delivery strategies for spinal cord injury regeneration. J Control Release 2019; 300:141-153. [PMID: 30851286 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a complicated neuropathological condition that results in functional dysfunction and paralysis. Various treatments have been proposed including drugs, biological factors and cells administered in several ways. Stem cell therapy offers a potentially revolutionary mode to repair the damaged spinal cord after injury. Initially, stem cells were considered promising for replacing cells and tissue lost after SCI. Many studies looked at their differentiation to replace neuronal and glial cells for a better functional outcome. However, it is becoming clear that different functional improvements recognized to stem cells are due to biomolecular activities by the transplanted stem cells rather than cell replacement. This review aimed to discuss the paracrine mechanisms for tissue repair and regeneration after stem cell transplantation in SCI. It focuses on stem cell factor production, effect in tissue restoration, and novel delivery strategies to use them for SCI therapy.
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Xu HL, Tian FR, Xiao J, Chen PP, Xu J, Fan ZL, Yang JJ, Lu CT, Zhao YZ. Sustained-release of FGF-2 from a hybrid hydrogel of heparin-poloxamer and decellular matrix promotes the neuroprotective effects of proteins after spinal injury. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:681-694. [PMID: 29440894 PMCID: PMC5798566 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s152246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The short lifetime of protein-based therapies has largely limited their therapeutic efficacy in injured nervous post-spinal cord injury (post-SCI). Methods In this study, an affinity-based hydrogel delivery system provided sustained-release of proteins, thereby extending the efficacy of such therapies. The affinity-based hydrogel was constructed using a novel polymer, heparin-poloxamer (HP), as a temperature-sensitive bulk matrix and decellular spinal cord extracellular matrix (dscECM) as an affinity depot of drug. By tuning the concentration of HP in formulation, the cold ternary fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2)-dscECM-HP solution could rapidly gelatinize into a hydrogel at body temperature. Due to the strong affinity for FGF2, hybrid FGF2-dscECM-HP hydrogel enabled sustained-release of encapsulated FGF2 over an extended period in vitro. Results Compared to free FGF2, it was observed that both neuron functions and tissue morphology after SCI were clearly recovered in rats treated with FGF2-dscECM-HP hydrogel. Moreover, the expression of neurofilament protein and the density of axons were increased after treatment with hybrid FGF2-dscECM-HP. In addition, the neuroprotective effects of FGF2-dscECM-HP were related to inhibition of chronic endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis. Conclusion The results revealed that a hybrid hydrogel system may be a potential carrier to deliver macromolecular proteins to the injured site and enhance the therapeutic effects of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- He-Lin Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou
| | - Fu-Rong Tian
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou
| | - Jian Xiao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou
| | - Pian-Pian Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou
| | - Zi-Liang Fan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou
| | - Jing-Jing Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou
| | - Cui-Tao Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou
| | - Ying-Zheng Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou.,Hainan Medical College, Haikou, China
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12
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Ye Y, Feng TT, Peng YR, Hu SQ, Xu T. The treatment of spinal cord injury in rats using bone marrow-derived neural-like cells induced by cerebrospinal fluid. Neurosci Lett 2017; 666:85-91. [PMID: 29274438 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and BMSC neural-like cells (BMSC-Ns) on the spinal cord injury (SCI) in the rat model of SCI. BMSC-Ns were prepared from the third passage of BMSCs by induction of healthy cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of an adult human. The SCI rat model was established through a surgical procedure, and after 7 days the rats were randomly divided into 3 (A, B and C) groups. Groups A (BMSC-Ns) and B (BMSCs) were treated with 1 × 106/20 μl cells, while group C (saline) was treated with saline, all via intracerebroventricular injection. After transplantation, the BBB score of group A was significantly higher than that of group B, which in turn was significantly higher than that of group C (P < .05). The levels of Bdnf, Ngf, Ntf3 were statistically significantly higher in group A than those in groups B and C (P < .05). The levels of 5-HT, NA, Ach, DA, GABA in group A were significantly higher than those in groups B and C, whereas the level of Glu was significantly lower in group A than that in groups B and C (P < .05). The histopathological data showed remarkably less necrosis of the spinal cord in group A, compared to that in groups B and C. Transplanting BMSC-Ns or BMSCs into the lateral ventricles improved the neurological function of rats with SCI. Moreover, BMSC-Ns were significantly more effective than BMSCs, which provides a possible approach for the treatment of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ye
- Institute of Emergency Rescue Medicine & Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China; Emergency Center, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
| | - Ting-Ting Feng
- Emergency Center, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, 222000, China
| | - Yi-Ran Peng
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
| | - Shu-Qun Hu
- Institute of Emergency Rescue Medicine & Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
| | - Tie Xu
- Institute of Emergency Rescue Medicine & Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China; Emergency Center, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China.
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13
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Zong X, Wu S, Li F, Lv L, Han D, Zhao N, Yan X, Hu S, Xu T. Transplantation of VEGF-mediated bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells promotes functional improvement in a rat acute cerebral infarction model. Brain Res 2017; 1676:9-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Shahrezaie M, Mansour RN, Nazari B, Hassannia H, Hosseini F, Mahboudi H, Eftekhary M, Kehtari M, Veshkini A, Ahmadi Vasmehjani A, Enderami SE. Improved stem cell therapy of spinal cord injury using GDNF-overexpressed bone marrow stem cells in a rat model. Biologicals 2017; 50:73-80. [PMID: 28851622 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of stem cell base therapy as an effective strategy for the treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI) is very promising. Although some strategy has been made to generate neural-like cells using bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), the differentiation strategies are still inefficiently. For this purpose, we improved the therapeutic outcome with utilize both of N-neurotrophic factor derived Gelial cells (GDNF) gene and differentiation medium that induce the BMSCs into the neural-like cells. The differentiated GDNF overexpressed BMSCs (BMSCs-GDNF) were injected on the third day of post-SCI. BBB score test was performed for four weeks. Two weeks before the end of BBB, biotin dextranamin was injected intracrebrally and at the end of the fourth week, the tissue was stained. BBB scores were significantly different in BMSCs-GDNF injected and control animals. Significant difference in axon counting was observed in BMSCs-GDNF treated animals compared to the control group. According to the results, differentiated BMSCs-GDNF showed better results in comparison to the BMSCs without genetic modification. This study provides a new strategy to investigate the role of simultaneous in stem cell and gene therapy for future neural-like cells transplantation base therapies for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Shahrezaie
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Research, AJA University of Medical Science, Iran
| | | | - Bahare Nazari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadi Hassannia
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Hosseini
- Cancer Research Center and Department of Immunology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Hossein Mahboudi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohamad Eftekhary
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mousa Kehtari
- School of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Veshkini
- Department of Transgenic Animal Science, Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Ahmadi Vasmehjani
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Ehsan Enderami
- Department of Stem Cells Biology, Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Tehran, Iran.
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15
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Araújo MR, Kyrylenko S, Spejo AB, Castro MV, Ferreira Junior RS, Barraviera B, Oliveira ALR. Transgenic human embryonic stem cells overexpressing FGF2 stimulate neuroprotection following spinal cord ventral root avulsion. Exp Neurol 2017; 294:45-57. [PMID: 28450050 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ventral root avulsion (VRA) triggers a strong glial reaction which contributes to neuronal loss, as well as to synaptic detachment. To overcome the degenerative effects of VRA, treatments with neurotrophic factors and stem cells have been proposed. Thus, we investigated neuroprotection elicited by human embryonic stem cells (hESC), modified to overexpress a human fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2), on motoneurons subjected to VRA. Lewis rats were submitted to VRA (L4-L6) and hESC/FGF-2 were applied to the injury site using a fibrin scaffold. The spinal cords were processed to evaluate neuronal survival, synaptic stability, and glial reactivity two weeks post lesion. Then, qRT-PCR was used to assess gene expression of β2-microglobulin (β2m), TNFα, IL1β, IL6 and IL10 in the spinal cord in vivo and FGF2 mRNA levels in hESC in vitro. The results indicate that hESC overexpressing FGF2 significantly rescued avulsed motoneurons, preserving synaptic covering and reducing astroglial reactivity. The cells were also shown to express BDNF and GDNF at the site of injury. Additionally, engraftment of hESC led to a significant reduction in mRNA levels of TNFα at the spinal cord ventral horn, indicating their immunomodulatory properties. Overall, the present data suggest that hESC overexpressing FGF2 are neuroprotective and can shift gene expression towards an anti-inflammatory environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Rocha Araújo
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sergiy Kyrylenko
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Aline Barroso Spejo
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mateus Vidigal Castro
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rui Seabra Ferreira Junior
- Department of Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP-Univ. Estadual Paulista), São Paulo State, Brazil; Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), São Paulo State University (UNESP-Univ. Estadual Paulista), São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Benedito Barraviera
- Department of Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP-Univ. Estadual Paulista), São Paulo State, Brazil; Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), São Paulo State University (UNESP-Univ. Estadual Paulista), São Paulo State, Brazil
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Chen T, Yu Y, Tang LJ, Kong L, Zhang CH, Chu HY, Yin LW, Ma HY. Neural stem cells over-expressing brain-derived neurotrophic factor promote neuronal survival and cytoskeletal protein expression in traumatic brain injury sites. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:433-439. [PMID: 28469658 PMCID: PMC5399721 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.202947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytoskeletal proteins are involved in neuronal survival. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor can increase expression of cytoskeletal proteins during regeneration after axonal injury. However, the effect of neural stem cells genetically modified by brain-derived neurotrophic factor transplantation on neuronal survival in the injury site still remains unclear. To examine this, we established a rat model of traumatic brain injury by controlled cortical impact. At 72 hours after injury, 2 × 107 cells/mL neural stem cells overexpressing brain-derived neurotrophic factor or naive neural stem cells (3 mL) were injected into the injured cortex. At 1–3 weeks after transplantation, expression of neurofilament 200, microtubule-associated protein 2, actin, calmodulin, and beta-catenin were remarkably increased in the injury sites. These findings confirm that brain-derived neurotrophic factor-transfected neural stem cells contribute to neuronal survival, growth, and differentiation in the injury sites. The underlying mechanisms may be associated with increased expression of cytoskeletal proteins and the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Liu-Jiu Tang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Li Kong
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Cheng-Hong Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Hai-Ying Chu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Liang-Wei Yin
- Department of Oncology, Dalian Central Hospital, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Hai-Ying Ma
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
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Ye LB, Yu XC, Xia QH, Yang Y, Chen DQ, Wu F, Wei XJ, Zhang X, Zheng BB, Fu XB, Xu HZ, Li XK, Xiao J, Zhang HY. Regulation of Caveolin-1 and Junction Proteins by bFGF Contributes to the Integrity of Blood-Spinal Cord Barrier and Functional Recovery. Neurotherapeutics 2016; 13:844-858. [PMID: 27170156 PMCID: PMC5147725 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-016-0437-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) plays important roles in the recovery of spinal cord injury (SCI), and caveolin-1 is essential for the integrity and permeability of barriers. Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is an important neuroprotective protein and contributes to the survival of neuronal cells. This study was designed to investigate whether bFGF is beneficial for the maintenance of junction proteins and the integrity of the BSCB to identify the relations with caveolin-1 regulation. We examined the integrity of the BSCB with Evans blue dye and fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran extravasation, measured the junction proteins and matrix metalloproteinases, and evaluated the locomotor function recovery. Our data indicated that bFGF treatment improved the recovery of BSCB and functional locomotion in contusive SCI model rats, reduced the expression and activation of matrix metalloproteinase-9, and increased the expressions of caveolin-1 and junction proteins, including occludin, claudin-5, p120-catenin, and β-catenin. In the brain, in microvascular endothelial cells, bFGF treatment increased the levels of junction proteins, caveolin-1 small interfering RNA abolished the protective effect of bFGF under oxygen-glucose deprivation conditions, and the expression of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 and co-localization with caveolin-1 decreased significantly, which could not be reversed by bFGF treatment. These findings provide a novel mechanism underlying the beneficial effects of bFGF on the BSCB and recovery of SCI, especially the regulation of caveolin-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Bing Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Xi-Chong Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Qing-Hai Xia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Ying Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Da-Qing Chen
- Emergency Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Fenzan Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cixi People's Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315300, China
| | - Xiao-Jie Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cixi People's Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315300, China
| | - Xie Zhang
- Ningbo Medical Treatment Center, Li Huili Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315000, China
| | - Bin-Bin Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Fu
- Wound Healing and Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Hua-Zi Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Xiao-Kun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Jian Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.
| | - Hong-Yu Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.
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Ahuja CS, Fehlings M. Concise Review: Bridging the Gap: Novel Neuroregenerative and Neuroprotective Strategies in Spinal Cord Injury. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 5:914-24. [PMID: 27130222 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Spinal cord injuries (SCIs) result in devastating lifelong disability for patients and their families. The initial mechanical trauma is followed by a damaging secondary injury cascade involving proapoptotic signaling, ischemia, and inflammatory cell infiltration. Ongoing cellular necrosis releases ATP, DNA, glutamate, and free radicals to create a cytotoxic postinjury milieu. Long-term regeneration of lost or injured networks is further impeded by cystic cavitation and the formation of an inhibitory glial-chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan scar. In this article, we discuss important neuroprotective interventions currently applied in clinical practice, including surgical decompression, blood pressure augmentation, and i.v. methylprednisolone. We then explore exciting translational therapies on the horizon, such as riluzole, minocycline, fibroblast growth factor, magnesium, and hypothermia. Finally, we summarize the key neuroregenerative strategies of the next decade, including glial scar degradation, Rho-ROCK inhibition, cell-based therapies, and novel bioengineered adjuncts. Throughout, we emphasize the need for combinatorial approaches to this multifactorial problem and discuss relevant studies at the forefront of translation. We conclude by providing our perspectives on the future direction of SCI research. SIGNIFICANCE Spinal cord injuries (SCIs) result in devastating, lifelong disability for patients and their families. This article discusses important neuroprotective interventions currently applied in clinical practice, including surgical decompression, blood pressure augmentation, and i.v. methylprednisolone. Translational therapies on the horizon are discussed, such as riluzole, minocycline, fibroblast growth factor, magnesium, and hypothermia. The key neuroregenerative strategies of the next decade are summarized, including glial scar degradation, Rho-ROCK inhibition, cell-based therapies, and novel bioengineered adjuncts. The need for combinatorial approaches to this multifactorial problem is emphasized, relevant studies at the forefront of translation are discussed, and perspectives on the future direction of SCI research are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Ahuja
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Fehlings
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Spine Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada McLaughlin Centre for Molecular Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Pirzad Jahromi G, Shabanzadeh Pirsaraei A, Sadr SS, Kaka G, Jafari M, Seidi S, Charish J. Multipotent bone marrow stromal cell therapy promotes endogenous cell proliferation following ischemic stroke. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2016. [PMID: 26218989 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite extensive research over the years, there still exists some debate as to what constitutes the optimal therapeutic strategy to promote recovery following stroke. Due to the complexity of injured brain pathophysiology, treatment approaches should ideally address numerous factors, ultimately aiming to promote tissue protection, axonal regrowth and functional recovery. This study extends the understanding of the effects of bone marrow stromal cell (BMSC) treatment following experimentally induced ischemic stroke in rats. Focal ischemic brain injury was experimentally induced in rats by placing a preformed clot into the middle cerebral artery. Animals were injected intravenously with BMSCs at 24 h after stroke and were killed 7 days post injury. When administered BMSCs following stroke, the neurological outcome was significantly improved relative to controls. There was an increase in the number of BMSCs labelled with BrdU present in the injured hemisphere of the brain compared to the non-injured side. Furthermore, administration of BMSCs also led to increases in astrocytosis, vascularization and endogenous proliferation. These findings provide insight into the mechanisms of action of BMSC treatment and further argue for the therapeutic potential of BMSCs as an effective treatment following cerebral stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gila Pirzad Jahromi
- Neuroscience Research Centre, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Shabanzadeh Pirsaraei
- Electrophysiology Research Centre, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Genetics and Development Division, Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Seyed Shahabeddin Sadr
- Electrophysiology Research Centre, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Golamreza Kaka
- Neuroscience Research Centre, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahvash Jafari
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sadegh Seidi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jason Charish
- Genetics and Development Division, Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
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20
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Betz VM, Sitoci-Ficici KH, Uckermann O, Leipnitz E, Iltzsche A, Thirion C, Salomon M, Zwipp H, Schackert G, Betz OB, Kirsch M. Gene-activated fat grafts for the repair of spinal cord injury: a pilot study. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2016; 158:367-78. [PMID: 26592254 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-015-2626-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a complex disease requiring a concerted multi-target approach. The most appropriate combination of therapeutic gene, cellular vehicle, and space filling scaffold still has to be determined. We present an approach that employs syngeneic adipose tissue serving as a three-dimensional biological implant, source of progenitor cells, and delivery system for therapeutic genes. In this pilot experiment, we evaluated the feasibility and short-term effects using gene-activated autologous fat grafts after SCI. METHODS An experimental SCI model was established in syngeneic Fischer 344 rats by a T9-T10 hemimyelonectomy. Fat tissue was harvested from two donor rats. Animals were divided into four groups and treated with either (i) fat grafts activated by an adenoviral vector carrying the human NT-3 cDNA, (ii) or BDNF, (iii) or with untreated fat grafts or (iv) remained untreated. Animals were euthanized either 7 or 21 days after surgery, and spinal cord tissue was investigated by histological and immunohistochemical methods. RESULTS NT-3 and BDNF were produced by gene-activated fat grafts for at least 21 days in vitro and in vivo. Fat tissue grafts remained stable at the site of implantation at 7 days and at 21 days. Neither BDNF-activated nor NT-3-activated fat graft had a detectable limiting effect on the neuronal degeneration. BDNF recruited microglia to perilesional site and attenuated their inflammatory response. CONCLUSIONS Gene-activated syngeneic fat tissue serves as a three-dimensional biological material delivering therapeutic molecules to the site of SCI over an extended period of time. The BDNF-fat graft attenuated the inflammatory response. Whether these findings translate into functional recovery will require extended observation times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker M Betz
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - K Hakan Sitoci-Ficici
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ortrud Uckermann
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Elke Leipnitz
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anne Iltzsche
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | - Hans Zwipp
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gabriele Schackert
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Oliver B Betz
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University Hospital Grosshadern, University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Matthias Kirsch
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
- DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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Complete tissue coverage achieved by scaffold-based tissue engineering in the fetal sheep model of Myelomeningocele. Biomaterials 2016; 76:133-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Effects of Magnetically Guided, SPIO-Labeled, and Neurotrophin-3 Gene-Modified Bone Mesenchymal Stem Cells in a Rat Model of Spinal Cord Injury. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2016:2018474. [PMID: 26649047 PMCID: PMC4663356 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2018474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in our understanding of spinal cord injury (SCI) mechanisms, there are still no effective treatment approaches to restore functionality. Although many studies have demonstrated that transplanting NT3 gene-transfected bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) is an effective approach to treat SCI, the approach is often low efficient in the delivery of engrafted BMSCs to the site of injury. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effects of magnetic targeting of NT3 gene-transfected BMSCs via lumbar puncture in a rat model of SCI. With the aid of a magnetic targeting cells delivery system, we can not only deliver the engrafted BMSCs to the site of injury more efficiently, but also perform cells imaging in vivo using MR. In addition, we also found that this composite strategy could significantly improve functional recovery and nerve regeneration compared to transplanting NT3 gene-transfected BMSCs without magnetic targeting system. Our results suggest that this composite strategy could be promising for clinical applications.
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23
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Hu Y, Zhang Y, Tian K, Xun C, Wang S, Lv D. Effects of nerve growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor dual gene modification on rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell differentiation into neuron-like cells in vitro. Mol Med Rep 2015; 13:49-58. [PMID: 26572749 PMCID: PMC4686117 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies regarding regenerative medicine have focused on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), which have the potential to undergo neural differentiation, and may be transfected with specific genes. BMSCs can differentiate into neuron-like cells in certain neurotropic circumstances in vitro. Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) are often used to induce neural differentiation in BMSCs in vitro. However, previous studies regarding their combined actions are insufficient. The present study is the first, to the best of our knowledge, to thoroughly assess the enhancement of neural differentiation of BMSCs following transfection with bFGF and NGF. Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat BMSCs were separated through whole bone marrow adherence, and were then passaged to the third generation. The cells were subsequently divided into five groups: The control group, which consisted of untransfected BMSCs; the plv-blank-transfected BMSCs group; the plv-bFGF-trans-fected BMSCs group; the plv-NGF-transfected BMSCs group; and the plv-NGF-bFGF co-transfected BMSCs group. Cell neural differentiation was characterized in terms of stem cell molecular expression, and the neuronal morphology and expression of neural-like molecules was detected in each of the groups. A total of 72 h post-transfection, the expression levels of neuron-specific enolase, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and nestin protein, were higher in the co-transfected group, as compared with the other groups, the expression levels of β-tubulin III were also increased in the co-transfected cells, thus suggesting the maturation of differentiated neuron-like cells. Furthermore, higher neuronal proliferation was observed in the co-transfected group, as compared with the other groups at passages 2, 4, 6 and 8. Western blotting demonstrated that the transfected groups exhibited a simultaneous increase in phosphorylation of the AKT and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) signaling pathway. These results suggested that manipulation of the ERK and AKT signaling pathway may be associated with the differentiation of transfected BMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Hospital Affiliated to Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cells, Cancer Center, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China
| | - Kang Tian
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Hospital Affiliated to Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - Chong Xun
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Hospital Affiliated to Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - Shouyu Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Hospital Affiliated to Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - Decheng Lv
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Hospital Affiliated to Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
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24
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Sabapathy V, Tharion G, Kumar S. Cell Therapy Augments Functional Recovery Subsequent to Spinal Cord Injury under Experimental Conditions. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2015:132172. [PMID: 26240569 PMCID: PMC4512598 DOI: 10.1155/2015/132172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The spinal cord injury leads to enervation of normal tissue homeostasis ultimately leading to paralysis. Until now there is no proper cure for the treatment of spinal cord injury. Recently, cell therapy in animal spinal cord injury models has shown some progress of recovery. At present, clinical trials are under progress to evaluate the efficacy of cell transplantation for the treatment of spinal cord injury. Different types of cells such as pluripotent stem cells derived neural cells, mesenchymal stromal cells, neural stem cells, glial cells are being tested in various spinal cord injury models. In this review we highlight both the advances and lacuna in the field of spinal cord injury by discussing epidemiology, pathophysiology, molecular mechanism, and various cell therapy strategies employed in preclinical and clinical injury models and finally we discuss the limitations and ethical issues involved in cell therapy approach for treating spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Sabapathy
- Centre for Stem Cell Research, Christian Medical College, Bagayam, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632002, India
| | - George Tharion
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632002, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Centre for Stem Cell Research, Christian Medical College, Bagayam, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632002, India
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25
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Chen B, He J, Yang H, Zhang Q, Zhang L, Zhang X, Xie E, Liu C, Zhang R, Wang Y, Huang L, Hao D. Repair of spinal cord injury by implantation of bFGF-incorporated HEMA-MOETACL hydrogel in rats. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9017. [PMID: 25761585 PMCID: PMC7365325 DOI: 10.1038/srep09017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is no effective strategy for the treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI). An appropriate combination of hydrogel materials and neurotrophic factor therapy is currently thought to be a promising approach. In this study, we performed experiments to evaluate the synergic effect of implanting hydroxyl ethyl methacrylate [2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] trimethylammonium chloride (HEMA-MOETACL) hydrogel incorporated with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) into the site of surgically induced SCI. Prior to implantation, the combined hydrogel was surrounded by an acellular vascular matrix. Sprague-Dawley rats underwent complete spinal cord transection at the T-9 level, followed by implantation of bFGF/HEMA-MOETACL 5 days after transection surgery. Our results showed that the bFGF/HEMA-MOETACL transplant provided a scaffold for the ingrowth of regenerating tissue eight weeks after implantation. Furthermore, this newly designed implant promoted both nerve tissue regeneration and functional recovery following SCI. These results indicate that HEMA-MOETACL hydrogel is a promising scaffold for intrathecal, localized and sustained delivery of bFGF to the injured spinal cord and provide evidence for the possibility that this approach may have clinical applications in the treatment of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Chen
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Jianyu He
- Department of Pharmacology, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University, Xi'an, 710126, China
| | - En Xie
- Department of Spine Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Cuicui Liu
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Linhong Huang
- Translational Medicine Center, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Dingjun Hao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, 710054, China
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26
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Wang D, Zhang J. Electrophysiological functional recovery in a rat model of spinal cord hemisection injury following bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell transplantation under hypothermia. Neural Regen Res 2015; 7:749-55. [PMID: 25737697 PMCID: PMC4345656 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Following successful establishment of a rat model of spinal cord hemisection injury by resecting right spinal cord tissues, bone marrow stem cells were transplanted into the spinal cord lesions via the caudal vein while maintaining rectal temperature at 34 ± 0.5°C for 6 hours (mild hypothermia). Hematoxylin-eosin staining showed that astrocytes gathered around the injury site and formed scars at 4 weeks post-transplantation. Compared with rats transplanted with bone marrow stem cells under normal temperature, rats transplanted with bone marrow stem cells under hypothermia showed increased numbers of proliferating cells (bromodeoxyuridine-positive cells), better recovery of somatosensory-evoked and motor-evoked potentials, greater Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan locomotor rating scores, and an increased degree of angle in the incline plate test. These findings suggested that hypothermia combined with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells transplantation effectively promoted electrical conduction and nerve functional repair in a rat model of spinal cord hemisection injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Fourth Central Hospital, Tianjin 300140, China
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Fourth Central Hospital, Tianjin 300140, China
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27
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Li L, Yang M, Wang C, Zhao Q, Liu J, Zhan C, Liu Z, Li X, Wang W, Yang X. Effects of cytokines and chemokines on migration of mesenchymal stem cells following spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2015; 7:1106-12. [PMID: 25722702 PMCID: PMC4340025 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.14.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of cytokines and chemokines and their associated signaling pathways on mesenchymal stem cell migration after spinal cord injury, to determine their roles in the curative effects of mesenchymal stem cells. This study reviewed the effects of tumor necrosis factor-α, vascular endothelial growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, insulin like growth factor-1, stromal cell-derived factor and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, 3 during mesenchymal stem cell migration to damaged sites, and analyzed the signal transduction pathways involved in their effects on mesenchymal stem cell migration. The results confirmed that phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/serine/threonine protein kinases and nuclear factor-κB play crucial roles in the migration of mesenchymal stem cells induced by cytokines and chemokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longyun Li
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130033, Jilin Province, China
| | - Maoguang Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130033, Jilin Province, China
| | - Chunxin Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130033, Jilin Province, China
| | - Qiheng Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130033, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130033, Jilin Province, China
| | - Chuanguo Zhan
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130033, Jilin Province, China
| | - Zhi Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130033, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xuepeng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130033, Jilin Province, China
| | - Weihua Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130033, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130033, Jilin Province, China
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28
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Chen S, Wu B, Lin J. Effect of intravenous transplantation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on neurotransmitters and synapsins in rats with spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2015; 7:1445-53. [PMID: 25657678 PMCID: PMC4308773 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.19.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were isolated, purified and cultured in vitro by Percoll density gradient centrifugation combined with the cell adherence method. Passages 3–5 bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were transplanted into rats with traumatic spinal cord injury via the caudal vein. Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan scores indicate that neurological function of experimental rats was significantly improved over transplantation time (1–5 weeks). Expressions of choline acetyltransferase, glutamic acid decarboxylase and synapsins in the damaged spinal cord of rats was significantly increased after transplantation, determined by immunofluorescence staining and laser confocal scanning microscopy. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells that had migrated into the damaged area of rats in the experimental group began to express choline acetyltransferase, glutamic acid decarboxylase and synapsins, 3 weeks after transplantation. The Basso-Beattie- Bresnahan scores positively correlated with expression of choline acetyltransferase and synapsins. Experimental findings indicate that intravenously transplanted bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells traverse into the damaged spinal cord of rats, promote expression of choline acetyltransferase, glutamic acid decarboxylase and synapsins, and improve nerve function in rats with spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqiang Chen
- Department of Human Anatomy and Tissue Embryology, Fujian Medical University, Minhou 350108, Fujian Province, China
| | - Bilian Wu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Fujian Vcational and Technical College of Health, Minhou 350101, Fujian Province, China
| | - Jianhua Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, Fujian Province, China
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29
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Abstract
Stem cell-based interventions aim to use special regenerative cells (stem cells) to facilitate neuronal function beyond the site of the injury. Many studies involving animal models of spinal cord injury (SCI) suggest that certain stem cell-based therapies may restore function after SCI. Currently, in case of spinal cord injuries, new discoveries with clinical implications have been continuously made in basic stem cell research, and stem cell-based approaches are advancing rapidly toward application in patients. There is a huge base of preclinical evidence in vitro and in animal models which suggests the safety and clinical efficacy of cellular therapies after SCI. Despite this, data from clinical studies is not very encouraging and at times confounding. Here, we have attempted to cover preclinical and clinical evidence base dealing with safety, feasibility and efficacy of cell based interventions after SCI. The limitations of preclinical data and the reasons underlying its failure to translate in a clinical setting are also discussed. Based on the evidence base, it is suggested that a multifactorial approach is required to address this situation. Need for standardized, stringently designed multi-centric clinical trials for obtaining validated proof of evidence is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvinder Singh Chhabra
- Spine Service, Indian Spinal Injuries Centre, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, India,Address for correspondence: Dr. Harvinder Singh Chhabra, Indian Spinal Injuries Centre, Sector C, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi - 110 070, India. E-mail:
| | - Kanchan Sarda
- Spine Service, Indian Spinal Injuries Centre, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, India
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30
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Nakano R, Edamura K, Nakayama T, Teshima K, Asano K, Narita T, Okabayashi K, Sugiya H. Differentiation of canine bone marrow stromal cells into voltage- and glutamate-responsive neuron-like cells by basic fibroblast growth factor. J Vet Med Sci 2014; 77:27-35. [PMID: 25284120 PMCID: PMC4349535 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the in vitro differentiation of canine bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) into voltage- and glutamate-responsive neuron-like cells. BMSCs were obtained from the bone marrow of healthy beagle dogs. Canine BMSCs were incubated with the basal medium for neurons containing recombinant human basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF; 100 ng/ml). The viability of the bFGF-treated cells was assessed by a trypan blue exclusion assay, and the morphology was monitored. Real-time RT-PCR was performed to evaluate mRNA expression of neuronal, neural stem cell and glial markers. Western blotting and immunocytochemical analysis for the neuronal markers were performed to evaluate the protein expression and localization. The Ca(2+) mobilization of the cells was evaluated using the Ca(2+) indicator Fluo3 to monitor Ca(2+) influx. To investigate the mechanism of bFGF-induced neuronal differentiation, the fibroblast growth factor receptor inhibitor, the phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitor or the Akt inhibitor was tested. The bFGF treatment resulted in the maintenance of the viability of canine BMSCs for 10 days, in the expression of neuronal marker mRNAs and proteins and in the manifestation of neuron-like morphology. Furthermore, in the bFGF-treated BMSCs, a high concentration of KCl and L-glutamate induced an increase in intracellular Ca(2+) levels. Each inhibitor significantly attenuated the bFGF-induced increase in neuronal marker mRNA expression. These results suggest that bFGF contributes to the differentiation of canine BMSCs into voltage- and glutamate-responsive neuron-like cells and may lead to the development of new cell-based treatments for neuronal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rei Nakano
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
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31
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Wang J, Sun J, Tang Y, Guo G, Zhou X, Chen Y, Shen M. Basic fibroblast growth factor attenuates the degeneration of injured spinal cord motor endplates. Neural Regen Res 2014; 8:2213-24. [PMID: 25206531 PMCID: PMC4146030 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.24.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The distal end of the spinal cord and neuromuscular junction may develop secondary degeneration and damage following spinal cord injury because of the loss of neural connections. In this study, a rat model of spinal cord injury, established using a modified Allen's method, was injected with basic fibroblast growth factor solution via subarachnoid catheter. After injection, rats with spinal cord injury displayed higher scores on the Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan locomotor scale. Motor function was also well recovered and hematoxylin-eosin staining showed that spinal glial scar hyperplasia was not apparent. Additionally, anterior tibial muscle fibers slowly, but progressively, atrophied. nohistochemical staining showed that the absorbance values of calcitonin gene related peptide and acetylcholinesterase in anterior tibial muscle and spinal cord were similar, and injection of basic broblast growth factor increased this absorbance. Results showed that after spinal cord injury, the distal motor neurons and motor endplate degenerated. Changes in calcitonin gene related peptide and acetylcholinesterase in the spinal cord anterior horn motor neurons and motor endplate then occurred that were consistent with this regeneration. Our findings indicate that basic fibroblast growth factor can protect the endplate through attenuating the decreased expression of calcitonin gene related peptide and acetylcholinesterase in anterior horn motor neurons of the injured spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlong Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jianfeng Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang 443003, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yongxiang Tang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Gangwen Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xiaozhe Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yanliang Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Minren Shen
- Department of Orthopedics, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
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32
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Wang LJ, Zhang RP, Li JD. Transplantation of neurotrophin-3-expressing bone mesenchymal stem cells improves recovery in a rat model of spinal cord injury. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2014; 156:1409-18. [PMID: 24744011 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-014-2089-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of transplanting neutrophin-3 (NT-3)-expressing bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in a rat model of spinal cord injury (SCI). METHODS Forty-eight adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to three groups: the control, BMSC, and NT-3-BMSC groups. BMSCs were infected with NT-3-DsRed or DsRed lentivirus and injected into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) via lumbar puncture (LP) 7 days after SCI in the NT-3-BMSC and BMSC groups, respectively. The hind-limb motor function of all rats was recorded using the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor rating scale on days 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 after transplantation. Haematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, immunofluorescence labelling, and western blotting were performed at the final time point. RESULTS Expressions of NT-3, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) proteins increased significantly in the NT-3-BMSC group, and hind-limb locomotor functions improved significantly in the NT-3-BMSC group compared with the other two groups. The cystic cavity area was smallest in the NT-3-BMSC group. In the NT-3-BMSC group, neurofilament 200 (NF200) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression levels around the lesions were significantly increased and decreased, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that transplantation of NT-3 gene-modified BMSCs via LP can strengthen the therapeutic benefits of BMSC transplantation. We observed that these modified cells increased locomotor function recovery, promoted nerve regeneration, and improved the injured spinal cord microenvironment, suggesting that it could be a promising treatment for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Jie Wang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China,
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33
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Jia Y, Wu D, Zhang R, Shuang W, Sun J, Hao H, An Q, Liu Q. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells expressing the Shh transgene promotes functional recovery after spinal cord injury in rats. Neurosci Lett 2014; 573:46-51. [PMID: 24837681 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is one of the most disabling diseases. Cell-based gene therapy is becoming a major focus for the treatment of SCI. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) are a promising stem cell type useful for repairing SCI. However, the effects of BMSCs transplants are likely limited because of low transplant survival after SCI. Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is a multifunctional growth factor which can facilitate neuronal and BMSCs survival, promote axonal growth, prevent activation of the astrocyte lineage, and enhance the delivery of neurotrophic factors in BMSCs. However, treatment of SCI with Shh alone also has limited effects on recovery, because the protein is cleared quickly. In this study, we investigated the use of BMSCs overexpressing the Shh transgene (Shh-BMSCs) in the treatment of rats with SCI, which could stably secrete Shh and thereby enhance the effects of BMSCs, in an attempt to combine the advantages of Shh and BMSCs and so to promote functional recovery. After Shh-BMSCs treatment of SCI via the subarachnoid, we detected significantly greater damage recovery compared with that seen in rats treated with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and BMSCs. Use of Shh-BMSCs increased the expression and secretion of Shh, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), improved the behavioral function, enhanced the BMSCs survival, promoted the expression level of neurofilament 200 (NF200), and reduced the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Thus, our results indicated that Shh-BMSCs enhanced recovery of neurological function after SCI in rats and could be a potential valuable therapeutic intervention for SCI in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijia Jia
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China
| | - Dou Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Dayi Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030032, PR China
| | - Ruiping Zhang
- Department of Radiology, First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China
| | - Weibing Shuang
- Department of Urology, First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China
| | - Jiping Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics, Dayi Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030032, PR China
| | - Haihu Hao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Dayi Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030032, PR China
| | - Qijun An
- Department of Orthopaedics, Dayi Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030032, PR China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Dayi Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030032, PR China.
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34
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Martinez AMB, Goulart CDO, Ramalho BDS, Oliveira JT, Almeida FM. Neurotrauma and mesenchymal stem cells treatment: From experimental studies to clinical trials. World J Stem Cells 2014; 6:179-94. [PMID: 24772245 PMCID: PMC3999776 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v6.i2.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy has attracted the attention of scientists and clinicians around the world. Basic and pre-clinical experimental studies have highlighted the positive effects of MSC treatment after spinal cord and peripheral nerve injury. These effects are believed to be due to their ability to differentiate into other cell lineages, modulate inflammatory and immunomodulatory responses, reduce cell apoptosis, secrete several neurotrophic factors and respond to tissue injury, among others. There are many pre-clinical studies on MSC treatment for spinal cord injury (SCI) and peripheral nerve injuries. However, the same is not true for clinical trials, particularly those concerned with nerve trauma, indicating the necessity of more well-constructed studies showing the benefits that cell therapy can provide for individuals suffering the consequences of nerve lesions. As for clinical trials for SCI treatment the results obtained so far are not as beneficial as those described in experimental studies. For these reasons basic and pre-clinical studies dealing with MSC therapy should emphasize the standardization of protocols that could be translated to the clinical set with consistent and positive outcomes. This review is based on pre-clinical studies and clinical trials available in the literature from 2010 until now. At the time of writing this article there were 43 and 36 pre-clinical and 19 and 1 clinical trials on injured spinal cord and peripheral nerves, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Blanco Martinez
- Ana Maria Blanco Martinez, Camila de Oliveira Goulart, Bruna dos Santos Ramalho, Júlia Teixeira Oliveira, Fernanda Martins Almeida, Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Repair, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Health Science Center, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Camila de Oliveira Goulart
- Ana Maria Blanco Martinez, Camila de Oliveira Goulart, Bruna dos Santos Ramalho, Júlia Teixeira Oliveira, Fernanda Martins Almeida, Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Repair, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Health Science Center, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruna Dos Santos Ramalho
- Ana Maria Blanco Martinez, Camila de Oliveira Goulart, Bruna dos Santos Ramalho, Júlia Teixeira Oliveira, Fernanda Martins Almeida, Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Repair, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Health Science Center, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Júlia Teixeira Oliveira
- Ana Maria Blanco Martinez, Camila de Oliveira Goulart, Bruna dos Santos Ramalho, Júlia Teixeira Oliveira, Fernanda Martins Almeida, Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Repair, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Health Science Center, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Martins Almeida
- Ana Maria Blanco Martinez, Camila de Oliveira Goulart, Bruna dos Santos Ramalho, Júlia Teixeira Oliveira, Fernanda Martins Almeida, Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Repair, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Health Science Center, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Shi Q, Gao W, Han X, Zhu X, Sun J, Xie F, Hou X, Yang H, Dai J, Chen L. Collagen scaffolds modified with collagen-binding bFGF promotes the neural regeneration in a rat hemisected spinal cord injury model. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2014; 57:232-40. [PMID: 24445989 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-014-4612-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nerve conduit is one of strategies for spine cord injury (SCI) treatment. Recently, studies showed that biomaterials could guide the neurite growth and promote axon regeneration at the injury site. However, the scaffold by itself was difficult to meet the need of SCI functional recovery. The basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) administration significantly promotes functional recovery after organ injuries. Here, using a rat model of T9 hemisected SCI, we aimed at assessing the repair capacity of implantation of collagen scaffold (CS) modified by collagen binding bFGF (CBD-bFGF). The results showed that CS combined with CBD-bFGF treatment improved survival rates after the lateral hemisection SCI. The CS/CBD-bFGF group showed more significant improvements in motor than the simply CS-implanted and untreated control group, when evaluated by the 21-point Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) score and footprint analysis. Both hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and immunohistochemical staining of neurofilament (NF) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) demonstrated that fibers were guided to grow through the implants. These findings indicated that administration of CS modified with CBD-bFGF could promote spinal cord regeneration and functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Shi
- Orthopedic Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
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36
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Wang ZY, Liu WG, Muharram A, Wu ZY, Lin JH. Neuroprotective effects of autophagy induced by rapamycin in rat acute spinal cord injury model. Neuroimmunomodulation 2014; 21:257-67. [PMID: 24603048 DOI: 10.1159/000357382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS To explore the effects of rapamycin-induced autophagy on apoptosis in a rat model of acute spinal cord injury (SCI), and to explore the effect of rapamycin on apoptosis in primary spinal cord cell culture. METHODS SCI was induced at T10 in female adult Sprague-Dawley rats. After injury was induced, the rats were injected with rapamycin and/or methylprednisolone and were sacrificed at various days after injury. Apoptosis and autophagy were examined with TUNEL staining and electron microscopy. Hind limb function was assessed by the Gale scale. RESULTS The expression of the apoptosis-related protein caspase-3 did not significantly increase until 21 days following injury, while increases in LC3II and LC3I began 10 days after injury, but then declined. TUNEL staining and electron microscopy confirmed that following injury autophagy occurred before apoptosis, but by 14 days after the injury, the level of autophagy had decreased significantly while the level of apoptosis showed a continued increase. Following treatment with rapamycin, apoptosis was significantly higher than in the vehicle control group, but significantly lower than in the sham-operated group, showing a protective effect of rapamycin. Gale scale grades in rats treated with rapamycin were significantly higher compared with the vehicle control group, suggesting a functional effect of rapamycin-induced inhibition of apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that rapamycin significantly improved the prognosis of acute SCI in rats by inhibiting cell apoptosis. Rapamycin might be useful as a therapeutic agent for acute SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Yu Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, PR China
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37
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Dual differentiation-exogenous mesenchymal stem cell therapy for traumatic spinal cord injury repair in a murine hemisection model. Stem Cells Int 2013; 2013:928982. [PMID: 24027587 PMCID: PMC3762188 DOI: 10.1155/2013/928982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation has shown tremendous promise as a therapy for repair of various tissues of the musculoskeletal, vascular, and central nervous systems. Based on this success, recent research in this field has focused on complex tissue damage, such as that which occurs from traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI). As the critical event for successful exogenous, MSC therapy is their migration to the injury site, which allows for their anti-inflammatory and morphogenic effects on fracture healing, neuronal regeneration, and functional recover. Thus, there is a need for a cost-effective in vivo model that can faithfully recapitulate the salient features of the injury, therapy, and recovery. To address this, we review the recent advances in exogenous MSC therapy for TSCI and traumatic vertebral fracture repair and the existing challenges regarding their translational applications. We also describe a novel murine model designed to take advantage of multidisciplinary collaborations between musculoskeletal and neuroscience researchers, which is needed to establish an efficacious MSC therapy for TSCI.
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38
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Kundi S, Bicknell R, Ahmed Z. The role of angiogenic and wound-healing factors after spinal cord injury in mammals. Neurosci Res 2013; 76:1-9. [PMID: 23562792 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2013.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) are permanently paralysed and anaesthetic below the lesion. This morbidity is attributed to the deposition of a dense scar at the injury site, the cellular components of which secrete axon growth inhibitory ligands that prevent severed axons reconnecting with denervated targets. Another complication of SCI is wound cavitation where a fluid filled cyst forms in the peri-lesion neuropil, enlarging over the first few months after injury and causes secondary axonal damage. Wound healing after SCI is accompanied by angiogenesis, which is regulated by angiogenic proteins, produced in response to oxygen deprivation. Necrosis in and about the SCI lesion sites may be suppressed by promoting angiogenesis and the resulting neuropil protection will enhance recovery after SCI. This review addresses the use of angiogenic/wound-healing related proteins including vascular endothelial growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, angiopoietin-1, angiopoietin-2 and transforming growth factor-β to moderate necrosis and axon sparing after SCI, providing a conducive environment for growth essential to functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarina Kundi
- Neurotrauma and Neurodegeneration, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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39
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Zhang HY, Wang ZG, Wu FZ, Kong XX, Yang J, Lin BB, Zhu SP, Lin L, Gan CS, Fu XB, Li XK, Xu HZ, Xiao J. Regulation of autophagy and ubiquitinated protein accumulation by bFGF promotes functional recovery and neural protection in a rat model of spinal cord injury. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 48:452-64. [PMID: 23516099 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8432-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The role of autophagy in the recovery of spinal cord injury remains controversial; in particular, the mechanism of autophagy regulated degradation of ubiquitinated proteins has not been discussed to date. In this study, we investigated the protective role of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) both in vivo and in vitro and demonstrated that excessive autophagy and ubiquitinated protein accumulation is involved in the rat model of trauma. bFGF administration improved recovery and increased the survival of neurons in spinal cord lesions in the rat model. The protective effect of bFGF is related to the inhibition of autophagic protein LC3II levels; bFGF treatment also enhances clearance of ubiquitinated proteins by p62, which also increases the survival of neuronal PC-12 cells. The activation of the downstream signals of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway by bFGF treatment was detected both in vivo and in vitro. Combination therapy including the autophagy activator rapamycin partially abolished the protective effect of bFGF. The present study illustrates that the role of bFGF in SCI recovery is related to the inhibition of excessive autophagy and enhancement of ubiquitinated protein clearance via the activation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling. Overall, our study suggests a new trend for bFGF drug development for central nervous system injuries and sheds light on protein signaling involved in bFGF action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yu Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, 325035, China
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40
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Li J, Lepski G. Cell transplantation for spinal cord injury: a systematic review. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:786475. [PMID: 23484157 PMCID: PMC3581246 DOI: 10.1155/2013/786475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell transplantation, as a therapeutic intervention for spinal cord injury (SCI), has been extensively studied by researchers in recent years. A number of different kinds of stem cells, neural progenitors, and glial cells have been tested in basic research, and most have been excluded from clinical studies because of a variety of reasons, including safety and efficacy. The signaling pathways, protein interactions, cellular behavior, and the differentiated fates of experimental cells have been studied in vitro in detail. Furthermore, the survival, proliferation, differentiation, and effects on promoting functional recovery of transplanted cells have also been examined in different animal SCI models. However, despite significant progress, a "bench to bedside" gap still exists. In this paper, we comprehensively cover publications in the field from the last years. The most commonly utilized cell lineages were covered in this paper and specific areas covered include survival of grafted cells, axonal regeneration and remyelination, sensory and motor functional recovery, and electrophysiological improvements. Finally we also review the literature on the in vivo tracking techniques for transplanted cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, 646000 Luzhou, China
| | - Guilherme Lepski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Avnida Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar 255, 05403-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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41
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Roh DH, Seo MS, Choi HS, Park SB, Han HJ, Beitz AJ, Kang KS, Lee JH. Transplantation of human umbilical cord blood or amniotic epithelial stem cells alleviates mechanical allodynia after spinal cord injury in rats. Cell Transplant 2013; 22:1577-90. [PMID: 23294734 DOI: 10.3727/096368912x659907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell therapy is a potential treatment for spinal cord injury (SCI), and a variety of different stem cell types have been grafted into humans suffering from spinal cord trauma or into animal models of spinal injury. Although several studies have reported functional motor improvement after transplantation of stem cells into injured spinal cord, the benefit of these cells for treating SCI-induced neuropathic pain is not clear. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effect of transplanting human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUCB-MSCs) or amniotic epithelial stem cells (hAESCs) on SCI-induced mechanical allodynia (MA) and thermal hyperalgesia (TH) in T13 spinal cord hemisected rats. Two weeks after SCI, hUCB-MSCs or hAESCs were transplanted around the spinal cord lesion site, and behavioral tests were performed to evaluate changes in SCI-induced MA and TH. Immunohistochemical and Western blot analyses were also performed to evaluate possible therapeutic effects on SCI-induced inflammation and the nociceptive-related phosphorylation of the NMDA NR1 receptor subunit. While transplantation of hUCB-MSCs showed a tendency to reduce MA, transplantation of hAESCs significantly reduced MA. Neither hUCB-MSC nor hAESC transplantation had any effect on SCI-induced TH. Transplantation of hAESCs also significantly reduced the SCI-induced increase in NMDA receptor NR1 subunit phosphorylation (pNR1) expression in the spinal cord. Both hUCB-MSCs and hAESCs reduced the SCI-induced increase in spinal cord expression of the microglial marker, F4/80, but not the increased expression of GFAP or iNOS. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that the transplantation of hAESCs into the injured spinal cord can suppress mechanical allodynia, and this effect seems to be closely associated with the modulation of spinal cord microglia activity and NR1 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Hyun Roh
- Department of Maxillofacial Tissue Regeneration, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
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Choi JS, Leem JW, Lee KH, Kim SS, Suh-Kim H, Jung SJ, Kim UJ, Lee BH. Effects of human mesenchymal stem cell transplantation combined with polymer on functional recovery following spinal cord hemisection in rats. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2012; 16:405-11. [PMID: 23269903 PMCID: PMC3526745 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2012.16.6.405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The spontaneous axon regeneration of damaged neurons is limited after spinal cord injury (SCI). Recently, mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation was proposed as a potential approach for enhancing nerve regeneration that avoids the ethical issues associated with embryonic stem cell transplantation. As SCI is a complex pathological entity, the treatment of SCI requires a multipronged approach. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the functional recovery and therapeutic potential of human MSCs (hMSCs) and polymer in a spinal cord hemisection injury model. Rats were subjected to hemisection injuries and then divided into three groups. Two groups of rats underwent partial thoracic hemisection injury followed by implantation of either polymer only or polymer with hMSCs. Another hemisection-only group was used as a control. Behavioral, electrophysiological and immunohistochemical studies were performed on all rats. The functional recovery was significantly improved in the polymer with hMSC-transplanted group as compared with control at five weeks after transplantation. The results of electrophysiologic study demonstrated that the latency of somatosensory-evoked potentials (SSEPs) in the polymer with hMSC-transplanted group was significantly shorter than in the hemisection-only control group. In the results of immunohistochemical study, β-gal-positive cells were observed in the injured and adjacent sites after hMSC transplantation. Surviving hMSCs differentiated into various cell types such as neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. These data suggest that hMSC transplantation with polymer may play an important role in functional recovery and axonal regeneration after SCI, and may be a potential therapeutic strategy for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Soo Choi
- Department of Physiology, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, and Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea
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Zhang HY, Zhang X, Wang ZG, Shi HX, Wu FZ, Lin BB, Xu XL, Wang XJ, Fu XB, Li ZY, Shen CJ, Li XK, Xiao J. Exogenous basic fibroblast growth factor inhibits ER stress-induced apoptosis and improves recovery from spinal cord injury. CNS Neurosci Ther 2012; 19:20-9. [PMID: 23082997 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2012] [Revised: 08/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the mechanism of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced apoptosis as well as the protective action of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) both in vivo and in vitro. METHODS AND RESULTS ER stress-induced apoptosis was involved in the injuries of spinal cord injury (SCI) model rat. bFGF administration improved the recovery and increased the survival of neurons in spinal cord lesions in model rat. The protective effect of bFGF is related to the inhibition of CHOP, GRP78 and caspase-12, which are ER stress-induced apoptosis response proteins. bFGF administration also increased the survival of neurons and the expression of growth-associated protein 43 (GAP43), which is related to neural regeneration. The protective effect of bFGF is related to the activation of downstream signals, PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β and ERK1/2, especially in the ER stress cell model. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to illustrate that the role of bFGF in SCI recovery is related to the inhibition of ER stress-induced cell death via the activation of downstream signals. Our work also suggested a new trend for bFGF drug development in central neural system injuries, which are involved in chronic ER stress-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yu Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical College, China
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