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Arfin T, Pillai AM, Mathew N, Tirpude A, Bang R, Mondal P. An overview of atmospheric aerosol and their effects on human health. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:125347-125369. [PMID: 37674064 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29652-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiologic investigations have previously been published in more than 200 papers, and several studies have examined the impacts of particle air pollution on health. The main conclusions now being made about the epidemiological evidence of particle pollution-induced health impacts are discussed in this article. Although there is no universal agreement, most reviewers conclude that particulate air pollution, particularly excellent combustion-cause contamination prevalent in many municipal and manufacturing environments, is a significant risk for cardiopulmonary sickness and mortality. Most epidemiological research has concentrated on the impacts of acute exposure, although the total public health implications of chronic acquaintance's outcome may be more extraordinarily significant. According to some reviewers, prolonged, repeated exposure raises the risk of cardiorespiratory death and chronic respiratory illness. A more general (but still universal) agreement is that short-term particle pollution exposure has been shown to aggravate pre-existing pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases and increase the number of community members who become sick, require medical treatment, or die. Several in-depth studies conducted in the global and Indian regions are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvir Arfin
- Air Pollution Control Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440020, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
| | - Anupama M Pillai
- Air Pollution Control Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440020, India
| | - Nikhila Mathew
- Air Pollution Control Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440020, India
| | - Abha Tirpude
- Air Pollution Control Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440020, India
| | - Roshani Bang
- Air Pollution Control Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440020, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Pabitra Mondal
- Air Pollution Control Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440020, India
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Indirect mediators of systemic health outcomes following nanoparticle inhalation exposure. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 235:108120. [PMID: 35085604 PMCID: PMC9189040 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The growing field of nanoscience has shed light on the wide diversity of natural and anthropogenic sources of nano-scale particulates, raising concern as to their impacts on human health. Inhalation is the most robust route of entry, with nanoparticles (NPs) evading mucociliary clearance and depositing deep into the alveolar region. Yet, impacts from inhaled NPs are evident far outside the lung, particularly on the cardiovascular system and highly vascularized organs like the brain. Peripheral effects are partly explained by the translocation of some NPs from the lung into the circulation; however, other NPs largely confined to the lung are still accompanied by systemic outcomes. Omic research has only just begun to inform on the complex myriad of molecules released from the lung to the blood as byproducts of pulmonary pathology. These indirect mediators are diverse in their molecular make-up and activity in the periphery. The present review examines systemic outcomes attributed to pulmonary NP exposure and what is known about indirect pathological mediators released from the lung into the circulation. Further focus was directed to outcomes in the brain, a highly vascularized region susceptible to acute and longer-term outcomes. Findings here support the need for big-data toxicological studies to understand what drives these health outcomes and better predict, circumvent, and treat the potential health impacts arising from NP exposure scenarios.
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Petersson-Sjögren M, Jakobsson J, Aaltonen HL, Nicklasson H, Rissler J, Engström G, Wollmer P, Löndahl J. Airspace Dimension Assessment with Nanoparticles (AiDA) in Comparison to Established Pulmonary Function Tests. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:2777-2790. [PMID: 35782019 PMCID: PMC9241766 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s360271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Airspace Dimensions Assessment with nanoparticles (AiDA) is a new method for non-invasive measurement of pulmonary distal airspaces. The aim of this study was to compare AiDA measurements with other pulmonary function variables to better understand the potential of AiDA in a clinical context. Methods AiDA measurements and pulmonary function tests were performed in 695 subjects as part of the Swedish CArdioPulmonary bioImage Study. The measurement protocol included spirometry, measurement of diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide, oscillometry and pulmonary computed tomography. AiDA indices were compared to all other pulmonary examination measurements using multivariate statistical analysis. Results Our results show that AiDA measurements were significantly correlated with other pulmonary function examination indices, although covariance was low. We found that AiDA variables explained variance in the data that other lung function variables only influenced to a minor extent. Conclusion We conclude that the AiDA method provides information about the lung that is inaccessible with more conventional lung function techniques.
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Grants
- Lund University. This work was supported by the Swedish Heart and Lung foundation
- the Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare
- Swedish Research Council for Environmental, Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning, FORMAS
- NanoLund, and The Swedish Research Council, VR
- The main funding body of The Swedish CArdioPulmonary bioImage Study (SCAPIS) is the Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation. The study is also funded by the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, the Swedish Research Council and VINNOVA (Sweden’s Innovation agency) the University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County council, Linköping University and University Hospital, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Umeå University and University Hospital, Uppsala University and University Hospital
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Petersson-Sjögren
- Division of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jonas Jakobsson
- Division of Nuclear Physics, Department of Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - H Laura Aaltonen
- Department of Translational Medicine, Medical Imaging and Physiology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hanna Nicklasson
- Department of Translational Medicine, Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
- MVIC Medicon Valley Inhalation Consortium AB, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jenny Rissler
- Division of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Division of Bioeconomy and Health, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Borås, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Engström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Per Wollmer
- Department of Translational Medicine, Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jakob Löndahl
- Division of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Correspondence: Jakob Löndahl, Division of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, Box 118, Lund, SE-221 00, Sweden, Email
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Qvarfordt M, Anderson M, Sanchez-Crespo A, Diakopoulou M, Svartengren M. Pulmonary translocation of ultrafine carbon particles in COPD and IPF patients. Inhal Toxicol 2021; 34:14-23. [PMID: 34969348 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2021.2019859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Epidemiological studies indicate association between elevated air pollution and adverse health effects. Several mechanisms have been suggested, including translocation of inhaled ultrafine carbon (UFC) particles into the bloodstream. Previous studies in healthy subjects have shown no significant pulmonary translocation of UFC-particles. This study aimed to assess if UFC-particles translocate from damaged alveolar compartment in subjects suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). METHODS Eleven COPD and nine IPF subjects were exposed to a 100 nm UFC-particle-aerosol labeled with Indium-111. Activity in the body was followed up for 10 days using gamma camera planar-imaging as well as in blood and urine samples. RESULTS The pulmonary central to periphery activity ratio was significantly higher for COPD as compared to IPF subjects at exposure, 1.8 and 1.4, respectively and remained constant throughout the test period. Ten days after exposure, the estimated median pulmonary translocation of UFC particles was 22.8 and 25.8% for COPD and IPF, respectively. Bound activity was present in blood throughout the test period, peaking at 24-h postinhalation with a median concentration of 5.6 and 8.9 Bq/ml for the COPD and IPF, respectively. Median bound activity excreted in urine (% of inhaled) after 10 days was 1.4% in COPD and 0.7% in IPF. Activity accumulation in liver and spleen could not be demonstrated. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that UFC particles leak through the damaged alveolar barrier to the bloodstream in COPD and IPF patients probably distributing in a wide spectrum of whole-body tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Anderson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alejandro Sanchez-Crespo
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Medical Radiation Physics & Nuclear Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Diakopoulou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Abstract
Inhalation of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), produced by the combustion of fossil fuels, is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Exposure to PM2.5 has been linked to increases in blood pressure, thrombosis, and insulin resistance. It also induces vascular injury and accelerates atherogenesis. Results from animal models corroborate epidemiological evidence and suggest that the cardiovascular effects of PM2.5 may be attributable, in part, to oxidative stress, inflammation, and the activation of the autonomic nervous system. Although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear, there is robust evidence that long-term exposure to PM2.5 is associated with premature mortality due to heart failure, stoke, and ischemic heart disease. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Medicine, Volume 73 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruni Bhatnagar
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA;
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Chakraborty A, Pinar AA, Lam M, Bourke JE, Royce SG, Selomulya C, Samuel CS. Pulmonary myeloid cell uptake of biodegradable nanoparticles conjugated with an anti-fibrotic agent provides a novel strategy for treating chronic allergic airways disease. Biomaterials 2021; 273:120796. [PMID: 33894403 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Asthma (chronic allergic airways disease, AAD) is characterized by airway inflammation (AI), airway remodeling (AWR) and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). Current treatments for AAD mainly focus on targeting AI and its contribution AHR, with the use of corticosteroids. However, there are no therapies for the direct treatment of AWR, which can contribute to airway obstruction, AHR and corticosteroid resistance independently of AI. The acute heart failure drug, serelaxin (recombinant human gene-2 relaxin, RLX), has potential anti-remodeling and anti-fibrotic effects but only when continuously infused or injected to overcome its short half-life. To alleviate this limitation, we conjugated serelaxin to biodegradable and noninflammatory nanoparticles (NP-RLX) and evaluated their therapeutic potential on measures of AI, AWR and AHR, when intranasally delivered to a preclinical rodent model of chronic AAD and TGF-β1-stimulated collagen gel contraction from asthma patient-derived myofibroblasts. NP-RLX was preferentially taken-up by CD206+-infiltrating and CD68+-tissue resident alveolar macrophages. Furthermore, NP-RLX ameliorated the chronic AAD-induced AI, pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α), chemokines (CCL2, CCL11) and the pro-fibrotic TGF-β1/IL-1β axis on AWR and resulting AHR, as well as human myofibroblast-induced collagen gel contraction, to a similar extent as unconjugated RLX. Hence, NP-RLX represents a novel strategy for treating the central features of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amlan Chakraborty
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anita A Pinar
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maggie Lam
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jane E Bourke
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simon G Royce
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Clinical Pathology and Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cordelia Selomulya
- School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Chrishan S Samuel
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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Occupational Quartz Exposure in a Population of Male Individuals-Association With Risk of Developing Atrial Fibrillation. J Occup Environ Med 2020; 62:e267-e272. [PMID: 32502085 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000001862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Occupational quartz exposure is a health risk, with increased risk of developing lung, autoimmune diseases, and elevated mortality in cardiovascular diseases. METHODS The population was obtained from the period 2005 to 2016 and consisted of 5237 cases of patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Quartz exposure information was obtained through a Swedish job exposure matrix. RESULTS The risk of developing AF was increased for the quartz-exposed male population who were within a year of having commenced employment OR 1.54; (95% CI 1.06-2.24); this increased in the age group 20 to 55 (OR 2.05; CI 95% 1.02-4.10). CONCLUSION Our main conclusion is that quartz dust exposure may be related to increased risk of AF in high exposed (above 0.05 mg/m mean quartz dust) in men aged 20 to 55 years.
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Norlén F, Gustavsson P, Wiebert P, Rylander L, Albin M, Westgren M, Plato N, Selander J. Occupational exposure to inorganic particles during pregnancy and birth outcomes: a nationwide cohort study in Sweden. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e023879. [PMID: 30819703 PMCID: PMC6398675 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate if occupational exposure to inorganic particles or welding fumes during pregnancy is associated with negative birth outcomes. DESIGN A prospective national cohort study. SETTING All single births from 1994 to 2012 in Sweden. Information on birth weight, preterm birth, small for gestational age, smoking habits, nationality, age, occupation, absence from work and education was obtained from nationwide registers. Exposure to inorganic particles (mg/m3) was assessed from a job exposure matrix. PARTICIPANTS This study included all single births by occupationally active mothers (995 843). OUTCOME MEASURES Associations between occupational exposures and negative birth outcomes in the form of low birth weight, preterm birth and small for gestational age. RESULTS Mothers who had high exposure to inorganic particles and had less than 50 days (median) of absence from work during pregnancy showed an increased risk of preterm birth (OR 1.18; 95% CI 1.07 to 1.30), low birth weight (OR 1.32; 95% CI 1.18 to 1.48) as well as small for gestational age (OR 1.20; 95% CI 1.04 to 1.39). The increased risks were driven by exposure to iron particles. No increased risks were found in association with exposure to stone and concrete particles. High exposure to welding fumes was associated with an increased risk of low birth weight (OR 1.22; 95% CI 1.02 to 1.45) and preterm birth (OR 1.24; 95% CI 1.07 to 1.42). CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that pregnant women should not be exposed to high levels of iron particles or welding fumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Norlén
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Gustavsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pernilla Wiebert
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Rylander
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lunds Universitet, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria Albin
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lunds Universitet, Lund, Sweden
| | - Magnus Westgren
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nils Plato
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jenny Selander
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Abstract
Environmental and occupational exposure to particulate aerosols is known to have negative health effects. However little is known about how these aerosols trigger the development of pathophysiological mechanisms in the body or the fate of ultrafine particles in the lungs after inhalation. The development of aerosols of different origin that can be labeled to a large variety with radionuclides compatible with clinical gamma camera systems opens the possibility of using lung scintigraphy imaging to study these causalities in detail. Lung scintigraphy (planar or SPECT) allows regional mapping of the deposition of the aerosol in the lungs and the dynamic assessment of particle clearance and translocation from the healthy and affected human lungs. In this paper, we will review the unique features of lung scintigraphy applied to aerosol clearance studies in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Sanchez-Crespo
- Department of Medical Radiation Physics and Nuclear Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Oncology-pathology. Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Poh TY, Ali NABM, Mac Aogáin M, Kathawala MH, Setyawati MI, Ng KW, Chotirmall SH. Inhaled nanomaterials and the respiratory microbiome: clinical, immunological and toxicological perspectives. Part Fibre Toxicol 2018; 15:46. [PMID: 30458822 PMCID: PMC6245551 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-018-0282-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Our development and usage of engineered nanomaterials has grown exponentially despite concerns about their unfavourable cardiorespiratory consequence, one that parallels ambient ultrafine particle exposure from vehicle emissions. Most research in the field has so far focused on airway inflammation in response to nanoparticle inhalation, however, little is known about nanoparticle-microbiome interaction in the human airway and the environment. Emerging evidence illustrates that the airway, even in its healthy state, is not sterile. The resident human airway microbiome is further altered in chronic inflammatory respiratory disease however little is known about the impact of nanoparticle inhalation on this airway microbiome. The composition of the airway microbiome, which is involved in the development and progression of respiratory disease is dynamic, adding further complexity to understanding microbiota-host interaction in the lung, particularly in the context of nanoparticle exposure. This article reviews the size-dependent properties of nanomaterials, their body deposition after inhalation and factors that influence their fate. We evaluate what is currently known about nanoparticle-microbiome interactions in the human airway and summarise the known clinical, immunological and toxicological consequences of this relationship. While associations between inhaled ambient ultrafine particles and host immune-inflammatory response are known, the airway and environmental microbiomes likely act as intermediaries and facilitate individual susceptibility to inhaled nanoparticles and toxicants. Characterising the precise interaction between the environment and airway microbiomes, inhaled nanoparticles and the host immune system is therefore critical and will provide insight into mechanisms promoting nanoparticle induced airway damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuang Yeow Poh
- Translational Respiratory Research Laboratory, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Level 12, Clinical Sciences Building, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - Nur A'tikah Binte Mohamed Ali
- Translational Respiratory Research Laboratory, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Level 12, Clinical Sciences Building, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - Micheál Mac Aogáin
- Translational Respiratory Research Laboratory, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Level 12, Clinical Sciences Building, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - Mustafa Hussain Kathawala
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Block N4.1, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Magdiel Inggrid Setyawati
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Block N4.1, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Kee Woei Ng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Block N4.1, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Sanjay Haresh Chotirmall
- Translational Respiratory Research Laboratory, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Level 12, Clinical Sciences Building, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore, 308232, Singapore.
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Zeman T, Loh EW, Čierný D, Šerý O. Penetration, distribution and brain toxicity of titanium nanoparticles in rodents' body: a review. IET Nanobiotechnol 2018; 12:695-700. [PMID: 30104440 PMCID: PMC8676074 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2017.0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) has been vastly used commercially, especially as white pigment in paints, colorants, plastics, coatings, cosmetics. Certain industrial uses TiO2 in diameter <100 nm. There are three common exposure routes for TiO2: (i) inhalation exposure, (ii) exposure via gastrointestinal tract, (iii) dermal exposure. Inhalation and gastrointestinal exposure appear to be the most probable ways of exposure, although nanoparticle (NP) penetration is limited. However, the penetration rate may increase substantially when the tissue is impaired. When TiO2 NPs migrate into the circulatory system, they can be distributed into all tissues including brain. In brain, TiO2 lead to oxidative stress mediated by the microglia phagocytic cells which respond to TiO2 NPs by the production and release of superoxide radicals that convert to multiple reactive oxygen species (ROS). The ROS production may also cause the damage of blood-brain barrier which then becomes more permeable for NPs. Moreover, several studies have showed neuron degradation and the impairment of spatial recognition memory and learning abilities in laboratory rodent exposed to TiO2 NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Zeman
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - El-Wui Loh
- Center for Evidence - based Health Care, Taipei Medical University - Shuang Ho Hospital, No. 291, Zhongzheng Road, Zhonghe District, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan
| | - Daniel Čierný
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Kollárova 2, 03659 Martin, Slovak Republic
| | - Omar Šerý
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Pathological Physiology, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Veveří 97, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Modrzynska J, Berthing T, Ravn-Haren G, Kling K, Mortensen A, Rasmussen RR, Larsen EH, Saber AT, Vogel U, Loeschner K. In vivo-induced size transformation of cerium oxide nanoparticles in both lung and liver does not affect long-term hepatic accumulation following pulmonary exposure. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202477. [PMID: 30125308 PMCID: PMC6101382 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent findings show that cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles may undergo in vivo-induced size transformation with the formation of smaller particles that could result in a higher translocation following pulmonary exposure compared to virtually insoluble particles, like titanium dioxide (TiO2). Therefore, we compared liver deposition of CeO2 and TiO2 nanoparticles of similar primary sizes 1, 28 or 180 days after intratracheal instillation of 162 μg of NPs in female C57BL/6 mice. Mice exposed to 162 μg CeO2 or TiO2 nanoparticles by intravenous injection or oral gavage were included as reference groups to assess the amount of NPs that reach the liver bypassing the lungs and the translocation of NPs from the gastrointestinal tract to the liver, respectively. Pulmonary deposited CeO2 nanoparticles were detected in the liver 28 and 180 days post-exposure and TiO2 nanoparticles 180 days post-exposure as determined by darkfield imaging and by the quantification of Ce and Ti mass concentration by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Ce and Ti concentrations increased over time and 180 days post-exposure the translocation to the liver was 2.87 ± 3.37% and 1.24 ± 1.98% of the initial pulmonary dose, respectively. Single particle ICP-MS showed that the size of CeO2 nanoparticles in both lung and liver tissue decreased over time. No nanoparticles were detected in the liver following oral gavage. Our results suggest that pulmonary deposited CeO2 and TiO2 nanoparticles translocate to the liver with similar calculated translocation rates despite their different chemical composition and shape. The observed particle size distributions of CeO2 nanoparticles indicate in vivo processing over time both in lung and liver. The fact that no particles were detected in the liver following oral exposure showed that direct translocation of nanoparticles from lung to the systemic circulation was the most important route of translocation for pulmonary deposited particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Modrzynska
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Trine Berthing
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gitte Ravn-Haren
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kirsten Kling
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alicja Mortensen
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rie R. Rasmussen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Erik H. Larsen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anne T. Saber
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulla Vogel
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Katrin Loeschner
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Jakobsson JKF, Aaltonen HL, Nicklasson H, Gudmundsson A, Rissler J, Wollmer P, Löndahl J. Altered deposition of inhaled nanoparticles in subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. BMC Pulm Med 2018; 18:129. [PMID: 30081885 PMCID: PMC6080394 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-018-0697-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Respiratory tract deposition of airborne particles is a key link to understand their health impact. Experimental data are limited for vulnerable groups such as individuals with respiratory diseases. The aim of this study is to investigate the differences in lung deposition of nanoparticles in the distal lung for healthy subjects and subjects with respiratory disease. Methods Lung deposition of nanoparticles (50 and 100 nm) was measured after a 10 s breath-hold for three groups: healthy never-smoking subjects (n = 17), asymptomatic (active and former) smokers (n = 15) and subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (n = 16). Measurements were made at 1300 mL and 1800 mL volumetric lung depth. Each subject also underwent conventional lung function tests, including post bronchodilator FEV1, VC, and diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide, DL,CO. Patients with previously diagnosed respiratory disease underwent a CT-scan of the lungs. Particle lung deposition fraction, was compared between the groups and with conventional lung function tests. Results We found that the deposition fraction was significantly lower for subjects with emphysema compared to the other subjects (p = 0.001–0.01), but no significant differences were found between healthy never-smokers and smokers. Furthermore, the particle deposition correlated with pulmonary function tests, FEV1%Pred (p < 0.05), FEV1/VC%Pred (p < 0.01) and DL,CO (p < 0.0005) when all subjects were included. Furthermore, for subjects with emphysema, deposition fraction correlated strongly with DL,CO (Pearson’s r = 0.80–0.85, p < 0.002) while this correlation was not found within the other groups. Conclusions Lower deposition fraction was observed for emphysematous subjects and this can be explained by enlarged distal airspaces in the lungs. As expected, deposition increases for smaller particles and deeper inhalation. The observed results have implications for exposure assessment of air pollution and dosimetry of aerosol-based drug delivery of nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas K F Jakobsson
- Division of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - H Laura Aaltonen
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Hanna Nicklasson
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anders Gudmundsson
- Division of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jenny Rissler
- Division of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Chemistry, Materials and Surfaces, SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Lund, Sweden
| | - Per Wollmer
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jakob Löndahl
- Division of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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14
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Corbin JC, Mensah AA, Pieber SM, Orasche J, Michalke B, Zanatta M, Czech H, Massabò D, Buatier de Mongeot F, Mennucci C, El Haddad I, Kumar NK, Stengel B, Huang Y, Zimmermann R, Prévôt ASH, Gysel M. Trace Metals in Soot and PM 2.5 from Heavy-Fuel-Oil Combustion in a Marine Engine. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:6714-6722. [PMID: 29688717 PMCID: PMC5990929 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Heavy fuel oil (HFO) particulate matter (PM) emitted by marine engines is known to contain toxic heavy metals, including vanadium (V) and nickel (Ni). The toxicity of such metals will depend on the their chemical state, size distribution, and mixing state. Using online soot-particle aerosol mass spectrometry (SP-AMS), we quantified the mass of five metals (V, Ni, Fe, Na, and Ba) in HFO-PM soot particles produced by a marine diesel research engine. The in-soot metal concentrations were compared to in-PM2.5 measurements by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). We found that <3% of total PM2.5 metals was associated with soot particles, which may still be sufficient to influence in-cylinder soot burnout rates. Since these metals were most likely present as oxides, whereas studies on lower-temperature boilers report a predominance of sulfates, this result implies that the toxicity of HFO PM depends on its combustion conditions. Finally, we observed a 4-to-25-fold enhancement in the ratio V:Ni in soot particles versus PM2.5, indicating an enrichment of V in soot due to its lower nucleation/condensation temperature. As this enrichment mechanism is not dependent on soot formation, V is expected to be generally enriched within smaller HFO-PM particles from marine engines, enhancing its toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. C. Corbin
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - A. A. Mensah
- Institute
for Atmospheric Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - S. M. Pieber
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - J. Orasche
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular
Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse
1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute
of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - B. Michalke
- Research
Unit Analytical Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz
Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - M. Zanatta
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - H. Czech
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute
of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - D. Massabò
- INFN, Sezione
di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 22, 16146 Genova, Italy
- Department
of Physics, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | | | - C. Mennucci
- Department
of Physics, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - I. El Haddad
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - N. K. Kumar
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - B. Stengel
- Department
of Piston Machines and Internal Combustion Engines, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 2, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- HICE −
Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental
Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Y. Huang
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute
of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - R. Zimmermann
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular
Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstrasse
1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute
of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- HICE −
Helmholtz Virtual Institute of Complex Molecular Systems in Environmental
Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - A. S. H. Prévôt
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - M. Gysel
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
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15
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Othman M, Latif MT, Mohamed AF. Health impact assessment from building life cycles and trace metals in coarse particulate matter in urban office environments. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 148:293-302. [PMID: 29080527 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study intends to determine the health impacts from two office life cycles (St.1 and St.2) using life cycle assessment (LCA) and health risk assessment of indoor metals in coarse particulates (particulate matter with diameters of less than 10µm). The first building (St.1) is located in the city centre and the second building (St.2) is located within a new development 7km away from the city centre. All life cycle stages are considered and was analysed using SimaPro software. The trace metal concentrations were determined by inductively couple plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Particle deposition in the human lung was estimated using the multiple-path particle dosimetry model (MPPD). The results showed that the total human health impact for St.1 (0.027 DALY m-2) was higher than St.2 (0.005 DALY m-2) for a 50-year lifespan, with the highest contribution from the operational phase. The potential health risk to indoor workers was quantified as a hazard quotient (HQ) for non-carcinogenic elements, where the total values for ingestion contact were 4.38E-08 (St.1) and 2.59E-08 (St.2) while for dermal contact the values were 5.12E-09 (St.1) and 2.58E-09 (St.2). For the carcinogenic risk, the values for dermal and ingestion routes for both St.1 and St.2 were lower than the acceptable limit which indicated no carcinogenic risk. Particle deposition for coarse particles in indoor workers was concentrated in the head, followed by the pulmonary region and tracheobronchial tract deposition. The results from this study showed that human health can be significantly affected by all the processes in office building life cycle, thus the minimisation of energy consumption and pollutant exposures are crucially required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murnira Othman
- Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Talib Latif
- Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Ahmad Fariz Mohamed
- Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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16
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Gorr MW, Falvo MJ, Wold LE. Air Pollution and Other Environmental Modulators of Cardiac Function. Compr Physiol 2017; 7:1479-1495. [PMID: 28915333 PMCID: PMC7249238 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c170017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in developed regions and a worldwide health concern. Multiple external causes of CVD are well known, including obesity, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, age, and sedentary behavior. Air pollution has been linked with the development of CVD for decades, though the mechanistic characterization remains unknown. In this comprehensive review, we detail the background and epidemiology of the effects of air pollution and other environmental modulators on the heart, including both short- and long-term consequences. Then, we provide the experimental data and current hypotheses of how pollution is able to cause the CVD, and how exposure to pollutants is exacerbated in sensitive states. Published 2017. Compr Physiol 7:1479-1495, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W. Gorr
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Michael J. Falvo
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, New Jersey Health Care System, East Orange, New Jersey, USA
- New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Loren E. Wold
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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17
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Rissler J, Gudmundsson A, Nicklasson H, Swietlicki E, Wollmer P, Löndahl J. Deposition efficiency of inhaled particles (15-5000 nm) related to breathing pattern and lung function: an experimental study in healthy children and adults. Part Fibre Toxicol 2017; 14:10. [PMID: 28388961 PMCID: PMC5385003 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-017-0190-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to airborne particles has a major impact on global health. The probability of these particles to deposit in the respiratory tract during breathing is essential for their toxic effects. Observations have shown that there is a substantial variability in deposition between subjects, not only due to respiratory diseases, but also among individuals with healthy lungs. The factors determining this variability are, however, not fully understood. METHOD In this study we experimentally investigate factors that determine individual differences in the respiratory tract depositions of inhaled particles for healthy subjects at relaxed breathing. The study covers particles of diameters 15-5000 nm and includes 67 subjects aged 7-70 years. A comprehensive examination of lung function was performed for all subjects. Principal component analyses and multiple regression analyses were used to explore the relationships between subject characteristics and particle deposition. RESULTS A large individual variability in respiratory tract deposition efficiency was found. Individuals with high deposition of a certain particle size generally had high deposition for all particles <3500 nm. The individual variability was explained by two factors: breathing pattern, and lung structural and functional properties. The most important predictors were found to be breathing frequency and anatomical airway dead space. We also present a linear regression model describing the deposition based on four variables: tidal volume, breathing frequency, anatomical dead space and resistance of the respiratory system (the latter measured with impulse oscillometry). CONCLUSIONS To understand why some individuals are more susceptible to airborne particles we must understand, and take into account, the individual variability in the probability of particles to deposit in the respiratory tract by considering not only breathing patterns but also adequate measures of relevant structural and functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Rissler
- Chemistry, Materials and Surfaces, SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Ideon Gateway, Sheelevägan 27, SE-223 70 Lund, Sweden
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Anders Gudmundsson
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Hanna Nicklasson
- Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Erik Swietlicki
- Division of Nuclear Physics, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Per Wollmer
- Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jakob Löndahl
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
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18
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Guney M, Chapuis RP, Zagury GJ. Lung bioaccessibility of contaminants in particulate matter of geological origin. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:24422-24434. [PMID: 27080406 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6623-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to particulate matter (PM) has been associated with adverse health effects. While inhalation exposure to airborne PM is a prominent research subject, exposure to PM of geological origin (i.e., generated from soil/soil-like material) has received less attention. This review discusses the contaminants in PM of geological origin and their relevance for human exposure and then evaluates lung bioaccessibility assessment methods and their use. PM of geological origin can contain toxic elements as well as organic contaminants. Observed/predicted PM lung clearance times are long, which may lead to prolonged contact with lung environment. Thus, certain exposure scenarios warrant the use of in vitro bioaccessibility testing to predict lung bioavailability. Limited research is available on lung bioaccessibility test development and test application to PM of geological origin. For in vitro tests, test parameter variation between different studies and concerns about physiological relevance indicate a crucial need for test method standardization and comparison with relevant animal data. Research is recommended on (1) developing robust in vitro lung bioaccessibility methods, (2) assessing bioaccessibility of various contaminants (especially polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)) in PM of diverse origin (surface soils, mine tailings, etc.), and (3) risk characterization to determine relative importance of exposure to PM of geological origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mert Guney
- Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Robert P Chapuis
- Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Gerald J Zagury
- Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3A7, Canada.
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19
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Jakobsson JKF, Hedlund J, Kumlin J, Wollmer P, Löndahl J. A new method for measuring lung deposition efficiency of airborne nanoparticles in a single breath. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36147. [PMID: 27819335 PMCID: PMC5098138 DOI: 10.1038/srep36147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessment of respiratory tract deposition of nanoparticles is a key link to understanding their health impacts. An instrument was developed to measure respiratory tract deposition of nanoparticles in a single breath. Monodisperse nanoparticles are generated, inhaled and sampled from a determined volumetric lung depth after a controlled residence time in the lung. The instrument was characterized for sensitivity to inter-subject variability, particle size (22, 50, 75 and 100 nm) and breath-holding time (3–20 s) in a group of seven healthy subjects. The measured particle recovery had an inter-subject variability 26–50 times larger than the measurement uncertainty and the results for various particle sizes and breath-holding times were in accordance with the theory for Brownian diffusion and values calculated from the Multiple-Path Particle Dosimetry model. The recovery was found to be determined by residence time and particle size, while respiratory flow-rate had minor importance in the studied range 1–10 L/s. The instrument will be used to investigate deposition of nanoparticles in patients with respiratory disease. The fast and precise measurement allows for both diagnostic applications, where the disease may be identified based on particle recovery, and for studies with controlled delivery of aerosol-based nanomedicine to specific regions of the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas K F Jakobsson
- Div. of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology (EAT), Dep. of Design Sciences, Lund University, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden.,NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Hedlund
- Div. of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology (EAT), Dep. of Design Sciences, Lund University, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - John Kumlin
- Div. of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology (EAT), Dep. of Design Sciences, Lund University, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Per Wollmer
- Dept. of Translational Medicine, Lund University, SE-221 00, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jakob Löndahl
- Div. of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology (EAT), Dep. of Design Sciences, Lund University, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden.,NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
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20
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Chan EAW, Buckley B, Farraj AK, Thompson LC. The heart as an extravascular target of endothelin-1 in particulate matter-induced cardiac dysfunction. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 165:63-78. [PMID: 27222357 PMCID: PMC6390286 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to particulate matter air pollution has been causally linked to cardiovascular disease in humans. Several broad and overlapping hypotheses describing the biological mechanisms by which particulate matter exposure leads to cardiovascular disease have been explored, although linkage with specific factors or genes remains limited. These hypotheses may or may not also lead to particulate matter-induced cardiac dysfunction. Evidence pointing to autocrine/paracrine signaling systems as modulators of cardiac dysfunction has increased interest in the emerging role of endothelins as mediators of cardiac function following particulate matter exposure. Endothelin-1, a well-described small peptide expressed in the pulmonary and cardiovascular systems, is best known for its ability to constrict blood vessels, although it can also induce extravascular effects. Research on the role of endothelins in the context of air pollution has largely focused on vascular effects, with limited investigation of responses resulting from the direct effects of endothelins on cardiac tissue. This represents a significant knowledge gap in air pollution health effects research, given the abundance of endothelin receptors found on cardiac tissue and the ability of endothelin-1 to modulate cardiac contractility, heart rate, and rhythm. The plausibility of endothelin-1 as a mediator of particulate matter-induced cardiac dysfunction is further supported by the therapeutic utility of certain endothelin receptor antagonists. The present review examines the possibility that endothelin-1 release caused by exposure to PM directly modulates extravascular effects on the heart, deleteriously altering cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A W Chan
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) Fellow at the National Center for Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Barbara Buckley
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Aimen K Farraj
- Environmental Public Health Division, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Leslie C Thompson
- Environmental Public Health Division, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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21
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Gorr MW, Youtz DJ, Eichenseer CM, Smith KE, Nelin TD, Cormet-Boyaka E, Wold LE. In vitro particulate matter exposure causes direct and lung-mediated indirect effects on cardiomyocyte function. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 309:H53-62. [PMID: 25957217 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00162.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) exposure induces a pathological response from both the lungs and the cardiovascular system. PM is capable of both manifestation into the lung epithelium and entrance into the bloodstream. Therefore, PM has the capacity for both direct and lung-mediated indirect effects on the heart. In the present studies, we exposed isolated rat cardiomyocytes to ultrafine particulate matter (diesel exhaust particles, DEP) and examined their contractile function and calcium handling ability. In another set of experiments, lung epithelial cells (16HBE14o- or Calu-3) were cultured on permeable supports that allowed access to both the basal (serosal) and apical (mucosal) media; the basal media was used to culture cardiomyocytes to model the indirect, lung-mediated effects of PM on the heart. Both the direct and indirect treatments caused a reduction in contractility as evidenced by reduced percent sarcomere shortening and reduced calcium handling ability measured in field-stimulated cardiomyocytes. Treatment of cardiomyocytes with various anti-oxidants before culture with DEP was able to partially prevent the contractile dysfunction. The basal media from lung epithelial cells treated with PM contained several inflammatory cytokines, and we found that monocyte chemotactic protein-1 was a key trigger for cardiomyocyte dysfunction. These results indicate the presence of both direct and indirect effects of PM on cardiomyocyte function in vitro. Future work will focus on elucidating the mechanisms involved in these separate pathways using in vivo models of air pollution exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Gorr
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Dane J Youtz
- College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; and
| | | | - Korbin E Smith
- College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; and
| | - Timothy D Nelin
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; and
| | - Estelle Cormet-Boyaka
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Loren E Wold
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; and
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22
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Rinaldo M, Andujar P, Lacourt A, Martinon L, Canal Raffin M, Dumortier P, Pairon JC, Brochard P. Perspectives in Biological Monitoring of Inhaled Nanosized Particles. ANNALS OF OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE 2015; 59:669-80. [PMID: 25795003 DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/mev015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Given the results of experimental studies, occupational or environmental exposures to manufactured nanoparticles or to unintentionally produced ultrafine particles may result in health effects or diseases in humans. In this review, we synthesize published data of experimental studies on the distribution of inhaled nanoparticles and the first case reports to discuss the potential usefulness of their biological monitoring for clinical purposes. Toxicokinetic studies suggest that nanoparticles may be absorbed predominantly by respiratory and oral routes with possible systemic translocation, leading to accumulation in the peripheral organs or excretion in feces or urine. Some methods used in these studies may be applied successfully in retrospective evaluation of exposure or in follow-up of occupational exposure in the workplace. Biological monitoring of nanoparticles should be based on imaging methods that are essential to confirm their presence and to characterize them in tissue associated with analytical quantitative methods. The first case reports reviewed emphasize the urgent need for the development of standardized procedures for the preparation and analysis of biological samples with a view to characterizing and quantifying nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aude Lacourt
- 2.Faculté de médecine, Université de Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat CS 61292 F-33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France 2.Faculté de médecine, Université de Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat CS 61292 F-33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Laurent Martinon
- 7.Laboratoire d'étude des particules inhalées de la Ville de Paris, 11, rue George EastmanF-75013 Paris, France
| | | | - Pascal Dumortier
- 8.Service de pneumologie, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Route de Lennik 808, B1070 Bruxelles, Belgique
| | | | - Patrick Brochard
- 1.CHU de Bordeaux, Consultation de pathologie professionnelle, Place Amélie Raba-Léon, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
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23
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van Berlo D, Hullmann M, Schins RPF. Toxicology of ambient particulate matter. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 101:165-217. [PMID: 22945570 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7643-8340-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly clear that inhalation exposure to particulate matter (PM) can lead to or exacerbate various diseases, which are not limited to the lung but extend to the cardiovascular system and possibly other organs and tissues. Epidemiological studies have provided strong evidence for associations with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, bronchitis and cardiovascular disease, while the evidence for a link with lung cancer is less strong. Novel research has provided first hints that exposure to PM might lead to diabetes and central nervous system (CNS) pathology. In the current review, an overview is presented of the toxicological basis for adverse health effects that have been linked to PM inhalation. Oxidative stress and inflammation are discussed as central processes driving adverse effects; in addition, profibrotic and allergic processes are implicated in PM-related diseases. Effects of PM on key cell types considered as regulators of inflammatory, fibrotic and allergic mechanisms are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiën van Berlo
- Particle Research, Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung (IUF), Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Auf'm Hennekamp 50, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Elder A, Schwartz J, Oberdörster G. Particulate Air Pollution and CNS Health. MOLECULAR AND INTEGRATIVE TOXICOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4471-6669-6_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Semmler-Behnke M, Lipka J, Wenk A, Hirn S, Schäffler M, Tian F, Schmid G, Oberdörster G, Kreyling WG. Size dependent translocation and fetal accumulation of gold nanoparticles from maternal blood in the rat. Part Fibre Toxicol 2014; 11:33. [PMID: 25928666 PMCID: PMC4445676 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-014-0033-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is evidence that nanoparticles (NP) cross epithelial and endothelial body barriers. We hypothesized that gold (Au) NP, once in the blood circulation of pregnant rats, will cross the placental barrier during pregnancy size-dependently and accumulate in the fetal organism by 1. transcellular transport across the hemochorial placenta, 2. transcellular transport across amniotic membranes 3. transport through ~20 nm wide transtrophoblastic channels in a size dependent manner. The three AuNP sizes used to test this hypothesis are either well below, or of similar size or well above the diameters of the transtrophoblastic channels. METHODS We intravenously injected monodisperse, negatively charged, radio-labelled 1.4 nm, 18 nm and 80 nm ¹⁹⁸AuNP at a mass dose of 5, 3 and 27 μg/rat, respectively, into pregnant rats on day 18 of gestation and in non-pregnant control rats and studied the biodistribution in a quantitative manner based on the radio-analysis of the stably labelled ¹⁹⁸AuNP after 24 hours. RESULTS We observed significant biokinetic differences between pregnant and non-pregnant rats. AuNP fractions in the uterus of pregnant rats were at least one order of magnitude higher for each particle size roughly proportional to the enlarged size and weight of the pregnant uterus. All three sizes of ¹⁹⁸AuNP were found in the placentas and amniotic fluids with 1.4 nm AuNP fractions being two orders of magnitude higher than those of the larger AuNP on a mass base. In the fetuses, only fractions of 0.0006 (30 ng) and 0.00004 (0.1 ng) of 1.4 nm and 18 nm AuNP, respectively, were detected, but no 80 nm AuNP (<0.000004 (<0.1 ng)). These data show that no AuNP entered the fetuses from amniotic fluids within 24 hours but indicate that AuNP translocation occurs across the placental tissues either through transtrophoblastic channels and/or via transcellular processes. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that the translocation of AuNP from maternal blood into the fetus is NP-size dependent which is due to mechanisms involving (1) transport through transtrophoblastic channels - also present in the human placenta - and/or (2) endocytotic and diffusive processes across the placental barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Semmler-Behnke
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg/Munich, Germany.
- Current address: Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany.
| | - Jens Lipka
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg/Munich, Germany.
| | - Alexander Wenk
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg/Munich, Germany.
| | - Stephanie Hirn
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg/Munich, Germany.
- Current address: Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
| | - Martin Schäffler
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg/Munich, Germany.
| | - Furong Tian
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg/Munich, Germany.
- Current address: Focus Research Institute, Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Günter Schmid
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry University Duisburg-Essen, 45117, Essen, Germany.
| | - Günter Oberdörster
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA.
| | - Wolfgang G Kreyling
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg/Munich, Germany.
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg/Munich, Germany.
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Löndahl J, Möller W, Pagels JH, Kreyling WG, Swietlicki E, Schmid O. Measurement techniques for respiratory tract deposition of airborne nanoparticles: a critical review. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2014; 27:229-54. [PMID: 24151837 PMCID: PMC4120654 DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2013.1044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Determination of the respiratory tract deposition of airborne particles is critical for risk assessment of air pollution, inhaled drug delivery, and understanding of respiratory disease. With the advent of nanotechnology, there has been an increasing interest in the measurement of pulmonary deposition of nanoparticles because of their unique properties in inhalation toxicology and medicine. Over the last century, around 50 studies have presented experimental data on lung deposition of nanoparticles (typical diameter≤100 nm, but here≤300 nm). These data show a considerable variability, partly due to differences in the applied methodologies. In this study, we review the experimental techniques for measuring respiratory tract deposition of nano-sized particles, analyze critical experimental design aspects causing measurement uncertainties, and suggest methodologies for future studies. It is shown that, although particle detection techniques have developed with time, the overall methodology in respiratory tract deposition experiments has not seen similar progress. Available experience from previous research has often not been incorporated, and some methodological design aspects that were overlooked in 30-70% of all studies may have biased the experimental data. This has contributed to a significant uncertainty on the absolute value of the lung deposition fraction of nanoparticles. We estimate the impact of the design aspects on obtained data, discuss solutions to minimize errors, and highlight gaps in the available experimental set of data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Löndahl
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology (EAT), Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Winfried Möller
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Joakim H. Pagels
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology (EAT), Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Wolfgang G. Kreyling
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Otmar Schmid
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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Zhang X, Huang Y, Zhao W, Chen Y, Zhang P, Li J, Venkataramanan R, Li S. PEG-farnesyl thiosalicylic acid telodendrimer micelles as an improved formulation for targeted delivery of paclitaxel. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:2807-14. [PMID: 24987803 PMCID: PMC4123940 DOI: 10.1021/mp500181x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
![]()
We
have recently designed and developed a dual-functional drug
carrier that is based on poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-derivatized farnesylthiosalicylate
(FTS, a nontoxic Ras antagonist). PEG5K-FTS2 readily form micelles (20–30 nm) and hydrophobic drugs such
as paclitaxel (PTX) could be effectively loaded into these micelles.
PTX formulated in PEG5K-FTS2 micelles showed
an antitumor activity that was more efficacious than Taxol in a syngeneic
mouse model of breast cancer (4T1.2). In order to further improve
our PEG-FTS micellar system, four PEG-FTS conjugates were developed
that vary in the molecular weight of PEG (PEG2K vs PEG5K) and the molar ratio of PEG/FTS (1/2 vs 1/4) in the conjugates.
These conjugates were characterized including CMC, drug loading capacity,
stability, and their efficacy in delivery of anticancer drug PTX to
tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. Our data showed that the conjugates with four FTS molecules were
more effective than the conjugates with two molecules of FTS and that
FTS conjugates with PEG5K were more effective than the
counterparts with PEG2K in forming stable mixed micelles.
PTX formulated in PEG5K-FTS4 micelles was the
most effective formulation in inhibiting the tumor growth in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Zhang
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, ‡Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, and §University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
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Biological Effects of Emissions From Resistance Spot Welding of Zinc-Coated Material After Controlled Exposure of Healthy Human Subjects. J Occup Environ Med 2014; 56:673-7. [DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000000170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Nazarenko Y, Lioy PJ, Mainelis G. Quantitative assessment of inhalation exposure and deposited dose of aerosol from nanotechnology-based consumer sprays. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. NANO 2014; 1:161-171. [PMID: 25621175 PMCID: PMC4303255 DOI: 10.1039/c3en00053b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This study provides a quantitative assessment of inhalation exposure and deposited aerosol dose in the 14 nm to 20 μm particle size range based on the aerosol measurements conducted during realistic usage simulation of five nanotechnology-based and five regular spray products matching the nano-products by purpose of application. The products were also examined using transmission electron microscopy. In seven out of ten sprays, the highest inhalation exposure was observed for the coarse (2.5-10 μm) particles while being minimal or below the detection limit for the remaining three sprays. Nanosized aerosol particles (14-100 nm) were released, which resulted in low but measurable inhalation exposures from all of the investigated consumer sprays. Eight out of ten products produced high total deposited aerosol doses on the order of 101-103 ng kg-1 bw per application, ~85-88% of which were in the head airways, only <10% in the alveolar region and <8% in the tracheobronchial region. One nano and one regular spray produced substantially lower total deposited doses (by 2-4 orders of magnitude less), only ~52-64% of which were in the head while ~29-40% in the alveolar region. The electron microscopy data showed nanosized objects in some products not labeled as nanotechnology-based and conversely did not find nano-objects in some nano-sprays. We found no correlation between nano-object presence and abundance as per the electron microscopy data and the determined inhalation exposures and deposited doses. The findings of this study and the reported quantitative exposure data will be valuable for the manufacturers of nanotechnology-based consumer sprays to minimize inhalation exposure from their products, as well as for the regulators focusing on protecting the public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yevgen Nazarenko
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, 14 College Farm Rd., New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- ‡Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, 805 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B9, Canada
| | - Paul J. Lioy
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Rutgers Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Gediminas Mainelis
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, 14 College Farm Rd., New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Rutgers Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- ; Fax: +1 732 932 8644; Tel: +1 848 932 5712
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Toxicological assessment of inhaled nanoparticles: role of in vivo, ex vivo, in vitro, and in silico studies. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:4795-822. [PMID: 24646916 PMCID: PMC3975425 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15034795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The alveolar epithelium of the lung is by far the most permeable epithelial barrier of the human body. The risk for adverse effects by inhaled nanoparticles (NPs) depends on their hazard (negative action on cells and organism) and on exposure (concentration in the inhaled air and pattern of deposition in the lung). With the development of advanced in vitro models, not only in vivo, but also cellular studies can be used for toxicological testing. Advanced in vitro studies use combinations of cells cultured in the air-liquid interface. These cultures are useful for particle uptake and mechanistic studies. Whole-body, nose-only, and lung-only exposures of animals could help to determine retention of NPs in the body. Both approaches also have their limitations; cellular studies cannot mimic the entire organism and data obtained by inhalation exposure of rodents have limitations due to differences in the respiratory system from that of humans. Simulation programs for lung deposition in humans could help to determine the relevance of the biological findings. Combination of biological data generated in different biological models and in silico modeling appears suitable for a realistic estimation of potential risks by inhalation exposure to NPs.
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Kjellberg M, Björkman K, Rohdin M, Sanchez-Crespo A, Jonsson B. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: clinical grading in relation to ventilation/perfusion mismatch measured by single photon emission computed tomography. Pediatr Pulmonol 2013; 48:1206-13. [PMID: 23359534 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.22751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a significant cause of morbidity in the preterm population. Clinical severity grading based on the need for supplemental oxygen and/or need for positive airway pressure at 36 weeks postmenstrual age does not yield reproducible predictive values for later pulmonary morbidity. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) was used to measure the distribution of lung ventilation (V) and perfusion (Q) in 30 BPD preterm infants at a median age of 37 weeks postmenstrual age. The V and Q were traced with 5 MBq Technegas and Technetium-labeled albumin macro aggregates, respectively, and the V/Q match-mismatch was used to quantify the extent of lung function impairment. The latter was then compared with the clinical severity grading at 36 weeks, and time spent on mechanical ventilation, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and supplemental oxygen. Of those with mild and moderate BPD 3/9 and 3/11 patients, respectively, showed significant V/Q mismatches. By contrast, 4/10 patients with severe BPD showed a satisfactory V/Q matching distribution. An unsatisfactory V/Q match was not correlated with time spent on supplemental oxygen or CPAP, but was significantly negatively correlated with time spent on mechanical ventilation. SPECT provides unique additional information about regional lung function. The results suggest that the current clinical severity grading can be improved and/or complemented with SPECT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Kjellberg
- Department of Woman and Child Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neonatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Solomon A, Smyth E, Mitha N, Pitchford S, Vydyanath A, Luther PK, Thorley AJ, Tetley TD, Emerson M. Induction of platelet aggregation after a direct physical interaction with diesel exhaust particles. J Thromb Haemost 2013; 11:325-34. [PMID: 23206187 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a proven link between exposure to traffic-derived particulate air pollution and the incidence of platelet-driven cardiovascular diseases. It is suggested that inhalation of small, nanosized particles increases cardiovascular risk via toxicological and inflammatory processes and translocation of nanoparticles into the bloodstream has been shown in experimental models. We therefore investigated the ability of diesel exhaust particles (DEP) to interact physically and functionally with platelets. METHODS The interaction of DEP and carbon black (CB) with platelets was examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), whereas the functional consequences of exposure were assessed by measuring in vitro and in vivo platelet aggregation via established methods. RESULTS Both DEP and CB were internalized and seen in proximity with the open canalicular system in platelets. DEP induced platelet aggregation in vitro whereas CB had no effect. DEP induced Ca(2+) release, dense granule secretion and surface P-selectin expression, but not toxicologic membrane disruption. Low concentrations of DEP potentiated agonist-induced platelet aggregation in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS DEP associate physically with platelets in parallel with a Ca(2+) -mediated aggregation response displaying the conventional features of agonist-induced aggregation. The ability of DEP to enhance the aggregation response to platelet stimuli would be expected to increase the incidence of platelet-driven cardiovascular events should they be inhaled and translocate into the blood. This study provides a potential mechanism for the increased thrombotic risk associated with exposure to ambient particulate air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Solomon
- Platelet Biology Group, Molecular Medicine Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Hussain S, Vanoirbeek JAJ, Haenen S, Haufroid V, Boland S, Marano F, Nemery B, Hoet PHM. Prior lung inflammation impacts on body distribution of gold nanoparticles. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:923475. [PMID: 23509805 PMCID: PMC3581283 DOI: 10.1155/2013/923475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gold- (Au-) based nanomaterials have shown promising potential in nanomedicine. The individual health status is an important determinant of the response to injury/exposure. It is, therefore, critical to evaluate exposure to Au-nanomaterials with varied preexisting health status. OBJECTIVE The goal of this research was to determine the extent of extrapulmonary translocation from healthy and inflamed lungs after pulmonary exposure to AuNPs. Male BALB/c mice received a single dose of 0.8 mg · kg(-1) AuNPs (40 nm) by oropharyngeal aspiration 24 hours after priming with LPS (0.4 mg · kg(-1)) through the same route. Metal contents were analyzed in different organs by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). RESULTS Oropharyngeal aspiration resulted in high metal concentrations in lungs (P < 0.001); however, these were much lower after pretreatment with LPS (P < 0.05). Significantly higher concentrations of Au were detected in heart and thymus of healthy animals, whereas higher concentrations of Au NPs were observed in spleen in LPS-primed animals. CONCLUSIONS The distribution of AuNPs from lungs to secondary target organs depends upon the health status, indicating that targeting of distinct secondary organs in nanomedicine needs to be considered carefully under health and inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salik Hussain
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Responses to Xenobiotics, CNRS EAC 7059, Unit of Functional and Adaptive Biology (BFA), Sorbonne Paris Cité, University of Paris Diderot, 75 013 Paris, France
- Lung Toxicology Research Unit, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Clinical Research Unit, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina NC 27709, USA
| | | | - Steven Haenen
- Lung Toxicology Research Unit, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vincent Haufroid
- Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Catholic University of Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sonja Boland
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Responses to Xenobiotics, CNRS EAC 7059, Unit of Functional and Adaptive Biology (BFA), Sorbonne Paris Cité, University of Paris Diderot, 75 013 Paris, France
| | - Francelyne Marano
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Responses to Xenobiotics, CNRS EAC 7059, Unit of Functional and Adaptive Biology (BFA), Sorbonne Paris Cité, University of Paris Diderot, 75 013 Paris, France
| | - Benoit Nemery
- Lung Toxicology Research Unit, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Petitot F, Lestaevel P, Tourlonias E, Mazzucco C, Jacquinot S, Dhieux B, Delissen O, Tournier BB, Gensdarmes F, Beaunier P, Dublineau I. Inhalation of uranium nanoparticles: respiratory tract deposition and translocation to secondary target organs in rats. Toxicol Lett 2013; 217:217-25. [PMID: 23296105 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Uranium nanoparticles (<100 nm) can be released into the atmosphere during industrial stages of the nuclear fuel cycle and during remediation and decommissioning of nuclear facilities. Explosions and fires in nuclear reactors and the use of ammunition containing depleted uranium can also produce such aerosols. The risk of accidental inhalation of uranium nanoparticles by nuclear workers, military personnel or civilian populations must therefore be taken into account. In order to address this issue, the absorption rate of inhaled uranium nanoparticles needs to be characterised experimentally. For this purpose, rats were exposed to an aerosol containing 10⁷ particles of uranium per cm³ (CMD=38 nm) for 1h in a nose-only inhalation exposure system. Uranium concentrations deposited in the respiratory tract, blood, brain, skeleton and kidneys were determined by ICP-MS. Twenty-seven percent of the inhaled mass of uranium nanoparticles was deposited in the respiratory tract. One-fifth of UO₂ nanoparticles were rapidly cleared from lung (T(½)=2.4 h) and translocated to extrathoracic organs. However, the majority of the particles were cleared slowly (T(½)=141.5 d). Future long-term experimental studies concerning uranium nanoparticles should focus on the potential lung toxicity of the large fraction of particles cleared slowly from the respiratory tract after inhalation exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Petitot
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, IRSN/PRP-HOM/SRBE, Laboratoire de Radiotoxicologie Expérimentale, BP 166, 26702 Pierrelatte Cedex, France.
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Klepczyńska-Nyström A, Sanchez-Crespo A, Andersson M, Falk R, Lundin A, Larsson BM, Svartengren M. The pulmonary deposition and retention of indium-111 labeled ultrafine carbon particles in healthy individuals. Inhal Toxicol 2012; 24:645-51. [DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2012.708065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Klepczyńska-Nyström
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet,
Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Martin Andersson
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet,
Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Physiology, South Central Hospital,
Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rolf Falk
- Swedish Radiation Safety Authority,
Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Lundin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet,
Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Britt-Marie Larsson
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet,
Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Svartengren
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet,
Stockholm, Sweden
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Srinivas A, Rao PJ, Selvam G, Goparaju A, Murthy PB, Reddy PN. Oxidative stress and inflammatory responses of rat following acute inhalation exposure to iron oxide nanoparticles. Hum Exp Toxicol 2012; 31:1113-31. [PMID: 22699116 DOI: 10.1177/0960327112446515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this research, we investigated the toxicity responses of rat following a continuous 4 h inhalation exposure of only the head and nose to iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe(3)O(4) NPs, size = 15-20 nm). The rats for the investigation were exposed to a concentration of 640 mg/m(3) Fe(3)O(4) NPs. Markers of lung injury and proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-6) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and blood, oxidative stress in lungs, and histopathology were assessed on 24 h, 48 h, and 14 days of postexposure periods. Our results showed a significant decrease in the cell viability, with the increase in the levels of lactate dehydrogenase, total protein, and alkaline phosphatase in the BALF. Total leukocyte count and the percentage of neutrophils in BALF increased within 24 h of postexposure. Immediately following acute exposure, rats showed increased inflammation with significantly higher levels of lavage and blood proinflammatory cytokines and were consistent throughout the observation period. Fe(3)O(4) NPs exposure markedly increased malondialdehyde concentration, while intracellular reduced glutathione and antioxidant enzyme activities were significantly decreased in lung tissue within 24-h postexposure period. On histological observation, the lung showed an early activation of pulmonary clearance and a size-dependant biphasic nature of the Fe(3)O(4) NPs in causing the structural alteration. Collectively, our data illustrate that Fe(3)O(4) NPs inhalation exposure may induce cytotoxicity via oxidative stress and lead to biphasic inflammatory responses in Wistar rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Srinivas
- Department of Toxicology, International Institute of Biotechnology and Toxicology (IIBAT), Padappai, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Exposure of healthy subjects with emissions from a gas metal arc welding process: part 3—biological effect markers and lung function. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2012; 86:39-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s00420-012-0740-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Kim H, Oh SJ, Kwak HC, Kim JK, Lim CH, Yang JS, Park K, Kim SK, Lee MY. The impact of intratracheally instilled carbon black on the cardiovascular system of rats: elevation of blood homocysteine and hyperactivity of platelets. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2012; 75:1471-83. [PMID: 23116452 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2012.722519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Carbon black (CB) is an industrial chemical with high potential for human exposure. Although the relationship between exposure to particulate matter (PM) and cardiovascular disease is well documented, the risk of adverse cardiovascular effects attributed to CB particles has not been clearly characterized. This study was performed to (1) investigate the effects of CB on cardiovascular system and (2) identify the target tissue or potential biomarkers. Carbon black with a distinct particle size, N330 (ultrafine particle) and N990 (fine particle), was intratracheally instilled into rats at a doses of 1, 3, or 10 mg/kg. Measurements of thrombotic activity and determination of plasma homocysteine levels, cardiac functionality, and inflammatory responses were conducted at 24-h and 1-wk time points. Exposure to N330 accelerated platelet-dependent blood clotting at 10 mg/kg, the highest exposure tested. Unexpectedly, both N330 and N990 led to prolongation of activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), whereas these CB particles failed to affect prothrombin time (PT). N990 produced a significant elevation in the level of plasma homocysteine, a well-established etiological factor in cardiovascular diseases. Both N330 and N990 induced apparent inflammation in the lungs; however, both particles failed to initiate systemic inflammation. Neither CB particle produced observable cardiac symptoms as detected by electrocardiography. Taken together, data show CB exposure enhanced the cardiovascular risk by inducing hyperhomocysteinemia and platelet hyperactivity, although these effects may be variable depending on particle size and exposure duration. Homocysteine may be a potential biomarker for cardiovascular toxicity following CB exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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The effects of particulate matter air pollution on respiratory health and on the cardiovascular system. Zdr Varst 2012. [DOI: 10.2478/v10152-012-0022-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of particulate matter air pollution on respiratory health and on the cardiovascular system
Particulate matter (PM) is a major component of urban air pollution and has a significant effect on human health. Natural PM sources are volcanic eruptions, dust storms, forest and grassland fires, living vegetation and sea spray. Traffic, domestic heating, power plants and various industrial processes generate significant amounts of anthropogenic PM. PM consists of a complex mixture of solid and liquid particles of organic and inorganic substances suspended in the air. The chemical composition of particles is very complex and depends on emission sources, meteorological conditions and their aerodynamic diameter. Several epidemiological studies have demonstrated that exposure to PM of varying size fractions is associated with an increased risk of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Adverse health effects have been documented from studies of both acute and chronic exposure. The most severe effects in terms of overall health burden include a significant reduction in life expectancy by a several months for the average population, which is linked to long-term exposure to moderate concentrations of PM. Nevertheless, numerous deaths and serious cardiovascular and respiratory problems have also been attributed to short-term exposure to peak levels of PM. Although many studies attribute greater toxicity to smaller size fractions, which are able to penetrate deeper into the lung, the molecular mechanisms and the size fractions of the PM that are responsible for the observed diseases are not completely understood.
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Sanchez-Crespo A, Klepczynska-Nyström A, Lundin A, Larsson BM, Svartengren M. ¹¹¹Indium-labeled ultrafine carbon particles; a novel aerosol for pulmonary deposition and retention studies. Inhal Toxicol 2011; 23:121-8. [PMID: 21391780 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2010.549856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Continuous environmental or occupational exposure to airborne particulate pollution is believed to be a major hazard for human health. A technique to characterize their deposition and clearance from the lungs is fundamental to understand the underlying mechanisms behind their negative health effects. In this work, we describe a method for production and follow up of ultrafine carbon particles labeled with radioactive ¹¹¹Indium (¹¹¹In). The physicochemical and biological properties of the aerosol are described in terms of particle size and concentration, agglomeration rate, chemical bonding stability, and human lung deposition and retention. Preliminary in vivo data from a healthy human pilot exposure and 1-week follow up of the aerosol is presented. More than 98% of the generated aerosol was labeled with Indium and with particle sizes log normally distributed around 79 nm count median diameter. The aerosol showed good generation reproducibility and chemical stability, about 5% leaching 7 days after generation. During human inhalation, the particles were deposited in the alveolar space, with no central airways involvement. Seven days after exposure, the cumulative activity retention was 95.3%. Activity leaching tests from blood and urine samples confirmed that the observed clearance was explained by unbound activity, suggesting that there was no significant elimination of ultrafine particles. Compared to previously presented methods based on Technegas, ¹¹¹In-labelled ultrafine carbon particles allow for extended follow-up assessments of particulate pollution retention in healthy and diseased lungs.
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Zhang J, Wu L, Chan HK, Watanabe W. Formation, characterization, and fate of inhaled drug nanoparticles. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63:441-55. [PMID: 21118707 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Revised: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles bring many benefits to pulmonary drug delivery applications, especially for systemic delivery and drugs with poor solubility. They have recently been explored in pressurized metered dose inhaler, nebulizer, and dry powder inhaler applications, mostly in polymeric forms. This article presents a review of processes that have been used to generate pure (non polymeric) drug nanoparticles, methods for characterizing the particles/formulations, their in-vitro and in-vivo performances, and the fate of inhaled nanoparticles.
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Srinivas A, Rao PJ, Selvam G, Murthy PB, Reddy PN. Acute inhalation toxicity of cerium oxide nanoparticles in rats. Toxicol Lett 2011; 205:105-15. [PMID: 21624445 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.05.1027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to assess the acute toxic potential of cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO(2) NPs) in rats when exposed through the head and nose inhalation route. The rats were exposed to CeO(2) NPs and the resultant effects if any, to cause cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and inflammation in the lungs were evaluated on a 24h, 48h and 14 day post exposure period. Our results showed a significant decrease in the cell viability, with the increase of lactate dehydogenase, total protein and alkaline phosphatase levels in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of the exposed rats. Total leukocyte count and the percentage of neutrophils in BALF were elevated within 24h of post exposure. The concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6) were significantly increased in the BALF and in the blood throughout the observation period. The level of malondialdehyde was elevated with the decreased levels of intracellular reduced glutathione (GSH) in the lung after exposure. The alveolar macrophages (AMs) and neutrophils overloaded with phagocytosed CeO(2) NPs were observed along with non-phagocytosed free CeO(2) NPs that were deposited over the epithelial surfaces of the bronchi, bronchiole and alveolar regions of lungs within 24h of post exposure and were consistent throughout the observation period. A well distributed, multifocal pulmonary microgranulomas due to impairment of clearance mechanism leading to biopersistence of CeO(2) NPs for an extended period of time were observed at the end of the 14 day post exposure period. These results suggest that acute exposure of CeO(2) NPs through inhalation route may induce cytotoxicity via oxidative stress and may lead to a chronic inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Srinivas
- Department of Toxicology, International Institute of Biotechnology and Toxicology (IIBAT), Padappai 601301, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Osmond MJ, McCall MJ. Zinc oxide nanoparticles in modern sunscreens: an analysis of potential exposure and hazard. Nanotoxicology 2010; 4:15-41. [PMID: 20795900 DOI: 10.3109/17435390903502028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Sunscreens containing metal oxide nanoparticles appear transparent on the skin and provide excellent protection against sunburn caused by UV radiation. While it is likely that nanoparticles remain on the surface of the skin of healthy adult humans, and thus are considered safe for use in sunscreens, there has been no comprehensive assessment of the impact on human health from exposure to the metal oxide nanoparticles destined for use in sunscreens, either in the workplace during the manufacturing process, in long-term use across a range of skin conditions, or upon release into the broader environment, either accidentally or consequent of normal sunscreen use. In this review, we focus on zinc oxide nanoparticles destined for use in modern sunscreens, and discuss the potential for human exposure and the health hazard at each stage of their manufacture and use. We highlight where there is a need for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan J Osmond
- CSIRO Future Manufacturing Flagship, North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia.
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Stanek LW, Brown JS, Stanek J, Gift J, Costa DL. Air pollution toxicology--a brief review of the role of the science in shaping the current understanding of air pollution health risks. Toxicol Sci 2010; 120 Suppl 1:S8-27. [PMID: 21147959 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human and animal toxicology has had a profound impact on our historical and current understanding of air pollution health effects. Early animal toxicological studies of air pollution had distinctively military or workplace themes. With the discovery that ambient air pollution episodes led to excess illness and death, there became an emergence of toxicological studies that focused on industrial air pollution encountered by the general public. Not only did the pollutants investigated evolve from ambient mixtures to individual pollutants but also the endpoints and outcomes evaluated became more sophisticated, resulting in our present state of the science. Currently, a large toxicological database exists for the effects of particulate matter and ozone, and we provide a focused review of some of the major contributions to the biological understanding for these two "criteria" air pollutants. A limited discussion of the toxicological advancements in the scientific knowledge of two hazardous air pollutants, formaldehyde and phosgene, is also included. Moving forward, the future challenge of air pollution toxicology lies in the health assessment of complex mixtures and their interactions, given the projected impacts of climate change and altered emissions on ambient conditions. In the coming years, the toxicologist will need to be flexible and forward thinking in order to dissect the complexity of the biological system itself, as well as that of air pollution in all its varied forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Wichers Stanek
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA.
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Ultrafine particle exposure during fire suppression--is it an important contributory factor for coronary heart disease in firefighters? J Occup Environ Med 2010; 52:791-6. [PMID: 20657302 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e3181ed2c6e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the primary cause of death among US firefighters during fire suppression. In other populations, exposure to respirable particles, including ultrafine particles, has been widely implicated as a risk factor for CHD. This study is the first to report detailed characterization of respirable particles released by combustion of an automobile and model residential structures under firefighter exposure conditions. METHODS Characterization was performed when feasible during knockdown and routinely during overhaul. RESULTS Ultrafines accounted for >70% of particles in all fire suppression stages, occurring in concentrations exceeding background by factors between 2 (automobile) and 400 (bedroom), consistent among all structures. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to ultrafine particles during fire suppression should be considered a potential contributing factor for CHD in firefighters. Of major significance is their predominance during overhaul, where firefighters frequently remove respiratory protection.
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Internal Exposure, Effect Monitoring, and Lung Function in Welders After Acute Short-Term Exposure to Welding Fumes From Different Welding Processes. J Occup Environ Med 2010; 52:887-92. [DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e3181f09077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Shaw CA, Robertson S, Miller MR, Duffin R, Tabor CM, Donaldson K, Newby DE, Hadoke PWF. Diesel exhaust particulate--exposed macrophages cause marked endothelial cell activation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2010; 44:840-51. [PMID: 20693402 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2010-0011oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to air pollution containing diesel exhaust particulate (DEP) is linked to adverse cardiovascular events. This study tested the hypothesis that DEP not only causes direct endothelial cell injury, but also induces indirect endothelial cell activation via the release of soluble proinflammatory cytokines from macrophages. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) were incubated with DEP (1-100 μg/ml; 24 h). Supernatants were analyzed for monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, IL6, IL8, and TNF-α. Indirect actions of DEP were investigated by incubating HUVECs with conditioned media from DEP-exposed MDMs in the presence and absence of the TNF-α inhibitor, etanercept. A modified Boyden chamber assay was used to determine whether HUVECs treated in this manner induced monocyte chemotaxis. Direct incubation with DEP induced a modest increase in MCP-1 concentration, but had no effect on IL-6 or IL-8 release from HUVECs. In contrast, direct treatment of MDMs with DEP had no effect on MCP-1, but elevated IL-8 and TNF-α concentrations. Incubation with conditioned media from DEP-exposed MDMs caused a dramatic amplification in MCP-1 and IL-6, but not IL-8, release from HUVECs. The potentiation of HUVEC activation was suppressed by TNF-α inhibition. MCP-1- and IL-6-containing HUVEC supernatants caused increased monocyte chemotaxis that was not inhibited by anti-MCP-1 antibodies. We conclude that DEP has only modest direct endothelial effects. In contrast, proinflammatory cytokines released from particle-laden MDMs appear to exacerbate endothelial activation after DEP exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Shaw
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
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Barath S, Mills NL, Lundbäck M, Törnqvist H, Lucking AJ, Langrish JP, Söderberg S, Boman C, Westerholm R, Löndahl J, Donaldson K, Mudway IS, Sandström T, Newby DE, Blomberg A. Impaired vascular function after exposure to diesel exhaust generated at urban transient running conditions. Part Fibre Toxicol 2010; 7:19. [PMID: 20653945 PMCID: PMC2918524 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-7-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 07/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traffic emissions including diesel engine exhaust are associated with increased respiratory and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Controlled human exposure studies have demonstrated impaired vascular function after inhalation of exhaust generated by a diesel engine under idling conditions. OBJECTIVES To assess the vascular and fibrinolytic effects of exposure to diesel exhaust generated during urban-cycle running conditions that mimic ambient 'real-world' exposures. METHODS In a randomised double-blind crossover study, eighteen healthy male volunteers were exposed to diesel exhaust (approximately 250 microg/m3) or filtered air for one hour during intermittent exercise. Diesel exhaust was generated during the urban part of the standardized European Transient Cycle. Six hours post-exposure, vascular vasomotor and fibrinolytic function was assessed during venous occlusion plethysmography with intra-arterial agonist infusions. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Forearm blood flow increased in a dose-dependent manner with both endothelial-dependent (acetylcholine and bradykinin) and endothelial-independent (sodium nitroprusside and verapamil) vasodilators. Diesel exhaust exposure attenuated the vasodilatation to acetylcholine (P < 0.001), bradykinin (P < 0.05), sodium nitroprusside (P < 0.05) and verapamil (P < 0.001). In addition, the net release of tissue plasminogen activator during bradykinin infusion was impaired following diesel exhaust exposure (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Exposure to diesel exhaust generated under transient running conditions, as a relevant model of urban air pollution, impairs vasomotor function and endogenous fibrinolysis in a similar way as exposure to diesel exhaust generated at idling. This indicates that adverse vascular effects of diesel exhaust inhalation occur over different running conditions with varying exhaust composition and concentrations as well as physicochemical particle properties. Importantly, exposure to diesel exhaust under ETC conditions was also associated with a novel finding of impaired of calcium channel-dependent vasomotor function. This implies that certain cardiovascular endpoints seem to be related to general diesel exhaust properties, whereas the novel calcium flux-related effect may be associated with exhaust properties more specific for the ETC condition, for example a higher content of diesel soot particles along with their adsorbed organic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Barath
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Sweden
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Abstract
This review is presented as a common foundation for scientists interested in nanoparticles, their origin,activity, and biological toxicity. It is written with the goal of rationalizing and informing public health concerns related to this sometimes-strange new science of "nano," while raising awareness of nanomaterials' toxicity among scientists and manufacturers handling them.We show that humans have always been exposed to tiny particles via dust storms, volcanic ash, and other natural processes, and that our bodily systems are well adapted to protect us from these potentially harmful intruders. There ticuloendothelial system, in particular, actively neutralizes and eliminates foreign matter in the body,including viruses and nonbiological particles. Particles originating from human activities have existed for millennia, e.g., smoke from combustion and lint from garments, but the recent development of industry and combustion-based engine transportation has profoundly increased an thropogenic particulate pollution. Significantly, technological advancement has also changed the character of particulate pollution, increasing the proportion of nanometer-sized particles--"nanoparticles"--and expanding the variety of chemical compositions. Recent epidemiological studies have shown a strong correlation between particulate air pollution levels, respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, various cancers, and mortality. Adverse effects of nanoparticles on human health depend on individual factors such as genetics and existing disease, as well as exposure, and nanoparticle chemistry, size, shape,agglomeration state, and electromagnetic properties. Animal and human studies show that inhaled nanoparticles are less efficiently removed than larger particles by the macrophage clearance mechanisms in the lungs, causing lung damage, and that nanoparticles can translocate through the circulatory, lymphatic, and nervous systems to many tissues and organs, including the brain. The key to understanding the toxicity of nanoparticles is that their minute size, smaller than cells and cellular organelles, allows them to penetrate these basic biological structures, disrupting their normal function.Examples of toxic effects include tissue inflammation, and altered cellular redox balance toward oxidation, causing abnormal function or cell death. The manipulation of matter at the scale of atoms,"nanotechnology," is creating many new materials with characteristics not always easily predicted from current knowledge. Within the nearly limitless diversity of these materials, some happen to be toxic to biological systems, others are relatively benign, while others confer health benefits. Some of these materials have desirable characteristics for industrial applications, as nanostructured materials often exhibit beneficial properties, from UV absorbance in sunscreen to oil-less lubrication of motors.A rational science-based approach is needed to minimize harm caused by these materials, while supporting continued study and appropriate industrial development. As current knowledge of the toxicology of "bulk" materials may not suffice in reliably predicting toxic forms of nanoparticles,ongoing and expanded study of "nanotoxicity" will be necessary. For nanotechnologies with clearly associated health risks, intelligent design of materials and devices is needed to derive the benefits of these new technologies while limiting adverse health impacts. Human exposure to toxic nanoparticles can be reduced through identifying creation-exposure pathways of toxins, a study that may someday soon unravel the mysteries of diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's. Reduction in fossil fuel combustion would have a large impact on global human exposure to nanoparticles, as would limiting deforestation and desertification.While nanotoxicity is a relatively new concept to science, this review reveals the result of life's long history of evolution in the presence of nanoparticles, and how the human body, in particular, has adapted to defend itself against nanoparticulate intruders.
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Palko HA, Fung JY, Louie AY. Positron emission tomography: A novel technique for investigating the biodistribution and transport of nanoparticles. Inhal Toxicol 2010; 22:657-88. [DOI: 10.3109/08958371003713745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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