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Pille M, Avila J, Sanchez GS, Goetgeluk G, De Munter S, Jansen H, Billiet L, Weening K, Xue H, Bonte S, Ingels J, De Cock L, Pascal E, Deseins L, Kerre T, Taghon T, Leclercq G, Vermijlen D, Davis B, Vandekerckhove B. The Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein is required for positive selection during T-cell lineage differentiation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1188099. [PMID: 37350958 PMCID: PMC10282776 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1188099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is an X-linked primary immune deficiency caused by a mutation in the WAS gene. This leads to altered or absent WAS protein (WASp) expression and function resulting in thrombocytopenia, eczema, recurrent infections, and autoimmunity. In T cells, WASp is required for immune synapse formation. Patients with WAS show reduced numbers of peripheral blood T lymphocytes and an altered T-cell receptor repertoire. In vitro, their peripheral T cells show decreased proliferation and cytokine production upon aCD3/aCD28 stimulation. It is unclear whether these T-cell defects are acquired during peripheral activation or are, in part, generated during thymic development. Here, we assessed the role of WASp during T-cell differentiation using artificial thymic organoid cultures and in the thymus of humanized mice. Although CRISPR/Cas9 WAS knockout hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) rearranged the T-cell receptor and differentiated to T-cell receptor (TCR)+ CD4+ CD8+ double-positive (DP) cells similar to wild-type HSPCs, a partial defect in the generation of CD8 single-positive (SP) cells was observed, suggesting that WASp is involved in their positive selection. TCR repertoire analysis of the DP and CD8+ SP population, however, showed a polyclonal repertoire with no bias toward autoreactivity. To our knowledge, this is the first study of the role of WASp in human T-cell differentiation and on TCR repertoire generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Pille
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - John Avila
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Mc Govern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Guillem Sanchez Sanchez
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- ULB Center for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- WELBIO Department, WEL Research Institute, Wavre, Belgium
| | - Glenn Goetgeluk
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stijn De Munter
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hanne Jansen
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lore Billiet
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karin Weening
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Haipeng Xue
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Mc Govern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Sarah Bonte
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joline Ingels
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Laurenz De Cock
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eva Pascal
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lucas Deseins
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tessa Kerre
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Hematology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Taghon
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Georges Leclercq
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - David Vermijlen
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- ULB Center for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- WELBIO Department, WEL Research Institute, Wavre, Belgium
| | - Brian Davis
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Mc Govern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Bart Vandekerckhove
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
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Vieira RC, Pinho LG, Westerberg LS. Understanding immunoactinopathies: A decade of research on WAS gene defects. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2023; 34:e13951. [PMID: 37102395 DOI: 10.1111/pai.13951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Immunoactinopathies caused by mutations in actin-related proteins are a growing group of inborn errors of immunity (IEI). Immunoactinopathies are caused by a dysregulated actin cytoskeleton and affect hematopoietic cells especially because of their unique capacity to survey the body for invading pathogens and altered self, such as cancer cells. These cell motility and cell-to-cell interaction properties depend on the dynamic nature of the actin cytoskeleton. Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is the archetypical immunoactinopathy and the first described. WAS is caused by loss-of-function and gain-of-function mutations in the actin regulator WASp, uniquely expressed in hematopoietic cells. Mutations in WAS cause a profound disturbance of actin cytoskeleton regulation of hematopoietic cells. Studies during the last 10 years have shed light on the specific effects on different hematopoietic cells, revealing that they are not affected equally by mutations in the WAS gene. Moreover, the mechanistic understanding of how WASp controls nuclear and cytoplasmatic activities may help to find therapeutic alternatives according to the site of the mutation and clinical phenotypes. In this review, we summarize recent findings that have added to the complexity and increased our understanding of WAS-related diseases and immunoactinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhaissa Calixto Vieira
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lia Goncalves Pinho
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lisa S Westerberg
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Petkov S, Chiodi F. Impaired CD4+ T cell differentiation in HIV-1 infected patients receiving early anti-retroviral therapy. Genomics 2022; 114:110367. [PMID: 35429609 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2022.110367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Differentiation of CD4+ T naïve (TN) into central memory (TCM) cells involves extensive molecular processes. We compared the transcriptomes of CD4+ TN and TCM cells from HIV-1 infected patients receiving early anti-retroviral therapy (ART; EA; n = 13) and controls (n = 15). Comparison of protein coding genes between TCM and TN revealed 533 and 82 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in controls and EA, respectively. A high degree of transcriptional complexity was detected during transition of CD4+ TN to TCM cells in controls involving 70 TFs, 20 master regulators of T cell differentiation (TBX21, GATA3, RARA, FOXP3, RORC); in EA only 7 TFs were modulated with expression of several master regulators remaining unchanged during differentiation. Analysis of interactions between modulated TFs and target genes revealed important regulatory interactions missing in EA group. We conclude that T cell differentiation in EA patients is impaired due to reduced modulation of genes involved in transition from CD4+ TN to TCM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Petkov
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Francesca Chiodi
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.
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Li W, Jia Y, Wang Y, Zhao Q, Yang L, Zeng T, Niu L, Dai R, Li Y, Zhao X, Wu J. WASp Deficiency Selectively Affects the TCR Diversity of Different Memory T Cell Subsets in WAS Chimeric Mice. Front Immunol 2022; 12:794795. [PMID: 35116029 PMCID: PMC8803657 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.794795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The T cell receptor (TCR) diversity is essential for effective T cell immunity. Previous studies showed that TCR diversity in Wiskott–Aldrich Syndrome (WAS) patients was severely impaired, especially in the memory T cell populations. Whether this defect was caused by intrinsic WASp deficiency or extrinsic reasons is still unclear. Methods We sorted different T cell subsets from the bone marrow chimeric mice model using both magnetic beads and flow cytometry. TCR repertoires of memory T cells, especially CD4+ effector memory T (TEM) cells and CD8+ central memory T (TCM) cells, were analyzed using the UMI quantitative high-throughput sequencing (HTS). Results An average of 5.51 million sequencing reads of 32 samples was obtained from the Illumina sequencing platform. Bioinformatic analyses showed that compared with wild type (WT), WAS knock out (KO)-CD4+ TEM cells exhibited increased Simpson index and decreased D50 index (P <0.05); The rank abundance curve of KO-CD4+ TEM cells was shorter and steeper than that of WT, and the angle of qD and q in KO-CD4+ TEM cells was lower than that of WT, while these indexes showed few changes between WT and KO chimeric mice in the CD8+TCM population. Therefore, it indicated that the restriction on the TCRVβ repertoires is majorly in KO-CD4+ TEM cells but not KO- CD8+ TCM cells. Principal Component Analysis (PCA), a comprehensive parameter for TCRVβ diversity, successfully segregated CD4+ TEM cells from WT and KO, but failed in CD8+ TCM cells. Among the total sequences of TRB, the usage of TRBV12.2, TRBV30, TRBV31, TRBV4, TRBD1, TRBD2, TRBJ1.1, and TRBJ1.4 showed a significant difference between WT-CD4+ TEM cells and KO-CD4+ TEM cells (P <0.05), while in CD8+ TCM cells, only the usage of TRBV12.2 and TRBV20 showed a substantial difference between WT and KO (P <0.05). No significant differences in the hydrophobicity and sequence length of TCRVβ were found between the WT and KO groups. Conclusion WASp deficiency selectively affected the TCR diversity of different memory T cell subsets, and it had more impact on the TCRVβ diversity of CD4+ TEM cells than CD8+ TCM cells. Moreover, the limitation of TCRVβ diversity of CD4+ TEM cells and CD8+ TCM cells in WAS was not severe but intrinsic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyan Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanjun Jia
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanping Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qin Zhao
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lu Yang
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ting Zeng
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Linlin Niu
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rongxin Dai
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanan Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhao
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Junfeng Wu, ; Xiaodong Zhao,
| | - Junfeng Wu
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Junfeng Wu, ; Xiaodong Zhao,
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Lymphopenia, Lymphopenia-Induced Proliferation, and Autoimmunity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084152. [PMID: 33923792 PMCID: PMC8073364 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune homeostasis is a tightly regulated system that is critical for defense against invasion by foreign pathogens and protection from self-reactivity for the survival of an individual. How the defects in this system might result in autoimmunity is discussed in this review. Reduced lymphocyte number, termed lymphopenia, can mediate lymphopenia-induced proliferation (LIP) to maintain peripheral lymphocyte numbers. LIP not only occurs in normal physiological conditions but also correlates with autoimmunity. Of note, lymphopenia is also a typical marker of immune aging, consistent with the fact that not only the autoimmunity increases in the elderly, but also autoimmune diseases (ADs) show characteristics of immune aging. Here, we discuss the types and rates of LIP in normal and autoimmune conditions, as well as the coronavirus disease 2019 in the context of LIP. Importantly, although the causative role of LIP has been demonstrated in the development of type 1 diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis, a two-hit model has suggested that the factors other than lymphopenia are required to mediate the loss of control over homeostasis to result in ADs. Interestingly, these factors may be, if not totally, related to the function/number of regulatory T cells which are key modulators to protect from self-reactivity. In this review, we summarize the important roles of lymphopenia/LIP and the Treg cells in various autoimmune conditions, thereby highlighting them as key therapeutic targets for autoimmunity treatments.
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Campos-Sanchez E, Martínez-Cano J, Del Pino Molina L, López-Granados E, Cobaleda C. Epigenetic Deregulation in Human Primary Immunodeficiencies. Trends Immunol 2018; 40:49-65. [PMID: 30509895 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) are immune disorders resulting from defects in genes involved in immune regulation, and manifesting as an increased susceptibility to infections, autoimmunity, and cancer. However, the molecular basis of some prevalent entities remains poorly understood. Epigenetic control is essential for immune functions, and epigenetic alterations have been identified in different PIDs, including syndromes such as immunodeficiency-centromeric-instability-facial-anomalies, Kabuki, or Wolf-Hirschhorn, among others. Although the epigenetic changes may differ among these PIDs, the reversibility of epigenetic modifications suggests that they might become potential therapeutic targets. Here, we review recent mechanistic advances in our understanding of epigenetic alterations associated with certain PIDs, propose that a fully epigenetically driven mechanism might underlie some PIDs, and discuss the possible prophylactic and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Campos-Sanchez
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO), CSIC/UAM, Madrid 28049, Spain; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Jorge Martínez-Cano
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO), CSIC/UAM, Madrid 28049, Spain; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Lucía Del Pino Molina
- Clinical Immunology Department, Hospital Universitario, La Paz Institute of Biomedical Research, 28046, Madrid, Spain; Lymphocyte Pathophysiology Group, La Paz Institute of Biomedical Research, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo López-Granados
- Clinical Immunology Department, Hospital Universitario, La Paz Institute of Biomedical Research, 28046, Madrid, Spain; Lymphocyte Pathophysiology Group, La Paz Institute of Biomedical Research, 28046 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Cesar Cobaleda
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO), CSIC/UAM, Madrid 28049, Spain.
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Lyons JJ, Milner JD. Primary atopic disorders. J Exp Med 2018; 215:1009-1022. [PMID: 29549114 PMCID: PMC5881472 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20172306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Important insights from monogenic disorders into the immunopathogenesis of allergic diseases and reactions are discussed. Monogenic disorders have provided fundamental insights into human immunity and the pathogenesis of allergic diseases. The pathways identified as critical in the development of atopy range from focal defects in immune cells and epithelial barrier function to global changes in metabolism. A major goal of studying heritable single-gene disorders that lead to severe clinical allergic diseases is to identify fundamental pathways leading to hypersensitivity that can be targeted to provide novel therapeutic strategies for patients with allergic diseases, syndromic and nonsyndromic alike. Here, we review known single-gene disorders leading to severe allergic phenotypes in humans, discuss how the revealed pathways fit within our current understanding of the atopic diathesis, and propose how some pathways might be targeted for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Lyons
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Joshua D Milner
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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8
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Clinical Manifestations and Pathophysiological Mechanisms of the Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome. J Clin Immunol 2018. [PMID: 29086100 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-017-0453-z)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is a rare X-linked disorder originally described by Dr. Alfred Wiskott in 1937 and Dr. Robert Aldrich in 1954 as a familial disease characterized by infections, bleeding tendency, and eczema. Today, it is well recognized that the syndrome has a wide clinical spectrum ranging from mild, isolated thrombocytopenia to full-blown presentation that can be complicated by life-threatening hemorrhages, immunodeficiency, atopy, autoimmunity, and cancer. The pathophysiology of classic and emerging features is being elucidated by clinical studies, but remains incompletely defined, which hinders the application of targeted therapies. At the same time, progress of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and gene therapy offer optimistic prospects for treatment options aimed at the replacement of the defective lymphohematopoietic system that have the potential to provide a cure for this rare and polymorphic disease.
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9
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Clinical Manifestations and Pathophysiological Mechanisms of the Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome. J Clin Immunol 2017; 38:13-27. [PMID: 29086100 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-017-0453-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is a rare X-linked disorder originally described by Dr. Alfred Wiskott in 1937 and Dr. Robert Aldrich in 1954 as a familial disease characterized by infections, bleeding tendency, and eczema. Today, it is well recognized that the syndrome has a wide clinical spectrum ranging from mild, isolated thrombocytopenia to full-blown presentation that can be complicated by life-threatening hemorrhages, immunodeficiency, atopy, autoimmunity, and cancer. The pathophysiology of classic and emerging features is being elucidated by clinical studies, but remains incompletely defined, which hinders the application of targeted therapies. At the same time, progress of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and gene therapy offer optimistic prospects for treatment options aimed at the replacement of the defective lymphohematopoietic system that have the potential to provide a cure for this rare and polymorphic disease.
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10
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Kuznetsov NV, Almuzzaini B, Kritikou JS, Baptista MAP, Oliveira MMS, Keszei M, Snapper SB, Percipalle P, Westerberg LS. Nuclear Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein co-regulates T cell factor 1-mediated transcription in T cells. Genome Med 2017; 9:91. [PMID: 29078804 PMCID: PMC5660450 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-017-0481-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASp) family of actin-nucleating factors are present in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus. The role of nuclear WASp for T cell development remains incompletely defined. METHODS We performed WASp chromatin immunoprecipitation and deep sequencing (ChIP-seq) in thymocytes and spleen CD4+ T cells. RESULTS WASp was enriched at genic and intergenic regions and associated with the transcription start sites of protein-coding genes. Thymocytes and spleen CD4+ T cells showed 15 common WASp-interacting genes, including the gene encoding T cell factor (TCF)12. WASp KO thymocytes had reduced nuclear TCF12 whereas thymocytes expressing constitutively active WASpL272P and WASpI296T had increased nuclear TCF12, suggesting that regulated WASp activity controlled nuclear TCF12. We identify a putative DNA element enriched in WASp ChIP-seq samples identical to a TCF1-binding site and we show that WASp directly interacted with TCF1 in the nucleus. CONCLUSIONS These data place nuclear WASp in proximity with TCF1 and TCF12, essential factors for T cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai V Kuznetsov
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden
| | - Bader Almuzzaini
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden.,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center/King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences Medical Genomic Research Department, MNGHA, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Joanna S Kritikou
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden
| | - Marisa A P Baptista
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden.,Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mariana M S Oliveira
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden
| | - Marton Keszei
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden
| | - Scott B Snapper
- Gastroenterology Division, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Piergiorgio Percipalle
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden.,Biology Program, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lisa S Westerberg
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden.
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11
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Rivers E, Thrasher AJ. Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein: Emerging mechanisms in immunity. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:1857-1866. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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12
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He X, Zou R, Zhang B, You Y, Yang Y, Tian X. Whole Wiskott‑Aldrich syndrome protein gene deletion identified by high throughput sequencing. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:6526-6531. [PMID: 28901403 PMCID: PMC5865821 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is a rare X-linked recessive immunodeficiency disorder, characterized by thrombocytopenia, small platelets, eczema and recurrent infections associated with increased risk of autoimmunity and malignancy disorders. Mutations in the WAS protein (WASP) gene are responsible for WAS. To date, WASP mutations, including missense/nonsense, splicing, small deletions, small insertions, gross deletions, and gross insertions have been identified in patients with WAS. In addition, WASP-interacting proteins are suspected in patients with clinical features of WAS, in whom the WASP gene sequence and mRNA levels are normal. The present study aimed to investigate the application of next generation sequencing in definitive diagnosis and clinical therapy for WAS. A 5 month-old child with WAS who displayed symptoms of thrombocytopenia was examined. Whole exome sequence analysis of genomic DNA showed that the coverage and depth of WASP were extremely low. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction indicated total WASP gene deletion in the proband. In conclusion, high throughput sequencing is useful for the verification of WAS on the genetic profile, and has implications for family planning guidance and establishment of clinical programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangling He
- Department of Hematology and Oncology of Children's Medical Center, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital/The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410005, P.R. China
| | - Runying Zou
- Department of Hematology and Oncology of Children's Medical Center, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital/The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410005, P.R. China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology of Children's Medical Center, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital/The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410005, P.R. China
| | - Yalan You
- Department of Hematology and Oncology of Children's Medical Center, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital/The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410005, P.R. China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology of Children's Medical Center, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital/The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410005, P.R. China
| | - Xin Tian
- Department of Hematology and Oncology of Children's Medical Center, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital/The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410005, P.R. China
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Wong GK, Heather JM, Barmettler S, Cobbold M. Immune dysregulation in immunodeficiency disorders: The role of T-cell receptor sequencing. J Autoimmun 2017; 80:1-9. [PMID: 28400082 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Immune dysregulation is a prominent feature of primary immunodeficiency disorders, which commonly manifested as autoimmunity, cytopenias and inflammatory bowel disease. In partial T-cell immunodeficiency disorders, it has been proposed that the imbalance between effector and regulatory T-cells drives the breakdown of peripheral tolerance. While there is no robust test for immune dysregulation, the T-cell receptor repertoire is used as a surrogate marker, and has been shown to be perturbed in a number of immunodeficiency disorders featuring immune dysregulation including Omenn's Syndrome, Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome, and common variable immunodeficiency. This review discusses how recent advances in TCR next-generation sequencing and bioinformatics have led to the in-depth characterization of CDR3 sequences and an exponential growth in examinable parameters. Specifically, we highlight the use of junctional diversity as a means to differentiate intrinsic T-cell defects from secondary causes of repertoire perturbation in primary immunodeficiency disorders. However, key questions, such as the identity of antigenic targets for large, expanded T-cell clonotypes, remain unanswered despite the fact that such clones are likely to play a pathogenic role in driving immune dysregulation and autoimmunity. Finally, we discuss a number of emerging technologies such as in silico reconstruction, high-throughput pairwise αβ sequencing and single-cell RNAseq that offer the potential to define the antigenic epitope and function of a given T-cell, thereby enhancing our understanding in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel K Wong
- Institute of Immunology and Immunontherapy, Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK; UCB Pharma, Slough, Berkshire, SL1 3WE, UK
| | - James M Heather
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Department of Medicine Harvard Medical School, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Sara Barmettler
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Department of Medicine Harvard Medical School, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Mark Cobbold
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Department of Medicine Harvard Medical School, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA.
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Gohal G, McCusker C, Mazer B, Alizadehfar R, Lejtenyi D, Ben-Shoshan M. T-cell receptor phenotype pattern in atopic children using commercial fluorescently labeled antibodies against 21 human class-specific v segments for the tcrβ chain (vβ) of peripheral blood: a cross sectional study. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 2016; 12:10. [PMID: 26941803 PMCID: PMC4776431 DOI: 10.1186/s13223-016-0115-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire development is an integral part of the adaptive immune response. T-cell activation requires recognition of appropriately processed antigens by the TCR. Development of a diverse repertoire of TCRs is therefore essential to ensure adequate protection from potential threats. The majority of T-cells in peripheral blood have TCRs composed of an alpha and a beta chain. At the DNA level, the TCR genes are formed through directed recombination from germline sequences-the so-called VDJ recombination [variable (V) joining (J) diversity (D) gene segments] which results in variations in the repertoire. The most variable part of TCRs is the Vβ region (VβTCR), which has multiple V segment families that can be quantitatively measured. However, only sparse data exists on the normal levels of the VβTCR repertoire in healthy children. We aimed to establish normal values for the VβTCR repertoire in atopic children without immunodeficiency. METHODS Fifty-three children were recruited from food allergy, drug allergy, chronic urticaria and anaphylaxis registries and were divided into groups based on age: >0-2 years, 3-6 years, and 6-18 years. We used commercially available and fluorescently labeled antibodies against 21 human class-specific V segments of the TCRβ chain (Vβ) to study in peripheral blood the quantitative pattern of Vβ variation by flow cytometry. RESULTS Children of all ages exhibited a similar pattern of TCR Vβ expression. Vβ 2 was the most commonly expressed family in all three age groups [9.5 % (95 % CI, 8.9, 10 %), 8.8 % (95 % CI, 7.4, 10.2 %) and 7.6 % (7.0, 8.3 %) respectively]. However, the percentage of Vβ 2 decreased in older children and the percentage of Vβ 1 was higher in males. TCR Vβ expression in our sample of atopic children did not differ substantially from previously published levels in non-atopic cohorts. CONCLUSION TCR Vβ diversity follows a predictable and comparable pattern in atopic and healthy non-atopic children. Establishing normal levels for healthy children with and without atopy will contribute to a better definition of Vβ receptor deviation in children with primary immunodeficiency and/or immunodysregulation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gassem Gohal
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University, 1001 Boulevard Décarie, Room A 02.2227, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1 Canada
| | - Christine McCusker
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University, 1001 Boulevard Décarie, Room A 02.2227, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1 Canada
| | - Bruce Mazer
- McGill University Health Center, 1001 Decarie Blvd Room EM3-2232, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1 Canada
| | - Reza Alizadehfar
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University, 1001 Boulevard Décarie, Room A 02.2227, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1 Canada
| | - Duncan Lejtenyi
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University, 1001 Boulevard Décarie, Room A 02.2227, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1 Canada
| | - Moshe Ben-Shoshan
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University, 1001 Boulevard Décarie, Room A 02.2227, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1 Canada
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Yokoyama T, Yoshizaki A, Simon KL, Kirby MR, Anderson SM, Candotti F. Age-Dependent Defects of Regulatory B Cells in Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Gene Knockout Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139729. [PMID: 26448644 PMCID: PMC4598155 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is a rare X-linked primary immunodeficiency characterized by recurrent infections, thrombocytopenia, eczema, and high incidence of malignancy and autoimmunity. The cellular mechanisms underlying autoimmune complications in WAS have been extensively studied; however, they remain incompletely defined. We investigated the characteristics of IL-10-producing CD19+CD1dhighCD5+ B cells (CD1dhighCD5+ Breg) obtained from Was gene knockout (WKO) mice and found that their numbers were significantly lower in these mice compared to wild type (WT) controls. Moreover, we found a significant age-dependent reduction of the percentage of IL-10-expressing cells in WKO CD1dhighCD5+ Breg cells as compared to age-matched WT control mice. CD1dhighCD5+ Breg cells from older WKO mice did not suppress the in vitro production of inflammatory cytokines from activated CD4+ T cells. Interestingly, CD1dhighCD5+ Breg cells from older WKO mice displayed a basal activated phenotype which may prevent normal cellular responses, among which is the expression of IL-10. These defects may contribute to the susceptibility to autoimmunity with age in patients with WAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadafumi Yokoyama
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ayumi Yoshizaki
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Karen L. Simon
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Martha R. Kirby
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stacie M. Anderson
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Fabio Candotti
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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16
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Genetics of allergy and allergic sensitization: common variants, rare mutations. Curr Opin Immunol 2015; 36:115-26. [PMID: 26386198 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of the specific genetic lesions in allergy has improved in recent years due to identification of common risk variants from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and studies of rare, monogenic diseases. Large-scale GWAS have identified novel susceptibility loci and provided information about shared genetics between allergy, related phenotypes and autoimmunity. Studies of monogenic diseases have elucidated critical cellular pathways and protein functions responsible for allergy. These complementary approaches imply genetic mechanisms involved in Th2 immunity, T-cell differentiation, TGFβ signaling, regulatory T-cell function and skin/mucosal function as well as yet unknown mechanisms associated with newly identified genes. Future studies, in combination with data on gene expression and epigenetics, are expected to increase our understanding of the pathogenesis of allergy.
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Cotta-de-Almeida V, Dupré L, Guipouy D, Vasconcelos Z. Signal Integration during T Lymphocyte Activation and Function: Lessons from the Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome. Front Immunol 2015; 6:47. [PMID: 25709608 PMCID: PMC4321635 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, research dedicated to the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying primary immunodeficiencies (PID) has helped to understand the etiology of many of these diseases and to develop novel therapeutic approaches. Beyond these aspects, PID are also studied because they offer invaluable natural genetic tools to dissect the human immune system. In this review, we highlight the research that has focused over the last 20 years on T lymphocytes from Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome (WAS) patients. WAS T lymphocytes are defective for the WAS protein (WASP), a regulator of actin cytoskeleton remodeling. Therefore, study of WAS T lymphocytes has helped to grasp that many steps of T lymphocyte activation and function depend on the crosstalk between membrane receptors and the actin cytoskeleton. These steps include motility, immunological synapse assembly, and signaling, as well as the implementation of helper, regulatory, or cytotoxic effector functions. The recent concept that WASP also works as a regulator of transcription within the nucleus is an illustration of the complexity of signal integration in T lymphocytes. Finally, this review will discuss how further study of WAS may contribute to solve novel challenges of T lymphocyte biology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Loïc Dupré
- UMR 1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, INSERM , Toulouse , France ; Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier , Toulouse , France ; UMR 5282, CNRS , Toulouse , France
| | - Delphine Guipouy
- UMR 1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, INSERM , Toulouse , France ; Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier , Toulouse , France ; UMR 5282, CNRS , Toulouse , France
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18
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Lyons JJ, Milner JD, Stone KD. Atopic dermatitis in children: clinical features, pathophysiology, and treatment. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2014; 35:161-83. [PMID: 25459583 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, relapsing, highly pruritic skin condition resulting from disruption of the epithelial barrier and associated immune dysregulation in the skin of genetically predisposed hosts. AD generally develops in early childhood, has a characteristic age-dependent distribution and is commonly associated with elevated IgE, peripheral eosinophilia, and other allergic diseases. Medications such as antihistamines have demonstrated poor efficacy in controlling AD-associated itch. Education of patients regarding the primary underlying defects and provision of a comprehensive skin care plan is essential for disease maintenance and management of flares.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Lyons
- Genetics and Pathophysiology of Allergy Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joshua D Milner
- Genetics and Pathophysiology of Allergy Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kelly D Stone
- Genetics and Pathophysiology of Allergy Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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19
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Braun CJ, Boztug K, Paruzynski A, Witzel M, Schwarzer A, Rothe M, Modlich U, Beier R, Göhring G, Steinemann D, Fronza R, Ball CR, Haemmerle R, Naundorf S, Kühlcke K, Rose M, Fraser C, Mathias L, Ferrari R, Abboud MR, Al-Herz W, Kondratenko I, Maródi L, Glimm H, Schlegelberger B, Schambach A, Albert MH, Schmidt M, von Kalle C, Klein C. Gene therapy for Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome--long-term efficacy and genotoxicity. Sci Transl Med 2014; 6:227ra33. [PMID: 24622513 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3007280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 388] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is characterized by microthrombocytopenia, immunodeficiency, autoimmunity, and susceptibility to malignancies. In our hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy (GT) trial using a γ-retroviral vector, 9 of 10 patients showed sustained engraftment and correction of WAS protein (WASP) expression in lymphoid and myeloid cells and platelets. GT resulted in partial or complete resolution of immunodeficiency, autoimmunity, and bleeding diathesis. Analysis of retroviral insertion sites revealed >140,000 unambiguous integration sites and a polyclonal pattern of hematopoiesis in all patients early after GT. Seven patients developed acute leukemia [one acute myeloid leukemia (AML), four T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), and two primary T-ALL with secondary AML associated with a dominant clone with vector integration at the LMO2 (six T-ALL), MDS1 (two AML), or MN1 (one AML) locus]. Cytogenetic analysis revealed additional genetic alterations such as chromosomal translocations. This study shows that hematopoietic stem cell GT for WAS is feasible and effective, but the use of γ-retroviral vectors is associated with a substantial risk of leukemogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Jörg Braun
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
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20
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Petersen SH, Sendel A, van der Burg M, Westerberg LS. Unraveling the repertoire in Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. Front Immunol 2014; 5:539. [PMID: 25386182 PMCID: PMC4209863 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sven H. Petersen
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anton Sendel
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mirjam van der Burg
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lisa S. Westerberg
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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21
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Wu J, Liu D, Tu W, Song W, Zhao X. T-cell receptor diversity is selectively skewed in T-cell populations of patients with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 135:209-16. [PMID: 25091438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is a severe disorder characterized by thrombocytopenia, eczema, immunodeficiency, and increased risk of autoimmune disease and lymphoid malignancies. The immunodeficiency caused by a lack of WAS protein expression has been mainly attributed to defective T-cell functions. Whether WAS mutations differentially influence the T-cell receptor (TCR) diversity of different T-cell subsets is unknown. OBJECTIVE We aimed to identify the degree and pattern of skewing in the variable region of the TCR β-chain (Vβ) in different T-cell subsets from patients with WAS. METHODS The TCR repertoire diversity in total peripheral T cells, sorted CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, and CD45RA(+) (CD45RA(+)CD45RO(-) cells) and CD45RO(+) (CD45RA(-)CD45RO(+) cells) CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells from patients with WAS and age-matched healthy control subjects was analyzed and compared by using spectratyping of complementarity-determining region 3. The complementarity-determining region 3 of TCRβ transcripts in CD45RA(+)CD4(+) and CD45RA(+)CD8(+) T cells, CD45RO(+)CD4(+) T cells, CD8(+) terminally differentiated effector memory T (Temra) cells, and naive CD8(+) T cells (CD8(+)CD45RO(-)CCR7(+) cells) from patients and control subjects were analyzed and compared by using high-throughput sequencing. RESULTS The TCR repertoire diversity in CD45RO(+)CD4(+) T cells and CD8(+) Temra cells of patients with WAS was significantly skewed in comparison with that seen in age-matched control subjects. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that WAS gene mutations selectively influence TCR repertoire development or expansion in CD45RO(+) (memory) CD4(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dawei Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenwei Tu
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wenxia Song
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Md
| | - Xiaodong Zhao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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22
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O'Connell AE, Volpi S, Dobbs K, Fiorini C, Tsitsikov E, de Boer H, Barlan IB, Despotovic JM, Espinosa-Rosales FJ, Hanson IC, Kanariou MG, Martínez-Beckerat R, Mayorga-Sirera A, Mejia-Carvajal C, Radwan N, Weiss AR, Pai SY, Lee YN, Notarangelo LD. Next generation sequencing reveals skewing of the T and B cell receptor repertoires in patients with wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. Front Immunol 2014; 5:340. [PMID: 25101082 PMCID: PMC4102881 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is due to mutations of the WAS gene encoding for the cytoskeletal WAS protein, leading to abnormal downstream signaling from the T cell and B cell antigen receptors (TCR and BCR). We hypothesized that the impaired signaling through the TCR and BCR in WAS would subsequently lead to aberrations in the immune repertoire of WAS patients. Using next generation sequencing (NGS), the T cell receptor β and B cell immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGH) repertoires of eight patients with WAS and six controls were sequenced. Clonal expansions were identified within memory CD4+ cells as well as in total, naïve and memory CD8+ cells from WAS patients. In the B cell compartment, WAS patient IGH repertoires were also clonally expanded and showed skewed usage of IGHV and IGHJ genes, and increased usage of IGHG constant genes, compared with controls. To our knowledge, this is the first study that demonstrates significant abnormalities of the immune repertoire in WAS patients using NGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E O'Connell
- Department of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Stefano Volpi
- Department of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Kerry Dobbs
- Department of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Claudia Fiorini
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Erdyni Tsitsikov
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Helen de Boer
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Isil B Barlan
- Marmara University Medical Center , Istanbul , Turkey
| | | | | | | | | | - Roxana Martínez-Beckerat
- Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, Hospital Mario Catarino Rivas , San Pedro Sula , Honduras
| | | | | | | | | | - Sung-Yun Pai
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Yu Nee Lee
- Department of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Luigi D Notarangelo
- Department of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, MA , USA ; Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, MA , USA
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Human autoimmunity after lymphocyte depletion is caused by homeostatic T-cell proliferation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:20200-5. [PMID: 24282306 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1313654110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The association between lymphopenia and autoimmunity is recognized, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood and have not been studied systematically in humans. People with multiple sclerosis treated with the lymphocyte-depleting monoclonal antibody alemtuzumab offer a unique opportunity to study this phenomenon; one in three people develops clinical autoimmunity, and one in three people develops asymptomatic autoantibodies after treatment. Here, we show that T-cell recovery after alemtuzumab is driven by homeostatic proliferation, leading to the generation of chronically activated (CD28(-)CD57(+)), highly proliferative (Ki67(+)), oligoclonal, memory-like CD4 and CD8 T cells (CCR7(-)CD45RA(-) or CCR7(-)CD45RA(+)) capable of producing proinflammatory cytokines. Individuals who develop autoimmunity after treatment are no more lymphopenic than their nonautoimmune counterparts, but they show reduced thymopoiesis and generate a more restricted T-cell repertoire. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that homeostatic proliferation drives lymphopenia-associated autoimmunity in humans.
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24
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Combined De-Novo Mutation and Non-Random X-Chromosome Inactivation Causing Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome in a Female with Thrombocytopenia. J Clin Immunol 2013; 33:1150-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s10875-013-9927-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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25
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Trifari S, Scaramuzza S, Catucci M, Ponzoni M, Mollica L, Chiesa R, Cattaneo F, Lafouresse F, Calvez R, Vermi W, Medicina D, Castiello MC, Marangoni F, Bosticardo M, Doglioni C, Caniglia M, Aiuti A, Villa A, Roncarolo MG, Dupré L. Revertant T lymphocytes in a patient with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome: analysis of function and distribution in lymphoid organs. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 125:439-448.e8. [PMID: 20159256 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2009] [Revised: 11/04/2009] [Accepted: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is a rare genetic disease characterized by thrombocytopenia, immunodeficiency, autoimmunity, and hematologic malignancies. Secondary mutations leading to re-expression of WAS protein (WASP) are relatively frequent in patients with WAS. OBJECTIVE The tissue distribution and function of revertant cells were investigated in a novel case of WAS gene secondary mutation. METHODS A vast combination of approaches was used to characterize the second-site mutation, to investigate revertant cell function, and to track their distribution over a 18-year clinical follow-up. RESULTS The WAS gene secondary mutation was a 4-nucleotide insertion, 4 nucleotides downstream of the original deletion. This somatic mutation allowed the T-cell-restricted expression of a stable, full-length WASP with a 3-amino acid change compared with the wild-type protein. WASP(+) T cells appeared early in the spleen (age 10 years) and were highly enriched in a mesenteric lymph node at a later time (age 23 years). Revertant T cells had a diversified T-cell-receptor repertoire and displayed in vitro and in vivo selective advantage. They proliferated and produced cytokines normally on T-cell-receptor stimulation. Consistently, the revertant WASP correctly localized to the immunologic synapse and to the leading edge of migrating T cells. CONCLUSION Despite the high proportion of functional revertant T cells, the patient still has severe infections and autoimmune disorders, suggesting that re-expression of WASP in T cells is not sufficient to normalize immune functions fully in patients with WAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Trifari
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (HSR-TIGET), Milan, Italy
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26
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Abstract
The Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) is an important regulator of the actin cytoskeleton that is required for many haematopoietic and immune cell functions, including effective migration, phagocytosis and immune synapse formation. Loss of WASP activity leads to Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, an X-linked disease that is associated with defects in a broad range of cellular processes, resulting in complex immunodeficiency, autoimmunity and microthrombocytopenia. Intriguingly, gain of function mutations cause a separate disease that is mainly characterized by neutropenia. Here, we describe recent insights into the cellular mechanisms of these two related, but distinct, human diseases and discuss their wider implications for haematopoiesis, immune function and autoimmunity.
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Abstract
Abstract
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is a severe X-linked immunodeficiency caused by mutations in the gene encoding for WASP, a key regulator of signaling and cytoskeletal reorganization in hematopoietic cells. Mutations in WASP result in a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from the relatively mild X-linked thrombocytopenia to the classic full-blown WAS phenotype characterized by thrombocytopenia, immunodeficiency, eczema, and high susceptibility to developing tumors and autoimmune manifestations. The life expectancy of patients affected by severe WAS is reduced, unless they are successfully cured by bone marrow transplantation from related identical or matched unrelated donors. Because many patients lack a compatible bone marrow donor, the administration of WAS gene–corrected autologous hematopoietic stem cells could represent an alternative therapeutic approach. In the present review, we focus on recent progress in understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms contributing to the pathophysiology of WAS. Although molecular and cellular studies have extensively analyzed the mechanisms leading to defects in T, B, and dendritic cells, the basis of autoimmunity and thrombocytopenia still remains poorly understood. A full understanding of these mechanisms is still needed to further implement new therapeutic strategies for this peculiar immunodeficiency.
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Westerberg LS, Klein C, Snapper SB. Breakdown of T cell tolerance and autoimmunity in primary immunodeficiency--lessons learned from monogenic disorders in mice and men. Curr Opin Immunol 2008; 20:646-54. [PMID: 18955138 PMCID: PMC2605935 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2008.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2008] [Revised: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 10/13/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A key feature of the immune system is the capacity to monitor and control infections from non-self pathogens while maintaining tolerance to self-antigens. Primary immunodeficiencies (PID) are characterized by an increased susceptibility to infections, often associated with aberrant inflammatory responses and a concomitant high prevalence of autoimmunity. Autoimmunity in PID raises a conundrum: How can an immune system fail to respond to non-self pathogens while reacting vigorously to self-antigens? Recent advances from studies of PID patients and related animal models have revealed the crucial role of Aire-induced expression of self-antigens for deletion of autoreactive T cells in the thymus (central tolerance). Moreover, lessons from PID have provided unequivocal evidence for the essential role of regulatory T cells in suppressing autoreactive T cells in the periphery. Finally, findings from PID have broadened our understanding of how homeostatic proliferation and increased load or decreased clearance of apoptotic cells and non-self pathogens can lead to breakdown of peripheral tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa S. Westerberg
- Gastrointestinal Unit and the Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christoph Klein
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Scott B. Snapper
- Gastrointestinal Unit and the Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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29
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Okajima M, Wada T, Nishida M, Yokoyama T, Nakayama Y, Hashida Y, Shibata F, Tone Y, Ishizaki A, Shimizu M, Saito T, Ohta K, Toma T, Yachie A. Analysis of T cell receptor Vbeta diversity in peripheral CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes in patients with autoimmune thyroid diseases. Clin Exp Immunol 2008; 155:166-72. [PMID: 19040601 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2008.03842.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune thyroid diseases are characterized by intrathyroidal infiltration of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes reactive to self-thyroid antigens. Early studies analysing T cell receptor (TCR) Valpha gene usage have shown oligoclonal expansion of intrathyroidal T lymphocytes but not peripheral blood T cells. However, TCR Vbeta diversity of the isolated CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell compartments in the peripheral blood has not been characterized fully in these patients. We performed complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) spectratyping as well as flow cytometric analysis for the TCR Vbeta repertoire in peripheral CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells from 13 patients with Graves' disease and 17 patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Polyclonal TCR Vbeta repertoire was demonstrated by flow cytometry in both diseases. In contrast, CDR3 spectratyping showed significantly higher skewing of TCR Vbeta in peripheral CD8(+) T cells but not CD4(+) T cells among patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis compared with healthy adults. We found trends towards a more skewed CDR3 size distribution in those patients having disease longer than 5 years and requiring thyroid hormone replacement. Patients with Graves' disease exhibited no skewing both in CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. These findings indicate that clonal expansion of CD8(+) T cells in Hashimoto's thyroiditis can be detected in peripheral blood and may support the role of CD8(+) T cells in cell-mediated autoimmune attacks on the thyroid gland in Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Okajima
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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Immune system derived from homeostatic proliferation generates normal CD8 T-cell memory but altered repertoires and diminished heterologous immune responses. Blood 2008; 112:680-9. [PMID: 18509089 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-01-132464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The host responds to lymphopenic environments by acute homeostatic proliferation of T lymphocytes, which acquire phenotypes similar to memory cells. Using T-cell knockout (KO) mice adoptively reconstituted with splenocytes from immunologically naive mice, we examined the immune responses of an immune system derived from homeostatically proliferating (HP) T cells. HP cells mounted relatively normal acute CD8 T-cell responses to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), but with altered T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoires, and they became functional memory cells capable of recall responses. Although homeostatic proliferation does not normally fully restore T-cell numbers, the CD8(+) T-cell pool was completely restored in T-cell KO mice after LCMV infection. CD4 T-cell responses were lower and not fully restored but seemed sufficient to allow for complete differentiation of CD8 memory T cells. The LCMV-immune HP mouse had an immune repertoire heavily biased with LCMV epitope-specific T cells with oligoclonal expansions. LCMV-immune HP mice had reduced cross-reactive and non-cross-reactive CD8 T-cell responses when challenged with a T cell-cross-reactive virus. Thus, whereas an HP immune system is capable of mounting relatively normal acute and memory CD8 T-cell responses, the narrowing of the T-cell repertoire may reduce immune responses to subsequently encountered pathogens.
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31
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Abnormal O-glycosylation of CD43 may account for some features of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. Med Hypotheses 2007; 70:269-72. [PMID: 17664047 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2007.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2007] [Accepted: 05/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is an X-linked immunodeficiency disorder characterized by eczema, recurrent infections, thrombocytopenia and small platelets. There is an increased incidence of autoimmune phenomena particularly autoimmune haemolytic anaemias and vasculitic disorders. Mutations in the WASP gene encoding the cytoskeleton regulatory protein WASp (Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein) result in abnormal protein activity with defective cytoplasmic signaling and actin polymerization. This accounts for abnormal T cell responses to proliferation and susceptibility to infections, but does not fully explain the autoimmune phenomena nor the progressive lymphopenia seen in these patients. Wiskott Aldrich patients also demonstrate abnormal O-glycosylation of a highly conserved transmembrane glycoprotein CD43 that is expressed on most haemopoeitic cells. The altered glycosylation pattern on WAS lymphocytes is due to increased beta1-->6 GlcNACtransferase activity which leads to branched core 2 glycans or lower molecular forms of CD43 glycoprotein. The clinical hypothesis put forward is that abnormal O-glycosylation of CD43 may underlie the development of the autoimmune disorders and the progressive lymphopenia observed in WAS patients. Regulation of glycosylation of CD43 is important in the selection process of T cells within the thymus and abnormalities of glycosylation may cause many immune perturbations, such as the escape of self-reactive T cells into the periphery and subsequent development of autoimmune disease in these patients.
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32
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Adriani M, Aoki J, Horai R, Thornton AM, Konno A, Kirby M, Anderson SM, Siegel RM, Candotti F, Schwartzberg PL. Impaired in vitro regulatory T cell function associated with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. Clin Immunol 2007; 124:41-8. [PMID: 17512803 PMCID: PMC1986664 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2007.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2007] [Revised: 02/05/2007] [Accepted: 02/07/2007] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is a primary immunodeficiency characterized by the contradictory coexistence of impaired T-cell function and exaggerated T-cell-mediated pathology, including autoimmunity and eczema. WAS protein (WASp)-deficient mice are also immunodeficient and can develop autoimmune disease. Since defects in regulatory T-cells (Treg) are associated with autoimmunity, we examined the presence and function of these cells in WAS patients and WASp-deficient mice. We found that CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+) Treg cells can develop in the absence of WASp expression. However, Treg cells both from WASp-deficient mice and from four out of five WAS patients studied showed impaired in vitro suppressor function. In WASp-deficient mice, this defect could be partially rescued by pre-activation with IL-2, suggesting that inadequate cell activation may play a role in WASp-deficient Treg dysfunction. These findings may provide insights into the complex pathophysiology and paradoxical phenotypes of WAS and suggest new therapeutic modalities for autoimmunity in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marsilio Adriani
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Joseph Aoki
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Reiko Horai
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Angela M. Thornton
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Akihiro Konno
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Martha Kirby
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Stacie M. Anderson
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Richard M. Siegel
- National Institute of Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Fabio Candotti
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Pamela L. Schwartzberg
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Okamoto H, Arii C, Shibata F, Toma T, Wada T, Inoue M, Tone Y, Kasahara Y, Koizumi S, Kamachi Y, Ishida Y, Inagaki J, Kato M, Morio T, Yachie A. Clonotypic analysis of T cell reconstitution after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in patients with severe combined immunodeficiency. Clin Exp Immunol 2007; 148:450-60. [PMID: 17374134 PMCID: PMC1941932 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2007.03378.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is performed for treatment of a broad spectrum of illnesses. Reconstitution of an intact immune system is crucial after transplantation to avoid infectious complications, and above all, the establishment of T cell receptor (TCR) diversity is the most important goal in the procedure. Until recently, little has been known of the mechanism of T cell reconstitution in the very early period after HSCT. In this study, we analysed TCR repertoires sequentially in four patients with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) before and after HSCT. In all patients, the TCR repertoires were extremely abnormal before HSCT, whereas after transplantation there was progressive improvement in TCR diversity, based on analysis of the TCR Vbeta repertoire and CDR3 size distributions. Somewhat unexpectedly, there was a significant but transient expansion of TCR diversity 1 month after transplantation in all cases. Clonotypic analysis of TCRs performed in one case showed that many T cell clones shared identical CDR3 sequences at 1 month and that the shared fraction decreased progressively. These results indicate that early expansion of TCR diversity may reflect transient expansion of pre-existing mature T cells from the donor blood, independent of de novo T cell maturation through the thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Okamoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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Trifari S, Marangoni F, Scaramuzza S, Aiuti A, Roncarolo MG, Dupré L. Current understanding of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome and prospects for gene therapy. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2007; 3:205-15. [PMID: 20477109 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.3.2.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy, based on the transplantation of genetically corrected autologous hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), has proven to be an effective therapeutic approach as an alternative to allogenic HSC transplantation for the cure of severe combined immunodeficiencies (SCID). In this article, the recent preclinical studies aiming towards gene therapy trials for the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS), a life-threatening immunodeficiency characterized by infections, hemorrhages, autoimmune disorders and lymphomas, will be reviewed. An update of the safety and efficacy data obtained in studies performed in murine disease models and in cells from WAS patients will be presented. Based on these data and on the clinical results of the recent trials for SCID, the most critical issues regarding the implementation of a gene therapy approach for WAS will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Trifari
- San Raffaele-Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (HSR-TIGET), Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy.
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35
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Marangoni F, Trifari S, Scaramuzza S, Panaroni C, Martino S, Notarangelo LD, Baz Z, Metin A, Cattaneo F, Villa A, Aiuti A, Battaglia M, Roncarolo MG, Dupré L. WASP regulates suppressor activity of human and murine CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+) natural regulatory T cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 204:369-80. [PMID: 17296785 PMCID: PMC2118740 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20061334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A large proportion of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) patients develop autoimmunity and allergy. CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ natural regulatory T (nTreg) cells play a key role in peripheral tolerance to prevent immune responses to self-antigens and allergens. Therefore, we investigated the effect of WAS protein (WASP) deficiency on the distribution and suppressor function of nTreg cells. In WAS−/− mice, the steady-state distribution and phenotype of nTreg cells in the thymus and spleen were normal. However, WAS−/− nTreg cells engrafted poorly in immunized mice, indicating perturbed homeostasis. Moreover, WAS−/− nTreg cells failed to proliferate and to produce transforming growth factor β upon T cell receptor (TCR)/CD28 triggering. WASP-dependent F-actin polarization to the site of TCR triggering might not be involved in WAS−/− nTreg cell defects because this process was also inefficient in wild-type (WT) nTreg cells. Compared with WT nTreg cells, WAS−/− nTreg cells showed reduced in vitro suppressor activity on both WT and WAS−/− effector T cells. Similarly, peripheral nTreg cells were present at normal levels in WAS patients but failed to suppress proliferation of autologous and allogeneic CD4+ effector T cells in vitro. Thus, WASP appears to play an important role in the activation and suppressor function of nTreg cells, and a dysfunction or incorrect localization of nTreg cells may contribute to the development of autoimmunity in WAS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Marangoni
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (HSR-TIGET), 20132 Milan, Italy
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36
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Trifari S, Sitia G, Aiuti A, Scaramuzza S, Marangoni F, Guidotti LG, Martino S, Saracco P, Notarangelo LD, Roncarolo MG, Dupré L. Defective Th1 cytokine gene transcription in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome patients. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 177:7451-61. [PMID: 17082665 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.10.7451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) protein (WASP) plays a key role in TCR-mediated activation and immunological synapse formation. However, the effects of WASP deficiency on effector functions of human CD4+ and CD8+ T cells remain to be determined. In this study, we report that TCR/CD28-driven proliferation and secretion of IL-2, IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha are strongly reduced in CD8+ T cells from WAS patients, compared with healthy donor CD8+ T cells. Furthermore, WAS CD4+ T cells secrete low levels of IL-2 and fail to produce IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha, while the production of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10 is only minimally affected. Defective IL-2 and IFN-gamma production persists after culture of naive WAS CD4+ T cells in Th1-polarizing conditions. The defect in Th1 cytokine production by WAS CD4+ and CD8+ T cells is also present at the transcriptional level, as shown by reduced IL-2 and IFN-gamma mRNA transcripts after TCR/CD28 triggering. The reduced transcription of Th1 cytokine genes in WAS CD4+ T cells is associated with a defective induction of T-bet mRNA and a reduction in the early nuclear recruitment of NFAT-1, while the defective activation of WAS CD8+ T cells correlates with reduced nuclear recruitment of both NFAT-1 and NFAT-2. Together, our data indicate that WASP regulates the transcriptional activation of T cells and is required specifically for Th1 cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Trifari
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Milan, Italy
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37
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Du W, Kumaki S, Uchiyama T, Yachie A, Yeng Looi C, Kawai S, Minegishi M, Ramesh N, Geha RS, Sasahara Y, Tsuchiya S. A second-site mutation in the initiation codon of WAS (WASP) results in expansion of subsets of lymphocytes in an Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome patient. Hum Mutat 2006; 27:370-5. [PMID: 16511828 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is caused by mutations in the gene encoding WAS protein (WASP ). Recently, somatic mosaicism caused by reversions or second-site mutations has been reported in some inherited disorders including WAS. In this article, we describe somatic mosaicism in a 15-year-old WAS patient due to a second-hit mutation in the initiation codon. The patient originally had a single-base deletion (c.11delG; p.G4fsX40) in the WAS (WASP) gene, which resulted in a frameshift and abrogated protein expression. Subsequently, a fraction of T and natural killer (NK) cells expressed a smaller WASP, which binds to its cellular partner WASP-interacting protein (WIP). The T and NK cells were found to have an additional mutation in the initiation codon (c.1A>T; p.M1_P5del). The results strongly suggest that the smaller WASP is translated from the second ATG downstream of the original mutation, and not only T cells but also NK cells carrying the second mutation acquired a growth advantage over WASP negative counterparts. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing somatic mosaicism due to a second-site mutation in the initiation codon of any inherited disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Du
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Dupré L, Marangoni F, Scaramuzza S, Trifari S, Hernández RJ, Aiuti A, Naldini L, Roncarolo MG. Efficacy of gene therapy for Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome using a WAS promoter/cDNA-containing lentiviral vector and nonlethal irradiation. Hum Gene Ther 2006; 17:303-13. [PMID: 16544979 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2006.17.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is a life-threatening X-linked primary immunodeficiency characterized by infections, hemorrhages, autoimmune disorders, and lymphomas. Transplantation of genetically corrected autologous hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) could represent an alternative treatment to allogeneic HSC transplantation, the latter being often associated with severe complications. We used WAS-/- mice to test the efficacy of a gene therapy approach based on nonlethal irradiation followed by transplantation of WAS-/- HSCs transduced with lentiviral vectors encoding the WAS protein (WASP) from either the ubiquitous PGK promoter or the tissue- specific WAS promoter. The procedure resulted in significant levels of engraftment of WASP-expressing T cells, B cells, platelets, and myeloid cells. T cells harbored one or two vector copies and displayed partial to full correction of T cell receptor-driven interleukin-2 production and proliferation. In addition, polymerization of F-actin and localization of WASP at the site of the immunological synapse were restored. The treatment was well tolerated and no pathology was detected by systematic blood analysis and autopsy. The efficacy of WAS gene transfer into HSCs, using the WAS promoter-containing lentiviral vector, combined with nonlethal irradiation provides a strong rationale for the development of gene therapy for WAS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Dupré
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (HSR-TIGET), 20132 Milan, Italy
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Dupre L, Marangoni F, Scaramuzza S, Trifari S, Hernandez RJ, Aiuti A, Naldini L, Roncarolo MG. Efficacy of Gene Therapy for Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Using a WAS Promoter/cDNA-Containing Lentiviral Vector and Nonlethal Irradiation. Hum Gene Ther 2006. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2006.17.ft-187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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