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Heylen OCG, Debortoli N, Marescaux J, Olofsson JK. A Revised Phylogeny of the Mentha spicata Clade Reveals Cryptic Species. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:819. [PMID: 33924227 PMCID: PMC8074783 DOI: 10.3390/plants10040819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The genus Mentha is taxonomically and phylogenetically challenging due to complex genomes, polyploidization and an extensive historical nomenclature, potentially hiding cryptic taxa. A straightforward interpretation of phylogenetic relationships within the section Mentha is further hindered by dominant but outdated concepts on historically identified hybrid taxa. Mentha spicata is traditionally considered to be of hybrid origin, but the evidence for this is weak. Here, we aim to understand the phylogenetic relationships within the section Mentha using large sample sizes and to revisit the hybrid status and identity of M. spicata. We show that two of three traditional species in the subsection Spicatae are polyphyletic, as is the subsection as a whole, while the real number of cryptic species was underestimated. Compared to previous studies we present a fundamentally different phylogeny, with a basal split between M. spicata s.s. and M. longifolia s.s. Cluster analyses of morphological and genotypic data demonstrate that there is a dissociation between morphologically and genotypically defined groups of samples. We did not find any evidence that M. spicata is of hybrid origin, and we conclude its taxonomic status should be revised. The combination of genetic and phenotypic information is essential when evaluating hyperdiverse taxonomic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jill K. Olofsson
- Section for GeoGenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, bygning 7, DK-1353 Copenhagen, Denmark;
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2
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Calzolari M, Desiato R, Albieri A, Bellavia V, Bertola M, Bonilauri P, Callegari E, Canziani S, Lelli D, Mosca A, Mulatti P, Peletto S, Ravagnan S, Roberto P, Torri D, Pombi M, Di Luca M, Montarsi F. Mosquitoes of the Maculipennis complex in Northern Italy. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6421. [PMID: 33742019 PMCID: PMC7979756 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85442-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The correct identification of mosquito vectors is often hampered by the presence of morphologically indiscernible sibling species. The Maculipennis complex is one of these groups that include both malaria vectors of primary importance and species of low/negligible epidemiological relevance, of which distribution data in Italy are outdated. Our study was aimed at providing an updated distribution of Maculipennis complex in Northern Italy through the sampling and morphological/molecular identification of specimens from five regions. The most abundant species was Anopheles messeae (2032), followed by Anopheles maculipennis s.s. (418), Anopheles atroparvus (28) and Anopheles melanoon (13). Taking advantage of ITS2 barcoding, we were able to finely characterize tested mosquitoes, classifying all the Anopheles messeae specimens as Anopheles daciae, a taxon with debated rank to which we referred as species inquirenda (sp. inq.). The distribution of species was characterized by Ecological Niche Models (ENMs), fed by recorded points of presence. ENMs provided clues on the ecological preferences of the detected species, with An. daciae sp. inq. linked to stable breeding sites and An. maculipennis s.s. more associated to ephemeral breeding sites. We demonstrate that historical Anopheles malaria vectors are still present in Northern Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Calzolari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Via Bianchi, 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Rosanna Desiato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandro Albieri
- Centro Agricoltura Ambiente "Giorgio Nicoli" S.r.L. (CAA), Via Sant'Agata, 835, 40014, Crevalcore, BO, Italy
| | - Veronica Bellavia
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154, Turin, Italy
| | - Michela Bertola
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Paolo Bonilauri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Via Bianchi, 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Emanuele Callegari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Via Bianchi, 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Sabrina Canziani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Via Bianchi, 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Davide Lelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Via Bianchi, 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrea Mosca
- Territory and Agriculture Technical Area, Istituto per le Piante da Legno e l'Ambiente - IPLA SpA, Corso Casale, 476, 10132, Turin, Italy
| | - Paolo Mulatti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Simone Peletto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154, Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Ravagnan
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Paolo Roberto
- Territory and Agriculture Technical Area, Istituto per le Piante da Legno e l'Ambiente - IPLA SpA, Corso Casale, 476, 10132, Turin, Italy
| | - Deborah Torri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Via Bianchi, 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marco Pombi
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Università di Roma "Sapienza", P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Di Luca
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Montarsi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy.,Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Università di Roma "Sapienza", P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
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Jayatunga DPW, Harischandra IN, Chandrasekharan NV, de Silva BGDNK. Compensatory Base Changes Reveal Sexual Incompatibility among Members of the Anopheles subpictus Sensu Lato (Diptera: Culicidae) Species Complex in Sri Lanka. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11030211. [PMID: 33800295 PMCID: PMC7998985 DOI: 10.3390/life11030211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mosquito Anopheles (Cellia) subpictus sensu lato (s.l.) is a major secondary vector of malaria in Sri Lanka. The sibling species composition in this species complex in Sri Lanka remains debatable. Compensatory base changes (CBCs) in the secondary structures of internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) are reliable sources to predict sexual incompatibility among closely related species. The objective of the present study was to investigate the An. subpictus s.l. populations in Sri Lanka using the CBC analysis. Mosquito DNA was amplified and sequenced for the ITS2 region. The sequences were annotated using ITS2 Database. ITS2 secondary structures were constructed and analyzed for CBCs using various bioinformatics tools. The ITS2 regions consisted of two different lengths, 575 bp and 480 bp. The two CBCs and three hemi CBCs identified in the present study suggest that there may be at least two sexually incompatible sibling species. In conclusion, it is likely that there may be only two reproductively isolated sibling species in the An. subpictus species complex in Sri Lanka. However, due to high divergence of ITS2 in these species, it is reasonable to assume that they may be undergoing a speciation event to separate as a distinct species.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. P. W. Jayatunga
- Center for Biotechnology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Gangodawila, Nugegoda 10250, Sri Lanka;
| | - I. N. Harischandra
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Unit, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Gangodawila, Nugegoda 10250, Sri Lanka;
| | - N. V. Chandrasekharan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo, Colombo 00300, Sri Lanka;
| | - B. G. D. N. K. de Silva
- Center for Biotechnology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Gangodawila, Nugegoda 10250, Sri Lanka;
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Unit, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Gangodawila, Nugegoda 10250, Sri Lanka;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +94-112804515 or +94-774467277
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Francuski L, Ludoški J, Milutinović A, Krtinić B, Milankov V. Comparative Phylogeography and Integrative Taxonomy of Ochlerotatus caspius (Dipera: Culicidae) and Ochlerotatus dorsalis. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 58:222-240. [PMID: 33432351 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjaa153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Given that accurately identifying pathogen vectors is vital for designing efficient mosquito control programs based on the proper surveillance of the epidemiologically important species, it has been suggested the complementary use of independently evolving genes and morphometric traits as a reliable approach for the characterization and delimitation of related species. Hence, we examined the spatial distribution of COI mtDNA and ITS2 rDNA variation from the historical perspective of Ochlerotatus caspius (Pallas, 1771) and O. dorsalis (Meigen, 1830), while simultaneously testing the utility of the two markers in integrative species delimitation when combined with phenotypic character analyses of larvae and adults. Despite the striking difference in haplotype diversity (high in COI mtDNA, low in ITS2 rDNA), no evident phylogeographic structure was apparent in the Palearctic O. caspius. The Holarctic O. dorsalis species was subdivided into two highly distinctive COI mtDNA phylogroups which corresponded to the Nearctic and Palearctic regions. Strong support for the independence of the two allopatric evolutionary lineages suggested that geographical barrier and climatic changes during Pleistocene caused vicariance of the ancestral range. COI mtDNA reliably distinguished O. caspius and O. dorsalis, while ITS2 rDNA yet again lacked the proper resolution for solving this problem. An integrative approach based on the larval and adult morphological traits have varying taxonomic applications due to their differential diagnostic values. Thus, by the implementation of an integrative taxonomic approach, we successfully detected species borders between the two epidemiologically relevant species and uncovered the presence of cryptic diversity within O. dorsalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljubinka Francuski
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića, Novi Sad, Serbia
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jasmina Ludoški
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Milutinović
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića, Novi Sad, Serbia
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of General Education Subjects, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | | | - Vesna Milankov
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića, Novi Sad, Serbia
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5
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Zheng XL. Unveiling mosquito cryptic species and their reproductive isolation. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 29:499-510. [PMID: 32741005 PMCID: PMC7754467 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mosquitoes are major vectors of many infectious pathogens or parasites. Understanding cryptic species and the speciation of disease vectors has important implications for vector management, evolution and host-pathogen and/or host-parasite interactions. Currently, mosquito cryptic species have been reported in many studies, most of which focus on the reproductive isolation of cryptic species and mainly on Anopheles gambiae sensu lato complex. Emerging species within the primary malaria vector Anopheles gambiae show different ecological preferences and significant prezygotic reproductive isolation, while Aedes mariae and Aedes zammitii show postmating reproductive isolation. However, data reporting the reproductive isolation in Culex and Aedes albopictus mosquito cryptic species is absent. The lack of systematic studies leaves many questions open, such as whether cryptic species are more common in particular habitats, latitudes or taxonomic groups; what mosquito cryptic species evolutionary processes bring about reproductive isolation in the absence of morphological differentiation? How does Wolbachia infection affect in mosquitoes' reproductive isolation? In this review, we provide a summary of recent advances in the discovery and identification of sibling or cryptic species within mosquito genera.
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Affiliation(s)
- XL. Zheng
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public HealthSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
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6
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Ambrose L, Hanson JO, Riginos C, Xu W, Fordyce S, Cooper RD, Beebe NW. Population genetics of Anopheles koliensis through Papua New Guinea: New cryptic species and landscape topography effects on genetic connectivity. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:13375-13388. [PMID: 31871651 PMCID: PMC6912914 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
New Guinea is a topographically and biogeographically complex region that supports unique endemic fauna. Studies describing the population connectivity of species through this region are scarce. We present a population and landscape genetic study on the endemic malaria-transmitting mosquito, Anopheles koliensis (Owen). Using mitochondrial and nuclear sequence data, as well as microsatellites, we show the evidence of geographically discrete population structure within Papua New Guinea (PNG). We also confirm the existence of three rDNA ITS2 genotypes within this mosquito and assess reproductive isolation between individuals carrying different genotypes. Microsatellites reveal the clearest population structure and show four clear population units. Microsatellite markers also reveal probable reproductive isolation between sympatric populations in northern PNG with different ITS2 genotypes, suggesting that these populations may represent distinct cryptic species. Excluding individuals belonging to the newly identified putative cryptic species (ITS2 genotype 3), we modeled the genetic differences between A. koliensis populations through PNG as a function of terrain and find that dispersal is most likely along routes with low topographic relief. Overall, these results show that A. koliensis is made up of geographically and genetically discrete populations in Papua New Guinea with landscape topography being important in restricting dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Ambrose
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneQldAustralia
| | - Jeffrey O. Hanson
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneQldAustralia
| | - Cynthia Riginos
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneQldAustralia
| | - Weixin Xu
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneQldAustralia
| | - Sarah Fordyce
- Department of Forensic MedicineUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Robert D. Cooper
- ADF Malaria and Infectious Disease InstituteEnoggeraQldAustralia
| | - Nigel W. Beebe
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of QueenslandBrisbaneQldAustralia
- CSIROSt LuciaQldAustralia
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Maroso F, Pérez de Gracia C, Iglesias D, Cao A, Díaz S, Villalba A, Vera M, Martínez P. A Useful SNP Panel to Distinguish Two Cockle Species, Cerastoderma edule and C. glaucum, Co-Occurring in Some European Beds, and Their Putative Hybrids. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10100760. [PMID: 31569787 PMCID: PMC6826453 DOI: 10.3390/genes10100760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cockles are highly appreciated mollusks and provide important services in coastal areas. The two European species, edible (Cerastoderma edule) and lagoon (Cerastoderma glaucum) cockles, are not easily distinguishable, especially when young. Interestingly, the species show different resistance to Marteilia cochillia, the parasite responsible for marteiliosis outbreaks, which is devastating cockle production in some areas. C. edule is severely affected by the parasite, while C. glaucum seems to be resistant, although underlying reasons are still unknown. Hybrids between both species might be interesting to introgress allelic variants responsible for tolerance, either naturally or through artificial selection, from lagoon into edible cockle. Here, we used 2b restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (2b–RAD) to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) diagnostic for cockle discrimination (fixed for alternative allelic variants). Among the nine diagnostic SNPs selected, seven were validated using a SNaPshot assay in samples covering most of the distribution range of both species. The validated SNPs were used to check cockles that were suggested to be hybrids by a claimed diagnostic tool based on the internal transcribed spacers of the ribosomal RNA. Although these were shown to be false positives, we cannot rule out the fact that hybrids can occur and be viable. The SNP tool here developed will be valuable for their identification and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Maroso
- Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physical Anthropology, ACUIGEN Group, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus of Lugo, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (F.M.); (C.P.d.G.); (P.M.)
| | - Celia Pérez de Gracia
- Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physical Anthropology, ACUIGEN Group, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus of Lugo, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (F.M.); (C.P.d.G.); (P.M.)
| | - David Iglesias
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Consellería do Mar, Xunta de Galicia, 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Spain; (D.I.); (A.C.); (A.V.)
| | - Asunción Cao
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Consellería do Mar, Xunta de Galicia, 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Spain; (D.I.); (A.C.); (A.V.)
| | - Seila Díaz
- Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physical Anthropology, Mobile Genomes and Disease Group, CIMUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - Antonio Villalba
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Consellería do Mar, Xunta de Galicia, 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Spain; (D.I.); (A.C.); (A.V.)
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
- Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48620 Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Manuel Vera
- Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physical Anthropology, ACUIGEN Group, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus of Lugo, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (F.M.); (C.P.d.G.); (P.M.)
- Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-982-82-24-26
| | - Paulino Martínez
- Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physical Anthropology, ACUIGEN Group, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus of Lugo, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (F.M.); (C.P.d.G.); (P.M.)
- Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Chan‐Chable RJ, Martínez‐Arce A, Mis‐Avila PC, Ortega‐Morales AI. DNA barcodes and evidence of cryptic diversity of anthropophagous mosquitoes in Quintana Roo, Mexico. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:4692-4705. [PMID: 31031936 PMCID: PMC6476762 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Culicidae mosquitoes are potential vectors of pathogens that affect human health. The correct species identification, as well as the discovery and description of cryptic species, is important in public health for the control and management of specific vectors. In the present study, the diversity of anthropophagous mosquitoes in Quintana Roo, at the border between Mexico and Belize, was evaluated using morphological and molecular data (COI-DNA Barcoding). A total of 1,413 adult female specimens were collected, belonging to eight genera and 31 morphospecies. Most species formed well-supported clades. Intraspecific Kimura 2 parameters (K2P) distance average was 0.75%, and a maximum distance of 4.40% was observed for Anopheles crucianss.l. ABGD method identified 28 entities, while 32 entities were identified with the BIN system. In Culex interrogator and Culex nigripalpus a low interspecific genetic distance of 0.1% was observed. One undescribed species belonging to the genus Aedes (Aedesn. sp.) was discovered, but no clear genetic divergence was found between this species and the closely related species Aedes angustivittatus. An intraspecific K2P distance greater than 2.7% was observed in Aedes serratus(3.9%), Anopheles crucianss.l. (4.4%), Culex taeniopus (3.7%), Haemagogus equinus (3.9%), Culex erraticus (5.0%), Psorophora ferox (4.5%), and in Anopheles apicimacula(8.10%); therefore, evidences of cryptic diversity are shown in these species. This study showed that DNA barcodes offer a reliable framework for mosquito species identification in Quintana Roo, except for some closely related species for which it is recommended to use additional nuclear genetic markers such as ITS2, in order to resolve these small discrepancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahuel J. Chan‐Chable
- Departamento de Sistemática y Ecología AcuáticaUnidad Chetumal, El Colegio de la Frontera SurChetumalQuintana RooMéxico
| | - Arely Martínez‐Arce
- Departamento de Sistemática y Ecología AcuáticaUnidad Chetumal, El Colegio de la Frontera SurChetumalQuintana RooMéxico
| | - Pedro C. Mis‐Avila
- Departamento de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vector y ZoonosisServicios Estatales de Salud de Quintana RooChetumalQuintana RooMéxico
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Abstract
SUMMARYMosquitoes’ importance as vectors of pathogens that drive disease underscores the importance of precise and comparable methods of taxa identification among their species. While several molecular targets have been used to study mosquitoes since the initiation of PCR in the 1980s, its application to mosquito identification took off in the early 1990s. This review follows the research's recent journey into the use of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome oxidase 1 (COI or COX1) as a DNA barcode target for mosquito species identification – a target whose utility for discriminating mosquitoes is now escalating. The pros and cons of using a mitochondrial genome target are discussed with a broad sweep of the mosquito literature suggesting that nuclear introgressions of mtDNA sequences appear to be uncommon and that the COI works well for distantly related taxa and shows encouraging utility in discriminating more closely related species such as cryptic/sibling species groups. However, the utility of COI in discriminating some closely related groups can be problematic and investigators are advised to proceed with caution as problems with incomplete lineage sorting and introgression events can result in indistinguishable COI sequences appearing in reproductively independent populations. In these – if not all – cases, it is advisable to run a nuclear marker alongside the mtDNA and thus the utility of the ribosomal DNA – and in particular the internal transcribed spacer 2 – is also briefly discussed as a useful counterpoint to the COI.
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10
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Keven JB, Reimer L, Katusele M, Koimbu G, Vinit R, Vincent N, Thomsen E, Foran DR, Zimmerman PA, Walker ED. Plasticity of host selection by malaria vectors of Papua New Guinea. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:95. [PMID: 28222769 PMCID: PMC5320767 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2038-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Host selection is an important determinant of vectorial capacity because malaria transmission increases when mosquitoes feed more on humans than non-humans. Host selection also affects the outcome of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLIN). Despite the recent nationwide implementation of LLIN-based malaria control program in Papua New Guinea (PNG), little is known about the host selection of the local Anopheles vectors. This study investigated the host selection of Anopheles vectors in PNG. Methods Blood-engorged mosquitoes were sampled using the barrier screen method and blood meals analyzed for vertebrate host source with PCR-amplification of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Abundance of common hosts was estimated in surveys. The test of homogeneity of proportions and the Manly resource selection ratio were used to determine if hosts were selected in proportion to their abundance. Results Two thousand four hundred and forty blood fed Anopheles females of seven species were sampled from five villages in Madang, PNG. Of 2,142 samples tested, 2,061 (96.2%) yielded a definitive host source; all were human, pig, or dog. Hosts were not selected in proportion to their abundance, but rather were under-selected or over-selected by the mosquitoes. Four species, Anopheles farauti (sensu stricto) (s.s.), Anopheles punctulatus (s.s.), Anopheles farauti no. 4 and Anopheles longirostris, over-selected humans in villages with low LLIN usage, but over-selected pigs in villages with high LLIN usage. Anopheles koliensis consistently over-selected humans despite high LLIN usage, and Anopheles bancroftii over-selected pigs. Conclusions The plasticity of host selection of an Anopheles species depends on its opportunistic, anthropophilic or zoophilic behavior, and on the extent of host availability and LLIN usage where the mosquitoes forage for hosts. The high anthropophily of An. koliensis increases the likelihood of contacting the LLIN inside houses. This allows its population size to be reduced to levels insufficient to support transmission. In contrast, by feeding on alternative hosts the likelihood of the opportunistic species to contact LLIN is lower, making them difficult to control. By maintaining high population size, the proportion that feed on humans outdoors can sustain residual transmission despite high LLIN usage in the village. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2038-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Keven
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Vector Borne Diseases Unit, Madang, 511, Madang, Papua New Guinea. .,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, 48824, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Lisa Reimer
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Liverpool, UK
| | - Michelle Katusele
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Vector Borne Diseases Unit, Madang, 511, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Gussy Koimbu
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Vector Borne Diseases Unit, Madang, 511, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Rebecca Vinit
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Vector Borne Diseases Unit, Madang, 511, Madang, Papua New Guinea.,Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, 48824, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Naomi Vincent
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Vector Borne Diseases Unit, Madang, 511, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Edward Thomsen
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Liverpool, UK
| | - David R Foran
- School of Criminal Justice and Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, 48824, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Peter A Zimmerman
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, 44106, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Edward D Walker
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, 48824, East Lansing, MI, USA.,Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, 48824, East Lansing, MI, USA
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11
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GilArriortua M, Saloña-Bordas MI, Cainé LM, Pinheiro F, M de Pancorbo M. Technical Note: "Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA approaches for reliable identification of Lucilia (Diptera, Calliphoridae) species of forensic interest from Southern Europe". Forensic Sci Int 2015; 257:393-397. [PMID: 26544633 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In forensic entomology, rapid and unambiguous identification of blowfly species is a critical prerequisite for accurately estimating the post-mortem interval (PMI). The conventional diagnosis of cadaveric entomofauna based on external characters is hampered by the morphological similarities between species, especially in immature stages. Genetic analysis has been shown to allow precise and reliable diagnosis and delimitation of insect species. Nevertheless, the taxonomy of some species remains unresolved. This study was focused on improving the effectiveness and accuracy of analysis based on the widely used cytochrome c oxidase subunit I barcode region (COI barcode, 658 bp), complemented by other mitochondrial and nuclear regions, such as cytochrome b (Cyt-b, 307 bp) and the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2, 310-331 bp), for the identification of Southern European blowflies. We analyzed a total of 209 specimens, collected from 38 human corpses, belonging to three Calliphoridae genera and seven species: Chrysomya (Ch. albiceps), Calliphora (C. vicina and C. vomitoria), and Lucilia (L. sericata, L. ampullacea, L. caesar and L. illustris). These species are the most common PMI indicators in Portugal. The results revealed that unambiguous separation of species of the Lucilia genus requires different loci from the barcode region. Furthermore, we conclude that the ITS2 (310-331 bp) molecular marker is a promising diagnostic tool because its inter-specific discriminatory power enables unequivocal and consistent distinctions to be made, even between closely related species (L. caesar-L. illustris). This work also contributes new genetic data that may be of interest in performing species diagnosis for Southern European blowflies. Notably, to the best of our knowledge, we provide the first records of the Cyt-b (307 bp) locus for L. illustris and the ITS2 (310-331 bp) region for Iberian Peninsula Lucilia species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maite GilArriortua
- Dpto de Zoología y Biología Celular Animal. Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología. Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain; BIOMICs Research Group. Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Centro de Investigación "Lascaray" Ikergunea, Avda. Miguel de Unamuno 3, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Marta I Saloña-Bordas
- Dpto de Zoología y Biología Celular Animal. Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología. Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain; BIOMICs Research Group. Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Centro de Investigación "Lascaray" Ikergunea, Avda. Miguel de Unamuno 3, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Laura M Cainé
- Delegação do Norte do Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal, Jardim Carrilho Videira, 4050-167 Porto, Portugal; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-316 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fátima Pinheiro
- Delegação do Norte do Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal, Jardim Carrilho Videira, 4050-167 Porto, Portugal
| | - Marian M de Pancorbo
- Dpto de Zoología y Biología Celular Animal. Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología. Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain; BIOMICs Research Group. Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Centro de Investigación "Lascaray" Ikergunea, Avda. Miguel de Unamuno 3, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
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12
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Schwarzfeld MD, Sperling FAH. Comparison of five methods for delimitating species in Ophion Fabricius, a diverse genus of parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2015; 93:234-48. [PMID: 26265257 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
DNA taxonomy has been proposed as a method to quickly assess diversity and species limits in highly diverse, understudied taxa. Here we use five methods for species delimitation and two genetic markers (COI and ITS2) to assess species diversity within the parasitoid genus, Ophion. We searched for compensatory base changes (CBC's) in ITS2, and determined that they are too rare to be of practical use in delimiting species in this genus. The other four methods used both COI and ITS2, and included distance-based (threshold analysis and ABGD) and tree-based (GMYC and PTP) models. We compared the results of these analyses to each other under various parameters and tested their performance with respect to 11 Nearctic species/morphospecies and 15 described Palearctic species. We also computed barcode accumulation curves of COI sequences to assess the completeness of sampling. The species count was highly variable depending on the method and parameters used, ranging from 47 to 168 species, with more conservative estimates of 89-121 species. Despite this range, many of the Nearctic test species were fairly robust with respect to method. We concluded that while there was often good congruence between methods, GMYC and PTP were less reliant on arbitrary parameters than the other two methods and more easily applied to genetic markers other than COI. However, PTP was less successful at delimiting test species than was GMYC. All methods, as well as the barcode accumulation curves, indicate that several Palearctic species remain undescribed and that we have scarcely begun to appreciate the Nearctic diversity within this genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marla D Schwarzfeld
- Department of Biological Sciences, CW 405 Biological Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada.
| | - Felix A H Sperling
- Department of Biological Sciences, CW 405 Biological Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
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13
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White VL, Endersby NM, Chan J, Hoffmann AA, Weeks AR. Developing Exon-Primed Intron-Crossing (EPIC) markers for population genetic studies in three Aedes disease vectors. INSECT SCIENCE 2015; 22:409-423. [PMID: 24895297 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Aedes aegypti, Aedes notoscriptus, and Aedes albopictus are important vectors of many arboviruses implicated in human disease such as dengue fever. Genetic markers applied across vector species can provide important information on population structure, gene flow, insecticide resistance, and taxonomy, however, robust microsatellite markers have proven difficult to develop in these species and mosquitoes generally. Here we consider the utility and transferability of 15 Ribosome protein (Rp) Exon-Primed Intron-Crossing (EPIC) markers for population genetic studies in these 3 Aedes species. Rp EPIC markers designed for Ae. aegypti also successfully amplified populations of the sister species, Ae. albopictus, as well as the distantly related species, Ae. notoscriptus. High SNP and good indel diversity in sequenced alleles plus support for amplification of the same regions across populations and species were additional benefits of these markers. These findings point to the general value of EPIC markers in mosquito population studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Linley White
- Department of Genetics, Bio21 Institute, the University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Nancy Margaret Endersby
- Department of Genetics, Bio21 Institute, the University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Janice Chan
- Department of Genetics, Bio21 Institute, the University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Ary Anthony Hoffmann
- Department of Genetics, Bio21 Institute, the University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Andrew Raymond Weeks
- Department of Genetics, Bio21 Institute, the University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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Beebe NW, Russell T, Burkot TR, Cooper RD. Anopheles punctulatus group: evolution, distribution, and control. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 60:335-350. [PMID: 25341094 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-010814-021206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The major malaria vectors of the Southwest Pacific belong to a group of closely related mosquitoes known as the Anopheles punctulatus group. The group comprises 13 co-occurring species that either are isomorphic or carry overlapping morphological features, and today several species remain informally named. The advent of species-diagnostic molecular tools in the 1990s permitted a new raft of studies into the newly differentiated mosquitoes of this group, and these have revealed five species as the region's primary malaria vectors: An. farauti, An. hinesorum, An. farauti 4, An. koliensis, and An. punctulatus. Species' distributions are now well established across Papua New Guinea, northern Australia, and the Solomon Archipelago, but little has been documented thus far in eastern Indonesia. As each species reveals significant differences in distribution and biology, the relative paucity of knowledge of their biology or ecology in relation to malaria transmission is brought into clearer focus. Only three of the species have undergone some form of spatial or population genetics analyses, and this has revealed striking differences in their genetic signatures throughout the region. This review compiles and dissects the key findings for this important mosquito group and points to where future research should focus to maximize the output of field studies in developing relevant knowledge on these malaria vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel W Beebe
- The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Australia and CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, Brisbane, Australia;
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15
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GilArriortua M, Saloña Bordas MI, Köhnemann S, Pfeiffer H, de Pancorbo MM. Molecular differentiation of Central European blowfly species (Diptera, Calliphoridae) using mitochondrial and nuclear genetic markers. Forensic Sci Int 2014; 242:274-282. [PMID: 25123930 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A challenging step in medical, veterinary and forensic entomology casework is the rapid and accurate identification of insects to estimate the period of insect activity (PIA), which usually approximates the post-mortem interval (PMI). The morphological identification of insect evidence is hampered by species similarities, especially at the early larval stages. However, DNA-based species identification is more accurate and reliable. In this study, we improved the suitability and efficacy of the standard mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) barcode region of 658 bp combined with an additional region of 616 bp of the same gene. We also tested the usefulness of other mitochondrial and nuclear loci, such as the non-coding region included in mitochondrial Cyt-b-tRNA(ser)-ND1 (495-496 bp) and the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) region of nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) (310-337 bp). We classified a total of 54 specimens from five blowfly species belonging to three Calliphoridae genera commonly found in Central Europe: Phormia (P. regina), Calliphora (C. vicina) and Lucilia (L. sericata, L. ampullacea and L. caesar). Additionally included were the Cyt-b (307 bp) sequences for P. regina species and GenBank recorded information about the studied loci for select species. The results revealed the robustness of COI (616 bp) and ITS2 (310-337 bp) as diagnostic tools to be added to the widely established COI barcode (658 bp). Their higher discriminatory power allows for more precise and reliable identifications, even within more complex genera (Lucilia). This work also contributes new nucleotide sequences that are useful for accurate species diagnosis and new sequence data of Calliphoridae interspecific variability in the European Westphalia region (Germany).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maite GilArriortua
- Dpto. de Zoología y Biología Celular Animal, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain; BIOMICs Research Group, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Centro de Investigación "Lascaray" Ikergunea, Avda. Miguel de Unamuno 3, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Marta I Saloña Bordas
- Dpto. de Zoología y Biología Celular Animal, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain; BIOMICs Research Group, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Centro de Investigación "Lascaray" Ikergunea, Avda. Miguel de Unamuno 3, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Stephan Köhnemann
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Münster University, Röngenstrasse 23, 48129 Münster, Germany
| | - Heidi Pfeiffer
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Münster University, Röngenstrasse 23, 48129 Münster, Germany
| | - Marian M de Pancorbo
- BIOMICs Research Group, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Centro de Investigación "Lascaray" Ikergunea, Avda. Miguel de Unamuno 3, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
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16
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Paredes-Esquivel CC, Townson H. Functional constraints and evolutionary dynamics of the repeats in the rDNA internal transcribed spacer 2 of members of the Anopheles barbirostris group. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:106. [PMID: 24646478 PMCID: PMC3994965 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Anopheles barbirostris group is widely distributed in Southeast Asia. Although seven species have been formally described, a molecular analysis of the rDNA ITS2 and the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene suggests that the group includes species that are morphologically very similar or identical.We have previously shown that species in the Anopheles barbirostris Subgroup have an exceptionally large ITS2 (>1.5 kb), greater than in any other Anopheline group. However, the molecular processes responsible for generating such a large ITS2 have not previously been explored. METHODS To determine the processes by which this large ITS2 is generated, we examined the sequence and secondary structure of the ITS2 of 51 specimens from five species of the Anopheles barbirostris Subgroup. These include the anthropophilic species An. campestris and three morphospecies of the Barbirostris Complex: An. vanderwulpi, An. barbirostris I and III, together with a previously undescribed member of this group (Clade IV). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS All the specimens were found to have an ITS2 greater than 1.5 kb in length. The possibility that the spacer sequences amplified were pseudogenes was examined and discarded. The large size of ITS2 in the species studied is due to the presence of internal repeats of approximately 110 bp in length, confined to the central region of the spacer. Repeats varied markedly between the species examined, with respect to their organization, number and sequence similarity. The nucleotide diversity increased in direct relation to size variation and the presence of non-repeated elements.A secondary structure analysis showed that the repeats form hairpin structures with a wide range of free energy values. These hairpin structures are known to facilitate the subsequent processing of mature rRNA. An analysis of the repeats from the different species suggests they originate from a common ancestor, with the repeats appearing before speciation of the Barbirostris Group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Caterina Paredes-Esquivel
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA United Kingdom
- Current address: Laboratory of Zoology. University of the Balearic Islands, Ctra de Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Harold Townson
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA United Kingdom
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Adams M, Raadik TA, Burridge CP, Georges A. Global Biodiversity Assessment and Hyper-Cryptic Species Complexes: More Than One Species of Elephant in the Room? Syst Biol 2014; 63:518-33. [DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syu017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Adams
- Evolutionary Biology Unit, South Australian Museum, North Terrace, SA 5000, Australia
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Tarmo A. Raadik
- Aquatic Ecology Section, Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Environment and Primary Industries, 123 Brown Street, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia
- Institute for Applied Ecology and Collaborative Research Network for Murray-Darling Futures, University of Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia and
| | - Christopher P. Burridge
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Arthur Georges
- Institute for Applied Ecology and Collaborative Research Network for Murray-Darling Futures, University of Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia and
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Disparate molecular evolution of two types of repetitive DNAs in the genome of the grasshopper Eyprepocnemis plorans. Heredity (Edinb) 2013; 112:531-42. [PMID: 24346496 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2013.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Wide arrays of repetitive DNA sequences form an important part of eukaryotic genomes. These repeats appear to evolve as coherent families, where repeats within a family are more similar to each other than to other orthologous representatives in related species. The continuous homogenization of repeats, through selective and non-selective processes, is termed concerted evolution. Ascertaining the level of variation between repeats is crucial to determining which evolutionary model best explains the homogenization observed for these sequences. Here, for the grasshopper Eyprepocnemis plorans, we present the analysis of intragenomic diversity for two repetitive DNA sequences (a satellite DNA (satDNA) and the 45S rDNA) resulting from the independent microdissection of several chromosomes. Our results show different homogenization patterns for these two kinds of paralogous DNA sequences, with a high between-chromosome structure for rDNA but no structure at all for the satDNA. This difference is puzzling, considering the adjacent localization of the two repetitive DNAs on paracentromeric regions in most chromosomes. The disparate homogenization patterns detected for these two repetitive DNA sequences suggest that several processes participate in the concerted evolution in E. plorans, and that these mechanisms might not work as genome-wide processes but rather as sequence-specific ones.
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Khrabrova NV, Andreeva YV, Vaulin OV, Alekseeva SS, Sibataev AK. Variability of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxydase subunit i gene sequence in species of the genera Aedes and Ochlerotatus (Diptera: Culicidae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s2079059713040060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Seah IM, Ambrose L, Cooper RD, Beebe NW. Multilocus population genetic analysis of the Southwest Pacific malaria vector Anopheles punctulatus. Int J Parasitol 2013; 43:825-35. [PMID: 23747927 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The population structure and history of the cryptic malaria vector species, Anopheles punctulatus (Doenitz), was investigated throughout Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands with the aim of detailing genetic subdivisions and the potential for movement through this biogeographically complex region. We obtained larval collections from over 80 sites and utilised a diverse array of molecular markers that evolve through different processes. Individuals were initially identified to species and genotyped using the ribosomal DNA second internal transcribed spacer. DNA sequencing of a single copy nuclear ribosomal protein S9 and the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I loci were then investigated and 12 nuclear microsatellite markers were developed and analysed. Our data revealed three genetically distinct populations--one in Papua New Guinea, the second on Buka Island (Bougainville Province, Papua New Guinea), and the third on Guadalcanal Island (Solomon Islands). Genetic differentiation within Papua New Guinea was much lower than that found in studies of other closely related species in the region. The data does suggest that A. punctulatus has undergone a population bottleneck followed by a recent population and range expansion in Papua New Guinea. Humans and regional economic growth may be facilitating this population expansion, as A. punctulatus is able to rapidly occupy human modified landscapes and traverse unsealed roads. We therefore anticipate extensive movement of this species through New Guinea--particularly into the highlands, with a potential increase in malaria frequency in a warming climate--as well as relatively unrestricted gene flow of advantageous alleles that may confound vector control efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignatius M Seah
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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21
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Krtinić B, Francuski L, Petrić D, Milankov V. Genetic diversity and differentiation between Palearctic and Nearctic populations of Aedimorphus (=Aedes) vexans (Meigen, 1830) (Diptera, Culicidae). JOURNAL OF VECTOR ECOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR VECTOR ECOLOGY 2013; 38:154-162. [PMID: 23701620 DOI: 10.1111/j.1948-7134.2013.12021.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Genetic diversity was studied at allozyme loci in two Palearctic and one Nearctic population of Aedimorphus (=Aedes) vexans, a species of public health and veterinary importance. The population from Serbia was the most polymorphic (P= 35%) with the highest observed heterozygosity (H(o) = 0.027). The lowest observed heterozygosity (H(o) = 0.010) was obtained for the Nearctic population. All analyses based on individual (STRUCTURE analysis) and population level (pairwise F(ST), Nm values, AMOVA, Nei's D value) revealed significant structuring between Nearctic and Palearctic populations, indicating a lack of gene flow and thus, the presence of independent gene pools. Taxon-specific alleles at the diagnostic Ao, Hk-2, Hk-3, Hk-4, Idh-1, and Idh-2 loci were used for identification and separation of Nearctic and Palearctic populations. Population genetics study provided valuable information on the correct distinction of Am. vexans populations and their adaptive potential that could find a future use in the studies of vector competence and development of vector-control strategies.
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Ambrose L, Riginos C, Cooper RD, Leow KS, Ong W, Beebe NW. Population structure, mitochondrial polyphyly and the repeated loss of human biting ability in anopheline mosquitoes from the southwest Pacific. Mol Ecol 2012; 21:4327-43. [PMID: 22747666 PMCID: PMC3470930 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2012.05690.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Australia and New Guinea contain high levels of endemism and biodiversity, yet there have been few evaluations of population-level genetic diversity in fauna occurring throughout the Australo-Papuan region. Using extensive geographical sampling, we examined and compared the phylogenetic relationships, phylogeography and population structure of Anopheles farauti, An. hinesorum and An. irenicus throughout their ranges in the southwest Pacific using mitochondrial (mtDNA COI) and nuclear (ribosomal protein S9 and ribosomal DNA ITS2) loci. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that the ability to utilize humans as hosts has been lost repeatedly, coincident with independent colonizations of the Solomon Islands. As some of the species under investigation transmit malaria in the region, this is a medically important finding. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses of nuclear loci also showed that the three species are monophyletic. However, putative introgression of An. hinesorum mtDNA onto a nuclear background of An. farauti was evident in populations from Queensland, Torres Strait and southern New Guinea. Haplotype networks and pairwise F(ST) values show that there is significant genetic structure within New Guinea and Australia in both An. farauti and An. hinesorum, consistent with a long-term history of low gene flow among populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ambrose
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Qld. 4072, Australia
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23
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Mendenhall IH, Bahl J, Blum MJ, Wesson DM. Genetic structure of Culex erraticus populations across the Americas. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2012; 49:522-534. [PMID: 22679859 DOI: 10.1603/me11197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Culex erraticus (Dyar & Knab) is a potential competent vector for several arboviruses such as Eastern and Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses and West Nile virus. It therefore may play a role in the maintenance and spread of viral populations in areas of concern, including the United States where it occurs in >33 states. However, little information is available on potential barriers to movement across the species' distribution. Here, we analyze genetic variation among Cx. erraticus collected from Colombia, Guatemala, and nine locations in the United States to better understand population structure and connectivity. Comparative sequence analysis of the second internal transcribed spacer and mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase genes identified two major lineages of sampled populations. One lineage represented the central and eastern United States, whereas the other corresponded to Central America, South America, and the western United States. Hierarchical analysis of genetic variation provided further evidence of regional population structure, although the majority of genetic variation was found to reside within populations, suggestive of large population sizes. Although significant physical barriers such as the Chihuahuan Desert probably constrain the spread of Cx. erraticus, large population sizes and connectivity within regions remain important risk factors that probably contribute to the movement of arboviruses within and between these regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian H Mendenhall
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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Review of genetic diversity in malaria vectors (Culicidae: Anophelinae). INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2012; 12:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Marie-Stephane T, Mireille O, Serge K. An integrative morphological and molecular diagnostics for Typhlodromus pyri (Acari: Phytoseiidae). ZOOL SCR 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6409.2011.00504.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Wei DD, Yuan ML, Wang ZY, Wang D, Wang BJ, Dou W, Wang JJ. Sequence analysis of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacers region in psocids (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae) for phylogenetic inference and species discrimination. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2011; 104:1720-1729. [PMID: 22066203 DOI: 10.1603/ec11177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Psocids (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae: Liposcelis spp.) are major pests of stored grain and commonly occur on a wide range of stored products. Increasingly, the genus of Liposcelis has gained recognition of their importance due to their feeding on stored grains, contaminating food, and agricultural commodities as well as transmitting harmful microorganisms, including fungi and bacteria. Psocids have close morphological similarities and often commix occur at the same ecosystems. Therefore, a first step necessary to further implement population studies is the accurate identification of species, based on molecular methods. In this study, we determined nucleotide sequences of the nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS)1-5.8S-ITS2 region in 100 individuals of six Liposcelis species (including Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel, Liposcelis entomophila (Enderlein), Liposcelis decolor (Pearman), Liposcelis tricolor Badonnel, Liposcelis paeta Pearman, and Liposcelis yunnaniensis Li & Li) from 16 locations of China. We evaluated the suitability of this marker for phylogenetic inference study in the Liposcelis species. We also developed a molecular identification method for six Liposcelis species based on ITS2 sequence. Results demonstrate that ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequences are a useful tool for the population genetic study and phylogeny estimation of Liposcelis species. The results of this study indicate that the ITS2 sequences can be a reliable tool for species discrimination of the six species of psocids tested here. In addition, the multiplex method described proved reliable when tested across different geographical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, People's Republic of China
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