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Lee HW, Lee HJ, Oh S, Lee JK, Heo EY, Kim DK. Combined effect of changes in NO 2, O 3, PM 2.5, SO 2 and CO concentrations on small airway dysfunction. Respirology 2024; 29:379-386. [PMID: 38378265 DOI: 10.1111/resp.14687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE When multiple complex air pollutants are combined in real-world settings, the reliability of estimating the effect of a single pollutant is questionable. This study aimed to investigate the combined effects of changes in air pollutants on small airway dysfunction (SAD). METHODS We analysed Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) V-VIII database from 2010 to 2018 to elucidate the associations between annual changes in air pollutants over a previous 5-year period and small airway function. We estimated the annual concentrations of five air pollutants: NO2, O3, PM2.5, SO2 and CO. Forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of vital capacity (FEF25%-75%) <65% was defined as SAD. Using the quantile generalized-Computation (g-Computation) model, the combined effect of the annual changes in different air pollutants was estimated. RESULTS A total of 29,115 individuals were included. We found significant associations between SAD and the quartiles of annual changes in NO2 (OR = 1.10, 95% CI = 1.08-1.12), O3 (OR = 1.03, 95% CI = 1.00-1.05), PM2.5 (OR = 1.03, 95% CI = 1.00-1.05), SO2 (OR = 1.04, 95% CI = 1.02-1.08) and CO (OR = 1.16, 95% CI = 1.12-1.19). The combined effect of the air pollutant changes was significantly associated with SAD independent of smoking (OR = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.26-1.35, p-value <0.001), and this trend was consistently observed across the entire study population and various subgroup populations. As the estimated risk of SAD, determined by individual-specific combined effect models, increased and the log odds for SAD increased linearly. CONCLUSION The combined effect of annual changes in multiple air pollutant concentrations were associated with an increased risk of SAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Woo Lee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyo Jin Lee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sohee Oh
- Medical Research Collaborating Center, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung-Kyu Lee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Young Heo
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Deog Kyeom Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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Zhu X, Zhang Q, Du X, Jiang Y, Niu Y, Wei Y, Zhang Y, Chillrud SN, Liang D, Li H, Chen R, Kan H, Cai J. Respiratory Effects of Traffic-Related Air Pollution: A Randomized, Crossover Analysis of Lung Function, Airway Metabolome, and Biomarkers of Airway Injury. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2023; 131:57002. [PMID: 37141245 PMCID: PMC10159268 DOI: 10.1289/ehp11139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) has been associated with increased risks of respiratory diseases, but the biological mechanisms are not yet fully elucidated. OBJECTIVES Our aim was to evaluate the respiratory responses and explore potential biological mechanisms of TRAP exposure in a randomized crossover trial. METHODS We conducted a randomized crossover trial in 56 healthy adults. Each participant was exposed to high- and low-TRAP exposure sessions by walking in a park and down a road with high traffic volume for 4 h in random order. Respiratory symptoms and lung function, including forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV 1 ), forced vital capacity (FVC), the ratio of FEV 1 to FVC, and maximal mid-expiratory flow (MMEF), were measured before and after each exposure session. Markers of 8-isoprostane, tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF- α ), and ezrin in exhaled breath condensate (EBC), and surfactant proteins D (SP-D) in serum were also measured. We used linear mixed-effects models to estimate the associations, adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, meteorological condition, and batch (only for biomarkers). Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to profile the EBC metabolome. Untargeted metabolome-wide association study (MWAS) analysis and pathway enrichment analysis using mummichog were performed to identify critical metabolomic features and pathways associated with TRAP exposure. RESULTS Participants had two to three times higher exposure to traffic-related air pollutants except for fine particulate matter while walking along the road compared with in the park. Compared with the low-TRAP exposure at the park, high-TRAP exposure at the road was associated with a higher score of respiratory symptoms [2.615 (95% CI: 0.605, 4.626), p = 1.2 × 10 - 2 ] and relatively lower lung function indicators [- 0.075 L (95% CI: - 0.138 , - 0.012 ), p = 2.1 × 10 - 2 ] for FEV 1 and - 0.190 L / s (95% CI: - 0.351 , - 0.029 ; p = 2.4 × 10 - 2 ) for MMEF]. Exposure to TRAP was significantly associated with changes in some, but not all, biomarkers, particularly with a 0.494 -ng / mL (95% CI: 0.297, 0.691; p = 9.5 × 10 - 6 ) increase for serum SP-D and a 0.123 -ng / mL (95% CI: - 0.208 , - 0.037 ; p = 7.2 × 10 - 3 ) decrease for EBC ezrin. Untargeted MWAS analysis revealed that elevated TRAP exposure was significantly associated with perturbations in 23 and 32 metabolic pathways under positive- and negative-ion modes, respectively. These pathways were most related to inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and energy use metabolism. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that TRAP exposure might lead to lung function impairment and respiratory symptoms. Possible underlying mechanisms include lung epithelial injury, inflammation, oxidative stress, and energy metabolism disorders. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP11139.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlei Zhu
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingli Zhang
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xihao Du
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yixuan Jiang
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Niu
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongjie Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Systems Biology for Medicine, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Steven N. Chillrud
- Division of Geochemistry, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, New York, USA
| | - Donghai Liang
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Huichu Li
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Renjie Chen
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haidong Kan
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Children’s Health, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Cai
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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3
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Johnes C, Sharpe RA, Menneer T, Taylor T, Nestel P. Using Sensor Data to Identify Factors Affecting Internal Air Quality within 279 Lower Income Households in Cornwall, South West of England. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1075. [PMID: 36673833 PMCID: PMC9858683 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20021075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: Poor air quality affects health and causes premature death and disease. Outdoor air quality has received significant attention, but there has been less focus on indoor air quality and what drives levels of diverse pollutants in the home, such as particulate matter, and the impact this has on health; (2) Methods: This study conducts analysis of cross-sectional data from the Smartline project. Analyses of data from 279 social housing properties with indoor sensor data were used to assess multiple factors that could impact levels of particulate matter. T-Tests and Anova tests were used to explore associations between elevated PM2.5 and building, household and smoking and vaping characteristics. Binary logistic regression was used to test the association between elevated particulate matter and self-reported health; (3) Results: Of the multiple potential drivers of the particulate matter investigated, smoking and vaping were significantly associated with mean PM2.5. Following multivariate analysis, only smoking remained significantly associated with higher mean concentrations. Properties in which <15 cigarettes/day were smoked were predicted to have PM2.5 concentrations 9.06 µg/m3 higher (95% CI 6.4, 12.82, p ≤ 0.001) than those in which residents were non-smokers and 11.82 µg/m3 higher (95% CI 7.67, 18.19, p ≤ 0.001) where >15 cigarettes were smoked; (4) Conclusions: A total of 25% of social housing properties in this study experienced levels of indoor PM greater than WHO guideline levels for ambient air pollution. Although there are many factors that impact air quality, in this study the main driver was smoking. This highlights the importance of targeting smoking in indoor environments in future smoking cessation and control policy and practice and of understanding how pollutants interact in the home environment. There is also a need for further research into the impact on indoor air quality of vaping, particularly due to the rise in use and uncertainty of its long-term impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Johnes
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Richard A. Sharpe
- Wellbeing and Public Health Service, Cornwall Council, Truro TR1 3AY, UK
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Truro TR1 3HD, UK
| | - Tamaryn Menneer
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Truro TR1 3HD, UK
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, Penryn Campus, University of Exeter, Penryn TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Timothy Taylor
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Truro TR1 3HD, UK
| | - Penelope Nestel
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
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Tang F, Wen X, Zhang X, Qi S, Tang X, Huang J, Zhu C, Shang G, Xu Y, Cai J, Wang R. Ultrafine particles exposure is associated with specific operative procedures in a multi-chair dental clinic. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11127. [PMID: 36276750 PMCID: PMC9574865 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Air quality in dental clinics is critical, especially in light of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, given that dental professionals and patients are at risk of regular exposure to aerosols and bioaerosols in dental clinics. High levels of ultrafine particles (UFP) may be produced by dental procedures. This study aimed to quantify ultrafine particles (UFP) concentrations in a real multi-chair dental clinic and compare the levels of UFP produced by different dental procedures. The efficiency of a high-volume evacuator (HVE) in reducing the UFP concentrations during dental procedures was also assessed. UFP concentrations were measured both inside and outside of a dental clinic in Shanghai, China during a 12-day period from July to September 2020. Dental activities were recorded during working hours. The mean (±standard deviation) concentrations of indoor and outdoor UFP during the sampling period were 8,209 (±4,407) counts/cm3 and 15,984 (±7,977) counts/cm3, respectively. The indoor UFP concentration was much higher during working hours (10,057 ± 5,725 counts/cm3) than during non-working hours (7,163 ± 2,972 counts/cm3). The UFP concentrations increased significantly during laser periodontal treatment, root canal filling, tooth drilling, and grinding, and were slightly elevated during ultrasonic scaling or tooth extraction by piezo-surgery. The highest UFP concentration (241,136 counts/cm3) was observed during laser periodontal treatment, followed by root canal filling (75,034 counts/cm3), which showed the second highest level. The use of an HVE resulted in lower number concentration of UFP when drilling and grinding teeth with high-speed handpieces, but did not significantly reduce UFP measured during laser periodontal therapy. we found that many dental procedures can generate high concentration of UFP in dental clinics, which may have a great health impact on the dental workers. The use of an HVE may help reduce the exposure to UFP during the use of high-speed handpieces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengqin Tang
- Department of Stomatology, Clinical Medical College of Shanghai Tenth Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Xueyun Wen
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Shengcai Qi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Craniomaxillofacial Development and Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China,Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Stomatology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xiaoshan Tang
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jieying Huang
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Chenjie Zhu
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Guangwei Shang
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yuanzhi Xu
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, PR China,Corresponding author.
| | - Jing Cai
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China,Corresponding author.
| | - Raorao Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Clinical Medical College of Shanghai Tenth Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China,Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, PR China,Corresponding author.
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5
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Lei J, Yang T, Huang S, Li H, Zhu Y, Gao Y, Jiang Y, Wang W, Liu C, Kan H, Chen R. Hourly concentrations of fine and coarse particulate matter and dynamic pulmonary function measurements among 4992 adult asthmatic patients in 25 Chinese cities. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 158:106942. [PMID: 34689038 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The short-term associations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and coarse particulate matter (PM2.5-10) with pulmonary function were inconsistent and rarely evaluated by dynamic measurements. Our study aimed to investigate the associations of PM2.5 and PM2.5-10 with real-time pulmonary function. We conducted a longitudinal study based on dynamic pulmonary function measurements among adult asthmatic patients in 25 cities of 19 provincial regions of China from 2017 to 2020. Linear mixed-effects models combined with polynomial distributed lag models were used for statistical analysis. A total of 298,396 records among 4,992 asthmatic patients were evaluated. We found generally inverse associations of PM2.5 and PM2.5-10 with 16 pulmonary function indicators that were independent of gaseous pollutants. The associations occurred at lag 1 d, became the strongest at lag 4 d, and vanished a week later. PM2.5-10 had stronger associations than PM2.5, especially in southern China. Nationally, an interquartile increase in PM2.5-10 (28.0 μg/m3) was significantly associated with decreases in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1, 41.6 mL), the ratio of FEV1 in forced vital capacity (1.1%), peak expiratory flow (136.9 mL/s), and forced expiratory flow at 25-75% of forced vital capacity (54.3 mL/s). We observed stronger associations in patients of male, BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2, age ≥ 45 years old, and during warm seasons. In conclusion, this study provided robust evidence for impaired pulmonary function by short-term exposure to PM2.5 and PM2.5-10 in asthmatic patients using the largest dataset of dynamic monitoring. The associations can last for one week and PM2.5-10 may be more hazardous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Lei
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Yang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of RespiratorEIy Medicine and National Center for Respiratory Medicine & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Suijie Huang
- Guangzhou Homesun Medical Technology Co., Ltd, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Huichu Li
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yixiang Zhu
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya Gao
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yixuan Jiang
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weidong Wang
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cong Liu
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haidong Kan
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Renjie Chen
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Typhoon Institute/CMA, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Meteorology and Health, Shanghai, China.
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Rosado-Pérez MN, Ríos-Soto K. On the spread of ultrafine particulate matter: A mathematical model for motor vehicle emissions and their effects as an asthma trigger. INT J BIOMATH 2021. [DOI: 10.1142/s179352452150087x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a respiratory disease that affects the lungs, with a prevalence of 339.4 million people worldwide [G. Marks, N. Pearce, D. Strachan, I. Asher and P. Ellwood, The Global Asthma Report 2018, globalasthmareport.org (2018)]. Many factors contribute to the high prevalence of asthma, but with the rise of the industrial age, air pollutants have become one of the main Ultrafine particles (UFPs), which are a type of air pollutant that can affect asthmatics the most. These UFPs originate primarily from the combustion of motor vehicles [P. Solomon, Ultrafine particles in ambient air. EM: Air and Waste Management Association’s Magazine for Environmental Managers (2012)] and although in certain places some regulations to control their emission have been implemented they might not be enough. In this work, a mathematical model of reaction–diffusion type is constructed to study how UFPs grow and disperse in the environment and in turn how they affect an asthmatic population. Part of our focus is on the existence of traveling wave solutions and their minimum asymptotic speed of pollutant propagation [Formula: see text]. Through the analysis of the model it was possible to identify the necessary threshold conditions to control the pollutant emissions and consequently reduce the asthma episodes in the population. Analytical and numerical results from this work prove how harmful the UFEs are for the asthmatic population and how they can exacerbate their asthma episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen Ríos-Soto
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Puerto Rico Mayagüez, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 00682, USA
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Park SY, An KS, Lee B, Kang JH, Jung HJ, Kim MW, Ryu HY, Shim KS, Nam KT, Yoon YS, Oh SH. Establishment of particulate matter-induced lung injury model in mouse. Lab Anim Res 2021; 37:20. [PMID: 34330339 PMCID: PMC8323282 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-021-00097-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Particulate matter (PM) is one of the principal causes of human respiratory disabilities resulting from air pollution. Animal models have been applied to discover preventive and therapeutic drugs for lung diseases caused by PM. However, the induced severity of lung injury in animal models using PM varies from study to study due to disparities in the preparation of PM, and the route and number of PM administrations. In this study, we established an in vivo model to evaluate PM-induced lung injury in mice. RESULTS PM dispersion was prepared using SRM2975. Reactive oxygen species were increased in MLE 12 cells exposed to this PM dispersion. In vivo studies were conducted in the PM single challenge model, PM multiple challenge model, and PM challenge with ovalbumin-induced asthma using the PM dispersion. No histopathological changes were observed in lung tissues after a single injection of PM, whereas mild to moderate lung inflammation was obtained in the lungs of mice exposed to PM three times. However, fibrotic changes were barely seen, even though transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies revealed the presence of PM particles in the alveolar macrophages and alveolar capillaries. In the OVA-PM model, peribronchial inflammation and mucous hypersecretion were more severe in the OVA+PM group than the OVA group. Serum IgE levels tended to increase in OVA+PM group than in OVA group. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we established a PM-induced lung injury model to examine the lung damage induced by PM. Based on our results, repeated exposures of PM are necessary to induce lung inflammation by PM alone. PM challenge, in the presence of underlying diseases such as asthma, can also be an appropriate model for studying the health effect of PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Yong Park
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Kyu Sup An
- Korea Conformity Laboratories, Gaetbeol-ro 145 beon-gil, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21999, South Korea
| | - Buhyun Lee
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Ju-Hee Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, 21936, South Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, 21936, South Korea
| | - Min Woo Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Hyeon Yeol Ryu
- Korea Conformity Laboratories, Gaetbeol-ro 145 beon-gil, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21999, South Korea
| | | | - Ki Taek Nam
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Yeo Sung Yoon
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.
| | - Seung Hyun Oh
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, 21936, South Korea.
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8
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Yang S, Liu Z, Li J, Zhao S, Xu Z, Gao W, Hu B, Wang Y. Insights into the chemistry of aerosol growth in Beijing: Implication of fine particle episode formation during wintertime. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 274:129776. [PMID: 33549884 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nucleation particle growth plays a major role in the occurrence of fine particles, yet the mechanism of new particle formation (NPF) remains ambiguous in the complex atmosphere of megacities and hinders the development of measures to mitigate PM2.5 pollution. In this study, the chemistry of ultrafine particles during the growth phase of nucleation events was investigated in urban Beijing from Nov. 15, 2018 to Jan. 15, 2019, using two scanning mobility particle spectrometers (SMPS) systems and an Aerodyne high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS). During this intense campaign, 11 NPF events were observed and the growth rate (GR) of nanoparticles ranged from 12.5 to 24.5 nm h-1. Four periodic cycles of PM2.5 episodes that included aerosol particle growth to particulate matter pollution were identified. Based on the QGR - QAMS theoretical frame that exploring the balance between the source rate of condensable vapors and the observed growth rate of nanoparticles, we clearly showed the physical and chemical evolution of nano-particle during the growth processes to ambient-atmosphere sizes (>100 nm). Generally, the modal diameter of aerosol particles grew by more than 100 nm (7 out of 11 NPF events) when the nitrate concentration and less-oxidized oxygenated organic aerosol (LO-OOA) were high; however, another class of aerosol particle growth was limited to 50-100 nm (3 out of 11 NPF events) when sulfate was high. Note that the remaining one NPF event could not be identified if it can grow up to 100 nm or not due to the unavailable of observation data during the late growth stage. By linking the aerosol growth with chemical compositions, sulfate and organics were found to be the main contributors during the initial stage of the aerosol growth, while cooking-related OA (COA) enhanced the transition stage, and nitrate and more-oxidized OOA (MO-OOA) dominated the subsequent growth of aerosol to ambient-atmosphere sizes. An important portion of aerosol growth in PM2.5 was controlled by semi-volatile organic vapors, which can partition into the externally condensed phase of the accumulation mode and coarse mode via the physical process of adsorption. Through quantifying the physical and chemical properties of aerosol particle growth, the detail processes of nucleation initiated PM2.5 pollution episodes were evaluated and provided observational evidence on the formation mechanism of winter haze pollution in the megacity of Beijing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuanghong Yang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 10029, China; State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zirui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Science, Xiamen, 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Jiayun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Shuman Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zhongjun Xu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 10029, China.
| | - Wenkang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Bo Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yuesi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Science, Xiamen, 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
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The Urban Observatory: A Multi-Modal Imaging Platform for the Study of Dynamics in Complex Urban Systems. REMOTE SENSING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/rs13081426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We describe an “Urban Observatory” facility designed for the study of complex urban systems via persistent, synoptic, and granular imaging of dynamical processes in cities. An initial deployment of the facility has been demonstrated in New York City and consists of a suite of imaging systems—both broadband and hyperspectral—sensitive to wavelengths from the visible (∼400 nm) to the infrared (∼13 micron) operating at cadences of ∼0.01–30 Hz (characteristically ∼0.1 Hz). Much like an astronomical survey, the facility generates a large imaging catalog from which we have extracted observables (e.g., time-dependent brightnesses, spectra, temperatures, chemical species, etc.), collecting them in a parallel source catalog. We have demonstrated that, in addition to the urban science of cities as systems, these data are applicable to a myriad of domain-specific scientific inquiries related to urban functioning including energy consumption and end use, environmental impacts of cities, and patterns of life and public health. We show that an Urban Observatory facility of this type has the potential to improve both a city’s operations and the quality of life of its inhabitants.
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10
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Preparation and modification of an embossed nanofibrous materials for robust filtration performance of PM0.2 removal. J IND ENG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2020.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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11
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Indoor Air Pollution from Residential Stoves: Examining the Flooding of Particulate Matter into Homes during Real-World Use. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11121326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study concerns the levels of particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM1) released by residential stoves inside the home during ‘real world’ use. Focusing on stoves that were certified by the UK’s Department of Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs (DEFRA), PM sensors were placed in the vicinity of 20 different stoves over four weeks, recording 260 uses. The participants completed a research diary in order to provide information on time lit, amount and type of fuel used, and duration of use, among other details. Multivariate statistical tools were used in order to analyse indoor PM concentrations, averages, intensities, and their relationship to aspects of stove management. The study has four core findings. First, the daily average indoor PM concentrations when a stove was used were higher for PM2.5 by 196.23% and PM1 by 227.80% than those of the non-use control group. Second, hourly peak averages are higher for PM2.5 by 123.91% and for PM1 by 133.09% than daily averages, showing that PM is ‘flooding’ into indoor areas through normal use. Third, the peaks that are derived from these ’flooding’ incidents are associated with the number of fuel pieces used and length of the burn period. This points to the opening of the stove door as a primary mechanism for introducing PM into the home. Finally, it demonstrates that the indoor air pollution being witnessed is not originating from outside the home. Taken together, the study demonstrates that people inside homes with a residential stove are at risk of exposure to high intensities of PM2.5 and PM1 within a short period of time through normal use. It is recommended that this risk be reflected in the testing and regulation of residential stoves.
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Gumashta R, Bijlwan A. Public Health Threat Assessment of Vehicular Load Index-Induced Urban Air Pollution Indices Near Traffic Intersections In Central India. Cureus 2020; 12:e11142. [PMID: 33251052 PMCID: PMC7685812 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.11142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess traffic vehicular load, levels of various air pollutants, their correlation at selected traffic intersections of Bhopal city and to suggest suitable public health measures. METHODS A transverse study was conducted by convenience sampling with equated distribution among vehicular load-based large (Group1:G1: 10 TI), medium (Group2:G2: 5 TI), and small (Group3:G3: 5 TI) traffic-intersections (TI) through a systematic stratified random selection of study sites to assess traffic vehicle load index (VLI). RESULTS VLI,G1 (cumulative mean: 16.31; day-time (DT): 19.03, DT range 11.68-51.49; night-time (NT): 13.59, NT range 11.7-18.0), VLI,G2 (cumulative mean: 0.965; DT:0.971, DT range 08.56-11.67; NT: 0.960, NT range 07.54-11.39), and VLI,G3 (cumulative mean: 06.17; DT:06.08, DT range 04.12-06.86; NT: 06.27, NT range 03.74-07.53). There is a significant intergroup difference of the mean (G1 vs G2: p=0.03); (G1 vs G3: p=0.002); (G2 vs G3: p=0.003). The range of VLI is found to be wide within G1 (DT; 11.68-51.49; NT 11.7-18.00) as compared to narrow range in G2 (DT; 8.56-11.67; NT7.54-11.39) and G3 (DT; 4.12-6.86; NT 3.74-7.53). CONCLUSION High air pollution noted at TIs and associated exposure to unprotected commuters pose public-health risks. It has long-term health consequences requiring focused multidisciplinary preventive interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghvendra Gumashta
- Community Medicine, People's College of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bhopal, IND
| | - Aanchal Bijlwan
- Community Medicine, People's College of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bhopal, IND
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13
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Zhang Z, Gao Y, Yuan Q, Tan Y, Li H, Cui L, Huang Y, Cheng Y, Xiu G, Lai S, Chow JC, Watson JG, Lee SC. Effects of indoor activities and outdoor penetration on PM 2.5 and associated organic/elemental carbon at residential homes in four Chinese cities during winter. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 739:139684. [PMID: 32554114 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing public attention on exposure to PM2.5 and its related health impacts. It is essential to study the pollution levels, sources, and health implications of indoor PM2.5, especially for residential homes, as people tend to spend most of their time indoors. The indoor PM2.5 mass and organic/elemental carbon (OC/EC) during winter and early spring period of 2016-2017 at 68 residential households in four large Chinese cities (i.e. Hong Kong, Guangzhou, Shanghai, and Xi'an) were studied. Average indoor PM2.5 varied by two-fold, lowest in Hong Kong (34.0 ± 14.6 μg m-3) and highest in Xi'an (78.7 ± 49.3 μg m-3), with comparable levels for Guangzhou (47.2 ± 5.4 μg m-3) and Shanghai (50.3 ± 17.9 μg m-3). Lowest air exchange rate (AER, 0.8 ± 0.8 h-1) and PM2.5 indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratio (0.72 ± 0.23) were found for Xi'an households, indicating the limited influence from indoor sources, while importance of indoor PM2.5 sources is signified with the highest PM2.5 I/O ratio (1.32 ± 0.43) identified for Shanghai households. For households in four cities, OC and EC accounted for 29.5%-38.5% and 7.5%-8.9% of the indoor PM2.5 mass, indicating the significance of carbonaceous aerosols. Larger differences between indoor and outdoor OC (2.6-8.4%) than EC (-2.2-1.5%) indicate the presence of indoor OC sources. Decreasing trends of PM2.5 I/O ratio and indoor OC proportion were found as the worsening ambient air quality. On average, 11.8 μg m-3 (23.1%) and 3.02 μg m-3 (18.7%) higher indoor PM2.5 and OC concentrations were identified for households with other indoor combustions (e.g., tobacco smoking, incense burning) compared to those with only cooking activities. For Hong Kong and Shanghai households, increments of 13.2 μg m-3 (54.1%) of PM2.5 and 4.1 μg m-3 (45.4%) of OC were found at households with cooking activities as compared to households with no specific indoor combustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuozhi Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qi Yuan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yan Tan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
| | - Haiwei Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Collaborative Innovation Centre of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CIC-AEET), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Long Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yan Cheng
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Guangli Xiu
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Senchao Lai
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Judith C Chow
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, USA
| | - John G Watson
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, USA
| | - Shun-Cheng Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China.
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14
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Khmelev VN, Shalunov AV, Nesterov VA. Improving the separation efficient of particles smaller than 2.5 micrometer by combining ultrasonic agglomeration and swirling flow techniques. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239593. [PMID: 32970754 PMCID: PMC7515503 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The method for increasing the separation efficiency of particles smaller than 2.5 micrometers by combined ultrasonic agglomeration and swirling flow technique is proposed in the article. The swirling flow creates areas with an increased concentration of particles on the outer radius of the vortex. The ultrasonic exposure on these areas leads to more efficient agglomeration and the formation of agglomerates of many times larger than the original particles. The resulting agglomerates are easily separated from the gas flow. The design of the agglomerator was developed. The vortex velocity is determined, at which ultrasonic exposure on the swirling flow increases the average particle size d32 = 2.5 micrometer to 4.5 times. The ultrasonic exposure on a rectilinear flow can increase the particle size no more than 1.6 times for comparison. The proposed method is compared with inertial gas clearing in a cyclone. It was found that the proposed combined method allows increasing the cleaning efficiency from 46% to 85% at ultrasonic exposure on the swirling flow in the agglomerator and cyclone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir N Khmelev
- Department of Methods and Tools for Measurement and Automation, Biysk Technological Institute (branch) of the Altay State Technical University, Biysk, Altai Krai, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey V Shalunov
- Department of Methods and Tools for Measurement and Automation, Biysk Technological Institute (branch) of the Altay State Technical University, Biysk, Altai Krai, Russian Federation
| | - Viktor A Nesterov
- Department of Methods and Tools for Measurement and Automation, Biysk Technological Institute (branch) of the Altay State Technical University, Biysk, Altai Krai, Russian Federation
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15
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Targino AC, Krecl P, Cipoli YA, Oukawa GY, Monroy DA. Bus commuter exposure and the impact of switching from diesel to biodiesel for routes of complex urban geometry. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114601. [PMID: 33618461 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We report on commuters' exposure to black carbon (BC), PM2.5 and particle number (PN, with aerodynamic diameter, da, in the range 0.01 <da< 1.0 μm) collected on-board diesel- and biodiesel-fuelled buses of the Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system of the city of Curitiba, Brazil. Particulate concentrations measured at high sampling rates allowed the capture of fine gradients along the route and the comparison of in-cabin air pollution on buses of different technologies. Of all metrics, BC showed the largest discrepancies, with mean concentrations of 20.1 ± 20.0 μg m-3 and 3.9 ± 26.0 μg m-3 on diesel- and biodiesel-fuelled buses, respectively. Mean PM2.5 concentrations were similar (31.6 ± 28.5 μg m-3 and 29.0 ± 17.8 μg m-3), whilst mean PN concentrations were larger on the biodiesel buses (56,697 ± 26,800 # cm-3vs. 43,322 ± 32,243 # cm-3). The results are in line with studies on biodiesel emission factors that reported lower BC mass but more particles with smaller diameters. Our hypothesis is that different emission factors of diesel and biodiesel engines reflected in differences of in-cabin particulate concentrations. We found that the passenger exposure during the bus commutes was affected not only by the fuel used but also by the street geometry along the route, with segments with canyon configurations resulting in peak exposure to particulates. The results suggest that i) switching from diesel to biodiesel may help abate commuters' exposure to BC particles on-board buses of the BRT system, whilst it would need to be complemented with after-treatment technologies to reduce emissions; ii) further reductions in exposure (to peaks in particular) could be achieved by changing bus routes to ones that avoid passing through narrow urban street canyons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Admir Créso Targino
- Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Av. Pioneiros 3131, 86036-370, Londrina, PR, Brazil.
| | - Patricia Krecl
- Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Av. Pioneiros 3131, 86036-370, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Yago Alonso Cipoli
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Av. Pioneiros 3131, 86036-370, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Yoshikazu Oukawa
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Av. Pioneiros 3131, 86036-370, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - David Andrés Monroy
- Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Av. Pioneiros 3131, 86036-370, Londrina, PR, Brazil
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Kirichenko KY, Vakhniuk IA, Ivanov VV, Tarasenko IA, Kosyanov DY, Medvedev SA, Soparev VP, Drozd VA, Kholodov AS, Golokhvast KS. Complex study of air pollution in electroplating workshop. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11282. [PMID: 32647208 PMCID: PMC7347620 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67771-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive analysis of the state of air inside an industrial workshop with electroplating production was carried out. The data of quantitative distribution of suspended particles by size fractions (PM0.3, PM0.5, PM1, PM3, PM5, PM10) are presented for 15 main processes of electroplating. Morphometric and chemical composition of the surface of particles were studied. We observed particles of rounded shape, various agglomerates with complex geometric shapes, acute-angular particles, which when inhaled pose a maximum threat to human health. Chemical analysis of these particles showed an absolute predominance of oxides of non-ferrous metals, the percentage of which varied depending on the type of electroplating bath. The content of highly hazardous substances of the 1st (Zn, Pb, and Cd) and the 2nd (Cu, Cr, Ni, Co, and Mo) hazard classes in each sample was recorded.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yu Kirichenko
- Far Eastern Federal University, 8 Sukhanova Street, Vladivostok, 690950, Russian Federation
| | - I A Vakhniuk
- Far Eastern Federal University, 8 Sukhanova Street, Vladivostok, 690950, Russian Federation
| | - V V Ivanov
- Far Eastern Federal University, 8 Sukhanova Street, Vladivostok, 690950, Russian Federation
| | - I A Tarasenko
- Far Eastern Geological Institute, FEB RAS, pr-t 100-let Vladivostok, 159, Vladivostok, 690022, Russian Federation
| | - D Yu Kosyanov
- Far Eastern Federal University, 8 Sukhanova Street, Vladivostok, 690950, Russian Federation
| | - S A Medvedev
- Joint Stock Company "Izumrud", Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - V P Soparev
- Public Joint Stock Company "Dalpribor", Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - V A Drozd
- Far Eastern Federal University, 8 Sukhanova Street, Vladivostok, 690950, Russian Federation
| | - A S Kholodov
- Far Eastern Federal University, 8 Sukhanova Street, Vladivostok, 690950, Russian Federation.,Far Eastern Geological Institute, FEB RAS, pr-t 100-let Vladivostok, 159, Vladivostok, 690022, Russian Federation
| | - K S Golokhvast
- Far Eastern Federal University, 8 Sukhanova Street, Vladivostok, 690950, Russian Federation. .,Far Eastern Scientific Center of Physiology and Pathology of Breath SB RAMS, 73G Russkaya Street, Vladivostok, 690105, Russian Federation.
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17
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Carreras H, Ehrnsperger L, Klemm O, Paas B. Cyclists' exposure to air pollution: in situ evaluation with a cargo bike platform. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 192:470. [PMID: 32601826 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-08443-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cyclists' exposure to air pollutants near roadways has been associated with numerous health effects. While the adverse health effects concerning aerosols have traditionally been assessed with data of particle mass concentrations, it appears that the number concentration is also another important indicator of toxicity. Thus, to holistically evaluate one's exposure to aerosol particles, assessments should be based on mass concentrations and number concentrations. In order to assess individual cyclists' exposure as they move through space and time, spatiotemporal high-resolution approaches are needed. Therefore, a mobile, fast-response monitoring platform was developed that uses a cargo bicycle as a base. Data of particle mass concentrations (PM1, PM2.5, PM10) and particle number concentrations (PN10) were collected along two different routes, one characterized by high-intensity vehicle traffic and one by low-intensity vehicle traffic. While high spatiotemporal heterogeneity was observed for all measured quantities, the PN10 concentrations fluctuated the most. High concentrations of PN10 could be clearly associated with vehicle traffic. For PM2.5, this relation was less pronounced. Mean particle concentrations of all measures were significantly higher along the high-traffic route. Comparing route exposures, the inhalation of PM2.5 was similar between both routes, whereas along the high-traffic route, cyclists were exposed to twice the particle number. We conclude that the cargo bike, featuring high-frequency mobile measurements, was useful to characterize the spatial distribution of mass concentrations and number concentrations across an urban environment. Overall, our results suggest that the choice of route is a key factor in reducing cyclists' exposure to air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hebe Carreras
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, CONICET, and Chemistry Department, FCEFyN, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Velez Sarsfield 1611, X5016 GCA, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Laura Ehrnsperger
- Climatology Research Group, University of Münster, Heisenbergstr. 2, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Otto Klemm
- Climatology Research Group, University of Münster, Heisenbergstr. 2, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Bastian Paas
- Climatology Research Group, University of Münster, Heisenbergstr. 2, 48149, Münster, Germany
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18
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Deng L, Liu H, Ma Y, Miao Y, Fu X, Deng Q. Endocytosis mechanism in physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling of nanoparticles. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 384:114765. [PMID: 31669777 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.114765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model is a useful tool to predict the pharmacokinetics of various types of nanoparticles (NPs). The endocytosis mechanism plays a key role in pharmacokinetics of NPs. However, the effect of endocytosis mechanism both in the blood and tissue are seldom considered in PBPK model. OBJECTIVES To investigate the biodistribution of intravenously injected pegylated AuNPs in mice and human using PBPK model considering the endocytosis mechanism both in the blood and tissue. METHODS Taking polyethylene glycol-coated gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as an example, we developed a PBPK model to explore biodistribution of different size AuNPs. In the model, we considered the role of endocytosis mechanism both in the blood and tissue. In addition, the size-dependent permeability coefficient, excretion rate constant, phagocytic capacity, uptake rate, and release rate were derived from literatures. The mice PBPK model was extrapolated to the human by changing physiology parameters and the number of phagocytic cell (PCs). RESULTS AuNPs were primarily distributed in the blood, liver, and spleen regardless of particle size, and almost all captured by the PCs in the liver and spleen, while few was captured in the blood. There are more organ distribution and longer circulation for smaller NPs. The 24-h accumulation of AuNPs decreased with increasing size in the most organ, while the accumulation of AuNPs showed an inverted U-shaped curve in the liver and slight U-shaped curve in the blood. The human results of model-predicted displayed a similar tendency with those in mice. Size, partition coefficients, and body weight were the key factors influencing the organ distribution of AuNPs. CONCLUSIONS The size played an important role on the distribution and accumulation of AuNPs in various tissues. Our PBPK model was well predicted the NPs distribution in mice and human. A better understanding of these mechanisms could provide effective guides for nanomedine delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjing Deng
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, China
| | - Hui Liu
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, China
| | - Yongsheng Ma
- XiangYa School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Yufeng Miao
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoli Fu
- School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Qihong Deng
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, China; XiangYa School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China; School of Architecture and Art, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, China.
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Madureira J, Brancher EA, Costa C, Aurino de Pinho R, Teixeira JP. Cardio-respiratory health effects of exposure to traffic-related air pollutants while exercising outdoors: A systematic review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 178:108647. [PMID: 31450147 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite physical exercise provides numerous health benefits, outdoor exercisers are frequently exposed to traffic-related air pollutants (TRAP) known to be associated with respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the effects of TRAP exposure, specifically particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), during outdoor exercise on cardio-respiratory health effects. Systematic database searches of PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Medline were performed by two researchers to identify peer-reviewed studies from 2000 to 2018. Combinations of keywords related to cardio-respiratory health effects, physical exercise and ambient air pollution were used. Thirteen studies were included, originating predominantly from European countries but also the American. They suggested that exercising in an environment with high TRAP exposure increases markers of respiratory and systemic inflammation, as well as, impairs the vascular function and increases artery pressure, when compared with an environment with low-TRAP exposure. In addition, the smaller particles appear to have the most severe health consequences compared with the larger coarse particles and NO2. This study also provides evidence that specific groups of the population have enhanced susceptibility to adverse effects from particulate matter exposure while exercising. There is a need for more studies focused on the relationship between air pollution, physical exercise and health, as large societal benefits can be obtained from healthy environments that can promote outdoor physical exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Madureira
- National Institute of Health, Environmental Health Department, Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Emerson Antonio Brancher
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Bioquímica do Exercício (LAFIBE), Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Carla Costa
- National Institute of Health, Environmental Health Department, Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ricardo Aurino de Pinho
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry in Health, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Teixeira
- National Institute of Health, Environmental Health Department, Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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20
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Lowther SD, Jones KC, Wang X, Whyatt JD, Wild O, Booker D. Particulate Matter Measurement Indoors: A Review of Metrics, Sensors, Needs, and Applications. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:11644-11656. [PMID: 31512864 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b03425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Many populations spend ∼90% of their time indoors, with household particulate matter being linked to millions of premature deaths worldwide. Particulate matter is currently measured using particle mass, particle number, and particle size distribution metrics, with other metrics, such as particle surface area, likely to be of increasing importance in the future. Particulate mass is measured using gravimetric methods, tapered element oscillating microbalances, and beta attenuation instruments and is best suited to use in compliance monitoring, trend analysis, and high spatial resolution measurements. Particle number concentration is measured by condensation particle counters, optical particle counters, and diffusion chargers. Particle number measurements are best suited to source characterization, trend analysis and ultrafine particle investigations. Particle size distributions are measured by gravimetric impactors, scanning mobility particle sizers, aerodynamic particle sizers, and fast mobility particle sizers. Particle size distribution measurements are most useful in source characterization and particulate matter property investigations, but most measurement options remain expensive and intrusive. However, we are on the cusp of a revolution in indoor air quality monitoring and management. Low-cost sensors have potential to facilitate personalized information about indoor air quality (IAQ), allowing citizens to reduce exposures to PM indoors and to resolve potential dichotomies between promoting healthy IAQ and energy efficient buildings. Indeed, the low cost will put this simple technology in the hands of citizens who wish to monitor their own IAQ in the home or workplace, to inform lifestyle decisions. Low-cost sensor networks also look promising as the solution to measuring spatial distributions of PM indoors, however, there are important sensor/data quality, technological, and ethical barriers to address with this technology. An improved understanding of epidemiology is essential to identify which metrics correlate most with health effects, allowing indoor specific PM standards to be developed and to inform the future of experimental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Lowther
- Lancaster Environment Centre , Lancaster University , Lancaster LA1 4YQ , United Kingdom
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 511 Kehua Rd , Tianhe, Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - Kevin C Jones
- Lancaster Environment Centre , Lancaster University , Lancaster LA1 4YQ , United Kingdom
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 511 Kehua Rd , Tianhe, Guangzhou 510640 , China
| | - J Duncan Whyatt
- Lancaster Environment Centre , Lancaster University , Lancaster LA1 4YQ , United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Wild
- Lancaster Environment Centre , Lancaster University , Lancaster LA1 4YQ , United Kingdom
| | - Douglas Booker
- NAQTS, Lancaster Environment Centre , Lancaster University , Lancaster , LA14YQ , United Kingdom
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21
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Lin H, Tao J, Kan H, Qian Z, Chen A, Du Y, Liu T, Zhang Y, Qi Y, Ye J, Li S, Li W, Xiao J, Zeng W, Li X, Stamatakis KA, Chen X, Ma W. Ambient particulate matter air pollution associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome in Guangzhou, China. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2018; 28:392-399. [PMID: 29706622 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-018-0034-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Limited evidence exists concerning the impact of particulate pollution on acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We examined the effects of particulate pollution on emergency ambulance dispatches (EAD) for ARDS in Guangzhou, China. Daily air pollution concentrations for PM10, PM2.5, and PM1, as well as PM2.5 chemical compositions, were available from a central air monitoring station. The association between incident ARDS and air pollution on the concurrent and previous 5 days was estimated by an over-dispersed Poisson generalized additive model controlling for meteorological factors, temporal trends, public holidays and day of the week. We identified a total of 17,002 EADs for ARDS during the study period. There were significant associations between concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, PM1, and ARDS; corresponding excess risk (ER) for an interquartile range IQR increase in 1-day lagged concentration was 5.45% [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.70%, 9.33%] for PM10 (45.4 μg/m3), 4.71% (95% CI: 1.09%, 8.46%) for PM2.5 (31.5 μg/m3), and 4.45% (95% CI: 0.81%, 8.23%) for PM1 (28.8 μg/m3), respectively. For PM2.5 chemical compositions, we found that OC, EC, sulfate and ammonium were significantly associated with ARDS. The observed effects remained even after adjusting for potentially confounding factors. This study suggests that PM10, PM2.5, and PM1, as well as chemical constituents from combustion and secondary aerosols might be important triggers of ARDS in Guangzhou.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualiang Lin
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jun Tao
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haidong Kan
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, & Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment of the Ministry of Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhengmin Qian
- College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ailan Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yaodong Du
- Guangdong Provincial Weather Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongqing Qi
- Guangzhou First Aid Medical Service Control Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianjun Ye
- Guangzhou First Aid Medical Service Control Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuangming Li
- Guangzhou First Aid Medical Service Control Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanglin Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Guangzhou First Municipal People's Hospital Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510180, China
| | - Jianpeng Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weilin Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xing Li
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Katherine A Stamatakis
- College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Xinyu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Immunology, Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China.
| | - Wenjun Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China.
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22
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Marques G, Roque Ferreira C, Pitarma R. A System Based on the Internet of Things for Real-Time Particle Monitoring in Buildings. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15040821. [PMID: 29690534 PMCID: PMC5923863 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15040821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Occupational health can be strongly influenced by the indoor environment as people spend 90% of their time indoors. Although indoor air quality (IAQ) is not typically monitored, IAQ parameters could be in many instances very different from those defined as healthy values. Particulate matter (PM), a complex mixture of solid and liquid particles of organic and inorganic substances suspended in the air, is considered the pollutant that affects more people. The most health-damaging particles are the ≤PM10 (diameter of 10 microns or less), which can penetrate and lodge deep inside the lungs, contributing to the risk of developing cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, as well as of lung cancer. This paper presents an Internet of Things (IoT) system for real-time PM monitoring named iDust. This system is based on a WEMOS D1 mini microcontroller and a PMS5003 PM sensor that incorporates scattering principle to measure the value of particles suspended in the air (PM10, PM2.5, and PM1.0). Through a Web dashboard for data visualization and remote notifications, the building manager can plan interventions for enhanced IAQ and ambient assisted living (AAL). Compared to other solutions the iDust is based on open-source technologies, providing a total Wi-Fi system, with several advantages such as its modularity, scalability, low cost, and easy installation. The results obtained are very promising, representing a meaningful tool on the contribution to IAQ and occupational health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonçalo Marques
- Unit for Inland Development, Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Avenida Doutor Francisco Sá Carneiro N° 50, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal.
| | - Cristina Roque Ferreira
- Department of Imagiology, Hospital Centre and University of Coimbra (CHUC), 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Rui Pitarma
- Unit for Inland Development, Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Avenida Doutor Francisco Sá Carneiro N° 50, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal.
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23
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Givens BE, Geary SM, Salem AK. Nanoparticle-based CpG-oligonucleotide therapy for treating allergic asthma. Immunotherapy 2018; 10:595-604. [PMID: 29569508 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2017-0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic asthma is becoming increasingly prevalent in the developed world, and many common allergens are capable of inducing allergic asthma responses, particularly in atopic individuals. Unmethylated CpG-oligonucleotide (ODN) therapy can shift the immune response to mitigate these allergic responses. Therapeutic and prophylactic delivery of soluble CpG-ODN in preclinical studies has shown promise in treating existing asthma and preventing allergic responses upon subsequent allergen exposure, respectively. However, when CpG-ODN is coupled with nanoparticles or self assembled into nanostructures, improved efficacy of CpG-ODN treatment for several common allergens is observed in preclinical studies and clinical trials. Here we discuss the role of CpG-ODN in treating allergic asthma and how nanoparticle-based delivery can further enhance its therapeutic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany E Givens
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Division of Pharmaceutics & Translational Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Sean M Geary
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Translational Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Aliasger K Salem
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Division of Pharmaceutics & Translational Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
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24
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Choi W, Ranasinghe D, DeShazo JR, Kim JJ, Paulson SE. Where to locate transit stops: Cross-intersection profiles of ultrafine particles and implications for pedestrian exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 233:235-245. [PMID: 29096296 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have shown that exposure to traffic-related pollutants increases incidence of adverse health outcomes. Transit users in cities across the globe commonly spend 15-45 min or more waiting at transit stops each day, often at locations with high levels of pollution from traffic. Here, we investigate the characteristics of concentration profiles of ultrafine particles (UFP) with 5 m spatial resolution across intersections, to determine the best place to site transit stops to minimize exposures. Cross-intersection UFP profiles were derived from 1744 profiles covering 90 m before and after each intersection center with a mobile monitoring platform. Measurements were made at 10 signalized intersections located at six urban sites, each with a distinct built environment, during both mornings and afternoons. Measurements were made within 1.5 m of the sidewalk and approximately at breathing height (1.5 m above ground level) to approximate sidewalk exposures. UFP profiles were strongly influenced by high emissions from vehicle stops and accelerations, and peaked within 30 m of intersection centers; from there concentrations decreased sharply with distance. Peak concentrations averaged about 90% higher than the minima along the block. They were accompanied by more frequent and larger transient concentration spikes, increasing the chance of people near the intersection being exposed to both short-term extremely high concentration spikes and higher average concentrations. The decays are somewhat larger before the intersection than after the intersection, however as siting transit stops after intersections is preferred for smooth traffic flow, we focus on after the intersection. Simple time-duration exposure calculations combined with breathing rates suggest moving a bus stop from 20 to 40-50 m after the intersection can reduce transit-users' exposure levels to total UFP substantially, in proportion to the reciprocal of the magnitude of elevation at the intersection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonsik Choi
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Pukyong National University, Department of Environmental Atmospheric Science, Busan, South Korea
| | - Dilhara Ranasinghe
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - J R DeShazo
- University of California, Los Angeles, Luskin Center for Innovation, Luskin School of Public Affairs, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jae-Jin Kim
- Pukyong National University, Department of Environmental Atmospheric Science, Busan, South Korea
| | - Suzanne E Paulson
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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25
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Zielinski M, Gasior M, Jastrzebski D, Desperak A, Ziora D. Influence of Gaseous Pollutants on COPD Exacerbations in Patients with Cardiovascular Comorbidities. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1114:11-17. [PMID: 29679365 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2018_206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are a serious public health issue. Ambient pollution and meteorological factors are considered among precipitating factors. There are few data concerning the impact of ambient pollutants other than particulates on COPD exacerbations. Among gaseous pollutants four main groups of substances are primarily monitored: nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulphur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and ozone (O3). In this study, 12,889 hospitalizations in the years 2006-2014 due to exacerbations of COPD in patients having a co-existing cardiovascular pathology were retrospectively analyzed. Cardiovascular disease was ruled out as the underlying reason of hospitalization. Data concerning the then accompanying gaseous pollutants and weather conditions were collected. The findings were that the impact of SO2 content was significantly associated with the relative risk (RR) of COPD exacerbation when the exposure took place at least 30 days or longer before hospital admission (RR 1.04-1.05; p < 0.05). In contrast, risk of COPD exacerbation rose when a shortening of the time lag between exposure to NOx and hospital admission was considered (RR 1.02-1.04; p < 0.05). O3 exposure was associated with a lower risk irrespective of the length of exposure/exacerbation lag (RR 0.77-0.90; p < 0.05). There were insignificant associations observed for CO. In conclusion, the study demonstrates a salient influence of a co-existing cardiovascular malady on the appearance of COPD-related respiratory exacerbations when the pollutant SO2 and NOx contents rose. In contrast, higher O3 content was associated with a lower risk of COPD exacerbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Zielinski
- Department of Lung Diseases and Tuberculosis, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Mariusz Gasior
- Third Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Dariusz Jastrzebski
- Department of Lung Diseases and Tuberculosis, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Aneta Desperak
- Third Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Dariusz Ziora
- Department of Lung Diseases and Tuberculosis, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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26
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Kim M, Park S, Namgung HG, Kwon SB. Estimation of inhaled airborne particle number concentration by subway users in Seoul, Korea. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 231:663-670. [PMID: 28846987 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to airborne particulate matter (PM) causes several diseases in the human body. The smaller particles, which have relatively large surface areas, are actually more harmful to the human body since they can penetrate deeper parts of the lungs or become secondary pollutants by bonding with other atmospheric pollutants, such as nitrogen oxides. The purpose of this study is to present the number of PM inhaled by subway users as a possible reference material for any analysis of the hazards to the human body arising from the inhalation of such PM. Two transfer stations in Seoul, Korea, which have the greatest number of users, were selected for this study. For 0.3-0.422 μm PM, particle number concentration (PNC) was highest outdoors but decreased as the tester moved deeper underground. On the other hand, the PNC between 1 and 10 μm increased as the tester moved deeper underground and showed a high number concentration inside the subway train as well. An analysis of the particles to which subway users are actually exposed to (inhaled particle number), using particle concentration at each measurement location, the average inhalation rate of an adult, and the average stay time at each location, all showed that particles sized 0.01-0.422 μm are mostly inhaled from the outdoor air whereas particles sized 1-10 μm are inhaled as the passengers move deeper underground. Based on these findings, we expect that the inhaled particle number of subway users can be used as reference data for an evaluation of the hazards to health caused by PM inhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhae Kim
- Railway System Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), Uiwang-si 16105, South Korea; Transportation Environmental Research Team, Korea Railroad Research Institute (KRRI), Uiwang-si 16105, South Korea
| | - Sechan Park
- Railway System Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), Uiwang-si 16105, South Korea; Transportation Environmental Research Team, Korea Railroad Research Institute (KRRI), Uiwang-si 16105, South Korea
| | - Hyeong-Gyu Namgung
- Transportation Environmental Research Team, Korea Railroad Research Institute (KRRI), Uiwang-si 16105, South Korea
| | - Soon-Bark Kwon
- Railway System Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST), Uiwang-si 16105, South Korea; Transportation Environmental Research Team, Korea Railroad Research Institute (KRRI), Uiwang-si 16105, South Korea.
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27
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Meldrum K, Guo C, Marczylo EL, Gant TW, Smith R, Leonard MO. Mechanistic insight into the impact of nanomaterials on asthma and allergic airway disease. Part Fibre Toxicol 2017; 14:45. [PMID: 29157272 PMCID: PMC5697410 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-017-0228-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease known for its high susceptibility to environmental exposure. Inadvertent inhalation of engineered or incidental nanomaterials is a concern for human health, particularly for those with underlying disease susceptibility. In this review we provide a comprehensive analysis of those studies focussed on safety assessment of different nanomaterials and their unique characteristics on asthma and allergic airway disease. These include in vivo and in vitro approaches as well as human and population studies. The weight of evidence presented supports a modifying role for nanomaterial exposure on established asthma as well as the development of the condition. Due to the variability in modelling approaches, nanomaterial characterisation and endpoints used for assessment in these studies, there is insufficient information for how one may assign relative hazard potential to individual nanoscale properties. New developments including the adoption of standardised models and focussed in vitro and in silico approaches have the potential to more reliably identify properties of concern through comparative analysis across robust and select testing systems. Importantly, key to refinement and choice of the most appropriate testing systems is a more complete understanding of how these materials may influence disease at the cellular and molecular level. Detailed mechanistic insight also brings with it opportunities to build important population and exposure susceptibilities into models. Ultimately, such approaches have the potential to more clearly extrapolate relevant toxicological information, which can be used to improve nanomaterial safety assessment for human disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty Meldrum
- Toxicology Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Harwell Campus, OX11 0RQ, UK
| | - Chang Guo
- Toxicology Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Harwell Campus, OX11 0RQ, UK
| | - Emma L Marczylo
- Toxicology Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Harwell Campus, OX11 0RQ, UK
| | - Timothy W Gant
- Toxicology Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Harwell Campus, OX11 0RQ, UK
| | - Rachel Smith
- Toxicology Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Harwell Campus, OX11 0RQ, UK
| | - Martin O Leonard
- Toxicology Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Harwell Campus, OX11 0RQ, UK.
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28
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Samek L, Furman L, Mikrut M, Regiel-Futyra A, Macyk W, Stochel G, van Eldik R. Chemical composition of submicron and fine particulate matter collected in Krakow, Poland. Consequences for the APARIC project. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 187:430-439. [PMID: 28865356 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.08.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Submicron particulate matter containing particles with an aerodynamic diameter ≤1 μm (PM1) are not monitored continuously by Environmental Protection Agencies around the World and are seldom studied. Numerous studies have indicated that people exposed to ultrafine (≤100 nm), submicron and fine particulate matter containing particles with an aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5), can suffer from respiratory track diseases, cardiovascular, immunological or heart diseases and others. Inorganic pollutants containing redox active transition metals and small gaseous molecules, are involved in the generation of reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species. Inhalation of this kind of particles can affect immune-toxicity. Environmental pollution may aggravate the course of autoimmune diseases, in particular influence the mechanisms of the autoimmune system. Important factors that influence the toxicity of particulate matter, are particle size distribution, composition and concentration. This report deals with the composition of PM1 and PM2.5 fractions collected in Krakow, Poland. In spring 2015, the mean concentrations of PM1 and PM2.5 were 19 ± 14 and 27 ± 19 μg/m3, respectively. The PM2.5 fraction contained approximately 70 ± 17% of submicron particulate matter. In spring 2016, the mean concentrations of PM1 and PM2.5 were 12 ± 5 and 22 ± 12 μg/m3, respectively. The PM2.5 fraction contained approximately 60 ± 15% of submicron particulate matter. The concentrations of the elements Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br, Rb, Sr and Pb in both fractions were determined by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Most of the analyzed metals had higher concentrations in the fine fraction than in the submicron one. Concentrations of V and As were below the detection limit in both fractions, whereas concentrations of Mn and Ca were below the detection limits in the PM1 fraction. The results are discussed in terms of the consequences they may have on the APARIC project presently underway in Krakow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucyna Samek
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH-UST University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Leszek Furman
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH-UST University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Mikrut
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Regiel-Futyra
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Wojciech Macyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Grażyna Stochel
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Rudi van Eldik
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Egerlandstr. 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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29
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Schumacher S, Spiegelhoff D, Schneiderwind U, Finger H, Asbach C. Performance of New and Artificially Aged Electret Filters in Indoor Air Cleaners. Chem Eng Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201700105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schumacher
- Institut für Energie- und Umwelttechnik e.V. (IUTA); Bliersheimer Strasse 58-60 47229 Duisburg Germany
| | - Daniel Spiegelhoff
- Institut für Energie- und Umwelttechnik e.V. (IUTA); Bliersheimer Strasse 58-60 47229 Duisburg Germany
| | - Ute Schneiderwind
- Institut für Energie- und Umwelttechnik e.V. (IUTA); Bliersheimer Strasse 58-60 47229 Duisburg Germany
| | - Hartmut Finger
- Institut für Energie- und Umwelttechnik e.V. (IUTA); Bliersheimer Strasse 58-60 47229 Duisburg Germany
| | - Christof Asbach
- Institut für Energie- und Umwelttechnik e.V. (IUTA); Bliersheimer Strasse 58-60 47229 Duisburg Germany
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30
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Pañella P, Casas M, Donaire-Gonzalez D, Garcia-Esteban R, Robinson O, Valentín A, Gulliver J, Momas I, Nieuwenhuijsen M, Vrijheid M, Sunyer J. Ultrafine particles and black carbon personal exposures in asthmatic and non-asthmatic children at school age. INDOOR AIR 2017; 27:891-899. [PMID: 28321937 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) exposure during childhood is associated with asthma; however, the contribution of the different TRAP pollutants in each microenvironment (home, school, transportation, others) in asthmatic and non-asthmatic children is unknown. Daily (24-h) personal black carbon (BC), ultrafine particle (UFP), and alveolar lung-deposited surface area (LDSA) individual exposure measurements were obtained from 100 children (29 past and 21 current asthmatics, 50 non-asthmatics) aged 9±0.7 years from the INMA-Sabadell cohort (Catalonia, Spain). Time spent in each microenvironment was derived by the geolocation provided by the smartphone and a new spatiotemporal map-matching algorithm. Asthmatics and non-asthmatics spent the same amount of time at home (60% and 61%, respectively), at school (20% and 23%), on transportation (8% and 7%), and in other microenvironments (7% and 5%). The highest concentrations of all TRAPs were attributed to transportation. No differences in TRAP concentrations were found overall or by type of microenvironment between asthmatics and non-asthmatics, nor when considering past and current asthmatics, separately. In conclusion, asthmatic and non-asthmatic children had a similar time-activity pattern and similar average exposures to BC, UFP, and LDSA concentrations. This suggests that interventions should be tailored to general population, rather than to subgroups defined by disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pañella
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Casas
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - D Donaire-Gonzalez
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Physical Activity and Sports Sciences Department, Fundació Blanquerna, Barcelona, Spain
| | - R Garcia-Esteban
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - O Robinson
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Kensington, London, UK
| | - A Valentín
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - J Gulliver
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Kensington, London, UK
| | - I Momas
- Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Laboratoire Santé Publique et Environnement, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Direction de l'Action Sociale de l'Enfance et de la Santé, Cellule Cohorte, Mairie de Paris, Paris, France
| | - M Nieuwenhuijsen
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Vrijheid
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - J Sunyer
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
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Hong KY, King GH, Saraswat A, Henderson SB. Seasonal ambient particulate matter and population health outcomes among communities impacted by road dust in British Columbia, Canada. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2017; 67:986-999. [PMID: 28498778 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2017.1315348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In recent years, many air quality monitoring programs have favored measurement of particles less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5) over particles less than 10 µm (PM10) in light of evidence that health impacts are mostly from the fine fraction. However, the coarse fraction (PM10-2.5) may have independent health impacts that support continued measurement of PM10 in some areas, such as those affected by road dust. The objective of this study was to evaluate the associations between different measures of daily PM exposure and two daily indicators of population health in seven communities in British Columbia, Canada, where road dust is an ongoing concern. The measures of exposure were PM10, PM2.5, PM10-2.5, PM2.5 adjusted for PM10-2.5, and PM10-2.5 adjusted for PM2.5. The indicators of population health were dispensations of the respiratory reliever medication salbutamol sulfate and nonaccidental mortality. This study followed a time-series design using Poisson regression over a 2003-2015 study period, with analyses stratified by three seasons: residential woodsmoke in winter; road dust in spring; and wildfire smoke in summer. A random-effects meta-analysis was conducted to establish a pooled estimate. Overall, an interquartile range increase in daily PM10-2.5 was associated with a 3.6% [1.6, 5.6] increase in nonaccidental mortality during the road dust season, which was reduced to 3.1% [0.8, 5.4] after adjustment for PM2.5. The adjusted coarse fraction had no effect on salbutamol dispensations in any season. However, an interquartile range increase in PM2.5 was associated with a 2.7% [2.0, 3.4] increase in dispensations during the wildfire season. These analyses suggest different impacts of different PM fractions by season, with a robust association between the coarse fraction and nonaccidental mortality in communities and periods affected by road dust. We recommend that PM10 monitoring networks be maintained in these communities to provide feedback for future dust mitigation programs. IMPLICATIONS There was a significant association between daily concentrations of the coarse fraction and nonaccidental mortality during the road dust season, even after adjustment for the fine fraction. The acute and chronic health effects associated with exposure to the coarse fraction remain unclear, which supports the maintenance of PM10 monitoring networks to allow for further research in communities affected by sources such as road dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris Y Hong
- a Environmental Health Services , BC Centre for Disease Control , Vancouver , BC , Canada
| | - Gavin H King
- b British Columbia Ministry of Environment , Surrey , BC , Canada
| | - Arvind Saraswat
- b British Columbia Ministry of Environment , Surrey , BC , Canada
- c Institute for Resources, Environment & Sustainability , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , BC , Canada
| | - Sarah B Henderson
- a Environmental Health Services , BC Centre for Disease Control , Vancouver , BC , Canada
- d School of Population and Public Health , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , BC , Canada
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Zhao H, Stephens B. Using portable particle sizing instrumentation to rapidly measure the penetration of fine and ultrafine particles in unoccupied residences. INDOOR AIR 2017; 27:218-229. [PMID: 26931793 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Much of human exposure to particulate matter of outdoor origin occurs inside buildings, particularly in residences. The particle penetration factor through leaks in a building's exterior enclosure assembly is a key parameter that governs the infiltration of outdoor particles. However, experimental data for size-resolved particle penetration factors in real buildings, as well as penetration factors for fine particles less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5 ) and ultrafine particles less than 100 nm (UFPs), remain limited, in part because of previous limitations in instrumentation and experimental methods. Here, we report on the development and application of a modified test method that utilizes portable particle sizing instrumentation to measure size-resolved infiltration factors and envelope penetration factors for 0.01-2.5 μm particles, which are then used to estimate penetration factors for integral measures of UFPs and PM2.5 . Eleven replicate measurements were made in an unoccupied apartment unit in Chicago, IL to evaluate the accuracy and repeatability of the test procedure and solution methods. Mean estimates of size-resolved penetration factors ranged from 0.41 ± 0.14 to 0.73 ± 0.05 across the range of measured particle sizes, while mean estimates of penetration factors for integral measures of UFPs and PM2.5 were 0.67 ± 0.05 and 0.73 ± 0.05, respectively. Average relative uncertainties for all particle sizes/classes were less than 20%.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zhao
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - B Stephens
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA
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Application of the WEPS and SWEEP models to non-agricultural disturbed lands. Heliyon 2016; 2:e00215. [PMID: 28018984 PMCID: PMC5167244 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2016.e00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Wind erosion not only affects agricultural productivity but also soil, air, and water quality. Dust and specifically particulate matter ≤10 μm (PM-10) has adverse effects on respiratory health and also reduces visibility along roadways, resulting in auto accidents. The Wind Erosion Prediction System (WEPS) was developed by the USDA-Agricultural Research Service to simulate wind erosion and provide for conservation planning on cultivated agricultural lands. A companion product, known as the Single-Event Wind Erosion Evaluation Program (SWEEP), has also been developed which consists of the stand-alone WEPS erosion submodel combined with a graphical interface to simulate soil loss from single (i.e., daily) wind storm events. In addition to agricultural lands, wind driven dust emissions also occur from other anthropogenic sources such as construction sites, mined and reclaimed areas, landfills, and other disturbed lands. Although developed for agricultural fields, WEPS and SWEEP are useful tools for simulating erosion by wind for non-agricultural lands where typical agricultural practices are not employed. On disturbed lands, WEPS can be applied for simulating long-term (i.e., multi-year) erosion control strategies. SWEEP on the other hand was developed specifically for disturbed lands and can simulate potential soil loss for site- and date-specific planned surface conditions and control practices. This paper presents novel applications of WEPS and SWEEP for developing erosion control strategies on non-agricultural disturbed lands. Erosion control planning with WEPS and SWEEP using water and other dust suppressants, wind barriers, straw mulch, re-vegetation, and other management practices is demonstrated herein through the use of comparative simulation scenarios. The scenarios confirm the efficacy of the WEPS and SWEEP models as valuable tools for supporting the design of erosion control plans for disturbed lands that are not only cost-effective but also incorporate a science-based approach to risk assessment.
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Han Y, Zhu T, Guan T, Zhu Y, Liu J, Ji Y, Gao S, Wang F, Lu H, Huang W. Association between size-segregated particles in ambient air and acute respiratory inflammation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 565:412-419. [PMID: 27179679 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The health effects of particulate matter (PM) in ambient air are well documented. However, whether PM size plays a critical role in these effects is unclear in the population studies. This study investigated the association between the ambient concentrations of PM with varies sizes (5.6-560nm) and a biomarker of acute respiratory inflammation, the fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FENO), in a panel of 55 elderly people in Shanghai, China. Linear mixed-effect model was fitted to estimate the association between FENO and moving average concentrations of PM, adjusting for temperature, relative humidity, day of the week, and age. Results showed that among the measured particles size range, Aitken-mode (20-100nm) particles had the strongest positive association with increased FENO when using moving average concentration of PM up to 24h prior to visits. The estimates were robust to the adjustment for gender, condition of chronic disease and use of medication, and to the sensitive analysis using different times of visits. The authors concluded that the association between acute respiratory inflammation and PM concentration of fine particulates depended on particle size, and suggested Aitken-mode particles may be the most responsible for this adverse health association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqun Han
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering and Centre for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Tong Zhu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering and Centre for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Tianjia Guan
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering and Centre for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yi Zhu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering and Centre for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jun Liu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering and Centre for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yunfang Ji
- The Center for Diseases Control and Prevention of Huangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuna Gao
- The Center for Diseases Control and Prevention of Huangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Wang
- The Center for Diseases Control and Prevention of Huangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Huimin Lu
- The Center for Diseases Control and Prevention of Huangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Huang
- College of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Center of Health Sciences, Peking University, China
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Associations of Cough Prevalence with Ambient Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Nitrogen and Sulphur Dioxide: A Longitudinal Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13080800. [PMID: 27517941 PMCID: PMC4997486 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13080800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Information on potential cough triggers including environmental irritants is vital for successful management of chronic cough in patients. We investigated the relationship between ambient levels of particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and sulphur dioxide (SO₂) exposures with cough prevalence. Eighty-three adult patients, who had been physician diagnosed with at least asthma, cough variant asthma and/or atopic cough, were divided into asthma and non-asthma groups. They recorded daily cough symptoms during 4 January-30 June 2011 study period while daily samples of total suspended particles were simultaneously collected by use of glass fiber filters and the particulate PAH content determined by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with a fluorescence detector. Ambient concentrations of NO₂ and SO₂ were obtained from a local monitoring site. Logistic regression models using generalized estimating equations were used to determine population-averaged estimates of association between cough prevalence and ambient pollutant exposures for the two groups. Fully adjusted odds ratios from single pollutant models were 1.083 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.029, 1.140) and 1.097 (95% CI: 1.016, 1.185) per 0.57 ng/m³ for lag2 PAH exposure, while only for asthma group had significant associations with NO₂ and SO₂ exposures for both lag2 and lag02. Similar associations were observed in multipollutant models. This finding suggests that ambient PAH, NO₂, and SO₂ exposure even at low levels is related to cough prevalence in adult chronic cough patients and may be considered as aggravating factor during clinical management of the condition.
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Schwarze PE, Ovrevik J, Låg M, Refsnes M, Nafstad P, Hetland RB, Dybing E. Particulate matter properties and health effects: consistency of epidemiological and toxicological studies. Hum Exp Toxicol 2016; 25:559-79. [PMID: 17165623 DOI: 10.1177/096032706072520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Identifying the ambient particulate matter (PM) fractions or constituents, critically involved in eliciting adverse health effects, is crucial to the implementation of more cost-efficient abatement strategies to improve air quality. This review focuses on the importance of different particle properties for PM-induced effects, and whether there is consistency in the results from epidemiological and experimental studies. An evident problem for such comparisons is that epidemiological and experimental data on the effects of specific components of ambient PM are limited. Despite this, some conclusions can be drawn. With respect to the importance of the PM size-fractions, experimental and epidemiological studies are somewhat conflicting, but there seems to be a certain consistency in that the coarse fraction (PM10-2.5) has an effect that should not be neglected. Better exposure characterization may improve the consistency between the results from experimental and epidemiological studies, in particular for ultrafine particles. Experimental data indicate that surface area is an important metric, but composition may play an even greater role in eliciting effects. The consistency between epidemiological and experimental findings for specific PM-components appears most convincing for metals, which seem to be important for the development of both pulmonary and cardiovascular disease. Metals may also be involved in PM-induced allergic sensitization, but the epidemiological evidence for this is scarce. Soluble organic compounds appear to be implicated in PM-induced allergy and cancer, but the data from epidemiological studies are insufficient for any conclusions. The present review suggests that there may be a need for improvements in research designs. In particular, there is a need for better exposure assessments in epidemiological investigations, whereas experimental data would benefit from an improved comparability of studies. Combined experimental and epidemiological investigations may also help answer some of the unresolved issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Schwarze
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
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Wu TJ, Wu CF, Chen BY, Lee YL, Guo YL. Age of asthma onset and vulnerability to ambient air pollution: an observational population-based study of adults from Southern Taiwan. BMC Pulm Med 2016; 16:54. [PMID: 27094099 PMCID: PMC4837625 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-016-0218-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Late-onset asthma (onset > 12 years) is pathologically distinct from early-onset asthma. The mechanism of air pollution is not a classic allergic inflammation and could have differential effect on late-onset and early-onset asthma. However, there is little known about the association of onset-age phenotype and air pollution. In this population-based study, we aimed to determine the association of asthma severity outcomes and air pollution regarding age at onset of asthma. Methods In 2004, we conducted a cross-sectional questionnaire survey about respiratory health among schoolchildren’s parents randomly selected from 94 of 816 elementary and middle schools in southern Taiwan. Participants ever having typical asthma symptoms were enrolled. We used kriging method to estimate individual exposure to ambient air pollution in the preceding year before the year of asthma severity survey. Ordered logistic regression was used to determine the association of exposure and asthma severity scores. Age at asthma onset of 12 years was used as a cut-off to define early- or late-onset asthma. Results The study surveyed 35,682 participants. Data from 23,551 participants remained satisfactory with a response rate of 66 %. Among 20,508 participants aged 26–50 years, 703 questionnaire-determined asthmatics were identified and included for analysis. Using the median of PM10 (66 μg/m3) as a cut-off, those exposed to higher PM10 were more likely to have higher severity scores (OR = 1.74; 95 % CI, 1.13 – 2.70) only for asthmatics with asthma onset at > 12 years. Conclusions In adulthood, exposure to PM10 has a greater effect on late-onset asthma than early-onset asthma and deserves greater attention among ambient air pollutants. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12890-016-0218-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Ju Wu
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University, 17, Syujhou Road, Taipei, 100, Taiwan.,Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Min-Sheng Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Fu Wu
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University, 17, Syujhou Road, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Yu Chen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (NTU) College of Medicine and NTU Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yungling Leo Lee
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, 17, Syujhou Road, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Yue Leon Guo
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University, 17, Syujhou Road, Taipei, 100, Taiwan. .,Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (NTU) College of Medicine and NTU Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. .,National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan.
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Nanosilica and Polyacrylate/Nanosilica: A Comparative Study of Acute Toxicity. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:9353275. [PMID: 26981538 PMCID: PMC4770131 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9353275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We compared the acute toxicity of nanosilica and polyacrylate/nanosilica instillation in Wistar rats (n = 60). Exposure to nanosilica and polyacrylate/nanosilica showed a 30% mortality rate. When compared with saline-treated rats, animals in both exposure groups exhibited a significant reduction of PO2 (P < 0.05) at both 24 and 72 hr. after exposure. Both exposure groups exhibited a significant reduction of neutrophils in arterial blood compared to saline controls (P < 0.05) 24 hr. after exposure. The levels of blood ALT and LDH in exposed groups were found to be significantly increased (P < 0.05) 24 hr. following exposure. The exposed groups exhibited various degrees of pleural effusion and pericardial effusion. Our findings indicated respiratory exposure to polyacrylate/nanosilica and nanosilica is likely to cause multiple organ toxicity.
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Win-Shwe TT, Kyi-Tha-Thu C, Moe Y, Fujitani Y, Tsukahara S, Hirano S. Exposure of BALB/c Mice to Diesel Engine Exhaust Origin Secondary Organic Aerosol (DE-SOA) during the Developmental Stages Impairs the Social Behavior in Adult Life of the Males. Front Neurosci 2016; 9:524. [PMID: 26834549 PMCID: PMC4724727 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is a component of particulate matter (PM) 2.5 and formed in the atmosphere by oxidation of volatile organic compounds. Recently, we have reported that inhalation exposure to diesel engine exhaust (DE) originated SOA (DE-SOA) affect novel object recognition ability and impair maternal behavior in adult mice. However, it is not clear whether early life exposure to SOA during the developmental stages affect social behavior in adult life or not. In the present study, to investigate the effects of early life exposure to DE-SOA during the gestational and lactation stages on the social behavior in the adult life, BALB/c mice were exposed to clean air (control), DE, DE-SOA and gas without any PM in the inhalation chambers from gestational day 14 to postnatal day 21 for 5 h a day and 5 days per week. Then adult mice were examined for changes in their social behavior at the age of 13 week by a sociability and social novelty preference, social interaction with a juvenile mouse and light-dark transition test, hypothalamic mRNA expression levels of social behavior-related genes, estrogen receptor-alpha and oxytocin receptor as well as of the oxidative stress marker gene, heme oxygenase (HO)-1 by real-time RT-PCR method. In addition, hypothalamic level of neuronal excitatory marker, glutamate was determined by ELISA method. We observed that sociability and social novelty preference as well as social interaction were remarkably impaired, expression levels of estrogen receptor-alpha, oxytocin receptor mRNAs were significantly decreased, expression levels of HO-1 mRNAs and glutamate levels were significantly increased in adult male mice exposed to DE-SOA compared to the control ones. Findings of this study indicate early life exposure of BALB/c mice to DE-SOA may affect their late-onset hypothalamic expression of social behavior related genes, trigger neurotoxicity and impair social behavior in the males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tin-Tin Win-Shwe
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute for Environmental Studies Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Chaw Kyi-Tha-Thu
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University Saitama City, Japan
| | - Yadanar Moe
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University Saitama City, Japan
| | - Yuji Fujitani
- Center for Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Shinji Tsukahara
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University Saitama City, Japan
| | - Seishiro Hirano
- Center for Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies Tsukuba, Japan
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Eckel SP, Zhang Z, Habre R, Rappaport EB, Linn WS, Berhane K, Zhang Y, Bastain TM, Gilliland FD. Traffic-related air pollution and alveolar nitric oxide in southern California children. Eur Respir J 2016; 47:1348-56. [PMID: 26797034 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01176-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms for the adverse respiratory effects of traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) have yet to be established. We evaluated the acute effects of TRAP exposure on proximal and distal airway inflammation by relating indoor nitric oxide (NO), a marker of TRAP exposure in the indoor microenvironment, to airway and alveolar sources of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO).FeNO was collected online at four flow rates in 1635 schoolchildren (aged 12-15 years) in southern California (USA) breathing NO-free air. Indoor NO was sampled hourly and linearly interpolated to the time of the FeNO test. Estimated parameters quantifying airway wall diffusivity (DawNO) and flux (J'awNO) and alveolar concentration (CANO) sources of FeNO were related to exposure using linear regression to adjust for potential confounders.We found that TRAP exposure indoors was associated with elevated alveolar NO. A 10 ppb higher indoor NO concentration at the time of the FeNO test was associated with 0.10 ppb higher average CANO (95% CI 0.04-0.16) (equivalent to a 7.1% increase from the mean), 4.0% higher J'awNO (95% CI -2.8-11.3) and 0.2% lower DawNO (95% CI -4.8-4.6).These findings are consistent with an airway response to TRAP exposure that was most marked in the distal airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrah P Eckel
- Dept of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zilu Zhang
- Dept of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rima Habre
- Dept of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Edward B Rappaport
- Dept of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - William S Linn
- Dept of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kiros Berhane
- Dept of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yue Zhang
- Dept of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Theresa M Bastain
- Dept of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Frank D Gilliland
- Dept of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Li YR, Feng LT, Chen BY, Kim H, Yi SM, Guo YL, Wu CF. Association of urban particle numbers and sources with lung function among children with asthma or allergies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 542:841-844. [PMID: 26556748 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.10.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported sources of particle number pollution in urban air, but have not evaluated relationships between respiratory health and these sources. We compared, among children with asthma or allergies, the associations of spirometric lung functions with increased exposure to source-specific versus size-segregated particle number concentrations (PNC). Hourly measurements of PNC were acquired from the aerosol Supersite in New Taipei, Taiwan. Spirometry (FVC, FEV1, and FEF) was recorded monthly for 59 children with asthma or allergies at five schools during 2007-2008. After co-pollutant adjustment for ozone, we found a 0.21 and 0.17 L decrease in FVC [95% confidence interval (CI): -0.35, -0.06 L] and FEV1 (95% CI: -0.32, -0.03 L), respectively, with an interquartile range increase (1879.7#/cm(3)) in secondary aerosol contribution observed on the previous day. In addition, we found no significant associations of FVC with accumulation mode (0.1 μm<aerodynamic diameter<2.5 μm) PNC. Our findings suggest that PNC of secondary origin is most responsible for pollution-related respiratory effects among children living in urban Taipei. Studies that rely on exposure to size-segregated PNC may underestimate PM health impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ru Li
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, 17 Xu-Zhou Road, Taipei 10055, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ting Feng
- Institute of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Yu Chen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ho Kim
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Muk Yi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yue Leon Guo
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, 17 Xu-Zhou Road, Taipei 10055, Taiwan; Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chang-Fu Wu
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, 17 Xu-Zhou Road, Taipei 10055, Taiwan; Institute of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Peng XQ, Huang T, Miao SK, Chen J, Wen H, Feng YJ, Hong Y, Wang CY, Huang W. Hydration of oxalic acid–ammonia complex: atmospheric implication and Rayleigh-scattering properties. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra03164a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A previous study of the binary system (H2C2O4)(NH3)n (n = 1–6) suggested that an oxalic acid–ammonia complex may participate in atmospheric aerosol formations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Qiu Peng
- School of Environmental Science & Optoelectronic Technology
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- China
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry
| | - Teng Huang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry
- Anhui Institute of Optics & Fine Mechanics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei
- China
| | - Shou-Kui Miao
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry
- Anhui Institute of Optics & Fine Mechanics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei
- China
| | - Jiao Chen
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry
- Anhui Institute of Optics & Fine Mechanics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei
- China
| | - Hui Wen
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry
- Anhui Institute of Optics & Fine Mechanics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei
- China
| | - Ya-Juan Feng
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry
- Anhui Institute of Optics & Fine Mechanics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei
- China
| | - Yu Hong
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry
- Anhui Institute of Optics & Fine Mechanics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei
- China
| | - Chun-Yu Wang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry
- Anhui Institute of Optics & Fine Mechanics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei
- China
| | - Wei Huang
- School of Environmental Science & Optoelectronic Technology
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- China
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry
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Ma Y, Chen J, Jiang S, Liu YR, Huang T, Miao SK, Wang CY, Huang W. Characterization of the nucleation precursor (H2SO4–(CH3)2NH) complex: intra-cluster interactions and atmospheric relevance. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra22887e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Amines have been proposed to participate in the nucleation process, but the electron density analysis and the determination of a temperature dependence of the clusters are still lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ma
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry
- Anhui Institute of Optics & Fine Mechanics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei
- China
| | - Jiao Chen
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry
- Anhui Institute of Optics & Fine Mechanics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei
- China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry
- Anhui Institute of Optics & Fine Mechanics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei
- China
| | - Yi-Rong Liu
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry
- Anhui Institute of Optics & Fine Mechanics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei
- China
| | - Teng Huang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry
- Anhui Institute of Optics & Fine Mechanics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei
- China
| | - Shou-Kui Miao
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry
- Anhui Institute of Optics & Fine Mechanics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei
- China
| | - Chun-Yu Wang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry
- Anhui Institute of Optics & Fine Mechanics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei
- China
| | - Wei Huang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry
- Anhui Institute of Optics & Fine Mechanics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei
- China
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Iavicoli I, Leso V, Schulte PA. Biomarkers of susceptibility: State of the art and implications for occupational exposure to engineered nanomaterials. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 299:112-24. [PMID: 26724381 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Rapid advances and applications in nanotechnology are expected to result in increasing occupational exposure to nano-sized materials whose health impacts are still not completely understood. Scientific efforts are required to identify hazards from nanomaterials and define risks and precautionary management strategies for exposed workers. In this scenario, the definition of susceptible populations, which may be at increased risk of adverse effects may be important for risk assessment and management. The aim of this review is to critically examine available literature to provide a comprehensive overview on susceptibility aspects potentially affecting heterogeneous responses to nanomaterials workplace exposure. Genetic, genotoxic and epigenetic alterations induced by nanomaterials in experimental studies were assessed with respect to their possible function as determinants of susceptibility. Additionally, the role of host factors, i.e. age, gender, and pathological conditions, potentially affecting nanomaterial toxicokinetic and health impacts, were also analysed. Overall, this review provides useful information to obtain insights into the nanomaterial mode of action in order to identify potentially sensitive, specific susceptibility biomarkers to be validated in occupational settings and addressed in risk assessment processes. The findings of this review are also important to guide future research into a deeper characterization of nanomaterial susceptibility in order to define adequate risk communication strategies. Ultimately, identification and use of susceptibility factors in workplace settings has both scientific and ethical issues that need addressing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Iavicoli
- Department of Public Health, Division of Occupational Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Veruscka Leso
- Institute of Public Health, Section of Occupational Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Paul A Schulte
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4676 Columbia Parkway, MS C-14, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA.
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Discontinuous and Continuous Indoor Air Quality Monitoring in Homes with Fireplaces or Wood Stoves as Heating System. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 13:78. [PMID: 26712773 PMCID: PMC4730469 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Around 50% of the world's population, particularly in developing countries, uses biomass as one of the most common fuels. Biomass combustion releases a considerable amount of various incomplete combustion products, including particulate matter (PM) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The paper presents the results of Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) measurements in six houses equipped with wood burning stoves or fireplaces as heating systems. The houses were monitored for 48-h periods in order to collect PM10 samples and measure PAH concentrations. The average, the maximum and the lowest values of the 12-h PM10 concentration were 68.6 μg/m³, 350.7 μg/m³ and 16.8 μg/m³ respectively. The average benzo[a]pyrene 12-h concentration was 9.4 ng/m³, while the maximum and the minimum values were 24.0 ng/m³ and 1.5 ng/m³, respectively. Continuous monitoring of PM10, PAHs, Ultra Fine Particle (UFP) and Total Volatile Organic Compounds (TVOC) was performed in order to study the progress of pollution phenomena due to biomass burning, their trends and contributions to IAQ. The results show a great heterogeneity of impacts on IAQ in terms of magnitude and behavior of the considered pollutants' concentrations. This variability is determined by not only different combustion technologies or biomass quality, but overall by different ignition mode, feeding and flame management, which can also be different for the same house. Moreover, room dimensions and ventilation were significant factors for pollution dispersion. The increase of PM10, UFP and PAH concentrations, during lighting, was always detected and relevant. Continuous monitoring allowed singling out contributions of other domestic sources of considered pollutants such as cooking and cigarettes. Cooking contribution produced an impact on IAQ in same cases higher than that of the biomass heating system.
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Borgie M, Dagher Z, Ledoux F, Verdin A, Cazier F, Martin P, Hachimi A, Shirali P, Greige-Gerges H, Courcot D. Comparison between ultrafine and fine particulate matter collected in Lebanon: Chemical characterization, in vitro cytotoxic effects and metabolizing enzymes gene expression in human bronchial epithelial cells. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 205:250-260. [PMID: 26093079 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
During the last few years, the induction of toxicological mechanisms by atmospheric ultrafine particles (UFP) has become one of the most studied topics in toxicology and a subject of huge debates. Fine particles (FP) and UFP collected at urban and rural sites in Lebanon were studied for their chemical composition and toxicological effects. UFP were found more enriched in trace elements, secondary inorganic ions, total carbon and organic compounds than FP. For toxicological analysis, BEAS-2B cells were exposed for 24, 48 and 72 h to increasing concentrations of FP, water-UFP suspension (UFPw) and UFP organic extract (UFPorg). Our findings showed that UFP caused earlier alterations of mitochondrial metabolism and membrane integrity from the lowest concentrations. Moreover, a significant induction of CYP1A1, CYP1B1 and AhRR genes expression was showed after cells exposure to UFPorg and to a lesser extent to UFPw and FP samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Borgie
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV), EA 4492, Maison de la Recherche en Environnement Industriel, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 145 Avenue Maurice Schumann, 59140 Dunkerque, France; Bioactive Molecules Research Group, Doctoral School of Sciences and Technologies, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Zeina Dagher
- Bioactive Molecules Research Group, Doctoral School of Sciences and Technologies, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences-2, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Frédéric Ledoux
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV), EA 4492, Maison de la Recherche en Environnement Industriel, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 145 Avenue Maurice Schumann, 59140 Dunkerque, France
| | - Anthony Verdin
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV), EA 4492, Maison de la Recherche en Environnement Industriel, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 145 Avenue Maurice Schumann, 59140 Dunkerque, France
| | - Fabrice Cazier
- Centre Commun de Mesures, Maison de la Recherche en Environnement Industriel 1, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 145 Avenue Maurice Schumann, 59140 Dunkerque, France
| | - Perrine Martin
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV), EA 4492, Maison de la Recherche en Environnement Industriel, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 145 Avenue Maurice Schumann, 59140 Dunkerque, France
| | - Adam Hachimi
- Micropolluants Technologie, 4 Rue de Bort Les Orgues, 57070 Saint Julien Les Metz, France
| | - Pirouz Shirali
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV), EA 4492, Maison de la Recherche en Environnement Industriel, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 145 Avenue Maurice Schumann, 59140 Dunkerque, France
| | - Hélène Greige-Gerges
- Bioactive Molecules Research Group, Doctoral School of Sciences and Technologies, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences-2, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Dominique Courcot
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV), EA 4492, Maison de la Recherche en Environnement Industriel, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 145 Avenue Maurice Schumann, 59140 Dunkerque, France.
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Choi BY, Kobayashi L, Pathania S, Miller CB, Locke ER, Stearns BC, Hudepohl NJ, Patefield SS, Suner S, Williams KA, Machan JT, Jay GD. Detection and Measurement of Unhealthy, Environment-Derived Aerosol Materials in an Emergency Department. HERD-HEALTH ENVIRONMENTS RESEARCH & DESIGN JOURNAL 2015; 9:34-53. [PMID: 26163569 DOI: 10.1177/1937586715592634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To measure unhealthy aerosol materials in an Emergency Department (ED) and identify their sources for mitigation efforts. BACKGROUND Based on pilot findings of elevated ED particulate matter (PM) levels, investigators hypothesized that unhealthy aerosol materials derive from exogenous (vehicular) sources at ambulance receiving entrances. METHODS The Aerosol Environmental Toxicity in Healthcare-related Exposure and Risk program was conducted as an observational study. Calibrated sensors monitored PM and toxic gases at Ambulance Triage Exterior (ATE), Ambulance Triage Desk (ATD), and control Public Triage Desk (PTD) on a 3/3/3-day cycle. Cassette sampling characterized PM; meteorological and ambulance traffic data were logged. Descriptive and multiple linear regression analyses assessed for interactions between aerosol material levels, location, temporal variables, ambulance activity, and meteorological factors. RESULTS Sensors acquired 93,682 PM0.3, 90,250 PM2.5, and 93,768 PM5 measurements over 366 days to generate a data set representing at least 85.6% of planned measurements. PM0.3, PM2.5, and PM5 mean counts were lowest in PTD; 56%, 224%, and 223% higher in ATD; and 996%, 200%, and 63% higher in ATE, respectively (all p < .001). Qualitative analyses showed similar PM compositions in ATD and ATE. On multiple linear regression analysis, PM0.3 counts correlated primarily with location; PM2.5 and PM5 counts correlated most strongly with location and ambulance presence. PM < 2.5 and toxic gas concentrations at ATD and PTD patient care areas did not exceed hazard levels; PM0.3 counts did not have formal safety thresholds for comparison. CONCLUSIONS Higher levels of PM were linked with ED ambulance areas, although their health impact is unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Y Choi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Leo Kobayashi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA Lifespan Medical Simulation Center, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Shivany Pathania
- Emergency Department, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - Emma R Locke
- Emergency Department, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - Nathan J Hudepohl
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Scott S Patefield
- Facilities and Emergency Management, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Selim Suner
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Kenneth A Williams
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Jason T Machan
- Research Administration/Biostatistics, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Gregory D Jay
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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Kim H, Kim H, Lee JT. Effects of ambient air particles on mortality in Seoul: Have the effects changed over time? ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 140:684-690. [PMID: 26079317 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have shown that there may be temporal variation in PM short-term effect on mortality. This temporal pattern may play an important role in evaluating air quality policies. OBJECTIVES We investigated temporal variation in the association between PM and mortality in Seoul, Korea, 1998-2011. METHODS We adopted a generalized additive model and a series of time windows of five years to analyze temporal variation in associations between PM and all-cause, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality. This time-window approach offers not only a comparison between one and the other half period but also successive variation. Time-varying associations were estimated only for days without Asian dust (dust storm blown from the Gobi desert) intrusion. RESULTS Annual average PM10 and PM2.5 total mass decreased from 70.0 to 46.9 µg/m(3) and 44.4 to 23.4 µg/m(3), respectively, during 2001-2011. A 10 µg/m(3) increase in PM10 was associated with 0.16% (95% CI=-0.03% to 0.35%) additional all-cause deaths in 2002-2006 and it increased to 0.26% (95% CI=0.05-0.48%) in 2007-2011. For PM2.5, the association increased from 0.35% (95% CI=-0.02% to 0.71%) to 0.48% (95% CI=0.08-0.88%). For cardiovascular and respiratory mortality, increasing trends with stronger estimates were found. CONCLUSIONS The present study showed temporally increasing trends in associations between PM and mortality. Current policies may not be as effective to reducing health risks attributable to PM as expected. Air quality interventions should be encouraged in terms of causal factors for time-varying association between PM and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghyok Kim
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, 136-703 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyomi Kim
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, 136-703 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Tae Lee
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, 136-703 Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Environmental Health, College of Health Science, Korea University, 136-703 Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Win-Shwe TT, Kyi-Tha-Thu C, Moe Y, Maekawa F, Yanagisawa R, Furuyama A, Tsukahara S, Fujitani Y, Hirano S. Nano-Sized Secondary Organic Aerosol of Diesel Engine Exhaust Origin Impairs Olfactory-Based Spatial Learning Performance in Preweaning Mice. NANOMATERIALS 2015; 5:1147-1162. [PMID: 28347057 PMCID: PMC5304621 DOI: 10.3390/nano5031147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The aims of our present study were to establish a novel olfactory-based spatial learning test and to examine the effects of exposure to nano-sized diesel exhaust-origin secondary organic aerosol (SOA), a model environmental pollutant, on the learning performance in preweaning mice. Pregnant BALB/c mice were exposed to clean air, diesel exhaust (DE), or DE-origin SOA (DE-SOA) from gestational day 14 to postnatal day (PND) 10 in exposure chambers. On PND 11, the preweaning mice were examined by the olfactory-based spatial learning test. After completion of the spatial learning test, the hippocampus from each mouse was removed and examined for the expressions of neurological and immunological markers using real-time RT-PCR. In the test phase of the study, the mice exposed to DE or DE-SOA took a longer time to reach the target as compared to the control mice. The expression levels of neurological markers such as the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunits NR1 and NR2B, and of immunological markers such as TNF-α, COX2, and Iba1 were significantly increased in the hippocampi of the DE-SOA-exposed preweaning mice as compared to the control mice. Our results indicate that DE-SOA exposure in utero and in the neonatal period may affect the olfactory-based spatial learning behavior in preweaning mice by modulating the expressions of memory function–related pathway genes and inflammatory markers in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tin-Tin Win-Shwe
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan.
| | - Chaw Kyi-Tha-Thu
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan.
| | - Yadanar Moe
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan.
| | - Fumihiko Maekawa
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan.
| | - Rie Yanagisawa
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan.
| | - Akiko Furuyama
- Center for Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan.
| | - Shinji Tsukahara
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan.
| | - Yuji Fujitani
- Center for Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan.
| | - Seishiro Hirano
- Center for Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan.
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Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) present in the environment and in consumer products can cause immunotoxic effects. The immune system is very complex, and in vivo studies are the gold standard for evaluation. Due to the increased amount of NPs that are being developed, cellular screening assays to decrease the amount of NPs that have to be tested in vivo are highly needed. Effects on the unspecific immune system, such as effects on phagocytes, might be suitable for screening for immunotoxicity because these cells mediate unspecific and specific immune responses. They are present at epithelial barriers, in the blood, and in almost all organs. This review summarizes the effects of carbon, metal, and metal oxide NPs used in consumer and medical applications (gold, silver, titanium dioxide, silica dioxide, zinc oxide, and carbon nanotubes) and polystyrene NPs on the immune system. Effects in animal exposures through different routes are compared to the effects on isolated phagocytes. In addition, general problems in the testing of NPs, such as unknown exposure doses, as well as interference with assays are mentioned. NPs appear to induce a specific immunotoxic pattern consisting of the induction of inflammation in normal animals and aggravation of pathologies in disease models. The evaluation of particle action on several phagocyte functions in vitro may provide an indication on the potency of the particles to induce immunotoxicity in vivo. In combination with information on realistic exposure levels, in vitro studies on phagocytes may provide useful information on the health risks of NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonore Fröhlich
- Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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