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Yadav H, Singh R. Immunomodulatory role of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation in human leukemiamonocytic cell line. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 331:121843. [PMID: 37207815 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In daily life, people are usually exposed to radiofrequency radiations (RFR). The effects of RFR on human physiology have been a major source of controversy since the WHO declared that these radiations are a type of environmental energy that interacts with the physiological functioning of the human body. The immune system provides internal protection and promotes long-term health and survival. However, the relevant research on the innate immune system and radiofrequency radiation is scant. In this connection, we hypothesized that innate immune responses would be influenced by exposure to non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation from mobile phones in a cell-specific and time-dependent manner. To analyze this hypothesis, human leukemia monocytic cell lines were exposed to 2318 MHz (MHz) RFR emitted by mobile phones at a power density of 0.224 W/m2 in a controlled manner for various time durations (15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min). Systematic studies on cell viability, nitric oxide (NO), superoxide (SO), pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and phagocytic assays were performed after the irradiation. The duration of exposure seems to have a substantial influence on the RFR-induced effects. It was noticed that after 30 min of exposure, the RFR dramatically enhanced the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1α level as well as reactive species such as NO and SO generation as compared to the control. In contrast, the RFR dramatically reduced the phagocytic activity of monocytes during 60 min of treatment when compared to the control. Interestingly, the irradiated cells restored their normal functioning until the final 120-min of exposure. Furthermore, mobile phone exposure had no influence on cell viability or TNF-α level. The results showed that RFR exhibits a time-dependent immune-modulatory role in the human leukemia monocytic cell line. Nevertheless, more research is needed to further determine the long-term effects and precise mechanism of action of RFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshi Yadav
- Department of Environmental Studies, Satyawati College, University of Delhi, Delhi-110054, India
| | - Rajeev Singh
- Department of Environmental Studies, Satyawati College, University of Delhi, Delhi-110054, India; Department of Environmental Science, Jamia Millia Islamia, Delhi- 110025, India.
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2
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Cornu R, Béduneau A, Martin H. Ingestion of titanium dioxide nanoparticles: a definite health risk for consumers and their progeny. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:2655-2686. [PMID: 35895099 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03334-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is one of the most commonly used nanomaterials in the world. Additive E171, which is used in the food industry, contains a nanometric particle fraction of TiO2. Oral exposure of humans to these nanoparticles (NPs) is intensive, leading to the question of their impact on health. Daily oral intake by rats of amounts of E171 that are relevant to human intake has been associated with an increased risk of chronic intestinal inflammation and carcinogenesis. Due to their food preferences, children are very exposed to this NP. Furthermore, maternal-foetal transfer of TiO2 NPs during pregnancy, as well as exposure of the offspring by breastfeeding, have been recently described. In France, the use of E171 in the production of foodstuffs was suspended in January 2020 as a precautionary measure. To provide some answers to this public health problem and help global regulatory agencies finalize their decisions, we reviewed in vitro and in vivo studies that address the effects of TiO2 NPs through oral exposure, especially their effects on the gastrointestinal tract, one of the most exposed tissues. Our review also highlights the effects of exposure on the offspring during pregnancy and by breastfeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Cornu
- PEPITE EA4267, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-25000, Besançon, France
| | - Arnaud Béduneau
- PEPITE EA4267, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-25000, Besançon, France
| | - Hélène Martin
- PEPITE EA4267, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-25000, Besançon, France.
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Czyżowska A, Barbasz A, Rudolphi-Szydło E, Dyba B. The cell membrane as the barrier in the defense against nanoxenobiotics: Zinc oxide nanoparticles interactions with native and model membrane of melanoma cells. J Appl Toxicol 2021; 42:334-341. [PMID: 34235764 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Currently, we are dealing with ever-increasing pollution of the environment with metal and metal oxide nanoparticles. One type of these, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs), are increasingly used in areas such as cosmetology, electrical engineering, medicine, and even in the food and textile industries. As a consequence, ZnO-NPs may enter the human body in many ways. Their influence on the body is still not clear. Here, we define the mechanism of the initial toxicity of ZnO-NPs to cells based on interaction with the lipid part of the native and model cell membrane. The selected cell lines react differently to contact with nanoparticles. We found a disruption of the native membranes of B16-F0 cells and to a lesser extent of COLO 679. In turn, the membrane of COLO 679 cells was more peroxidated, and cell viability was much lower. A model of the lipid part of the membrane was created for B16-F0 cells and compared with previously published studies on immune cells. On the basis of physicochemical parameters obtained for individual lipids and a mix representing the native membrane of the tested cells, we concluded that exposure to nanoparticles resulted in a change within the model membranes (specifically with the polar parts of lipids). The greatest interaction has been noticed between ZnO-NPs and zwitterionic phospholipids (PC and PE), cholesterol, and negatively charged phosphatidylglycerol. Assessing the interactions between the membrane and nanoparticles will help to better understand the first steps of its toxicity mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Barbasz
- Institute of Biology, Pedagogical University of Cracow, Cracow, Poland
| | | | - Barbara Dyba
- Institute of Biology, Pedagogical University of Cracow, Cracow, Poland
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Zhu C, Maharajan K, Liu K, Zhang Y. Role of atmospheric particulate matter exposure in COVID-19 and other health risks in human: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 198:111281. [PMID: 33961825 PMCID: PMC8096764 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Due to intense industrialization and urbanization, air pollution has become a serious global concern as a hazard to human health. Epidemiological studies found that exposure to atmospheric particulate matter (PM) causes severe health problems in human and significant damage to the physiological systems. In recent days, PM exposure could be related as a carrier for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus transmission and Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. Hence, it is important to understand the adverse effects of PM in human health. This review aims to provide insights on the detrimental effects of PM in various human health problems including respiratory, circulatory, nervous, and immune system along with their possible toxicity mechanisms. Overall, this review highlights the potential relationship of PM with several life-limiting human diseases and their significance for better management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyue Zhu
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong Province, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Zebrafish Models for Human Diseases and Drug Screening of Shandong Province, Jinan, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Kannan Maharajan
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong Province, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Zebrafish Models for Human Diseases and Drug Screening of Shandong Province, Jinan, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Kechun Liu
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong Province, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Zebrafish Models for Human Diseases and Drug Screening of Shandong Province, Jinan, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong Province, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Zebrafish Models for Human Diseases and Drug Screening of Shandong Province, Jinan, Shandong Province, PR China.
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Ghasemi Dehcheshmeh M, Ghadiri A, Rashno M, Assarehzadegan MA, Khodadadi A, Goudarzi G. Effect of water-soluble PM 10 on the production of TNF-α by human monocytes and induction of apoptosis in A549 human lung epithelial cells. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2021; 19:143-150. [PMID: 34150225 PMCID: PMC8172754 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-020-00588-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Long-term exposure to airborne particles of 10 µm and less in size (PM10) in dust can lead to increased risk of diseases such as respiratory, cardiovascular, lung cancer and atherosclerosis. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of water-soluble PM10 particles in the Middle East Dust (MED) storm in Ahvaz, Iran, on the production of TNF-α by human monocytes. In addition, we assessed the level of induction of apoptosis in isolated A549 human pulmonary epithelial cells. For this purpose, isolated human blood monocytes (250,000 to 300,000 cell/ ml) as well as isolated human pulmonary A549 epithelial cells (100,0000 cell/ ml) were exposed to various concentrations (62.5, 125, 250, 500 µg/ml) of water-soluble PM10 particles for different incubation periods (12, 24, 48 h). The results showed that exposure to PM10 particles increased the production of TNF-α in human monocytes and promoted apoptosis induction in A549 cells, in both concentration and incubation of period-dependent manner. In conclusion, airborne dust particles in Ahvaz city contain active compounds capable of increasing production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine, TNF-α, and inducing apoptosis of lung epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ata Ghadiri
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rashno
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Ali Khodadadi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Cancer Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Goudarzi
- Environmental Technologies Research Center (ETRC), Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Sueiro-Benavides RA, Leiro-Vidal JM, Salas-Sánchez AÁ, Rodríguez-González JA, Ares-Pena FJ, López-Martín ME. Radiofrequency at 2.45 GHz increases toxicity, pro-inflammatory and pre-apoptotic activity caused by black carbon in the RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 765:142681. [PMID: 33071139 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Environmental factors such as air pollution by particles and/or electromagnetic fields (EMFs) are studied as harmful agents for human health. We analyzed whether the combined action of EMF with fine and coarse black carbon (BC) particles induced cell damage and inflammatory response in RAW 264.7 cell line macrophages exposed to 2.45 GHz in a gigahertz transverse electromagnetic (GTEM) chamber at sub-thermal specific absorption rate (SAR) levels. Radiofrequency (RF) dramatically increased BC-induced toxicity at high doses in the first 24 h and toxicity levels remained high 72 h later for all doses. The increase in macrophage phagocytosis induced after 24 h of RF and the high nitrite levels obtained by stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxin 24 and 72 h after radiation exposure suggests a prolongation of the innate and inflammatory immune response. The increase of proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α, after 24 h, and of interleukin-1β and caspase-3, after 72 h, indicated activation of the pro-inflammatory response and the apoptosis pathways through the combined effect of radiation and BC. Our results indicate that the interaction of BC and RF modifies macrophage immune response, activates apoptosis, and accelerates cell toxicity, by which it can activate the induction of hypersensitivity reactions and autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Ana Sueiro-Benavides
- Research Institute on Chemical and Biological Analysis, Dept. of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Jose Manuel Leiro-Vidal
- Research Institute on Chemical and Biological Analysis, Dept. of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Aarón Ángel Salas-Sánchez
- CRETUS Institute, Dept. Applied Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; ELEDIA@UniTN - DISI - University of Trento, 38123, Trentino-Alto Adige, Italy.
| | - J Antonio Rodríguez-González
- CRETUS Institute, Dept. Applied Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Francisco J Ares-Pena
- CRETUS Institute, Dept. Applied Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - M Elena López-Martín
- CRETUS Institute, Dept. Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Dahmani Z, Addou-Klouche L, Gizard F, Dahou S, Messaoud A, Chahinez Djebri N, Benaissti MI, Mostefaoui M, Terbeche H, Nouari W, Miliani M, Lefranc G, Fernandez A, Lamb NJ, Aribi M. Metformin partially reverses the inhibitory effect of co-culture with ER-/PR-/HER2+ breast cancer cells on biomarkers of monocyte antitumor activity. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240982. [PMID: 33108409 PMCID: PMC7591052 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune activities of monocytes (MOs) can be altered within the microenvironment of solid malignancies, including breast cancer. Metformin (1,1-dimethylbiguanide hydrochloride, MET), has been shown to decrease tumor cell proliferation, but its effects have yet to be explored with respect to MOs (monocytes) activity during their crosstalk with breast cancer cells. Here, we investigated the effects of MET on overall phenotypic functional activities, including cellular immunometabolism and protective redox signaling based-biomarkers, intracellular free calcium ions (ifCa2+), phagocytosis and co-operative cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-10) of autologous MOs before and during their interplay with primary ER-/PR-/HER2+ breast cancer cells. METHODS Human primary breast cancer cells were either cultured alone or co-cultured with autologous MOs before treatment with MET. RESULTS MET downregulated breast cancer cell proliferation and phagocytosis, while having no significant effect on the ratio of phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) to total Akt. Additionally, we observed that, in the absence of MET treatment, the levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)-based cytotoxicity, catalase, ifCa2+, IL-10 and arginase activity were significantly reduced in co-cultures compared to levels in MOs cultured alone whereas levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity were significantly increased. In contrast, MET treatment reduced the effects measured in co-culture on the levels of LDH-based cytotoxicity, arginase activity, catalase, ifCa2+, and IFN-γ. MET also induced upregulation of both iNOS and arginase in MO cells, although the increase did not reach significant difference for iNOS activity. Moreover, MET induced a robust increase of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in MOs, but not in MOs co-cultured with breast cancer cells. Furthermore, MET markedly upregulated the levels of IFN-γ production and downregulated those of IL-10 in isolated MOs, while inducing a slight opposing up-regulation of IL-10 production in co-cultures. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that the biomarkers of phenotypic functional activities of MOs are modified after co-culturing with primary human breast cancer cells. Treatment of co-cultures with MET resulted in increased release of antitumor cytokine IFN-γ and ifCa2+, and increased cell necrosis during breast cancer cells-MOs crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoheir Dahmani
- Laboratory of Applied Molecular Biology and Immunology, W0414100, University of Tlemcen, Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Lynda Addou-Klouche
- Laboratory of Applied Molecular Biology and Immunology, W0414100, University of Tlemcen, Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Florence Gizard
- Cell Biology Unit, IGH CNRS, Université de Montpellier, (UMR 9002), Montpellier, France
| | - Sara Dahou
- Laboratory of Applied Molecular Biology and Immunology, W0414100, University of Tlemcen, Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Aida Messaoud
- Laboratory of Applied Molecular Biology and Immunology, W0414100, University of Tlemcen, Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Nihel Chahinez Djebri
- Laboratory of Applied Molecular Biology and Immunology, W0414100, University of Tlemcen, Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Mahmoud Idris Benaissti
- Laboratory of Applied Molecular Biology and Immunology, W0414100, University of Tlemcen, Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Meriem Mostefaoui
- Laboratory of Applied Molecular Biology and Immunology, W0414100, University of Tlemcen, Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Hadjer Terbeche
- Laboratory of Applied Molecular Biology and Immunology, W0414100, University of Tlemcen, Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Wafa Nouari
- Laboratory of Applied Molecular Biology and Immunology, W0414100, University of Tlemcen, Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Marwa Miliani
- Laboratory of Applied Molecular Biology and Immunology, W0414100, University of Tlemcen, Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Gérard Lefranc
- IGH, UMR 9002 CNRS-Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Anne Fernandez
- Cell Biology Unit, IGH CNRS, Université de Montpellier, (UMR 9002), Montpellier, France
| | - Ned J. Lamb
- Cell Biology Unit, IGH CNRS, Université de Montpellier, (UMR 9002), Montpellier, France
| | - Mourad Aribi
- Laboratory of Applied Molecular Biology and Immunology, W0414100, University of Tlemcen, Tlemcen, Algeria
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Riaz H, Syed BM, Laghari Z, Pirzada S. Analysis of inflammatory markers in apparently healthy automobile vehicle drivers in response to exposure to traffic pollution fumes. Pak J Med Sci 2020; 36:657-662. [PMID: 32494251 PMCID: PMC7260889 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.36.4.2025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate pattern of markers of inflammation in apparently healthy drivers who exposed to traffic fumes. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from June 2016 to January 2017 at Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences (LUMHS), Jamshoro. It looked into the effects of traffic pollutants on markers of inflammation including CRP, Leukocytes count, IL-6, TNF-α, TNF-β of healthy human volunteers. Eighty-seven, apparently healthy, non-smoking automobile vehicle drivers, having daily contact of traffic exhaust for at least six hours, aged between 18-40 years recruited for this study. Levels of traffic-generated pollutants P.M2.5, P.M10, NOx were recorded in different areas of Hyderabad City. Results: P.M2.5 found to be positively correlated with markers of inflammation including IL-6 (rs = 0.99), TNF-α (rs = 0.41), CRP mg/dl (rs = 0.99) , neutrophils (rs = 0.29), lymphocytes (rs = 0.31), eosinophils (rs = 0.20), monocytes (rs = 0.42) and basophils (rs = 0.16). Positive correlation present among IL-6 (rs = 0.21), TNF-α (rs = 0.49) and CRP mg/dl (rs = 0.22) % (rs = -0.31), Leukocytes (rs = 0.14) neutrophils (rs = 0.31), lymphocytes (rs = 0.21), monocytes (rs = 0.50), basophils (rs = 0.17) with P.M10. NOx showed positive correlation with IL-6 (rs = 0.22), TNF-α (rs = 0.48), CRP (rs = 0.22), neutrophils (rs = 0.31), lymphocytes (rs = 0.13), basophils (rs = 0.17) and monocytes (rs = 0.48). Conclusion: Findings of our study suggest that almost all markers of inflammation are positively correlated with traffic pollutants and this condition might raise the risk of systemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hina Riaz
- Dr. Hina Riaz, MBBS, Lecturer, Department of Physiology, Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences (LUMHS), Jamshoro, Pakistan
| | - Binafsha Manzoor Syed
- Dr. Binafsha Manzoor Syed, MBBS, PhD, Director Medical Research Centre, Director Clinical Research Division, Director ORIC, Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences (LUMHS), Jamshoro, Pakistan
| | - Zulfiqar Laghari
- Prof. Dr. Zulfiqar Laghari, PhD, Chairperson, Department of Physiology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan
| | - Suleman Pirzada
- Dr. Suleman Peerzada, MBBS, PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences (LUMHS), Jamshoro, Pakistan
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Shi Y, Pilozzi AR, Huang X. Exposure of CuO Nanoparticles Contributes to Cellular Apoptosis, Redox Stress, and Alzheimer's Aβ Amyloidosis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E1005. [PMID: 32033400 PMCID: PMC7038189 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17031005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Fe2O3, CuO and ZnO nanoparticles (NP) have found various industrial and biomedical applications. However, there are growing concerns among the general public and regulators about their potential environmental and health impacts as their physio-chemical interaction with biological systems and toxic responses of the latter are complex and not well understood. Herein we first reported that human SH-SY5Y and H4 cells and rat PC12 cell lines displayed concentration-dependent neurotoxic responses to insults of CuO nanoparticles (CuONP), but not to Fe2O3 nanoparticles (Fe2O3NP) or ZnO nanoparticles (ZnONP). This study provides evidence that CuONP induces neuronal cell apoptosis, discerns a likely p53-dependent apoptosis pathway and builds out the relationship between nanoparticles and Alzheimer's disease (AD) through the involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increased Aβ levels in SH-SY5Y and H4 cells. Our results implicate that exposure to CuONP may be an environmental risk factor for AD. For public health concerns, regulation for environmental or occupational exposure of CuONP are thus warranted given AD has already become a pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xudong Huang
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; (Y.S.); (A.R.P.)
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Fröhlich E, Öhlinger K, Meindl C, Corzo C, Lochmann D, Reyer S, Salar-Behzadi S. In vitro toxicity screening of polyglycerol esters of fatty acids as excipients for pulmonary formulations. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 386:114833. [PMID: 31756429 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.114833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
One of the main problems for the development of pulmonary formulations is the low availability of approved excipients. Polyglycerol esters of fatty acids (PGFA) are promising molecules for acting as excipient for formulation development and drug delivery to the lung. However, their biocompatibility in the deep lung has not been studied so far. Main exposed cells include alveolar epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages. Due to the poor water-solubility of PGFAs, the exposure of alveolar macrophages is expected to be much higher than that of epithelial cells. In this study, two PGFAs and their mixture were tested regarding cytotoxicity to epithelial cells and cytotoxicity and functional impairment of macrophages. Cytotoxicity was assessed by dehydrogenase activity and lactate dehydrogenase release. Lysosome function, phospholipid accumulation, phagocytosis, nitric oxide production, and cytokine release were used to evaluate macrophage function. Cytotoxicity was increased with the increased polarity of PGFA molecules. At concentrations above 1 mg/ml accumulation in lysosomes, impairment of phagocytosis, secretion of nitric oxide, and increased release of cytokines were noted. The investigated PGFAs in concentrations up to 1 mg/ml can be considered as uncritical and are promising for advanced pulmonary delivery of high powder doses and drug targeting to alveolar macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonore Fröhlich
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Graz, Austria; Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Kristin Öhlinger
- Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Claudia Meindl
- Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Carolina Corzo
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Graz, Austria; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | | | - Sharareh Salar-Behzadi
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, Graz, Austria; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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Arslanbaş E, COŞAR Z. Toxic effects of cutaneous and oral exposure to aluminum and magnesium nanoparticles on brain tissue in rats. ANKARA UNIVERSITESI VETERINER FAKULTESI DERGISI 2019. [DOI: 10.33988/auvfd.569990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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12
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Stone V, Miller MR, Clift MJD, Elder A, Mills NL, Møller P, Schins RPF, Vogel U, Kreyling WG, Alstrup Jensen K, Kuhlbusch TAJ, Schwarze PE, Hoet P, Pietroiusti A, De Vizcaya-Ruiz A, Baeza-Squiban A, Teixeira JP, Tran CL, Cassee FR. Nanomaterials Versus Ambient Ultrafine Particles: An Opportunity to Exchange Toxicology Knowledge. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2017; 125:106002. [PMID: 29017987 PMCID: PMC5933410 DOI: 10.1289/ehp424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A rich body of literature exists that has demonstrated adverse human health effects following exposure to ambient air particulate matter (PM), and there is strong support for an important role of ultrafine (nanosized) particles. At present, relatively few human health or epidemiology data exist for engineered nanomaterials (NMs) despite clear parallels in their physicochemical properties and biological actions in in vitro models. OBJECTIVES NMs are available with a range of physicochemical characteristics, which allows a more systematic toxicological analysis. Therefore, the study of ultrafine particles (UFP, <100 nm in diameter) provides an opportunity to identify plausible health effects for NMs, and the study of NMs provides an opportunity to facilitate the understanding of the mechanism of toxicity of UFP. METHODS A workshop of experts systematically analyzed the available information and identified 19 key lessons that can facilitate knowledge exchange between these discipline areas. DISCUSSION Key lessons range from the availability of specific techniques and standard protocols for physicochemical characterization and toxicology assessment to understanding and defining dose and the molecular mechanisms of toxicity. This review identifies a number of key areas in which additional research prioritization would facilitate both research fields simultaneously. CONCLUSION There is now an opportunity to apply knowledge from NM toxicology and use it to better inform PM health risk research and vice versa. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP424.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki Stone
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Mark R Miller
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Martin J D Clift
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, Wales, UK
| | - Alison Elder
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Nicholas L Mills
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Peter Møller
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Roel P F Schins
- IUF Leibniz-Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ulla Vogel
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Wolfgang G Kreyling
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Institute of Epidemiology, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Thomas A J Kuhlbusch
- Air Quality & Sustainable Nanotechnology Unit, Institut für Energie- und Umwelttechnik e. V. (IUTA), Duisburg, Germany
- Federal Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Duisburg, Germany
| | | | - Peter Hoet
- Center for Environment and Health, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Antonio Pietroiusti
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea De Vizcaya-Ruiz
- Departmento de Toxicología, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV-IPN), México City, México
| | | | - João Paulo Teixeira
- National Institute of Health, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto–Epidemiology (ISPUP-EPI) Unit, Porto, Portugal
| | - C Lang Tran
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Flemming R Cassee
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
- Institute of Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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13
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Li Y, Yan J, Ding W, Chen Y, Pack LM, Chen T. Genotoxicity and gene expression analyses of liver and lung tissues of mice treated with titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Mutagenesis 2017; 32:33-46. [PMID: 28011748 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gew065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) are used in paints, plastics, papers, inks, foods, toothpaste, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. However, TiO2 NPs cause inflammation, pulmonary damage, fibrosis and lung tumours in animals and are possibly carcinogenic to humans. Although there are a large number of studies on the toxicities of TiO2 NPs, the data are inconclusive and the mechanisms underlying the toxicity are not clear. In this study, we used the Comet assay to evaluate genotoxicity and whole-genome microarray technology to analyse gene expression pattern in vivo to explore the possible mechanisms for toxicity and genotoxicity of TiO2 NPs. Mice were treated with three daily i.p. injections of 50 mg/kg 10 nm anatase TiO2 NPs and sacrificed 4 h after the last treatment. The livers and lungs were then isolated for the Comet assay and whole genome microarray analysis of gene expression. The NPs were heavily accumulated in liver and lung tissues. However, the treatment was positive for DNA strand breaks only in liver measured with the standard Comet assay, but positive for oxidative DNA adducts in both liver and lung as determined with the enzyme-modified Comet assay. The genotoxicity results suggest that DNA damage mainly resulted from oxidised nucleotides. Gene expression profiles and functional analyses revealed that exposure to TiO2 NPs triggered distinct gene expression patterns in both liver and lung tissues. The gene expression results suggest that TiO2 NPs impair DNA and cells by interrupting metabolic homeostasis in liver and by inducing oxidative stress, inflammatory responses and apoptosis in lung. These findings have broad implications when evaluating the safety of TiO2 NPs used in numerous consumer products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Rd, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.,Covance Laboratories, Inc., Greenfield, IN 46140, USA and
| | - Jian Yan
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Rd, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Wei Ding
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Rd, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Ying Chen
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Rd, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Lindsay M Pack
- Nanotechnology Core Facility, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.,Present address: Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
| | - Tao Chen
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Rd, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA,
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14
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Dubes V, Parpaite T, Ducret T, Quignard JF, Mornet S, Reinhardt N, Baudrimont I, Dubois M, Freund-Michel V, Marthan R, Muller B, Savineau JP, Courtois A. Calcium signalling induced by in vitro exposure to silicium dioxide nanoparticles in rat pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. Toxicology 2016; 375:37-47. [PMID: 27939335 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The development and use of nanomaterials, especially engineered nanoparticles (NP), is expected to provide many benefits. But at the same time the development of such materials is also feared because of their potential human health risks. Indeed, NP display some characteristics similar to ultrafine environmental particles which are known to exert deleterious cardiovascular effects including pro-hypertensive ones. In this context, the effect of NP on calcium signalling, whose deregulation is often involved in hypertensive diseases, remain poorly described. We thus assessed the effect of SiO2 NP on calcium signalling by fluorescence imaging and on the proliferation response in rat pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC). In PASMC, acute exposure to SiO2 NP, from 1 to 500μg/mL, produced an increase of the [Ca2+]i. In addition, when PASMC were exposed to NP at 200μg/mL, a proliferative response was observed. This calcium increase was even greater in PASMC isolated from rats suffering from pulmonary hypertension. The absence of extracellular calcium, addition of diltiazem or nicardipine (L-type voltage-operated calcium channel inhibitors both used at 10μM), and addition of capsazepine or HC067047 (TRPV1 and TRPV4 inhibitors used at 10μM and 5μM, respectively) significantly reduced this response. Moreover, this response was also inhibited by thapsigargin (SERCA inhibitor, 1μM), ryanodine (100μM) and dantrolene (ryanodine receptor antagonists, 10μM) but not by xestospongin C (IP3 receptor antagonist, 10μM). Thus, NP induce an intracellular calcium rise in rat PASMC originating from both extracellular and intracellular calcium sources. This study also provides evidence for the implication of TRPV channels in NP induced calcium rise that may highlight the role of these channels in the deleterious cardiovascular effects of NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Dubes
- Université de Bordeaux, 146, rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, F-33076, France; Inserm U1045, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, 146, rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, F-33076, France.
| | - Thibaud Parpaite
- Université de Bordeaux, 146, rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, F-33076, France; Inserm U1045, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, 146, rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, F-33076, France.
| | - Thomas Ducret
- Université de Bordeaux, 146, rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, F-33076, France; Inserm U1045, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, 146, rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, F-33076, France.
| | - Jean-François Quignard
- Université de Bordeaux, 146, rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, F-33076, France; Inserm U1045, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, 146, rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, F-33076, France.
| | - Stéphane Mornet
- Université de Bordeaux, 146, rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, F-33076, France; CNRS, ICMCB, UPR 9048, 87 Avenue du Dr Albert Schweitzer, 33600 Pessac, France.
| | - Nora Reinhardt
- Université de Bordeaux, 146, rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, F-33076, France; CNRS, ICMCB, UPR 9048, 87 Avenue du Dr Albert Schweitzer, 33600 Pessac, France.
| | - Isabelle Baudrimont
- Université de Bordeaux, 146, rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, F-33076, France; Inserm U1045, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, 146, rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, F-33076, France.
| | - Mathilde Dubois
- Université de Bordeaux, 146, rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, F-33076, France; Inserm U1045, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, 146, rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, F-33076, France.
| | - Véronique Freund-Michel
- Université de Bordeaux, 146, rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, F-33076, France; Inserm U1045, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, 146, rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, F-33076, France.
| | - Roger Marthan
- Université de Bordeaux, 146, rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, F-33076, France; Inserm U1045, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, 146, rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, F-33076, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Hôpital du Haut-Lévêque, Service d'Exploration Fonctionnelle Respiratoire, Avenue de Magellan, Pessac, F-33076, France.
| | - Bernard Muller
- Université de Bordeaux, 146, rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, F-33076, France; Inserm U1045, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, 146, rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, F-33076, France.
| | - Jean-Pierre Savineau
- Université de Bordeaux, 146, rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, F-33076, France; Inserm U1045, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, 146, rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, F-33076, France.
| | - Arnaud Courtois
- Université de Bordeaux, 146, rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, F-33076, France; Inserm U1045, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, 146, rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux, F-33076, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Centre AntiPoison et de Toxicovigilance d'Aquitaine et de Poitou Charente, Place Amélie Raba Léon, Bordeaux, F-33076, France.
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15
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Bossmann K, Bach S, Höflich C, Valtanen K, Heinze R, Neumann A, Straff W, Süring K. Holi colours contain PM10 and can induce pro-inflammatory responses. J Occup Med Toxicol 2016; 11:42. [PMID: 27617025 PMCID: PMC5018189 DOI: 10.1186/s12995-016-0130-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background At Holi festivals, originally celebrated in India but more recently all over the world, people throw coloured powder (Holi powder, Holi colour, Gulal powder) at each other. Adverse health effects, i.e. skin and ocular irritations as well as respiratory problems may be the consequences. The aim of this study was to uncover some of the underlying mechanisms. Methods We analysed four different Holi colours regarding particle size using an Electric field cell counting system. In addition, we incubated native human cells with different Holi colours and determined their potential to induce a pro-inflammatory response by quantifying the resulting cytokine production by means of ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay) and the resulting leukocyte oxidative burst by flow cytometric analysis. Moreover, we performed the XTT (2,3-Bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide) and Propidium iodide cytotoxicity tests and we measured the endotoxin content of the Holi colour samples by means of the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate test (LAL test). Results We show here that all tested Holi colours consist to more than 40 % of particles with an aerodynamic diameter smaller than 10 μm, so called PM10 particles (PM, particulate matter). Two of the analysed Holi powders contained even more than 75 % of PM10 particles. Furthermore we demonstrate in cell culture experiments that Holi colours can induce the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α (Tumor necrosis factor-α), IL-6 (Interleukine-6) and IL-1β (Interleukine-1β). Three out of the four analysed colours induced a significantly higher cytokine response in human PBMCs (Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells) and whole blood than corn starch, which is often used as carrier substance for Holi colours. Moreover we show that corn starch and two Holi colours contain endotoxin and that certain Holi colours display concentration dependent cytotoxic effects in higher concentration. Furthermore we reveal that in principle Holi colours and corn starch are able to generate an oxidative burst in human granulocytes and monocytes. In Holi colour 1 we detected a fungal contamination. Conclusions Some of the observed unwanted health effects of Holi colours might be explained by the high content of PM10 particles in conjunction with the possible induction of a pro-inflammatory response and an oxidative leukocyte burst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Bossmann
- Environmental Medicine and Health Effects Assessment, Federal Environment Agency, Corrensplatz 1, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabine Bach
- Environmental Medicine and Health Effects Assessment, Federal Environment Agency, Corrensplatz 1, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Conny Höflich
- Environmental Medicine and Health Effects Assessment, Federal Environment Agency, Corrensplatz 1, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerttu Valtanen
- Microbiological Risk Assessment, Federal Environment Agency, Corrensplatz 1, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rita Heinze
- Toxicology of drinking water, Federal Environment Agency, Heinrich-Heine-Str. 12, 08645 Bad Elster, Germany
| | - Anett Neumann
- Environmental Medicine and Health Effects Assessment, Federal Environment Agency, Corrensplatz 1, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Straff
- Environmental Medicine and Health Effects Assessment, Federal Environment Agency, Corrensplatz 1, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrin Süring
- Environmental Medicine and Health Effects Assessment, Federal Environment Agency, Corrensplatz 1, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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16
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Boyles MS, Young L, Brown DM, MacCalman L, Cowie H, Moisala A, Smail F, Smith PJ, Proudfoot L, Windle AH, Stone V. Multi-walled carbon nanotube induced frustrated phagocytosis, cytotoxicity and pro-inflammatory conditions in macrophages are length dependent and greater than that of asbestos. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:1513-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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17
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Bach N, Bølling AK, Brinchmann BC, Totlandsdal AI, Skuland T, Holme JA, Låg M, Schwarze PE, Øvrevik J. Cytokine responses induced by diesel exhaust particles are suppressed by PAR-2 silencing and antioxidant treatment, and driven by polar and non-polar soluble constituents. Toxicol Lett 2015; 238:72-82. [PMID: 26160521 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adsorbed soluble organics seem to be the main drivers of inflammatory responses induced by diesel exhaust particles (DEP). The specific compounds contributing to this process and the cellular mechanisms behind DEP-induced inflammation are not well known. We have assessed pro-inflammatory effects of DEP and various soluble DEP fractions, in human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B). DEP increased the expression of interleukin (IL)-6 and CXCL8. Silencing of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) by siRNA or pretreatment with AhR-antagonists did not attenuate DEP-induced IL-6 and CXCL8 responses. However, the halogenated aromatic hydrocarbon (HAH)-selective AhR antagonist CH223191 caused a considerable reduction in DEP-induced CYP1A1 expression indicating that this response may be due to dioxin or dioxin-like constituents in DEP. Knock-down of protease activated receptor (PAR)-2 attenuated IL-6 responses without affecting CXCL8. Antioxidants did not affect IL-6 expression after 4h DEP-exposure and only partly reduced CXCL8 expression. However, after 24h exposure antioxidant treatment partly suppressed IL-6 protein release and completely blocked CXCL8 release. Furthermore, a heptane-soluble (non-polar) extract of DEP induced both IL-6 and CXCL8 release, whereas a PBS-soluble (highly polar) extract induced only IL-6. Thus, pro-inflammatory responses in DEP-exposed epithelial cells appear to be the result of both reactive oxygen species and receptor signaling, mediated through combinatorial effects between both non-polar and polar constituents adhered to the particle surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai Bach
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway; Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Anette Kocbach Bølling
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
| | - Bendik C Brinchmann
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
| | - Annike I Totlandsdal
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
| | - Tonje Skuland
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
| | - Jørn A Holme
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
| | - Marit Låg
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
| | - Per E Schwarze
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway
| | - Johan Øvrevik
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway.
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18
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Johnston H, Brown DM, Kanase N, Euston M, Gaiser BK, Robb CT, Dyrynda E, Rossi AG, Brown ER, Stone V. Mechanism of neutrophil activation and toxicity elicited by engineered nanomaterials. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:1172-84. [PMID: 25962642 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The effects of nanomaterials (NMs) on biological systems, especially their ability to stimulate inflammatory responses requires urgent investigation. We evaluated the response of the human differentiated HL60 neutrophil-like cell line to NMs. It was hypothesised that NM physico-chemical characteristics would influence cell responsiveness by altering intracellular Ca2+ concentration [Ca2+]i and reactive oxygen species production. Cells were exposed (1.95-125 μg/ml, 24 h) to silver (Ag), zinc oxide (ZnO), titanium dioxide (TiO2), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) or ultrafine carbon black (ufCB) and cytotoxicity assessed (alamar blue assay). Relatively low (TiO2, MWCNTs, ufCB) or high (Ag, ZnO) cytotoxicity NMs were identified. Sub-lethal impacts of NMs on cell function were investigated for selected NMs only, namely TiO2, Ag and ufCB. Only Ag stimulated cell activation. Within minutes, Ag stimulated an increase in [Ca2+]i (in Fura-2 loaded cells), and a prominent inward ion current (assessed by electrophysiology). Within 2-4 h, Ag increased superoxide anion release and stimulated cytokine production (MCP-1, IL-8) that was diminished by Ca2+ inhibitors or trolox. Light microscopy demonstrated that cells had an activated phenotype. In conclusion NM toxicity was ranked; Ag>ufCB>TiO2, and the battery of tests used provided insight into the mechanism of action of NM toxicity to guide future testing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helinor Johnston
- School of Life Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom.
| | - David M Brown
- School of Life Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Nilesh Kanase
- School of Life Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Euston
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Birgit K Gaiser
- School of Life Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Calum T Robb
- School of Life Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom; MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Elisabeth Dyrynda
- School of Life Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Adriano G Rossi
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Euan R Brown
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Vicki Stone
- School of Life Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
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19
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van Berlo D, Hullmann M, Schins RPF. Toxicology of ambient particulate matter. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 101:165-217. [PMID: 22945570 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7643-8340-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly clear that inhalation exposure to particulate matter (PM) can lead to or exacerbate various diseases, which are not limited to the lung but extend to the cardiovascular system and possibly other organs and tissues. Epidemiological studies have provided strong evidence for associations with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, bronchitis and cardiovascular disease, while the evidence for a link with lung cancer is less strong. Novel research has provided first hints that exposure to PM might lead to diabetes and central nervous system (CNS) pathology. In the current review, an overview is presented of the toxicological basis for adverse health effects that have been linked to PM inhalation. Oxidative stress and inflammation are discussed as central processes driving adverse effects; in addition, profibrotic and allergic processes are implicated in PM-related diseases. Effects of PM on key cell types considered as regulators of inflammatory, fibrotic and allergic mechanisms are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiën van Berlo
- Particle Research, Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung (IUF), Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Auf'm Hennekamp 50, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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20
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Conti S, Lafranconi A, Zanobetti A, Fornari C, Madotto F, Schwartz J, Cesana G. Cardiorespiratory treatments as modifiers of the relationship between particulate matter and health: a case-only analysis on hospitalized patients in Italy. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 136:491-499. [PMID: 25460671 PMCID: PMC4822335 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A few panel and toxicological studies suggest that health effects of particulate matter (PM) might be modified by medication intake, but whether this modification is confirmed in the general population or for more serious outcomes is still unknown. OBJECTIVES We carried out a population-based pilot study in order to assess how pre-hospitalization medical treatments modify the relationship between PM<10 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM10) and the risk of cardiorespiratory admission. METHODS We gathered information on hospitalizations for cardiorespiratory causes, together with pre-admission pharmacological treatments, that occurred during 2005 in seven cities located in Lombardy (Northern Italy). City-specific PM10 concentrations were measured at fixed monitoring stations. Each treatment of interest was analyzed separately through a case-only approach, using generalized additive models accounting for sex, age, comorbidities, temperature and simultaneous intake of other drugs. Analyses were stratified by season and, if useful, by age and sex. RESULTS Our results showed a higher effect size for PM10 on respiratory admissions in subjects treated with theophylline (Odds Ratio (OR) of treatment for an increment of 10 μg/m(3) in PM10 concentration: 1.119; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.013-1.237), while for cardiovascular admissions treatment with cardiac therapy (OR: 0.967, 95% CI: 0.940-0.995) and lipid modifying agents (OR: 0.962, 95% CI: 0.931-0.995) emerged as a protective factor, especially during the warm season. Evidence of a protective effect against the pollutant was found for glucocorticoids and respiratory admissions. CONCLUSIONS Our study showed that the treatment with cardiac therapy and lipid modifying agents might mitigate the effect of PM10 on cardiovascular health, while the use of theophylline seems to enhance the effect of the pollutant, possibly due to confounding by indication. It is desirable to extend the analyses to a larger population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Conti
- Research Centre on Public Health. Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods. University of Milano - Bicocca. Via Cadore 48, I-20052 Monza, (MB), Italy.
| | - Alessandra Lafranconi
- School of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine. Department of Health Sciences. University of Milano - Bicocca. Via Cadore, 48, I-20052 Monza, (MB), Italy.
| | - Antonella Zanobetti
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, P.O. Box 15698, Landmark Center-415-K, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Carla Fornari
- Research Centre on Public Health. Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods. University of Milano - Bicocca. Via Cadore 48, I-20052 Monza, (MB), Italy.
| | - Fabiana Madotto
- Research Centre on Public Health. Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods. University of Milano - Bicocca. Via Cadore 48, I-20052 Monza, (MB), Italy.
| | - Joel Schwartz
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, P.O. Box 15698, Landmark Center-415-K, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Giancarlo Cesana
- Research Centre on Public Health. Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods. University of Milano - Bicocca. Via Cadore 48, I-20052 Monza, (MB), Italy.
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Møller P, Danielsen PH, Karottki DG, Jantzen K, Roursgaard M, Klingberg H, Jensen DM, Christophersen DV, Hemmingsen JG, Cao Y, Loft S. Oxidative stress and inflammation generated DNA damage by exposure to air pollution particles. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2014; 762:133-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Forbes B, O'Lone R, Allen PP, Cahn A, Clarke C, Collinge M, Dailey LA, Donnelly LE, Dybowski J, Hassall D, Hildebrand D, Jones R, Kilgour J, Klapwijk J, Maier CC, McGovern T, Nikula K, Parry JD, Reed MD, Robinson I, Tomlinson L, Wolfreys A. Challenges for inhaled drug discovery and development: Induced alveolar macrophage responses. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 71:15-33. [PMID: 24530633 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Alveolar macrophage (AM) responses are commonly induced in inhalation toxicology studies, typically being observed as an increase in number or a vacuolated 'foamy' morphology. Discriminating between adaptive AM responses and adverse events during nonclinical and clinical development is a major scientific challenge. When measuring and interpreting induced AM responses, an understanding of macrophage biology is essential; this includes 'sub-types' of AMs with different roles in health and disease and mechanisms of induction/resolution of AM responses to inhalation of pharmaceutical aerosols. In this context, emerging assay techniques, the utility of toxicokinetics and the requirement for new biomarkers are considered. Risk assessment for nonclinical toxicology findings and their translation to effects in humans is discussed from a scientific and regulatory perspective. At present, when apparently adaptive macrophage-only responses to inhaled investigational products are observed in nonclinical studies, this poses a challenge for risk assessment and an improved understanding of induced AM responses to inhaled pharmaceuticals is required.
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Roy R, Kumar S, Tripathi A, Das M, Dwivedi PD. Interactive threats of nanoparticles to the biological system. Immunol Lett 2014; 158:79-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2013.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Manzano-León N, Quintana R, Sánchez B, Serrano J, Vega E, Vázquez-López I, Rojas-Bracho L, López-Villegas T, O'Neill MS, Vadillo-Ortega F, De Vizcaya-Ruiz A, Rosas I, Osornio-Vargas AR. Variation in the composition and in vitro proinflammatory effect of urban particulate matter from different sites. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2013; 27:87-97. [PMID: 23335408 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Spatial variation in particulate matter-related health and toxicological outcomes is partly due to its composition. We studied spatial variability in particle composition and induced cellular responses in Mexico City to complement an ongoing epidemiologic study. We measured elements, endotoxins, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in two particle size fractions collected in five sites. We compared the in vitro proinflammatory response of J774A.1 and THP-1 cells after exposure to particles, measuring subsequent TNFα and IL-6 secretion. Particle composition varied by site and size. Particle constituents were subjected to principal component analysis, identifying three components: C(1) (Si, Sr, Mg, Ca, Al, Fe, Mn, endotoxin), C(2) (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), and C(3) (Zn, S, Sb, Ni, Cu, Pb). Induced TNFα levels were higher and more heterogeneous than IL-6 levels. Cytokines produced by both cell lines only correlated with C(1) , suggesting that constituents associated with soil induced the inflammatory response and explain observed spatial differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Manzano-León
- Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Av. San Fernando 22, Col. Sección XVI, C.P. 14080, México, D.F., México
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Overocker J, Pfau JC. Cytokine Production Modified by System X(c)- After PM10 and Asbestos Exposure. JOURNAL OF YOUNG INVESTIGATORS 2012; 23:34-39. [PMID: 23418405 PMCID: PMC3571731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
It has been shown that inhaled particulate matter such as air pollution and asbestos are linked to a number of immune diseases such as asthma, and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), respectively. This research may contribute to understanding the mechanisms of how asbestos and air pollution particulate (PM10) produce oxidative stress on macrophages, as well as how the macrophages will respond to the oxidative stressors. Using Flow Cytometry, DCFDA Fluorescence, Glutamate Transport, and Cytokine Bead Array assays, we have shown that exposure to asbestos and PM10 up-regulates system x(c)- in macrophages, which reduces oxidative stress for the macrophage by providing substrates for antioxidants. The results demonstrate that asbestos, but not PM10, induces both expression and activity of system x(c)-. This led to differential cytokine production with a significantly increased expression of TNF alpha and MCP-1 for PM10 treatment but not for asbestos treatment. Inhibition of system x(c)- affected cytokine production only following asbestos exposure, further demonstrating a role for this antioxidant system in regulating immune outcomes for asbestos but not PM10. Understanding the mechanisms in which oxidative stress helps regulate macrophage responses may contribute to a better understanding of why certain diseases are brought on by asbestos and air pollution exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Overocker
- Idaho State University, Department of Biological Sciences, Pocatello, ID
| | - Jean C. Pfau
- Idaho State University, Department of Biological Sciences, Pocatello, ID
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Latzin P, Frey U, Armann J, Kieninger E, Fuchs O, Röösli M, Schaub B. Exposure to moderate air pollution during late pregnancy and cord blood cytokine secretion in healthy neonates. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23130. [PMID: 21826232 PMCID: PMC3149643 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives Ambient air pollution can alter cytokine concentrations as shown in vitro and following short-term exposure to high air pollution levels in vivo. Exposure to pollution during late pregnancy has been shown to affect fetal lymphocytic immunophenotypes. However, effects of prenatal exposure to moderate levels of air pollutants on cytokine regulation in cord blood of healthy infants are unknown. Methods In a birth cohort of 265 healthy term-born neonates, we assessed maternal exposure to particles with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 µm or less (PM10), as well as to indoor air pollution during the last trimester, specifically the last 21, 14, 7, 3 and 1 days of pregnancy. As a proxy for traffic-related air pollution, we determined the distance of mothers' homes to major roads. We measured cytokine and chemokine levels (MCP-1, IL-6, IL-10, IL-1ß, TNF-α and GM-CSF) in cord blood serum using LUMINEX technology. Their association with pollution levels was assessed using regression analysis, adjusted for possible confounders. Results Mean (95%-CI) PM10 exposure for the last 7 days of pregnancy was 18.3 (10.3–38.4 µg/m3). PM10 exposure during the last 3 days of pregnancy was significantly associated with reduced IL-10 and during the last 3 months of pregnancy with increased IL-1ß levels in cord blood after adjustment for relevant confounders. Maternal smoking was associated with reduced IL-6 levels. For the other cytokines no association was found. Conclusions Our results suggest that even naturally occurring prenatal exposure to moderate amounts of indoor and outdoor air pollution may lead to changes in cord blood cytokine levels in a population based cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Latzin
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Urs Frey
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- University Children's Hospital (UKBB), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jakob Armann
- Department of Allergy & Pulmonary, University Children's Hospital Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Kieninger
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Fuchs
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- University Children's Hospital (UKBB), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Röösli
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bianca Schaub
- Department of Allergy & Pulmonary, University Children's Hospital Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Bastonini E, Verdone L, Morrone S, Santoni A, Settimo G, Marsili G, La Fortezza M, Di Mauro E, Caserta M. Transcriptional modulation of a human monocytic cell line exposed to PM(10) from an urban area. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2011; 111:765-774. [PMID: 21741637 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2011.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Revised: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Insight into the mechanisms by which ambient air particulate matter mediates adverse health effects is needed to provide biological plausibility to epidemiological studies demonstrating an association between PM(10) exposure and increased morbidity and mortality. In vitro studies of the effects of air pollution on human cells help to establish conditions for the analysis of cause-effect relationships. One of the major challenges is to test native atmosphere in its complexity, rather than the various components individually. We have developed an in vitro system in which human monocyte-macrophage U937 cells are directly exposed to filters containing different amounts of PM(10) collected in the city of Rome. Transcriptional profiling obtained after short exposure (1h) of cells to a filter containing 1666μg PM(10) (77.6μg/cm(2)) using a macroarray panel of 1176 genes reveals a significant change in the mRNA level (>2 fold) for 87 genes relative to cells exposed to a control filter. Overall, 9 out of 87 modulated genes were annotated as "lung cancer". qRT-PCR confirmed the induction of relevant genes involved in DNA repair and apoptosis, specifically: ERCC1, TDG, DAD1 and MCL1. In cells exposed for 10min, 1h and 3h to different amounts of PM(10), transcription of TNFα and TRAP1, which code for a key pro-inflammatory cytokine and a mitochondrial protein involved in cell protection from oxidative stress, respectively, was shown to be modulated in a time-dependent, but not a dose-dependent manner. Taken together, these data indicate that it is possible to analyze the effects of untreated particulate matter on human cells by the direct-exposure approach we have developed, possibly providing new clues to traffic-related health hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Bastonini
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie Charles Darwin, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Ariano P, Zamburlin P, Gilardino A, Mortera R, Onida B, Tomatis M, Ghiazza M, Fubini B, Lovisolo D. Interaction of spherical silica nanoparticles with neuronal cells: size-dependent toxicity and perturbation of calcium homeostasis. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2011; 7:766-74. [PMID: 21302356 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201002287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The effects of Stöber silica nanoparticles on neuronal survival, proliferation, and on the underlying perturbations in calcium homeostasis are investigated on the well-differentiated neuronal cell line GT1-7. The responses to nanoparticles 50 and 200 nm in diameter are compared. The 50-nm silica affects neuronal survival/proliferation in a dose-dependent way, by stimulating apoptotic processes. In contrast, the 200-nm silica does not show any toxic effect even at relatively high concentrations (292 μg mL−1). To identify the mechanisms underlying these effects, the changes in intracellular calcium concentration elicited by acute and chronic administration of the two silica nanoparticles are analyzed. The 50-nm silica at toxic concentrations generates huge and long-lasting increases in intracellular calcium, whereas the 200-nm silica only induces transient signals of much lower amplitude. These findings provide the first evidence that silica nanoparticles can induce toxic effects on neuronal cells in a size-dependent way, and that these effects are related to the degree of perturbation of calcium homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Ariano
- Dipartimento di Biologia Animale e dell'Uomo, University of Torino, Via A. Albertina 13, 10123 Torino, Italy
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Johnston HJ, Hutchison GR, Christensen FM, Peters S, Hankin S, Aschberger K, Stone V. A critical review of the biological mechanisms underlying the in vivo and in vitro toxicity of carbon nanotubes: The contribution of physico-chemical characteristics. Nanotoxicology 2011; 4:207-46. [PMID: 20795897 DOI: 10.3109/17435390903569639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This critical review of the available human health safety data, relating to carbon nanotubes (CNTs), was conducted in order to assess the risks associated with CNT exposure. Determining the toxicity related to CNT exploitation is of great relevance and importance due to the increased potential for human exposure to CNTs within occupational, environmental and consumer settings. When this information is combined with knowledge on the likely exposure levels of humans to CNTs, it will enable risk assessments to be conducted to assess the risks posed to human health. CNTs are a diverse group of materials and vary with regards to their wall number (single and multi-walled CNTs are evident), length, composition, and surface chemistry. The attributes of CNTs that were identified as being most likely to drive the observed toxicity have been considered, and include CNT length, metal content, tendency to aggregate/agglomerate and surface chemistry. Of particular importance, is the contribution of the fibre paradigm to CNT toxicity, whereby the length of CNTs appears to be critical to their toxic potential. Mechanistic processes that are critical to CNT toxicity will also be discussed, with the findings insinuating that CNTs can exert an oxidative response that stimulates inflammatory, genotoxic and cytotoxic consequences. Consequently, it may transpire that a common mechanism is responsible for driving CNT toxicity, despite the fact that CNTs are a diverse population of materials. The similarity of the structure of CNTs to that of asbestos has prompted concern surrounding the exposure of humans, and so the applicability of the fibre paradigm to CNTs will be evaluated. It is also necessary to determine the systemic availability of CNTs following exposure, to determine where potential targets of toxicity are, and to thereby direct in vitro investigations within the most appropriate target cells. CNTs are therefore a group of materials whose useful exploitable properties prompts their increased production and utilization within diverse applications, so that ensuring their safety is of vital importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helinor J Johnston
- Centre for Nano Safety, School of Life Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK.
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Clift MJD, Boyles MSP, Brown DM, Stone V. An investigation into the potential for different surface-coated quantum dots to cause oxidative stress and affect macrophage cell signalling in vitro. Nanotoxicology 2011; 4:139-49. [PMID: 20795892 DOI: 10.3109/17435390903276925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of a series of different surface-coated quantum dots (QDs) to cause oxidative stress and affect cell signalling in J774.A1 macrophages. Organic QDs caused a significant (p < 0.001) decrease in glutathione (GSH) levels over 24 h, while COOH and NH(2) (PEG) QDs induced a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in GSH at 6 and 24 h only. J774.A1 cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration significantly increased (p < 0.01) 30 min after treatment with all QDs. Trolox was, however, able to prevent the COOH and NH(2) (PEG) QD-induced Ca(2+) signal, but not the organic QD induced effect. All QDs tested were observed to have a relatively low ability to stimulate increased expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). In conclusion, QDs differ in their interactions with macrophages according to their specific surface properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J D Clift
- Centre for Nano Safety, School of Life Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK.
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Araujo JA. Particulate air pollution, systemic oxidative stress, inflammation, and atherosclerosis. AIR QUALITY, ATMOSPHERE, & HEALTH 2010; 4:79-93. [PMID: 21461032 PMCID: PMC3040314 DOI: 10.1007/s11869-010-0101-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution has been associated with significant adverse health effects leading to increased overall morbidity and mortality of worldwide significance. Epidemiological studies have shown that the largest portion of air pollution-related mortality is due to cardiovascular diseases, predominantly those of ischemic nature. Human studies suggest an association with atherosclerosis and increasing experimental animal data support that this association is likely to be causal. While both gasses and particles have been linked to detrimental health effects, more evidence implicates the particulate matter (PM) components as major responsible for a large portion of the proatherogenic effects. Multiple experimental approaches have revealed the ability of PM components to trigger and/or enhance free radical reactions in cells and tissues, both ex vivo as well as in vivo. It appears that exposure to PM leads to the development of systemic prooxidant and proinflammatory effects that may be of great importance in the development of atherosclerotic lesions. This article reviews the epidemiological studies, experimental animal, and cellular data that support the association of air pollutants, especially the particulate components, with systemic oxidative stress, inflammation, and atherosclerosis. It also reviews the use of transcriptomic studies to elucidate molecular pathways of importance in those systemic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus A. Araujo
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- UCLA Division of Cardiology, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, CHS 43-264, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
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Abstract
This review is presented as a common foundation for scientists interested in nanoparticles, their origin,activity, and biological toxicity. It is written with the goal of rationalizing and informing public health concerns related to this sometimes-strange new science of "nano," while raising awareness of nanomaterials' toxicity among scientists and manufacturers handling them.We show that humans have always been exposed to tiny particles via dust storms, volcanic ash, and other natural processes, and that our bodily systems are well adapted to protect us from these potentially harmful intruders. There ticuloendothelial system, in particular, actively neutralizes and eliminates foreign matter in the body,including viruses and nonbiological particles. Particles originating from human activities have existed for millennia, e.g., smoke from combustion and lint from garments, but the recent development of industry and combustion-based engine transportation has profoundly increased an thropogenic particulate pollution. Significantly, technological advancement has also changed the character of particulate pollution, increasing the proportion of nanometer-sized particles--"nanoparticles"--and expanding the variety of chemical compositions. Recent epidemiological studies have shown a strong correlation between particulate air pollution levels, respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, various cancers, and mortality. Adverse effects of nanoparticles on human health depend on individual factors such as genetics and existing disease, as well as exposure, and nanoparticle chemistry, size, shape,agglomeration state, and electromagnetic properties. Animal and human studies show that inhaled nanoparticles are less efficiently removed than larger particles by the macrophage clearance mechanisms in the lungs, causing lung damage, and that nanoparticles can translocate through the circulatory, lymphatic, and nervous systems to many tissues and organs, including the brain. The key to understanding the toxicity of nanoparticles is that their minute size, smaller than cells and cellular organelles, allows them to penetrate these basic biological structures, disrupting their normal function.Examples of toxic effects include tissue inflammation, and altered cellular redox balance toward oxidation, causing abnormal function or cell death. The manipulation of matter at the scale of atoms,"nanotechnology," is creating many new materials with characteristics not always easily predicted from current knowledge. Within the nearly limitless diversity of these materials, some happen to be toxic to biological systems, others are relatively benign, while others confer health benefits. Some of these materials have desirable characteristics for industrial applications, as nanostructured materials often exhibit beneficial properties, from UV absorbance in sunscreen to oil-less lubrication of motors.A rational science-based approach is needed to minimize harm caused by these materials, while supporting continued study and appropriate industrial development. As current knowledge of the toxicology of "bulk" materials may not suffice in reliably predicting toxic forms of nanoparticles,ongoing and expanded study of "nanotoxicity" will be necessary. For nanotechnologies with clearly associated health risks, intelligent design of materials and devices is needed to derive the benefits of these new technologies while limiting adverse health impacts. Human exposure to toxic nanoparticles can be reduced through identifying creation-exposure pathways of toxins, a study that may someday soon unravel the mysteries of diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's. Reduction in fossil fuel combustion would have a large impact on global human exposure to nanoparticles, as would limiting deforestation and desertification.While nanotoxicity is a relatively new concept to science, this review reveals the result of life's long history of evolution in the presence of nanoparticles, and how the human body, in particular, has adapted to defend itself against nanoparticulate intruders.
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Vrikkis RM, Fraser KJ, Fujita K, Macfarlane DR, Elliott GD. Biocompatible ionic liquids: a new approach for stabilizing proteins in liquid formulation. J Biomech Eng 2009; 131:074514. [PMID: 19640150 DOI: 10.1115/1.3156810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) have shown excellent promise as both solutes and solvents for stabilizing proteins at room temperature. Because many modern drugs are protein-based, these stabilizing characteristics have great potential to provide advances in the field of liquid formulation of therapeutic proteins. However, before these developments can be translated into clinical solutions it is essential to establish data related to the biocompatibility of these ILs. The current work investigates the cytotoxicity of several ILs that were rationally synthesized from natural biomolecules and compounds that have already been approved as excipients for drug formulations. The effect of choline dihydrogen phosphate (choline dhp), choline saccharinate, and 1-butyl 3-methyl imidazolium lactate (bmim lactate) on the metabolic activity of a mouse macrophage cell line (J774) was assessed using the reduction in resazurin as an indicator of activity and, by extension, viability. Two formulations of lysozyme (10 mg/ml and 100 mg/ml) in 80 wt % choline dhp (aq) were prepared and the proteins were evaluated for structural stability immediately following formulation and again at 1 month. Equivalent formulations in 0.1 M Na acetate aqueous buffer were evaluated as controls. A differential scanning microcalorimeter (DSC) was used to evaluate the structural stability on the basis of the unfolding temperature and the enthalpy of unfolding, and a micrococcus lysodiekticus activity test was used to evaluate functional activity. All compounds were found to be relatively benign, with toxicity increasing in the order choline dhp<choline saccharinate<bmim lactate. At 1 month lysozyme that had been stored in choline dhp had a higher activity and folded fraction than lysozyme that had been stored in aqueous buffer. These results suggest that biocompatibility and protein stabilization characteristics can be rationally designed into ionic liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina M Vrikkis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Boulevard, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA.
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Sierra-Vargas MP, Guzman-Grenfell AM, Blanco-Jimenez S, Sepulveda-Sanchez JD, Bernabe-Cabanillas RM, Cardenas-Gonzalez B, Ceballos G, Hicks JJ. Airborne particulate matter PM2.5 from Mexico City affects the generation of reactive oxygen species by blood neutrophils from asthmatics: an in vitro approach. J Occup Med Toxicol 2009; 4:17. [PMID: 19563660 PMCID: PMC2711089 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6673-4-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2008] [Accepted: 06/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Mexico City Metropolitan Area is densely populated, and toxic air pollutants are generated and concentrated at a higher rate because of its geographic characteristics. It is well known that exposure to particulate matter, especially to fine and ultra-fine particles, enhances the risk of cardio-respiratory diseases, especially in populations susceptible to oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of fine particles on the respiratory burst of circulating neutrophils from asthmatic patients living in Mexico City. Methods In total, 6 subjects diagnosed with mild asthma and 11 healthy volunteers were asked to participate. Neutrophils were isolated from peripheral venous blood and incubated with fine particles, and the generation of reactive oxygen species was recorded by chemiluminescence. We also measured plasma lipoperoxidation susceptibility and plasma myeloperoxidase and paraoxonase activities by spectrophotometry. Results Asthmatic patients showed significantly lower plasma paraoxonase activity, higher susceptibility to plasma lipoperoxidation and an increase in myeloperoxidase activity that differed significantly from the control group. In the presence of fine particles, neutrophils from asthmatic patients showed an increased tendency to generate reactive oxygen species after stimulation with fine particles (PM2.5). Conclusion These findings suggest that asthmatic patients have higher oxidation of plasmatic lipids due to reduced antioxidant defense. Furthermore, fine particles tended to increase the respiratory burst of blood human neutrophils from the asthmatic group. On the whole, increased myeloperoxidase activity and susceptibility to lipoperoxidation with a concomitant decrease in paraoxonase activity in asthmatic patients could favor lung infection and hence disrupt the control of asthmatic crises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Patricia Sierra-Vargas
- Departamento de Investigacion en Bioquimica y Medicina Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Ismael Cosio Villegas, Secretaria de Salud, Mexico
| | - Alberto Martin Guzman-Grenfell
- Departamento de Investigacion en Bioquimica y Medicina Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Ismael Cosio Villegas, Secretaria de Salud, Mexico
| | - Salvador Blanco-Jimenez
- Direccion de Investigacion Experimental en Contaminacion Atmosferica, Centro Nacional de Investigacion y Capacitacion Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Ecologia, Mexico
| | | | - Rosa Maria Bernabe-Cabanillas
- Direccion de Investigacion Experimental en Contaminacion Atmosferica, Centro Nacional de Investigacion y Capacitacion Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Ecologia, Mexico
| | - Beatriz Cardenas-Gonzalez
- Direccion de Investigacion Experimental en Contaminacion Atmosferica, Centro Nacional de Investigacion y Capacitacion Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Ecologia, Mexico
| | - Guillermo Ceballos
- Laboratorio Interdisciplinario Seccion de Postgrado e Investigacion, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, DF, Mexico
| | - Juan Jose Hicks
- Departamento de Investigacion en Bioquimica y Medicina Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Ismael Cosio Villegas, Secretaria de Salud, Mexico
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Staiano RI, Granata F, Secondo A, Petraroli A, Loffredo S, Frattini A, Annunziato L, Marone G, Triggiani M. Expression and function of Na+/Ca2+ exchangers 1 and 3 in human macrophages and monocytes. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:1405-18. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.200838792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Mitschik S, Schierl R, Nowak D, Jörres RA. Effects of Particulate Matter on Cytokine Production In Vitro: A Comparative Analysis of Published Studies. Inhal Toxicol 2008; 20:399-414. [DOI: 10.1080/08958370801903784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Watterson TL, Sorensen J, Martin R, Coulombe RA. Effects of PM2.5 collected from Cache Valley Utah on genes associated with the inflammatory response in human lung cells. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2007; 70:1731-44. [PMID: 17885930 DOI: 10.1080/15287390701457746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In January 2004, the normally picturesque Cache Valley in northern Utah made national headlines with the highest PM2.5 levels in the nation. Epidemiological studies linked exposure to particulate air pollution in other locations with stroke and Alzheimer's disease and to early mortality from all causes, cancer, and cardiopulmonary diseases. To determine potential effects of these particles on human health, human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) were cultured with PM2.5 collected from various locations in the Cache Valley. These particles were slightly cytotoxic, but more potent than NH4NO3, the major chemical component of Cache Valley PM2.5. Gene expression analysis of PM2.5-exposed cells was performed using microarray and quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Among other genes, PM2.5 exposure induced genes and proteins involved in the inflammatory response. Most notably, PM2.5-exposed cells showed significant gene level upregulation of activating receptors to interleukins 1 and 6 (IL-1R1 and IL-6R), as well as concomitant increases in protein. Increases in IL-1 receptor associated kinase-1 (IRAK) protein were observed. PM2.5 exposure resulted in release of IL-6, as well phosphorylated STAT3 protein, providing evidence that PM activates the IL-6/gp130/STAT3 signaling pathway in BEAS-2B cells. IL-20 and major histocompatibility complex peptide class-1 (MICA) were upregulated and cleavage of caspase-12 was detected. In total, our results indicate that Cache Valley PM2.5 produces the upregulation of important cytokine receptors and is able to activate both IL-1R- and IL-6R-mediated signaling pathways in human lung cells. These observations are generally consistent with the adverse effects associated with inhalation of fine particulate matter like PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd L Watterson
- Graduate Program in Toxicology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-4620, USA
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Brown DM, Hutchison L, Donaldson K, Stone V. The effects of PM10 particles and oxidative stress on macrophages and lung epithelial cells: modulating effects of calcium-signaling antagonists. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2007; 292:L1444-51. [PMID: 17369293 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00162.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously examined the ability of air pollution particles (PM10) to promote release of the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and demonstrated a role for calcium as a signaling molecule in this process. We have now studied the ability of oxidative stress induced by a synthetic oxidant tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP) to induce TNF-α production via calcium signaling in the mouse macrophage cell line (J774). The oxidant tBHP significantly increased intracellular calcium and the release of TNF-α in J774 cells, an effect that was reduced to control levels by inhibition of calcium signaling with verapamil, BAPTA-AM, and W-7. This study also investigated interactions between PM10-treated macrophages and epithelial cells by using conditioned medium (CM) from PM10-treated mononuclear cells to stimulate the release of the neutrophil chemoattractant chemokine IL-8 from A549 lung epithelial cells. TNF-α protein release was demonstrated in human mononuclear cells after PM10 treatment, an effect that was inhibited by calcium antagonists. Treatment of A549 cells with monocyte/PM10 CM produced increased IL-8 release that was reduced with CM from monocyte/PM10/calcium antagonist treatments. The expression of ICAM-1 was increased after incubation with CM from monocyte/PM10 treatment, and this increase was prevented by treatment with CM from monocyte/PM10/calcium antagonist. These data demonstrate a link between oxidative stress, calcium, and inflammatory mediator production in macrophages and lung epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Brown
- School of Life Sciences, Napier Univ., 10 Colinton Road, Edinburgh EH10 5DT, United Kingdom.
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Haberzettl P, Duffin R, Krämer U, Höhr D, Schins RPF, Borm PJA, Albrecht C. Actin plays a crucial role in the phagocytosis and biological response to respirable quartz particles in macrophages. Arch Toxicol 2007; 81:459-70. [PMID: 17375287 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-007-0178-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2006] [Accepted: 01/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The uptake of respirable quartz particles by alveolar macrophages (AM) is believed to cause an inflammatory response, which is discussed as a crucial step in quartz pathogenicity. However, little is known about the mechanism and the relevance of particle uptake. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the role of the actin cytoskeleton in quartz particle uptake, reactive oxygen species generation (ROS) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) release. Primary rat alveolar and interstitial macrophages (IM) as well as a rat alveolar macrophage cell line (NR8383) were treated with quartz particles at various concentrations and time intervals. Particle uptake was studied using flow cytometry and light/fluorescence microscopy to analyze particle uptake and cytoskeleton recruitment. Intra- as well as extracellular ROS generation was analyzed by flow cytometry and electron spin resonance (ESR). Flow cytometric investigations demonstrated a dose- and time-dependent particle uptake. Primary AM showed a similar uptake indicating that the cell line provides a good model to investigate the mechanisms of particle uptake while primary IM had a lower uptake rate. Inhibition of actin polymerization using cytochalasin-D caused a significant reduction of particle uptake in NR8383 cells. The quartz induced dose-dependent increase of ROS generation and TNF-alpha release was also blocked by inhibition of actin polymerization. Our results demonstrate an active involvement of the cytoskeleton in uptake of quartz particles and suggest a role of the actin framework and/or the particle uptake in DQ12-induced ROS generation and cytokine release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Haberzettl
- Particle Research, Institut für umweltmedizinische Forschung gGmbH (IUF) an der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Auf'm Hennekamp 50, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Lundborg M, Dahlén SE, Johard U, Gerde P, Jarstrand C, Camner P, Låstbom L. Aggregates of ultrafine particles impair phagocytosis of microorganisms by human alveolar macrophages. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2006; 100:197-204. [PMID: 16171796 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2005.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2004] [Revised: 06/28/2005] [Accepted: 08/05/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We investigated whether exposure of alveolar macrophages to aggregates of ultrafine carbon particles affected subsequent phagocytosis of microorganisms. Human alveolar macrophages were obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage and exposed to aggregates of ultrafine carbon particles or diesel exhaust particles (DEP) for 20 h before measurements of phagocytosis. The particle loads were estimated to be comparable to those of air pollution exposure with established health effects in humans. Phagocytotic activity was measured as attachment and ingestion of four different test particles (amorphous silica particles, yeast cells from Candida albicans, and Cryptococcus neoformans opsonized with specific IgG or fresh serum) that bind to scavenger, mannose, Fc, and complement receptors, respectively. Carbon preloading significantly impaired the attachment and ingestion process (P<0.01) for all particles, except for yeast cells from C. neoformans opsonized with specific IgG. On the average, the accumulated attachment decreased by 30% and the ingested fraction decreased by 10%. Loading of alveolar macrophages with either aggregates of ultrafine DEP or carbon particles impaired the phagocytosis of silica test particles in a similar way. Exposure of human alveolar macrophages to aggregates of carbon or DEP, in concentrations relevant to human environmental exposures, caused significant impairment of phagocytosis of silica particles and microorganisms. The inhibitory effect on particle phagocytosis mediated by four different receptors suggests that air pollution particles cause a general inhibition of macrophage phagocytosis. Such an effect may contribute to increased susceptibility to infections and, for example, result in more exacerbations of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot Lundborg
- Division of Physiology, The National Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, P.O. Box 287, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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