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Molina CA, Quiroz-Moreno C, Jarrín-V P, Díaz M, Yugsi E, Pérez-Galarza J, Baldeón-Rojas L. Bacterial community assessment of drinking water and downstream distribution systems in highland localities of Ecuador. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2024; 22:536-549. [PMID: 38557569 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2024.290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial communities in drinking water provide a gauge to measure quality and confer insights into public health. In contrast to urban systems, water treatment in rural areas is not adequately monitored and could become a health risk. We performed 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing to analyze the microbiome present in the water treatment plants at two rural communities, one city, and the downstream water for human consumption in schools and reservoirs in the Andean highlands of Ecuador. We tested the effect of water treatment on the diversity and composition of bacterial communities. A set of physicochemical variables in the sampled water was evaluated and correlated with the structure of the observed bacterial communities. Predominant bacteria in the analyzed communities belonged to Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria. The Sphingobium genus, a chlorine resistance group, was particularly abundant. Of health concern in drinking water reservoirs were Fusobacteriaceae, Lachnospiraceae, and Ruminococcaceae; these families are associated with human and poultry fecal contamination. We propose the latter families as relevant biomarkers for establishing local standards for the monitoring of potable water systems in highlands of Ecuador. Our assessment of bacterial community composition in water systems in the Ecuadorian highlands provides a technical background to inform management decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Alfonso Molina
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Cdla. Universitaria y Gaspar de Carvajal s/n., 170521 Quito, Ecuador; Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis (CIZ), Universidad Central del Ecuador, Cdla. Universitaria y Gaspar de Carvajal s/n., 170521, Quito, Ecuador E-mail:
| | - Cristian Quiroz-Moreno
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio State University, 2021 Coffey Road, Columbus OH 43210
| | - Pablo Jarrín-V
- Laboratorio de Secuenciamiento de Ácidos Nucleicos, Dirección de Gestión de la Innovación, Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad INABIO, Pje. Rumipamba N341 y Av. de los Shyris, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Magdalena Díaz
- Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis (CIZ), Universidad Central del Ecuador, Cdla. Universitaria y Gaspar de Carvajal s/n., 170521, Quito, Ecuador; Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Ritter s/n y Bolivia, 170521 Quito, Ecuador; Institute of Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), University of Valencia and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Carrer del Catedràtic Agustín Escardino Benlloch, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Elizabeth Yugsi
- Centro de Biotecnología 'Dr Daniel Alkalay Lowitt', Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, General Bari 699, 2390136, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Jorge Pérez-Galarza
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Iquique N14-121 y Sodiro, Quito, Ecuador; Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Capitán Giovanni Calles y Derby, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Lucy Baldeón-Rojas
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Iquique N14-121 y Sodiro, Quito, Ecuador; Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Capitán Giovanni Calles y Derby, Quito, Ecuador
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Mähler B, Janssen K, Lönartz MI, Lagos M, Geisler T, Rust J, Bierbaum G. Time-dependent microbial shifts during crayfish decomposition in freshwater and sediment under different environmental conditions. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1539. [PMID: 36707669 PMCID: PMC9883499 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28713-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fossilization processes and especially the role of bacterial activity during the preservation of organic material has not yet been well understood. Here, we report the results of controlled taphonomic experiments with crayfish in freshwater and sediment. 16S rRNA amplicon analyzes showed that the development of the bacterial community composition over time was correlated with different stages of decay and preservation. Three dominating genera, Aeromonas, Clostridium and Acetobacteroides were identified as the main drivers in the decomposition of crayfish in freshwater. Using micro-computed tomography (µ-CT), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal Raman spectroscopy (CRS), calcite clusters were detected after 3-4 days inside crayfish carcasses during their decomposition in freshwater at 24 °C. The precipitation of calcite clusters during the decomposition process was increased in the presence of the bacterial genus Proteocatella. Consequently, Proteocatella might be one of the bacterial genera responsible for fossilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Mähler
- Section Paleontology, Institute of Geosciences, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms Universität Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Kathrin Janssen
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Medical Faculty, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms Universität Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Mara Iris Lönartz
- Section Geochemistry, Institute of Geosciences, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Energy and Climate Research (IEK-6): Nuclear Waste Management, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - Markus Lagos
- Section Geochemistry, Institute of Geosciences, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thorsten Geisler
- Section Geochemistry, Institute of Geosciences, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jes Rust
- Section Paleontology, Institute of Geosciences, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms Universität Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gabriele Bierbaum
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Medical Faculty, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms Universität Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
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Kwaghe AV, Ameh JA, Kudi CA, Ambali AG, Adesokan HK, Akinseye VO, Adelakun OD, Usman JG, Cadmus SI. Prevalence and molecular characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in cattle and humans, Maiduguri, Borno state, Nigeria: a cross-sectional study. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:7. [PMID: 36624395 PMCID: PMC9827019 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02710-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Globally, the highest burden of bovine and human tuberculosis resides in Africa and Asia. Tuberculosis (TB) is the second leading single infectious killer after severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus-2 (SARSCOV-2). Bovine TB remains a treat to wild and domesticated animals, humans and hinders international trade in endemic countries like Nigeria. We aimed at determining the prevalence of bovine and human tuberculosis, and the spoligotypes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in cattle and humans in Maiduguri. METHODS We conducted a cross sectional study on bovine and human tuberculosis in Maiduguri, Borno state. We calculated sample size using the method of Thrusfield. Lesions suggestive of TB from 160 slaughtered cattle were obtained from Maiduguri Central Abattoir. Sputum samples from humans; 82 abattoir workers and 147 suspected TB patients from hospitals/clinics were obtained. Lesions and sputum samples were cultured for the isolation of Mycobacterium spp. Positive cultures were subjected genus typing, deletion analysis and selected isolates were spoligotyped. Data was analysed using SPSS VERSION 16.0. RESULTS Prevalence of 32.5% (52/160) was obtained in cattle. Damboa local government area (LGA), where majority of the infected animals were obtained from had 35.5% bTB prevalence. All categories analysed (breed, age, sex, body conformation and score) had P-values that were not significant (P > 0.05). Sputum culture revealed a prevalence of 3.7% (3/82) from abattoir workers and 12.2% from hospitals/clinics. A significant P-value (0.03) was obtained when positive culture from abattoir and that of hospitals/clinics were compared. Out of the 52 culture positive isolates obtained from cattle, 26 (50%) belonged to M. tuberculosis complex (MTC) and 17/26 (65.4%) were characterized as M. bovis. In humans, 7/12 (58.3%) MTC obtained were characterized as M. tuberculosis. Spoligotyping revealed SB0944 and SB1025 in cattle, while SIT838, SIT61 of LAM10_CAM and SIT1054, SIT46 of Haarlem (H) families were obtained from humans. CONCLUSIONS Cattle in Damboa LGA need to be screened for bTB as majority of the infected animals were brought from there. Our findings revealed the presence of SB0944 and SB1025 spoligotypes from cattle in Borno state. We isolated M. tuberculosis strain of the H family mainly domiciled in Europe from humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayi Vandi Kwaghe
- grid.473394.e0000 0004 1785 2322Department of Veterinary and Pest Control Services, Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, P. M. B. 135, Area 11, Garki, Abuja, Nigeria ,Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programme, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - James Agbo Ameh
- grid.413003.50000 0000 8883 6523Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Caleb Ayuba Kudi
- grid.411225.10000 0004 1937 1493Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Zaria, Kaduna State Nigeria
| | - Abdul-Ganiyu Ambali
- grid.412974.d0000 0001 0625 9425Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State Nigeria
| | - Hezekiah Kehinde Adesokan
- grid.9582.60000 0004 1794 5983Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State Nigeria
| | - Victor Oluwatoyin Akinseye
- grid.9582.60000 0004 1794 5983Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State Nigeria ,Department of Chemical Sciences, Augustine University Ilara-Epe, Epe, Lagos State Nigeria
| | - Olubukola Deborah Adelakun
- grid.9582.60000 0004 1794 5983Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State Nigeria
| | - Joy Gararawa Usman
- grid.419813.6National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State Nigeria
| | - Simeon Idowu Cadmus
- grid.9582.60000 0004 1794 5983Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State Nigeria
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Ahlawat S, Sharma KK. Lepidopteran insects: emerging model organisms to study infection by enteropathogens. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2022; 68:181-196. [PMID: 36417090 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-022-01014-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The in vivo analysis of a pathogen is a critical step in gaining greater knowledge of pathogen biology and host-pathogen interactions. In the last two decades, there has been a notable rise in the number of studies on developing insects as a model for studying pathogens, which provides various benefits, such as ethical acceptability, relatively short life cycle, and cost-effective care and maintenance relative to routinely used rodent infection models. Furthermore, lepidopteran insects provide many advantages, such as easy handling and tissue extraction due to their large size relative to other invertebrate models, like Caenorhabditis elegans. Additionally, insects have an innate immune system that is highly analogous to vertebrates. In the present review, we discuss the components of the insect's larval immune system, which strengthens its usage as an alternative host, and present an updated overview of the research findings involving lepidopteran insects (Galleria mellonella, Manduca sexta, Bombyx mori, and Helicoverpa armigera) as infection models to study the virulence by enteropathogens due to the homology between insect and vertebrate gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Ahlawat
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, SGT University, Gurgaon-Badli Road Chandu, Budhera, Gurugram, 122505, Haryana, India.
| | - Krishna Kant Sharma
- Laboratory of Enzymology and Recombinant DNA Technology, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India
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Pausan MR, Blohs M, Mahnert A, Moissl-Eichinger C. The sanitary indoor environment-a potential source for intact human-associated anaerobes. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2022; 8:44. [PMID: 35650275 PMCID: PMC9160270 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-022-00305-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A healthy human microbiome relies on the interaction with and exchange of microbes that takes place between the human body and its environment. People in high-income countries spend most of their time indoors and for this reason, the built environment (BE) might represent a potent source of commensal microbes. Anaerobic microbes are of particular interest, as researchers have not yet sufficiently clarified how the human microbiome acquires oxygen-sensitive microbes. We sampled the bathrooms in ten households and used propidium monoazide (PMA) to assess the viability of the collected prokaryotes. We compared the microbiome profiles based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing and confirmed our results by genetic and cultivation-based analyses. Quantitative and qualitative analysis revealed that most of the microbial taxa in the BE samples are human-associated. Less than 25% of the prokaryotic signatures originate from intact cells, indicating that aerobic and stress resistant taxa display an apparent survival advantage. However, we also confirmed the presence of intact, strictly anaerobic taxa on bathroom floors, including methanogenic archaea. As methanogens are regarded as highly sensitive to aerobic conditions, oxygen-tolerance experiments were performed with human-associated isolates to validate their survival. These results show that human-associated methanogens can survive oxic conditions for at least 6 h. We collected strong evidence that supports the hypothesis that obligate anaerobic taxa can survive in the BE for a limited amount of time. This suggests that the BE serves as a potential source of anaerobic human commensals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela-Raluca Pausan
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Steigerwald Arzneimittelwerk GmbH, Bayer Consumer Health, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Marcus Blohs
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Alexander Mahnert
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Christine Moissl-Eichinger
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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Ledger EVK, Mesnage S, Edwards AM. Human serum triggers antibiotic tolerance in Staphylococcus aureus. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2041. [PMID: 35440121 PMCID: PMC9018823 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29717-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus frequently causes infections that are challenging to treat, leading to high rates of persistent and relapsing infection. Here, to understand how the host environment influences treatment outcomes, we study the impact of human serum on staphylococcal antibiotic susceptibility. We show that serum triggers a high degree of tolerance to the lipopeptide antibiotic daptomycin and several other classes of antibiotic. Serum-induced daptomycin tolerance is due to two independent mechanisms. Firstly, the host defence peptide LL-37 induces tolerance by triggering the staphylococcal GraRS two-component system, leading to increased peptidoglycan accumulation. Secondly, GraRS-independent increases in membrane cardiolipin abundance are required for full tolerance. When both mechanisms are blocked, S. aureus incubated in serum is as susceptible to daptomycin as when grown in laboratory media. Our work demonstrates that host factors can significantly modulate antibiotic susceptibility via diverse mechanisms, and combination therapy may provide a way to mitigate this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth V K Ledger
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, Armstrong Rd, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Stéphane Mesnage
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Andrew M Edwards
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, Armstrong Rd, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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Szeligowska N, Cholewińska P, Smoliński J, Wojnarowski K, Pokorny P, Czyż K, Pogoda-Sewerniak K. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) and cortisol levels vs. microbiology of the digestive system of sheep during lambing. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:107. [PMID: 35303874 PMCID: PMC8932050 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03201-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background During parturition, animals exhibit variation in hormone levels, homeostasis disturbance and dysfunction of the immune system as a result of stress. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) is responsible for the occurrence of oxidative stress in the cells. Cortisol is known as the stress hormone, but it is also involved in the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates and metabolism processes led by adipose tissue. The aim of the this study was to determine how the levels of GST and cortisol change depending on the parity. Additionally, the influence of lambing on the microbiological composition of the digestive system and placenta in Olkuska sheep was investigated. Methods Eighteen ewes were selected for the experiment - primiparas (n = 9) and multiparas (n = 9), they were kept in the same environmental conditions, had the same diet and did not show any disease symptoms. Fecal samples were collected individually from each ewe (n = 18) and then bacterial DNA isolation was made, then qPCR analysis for Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria phyla and Lactobacillaceae family bacteria levels was performed. These samples were also used to analyze cortisol levels by ELISA test. In addition, placenta fragments were collected during delivery, and then the GST level from the tissue was tested. Results The analysis of the results showed a higher level of cortisol in primiparous sheep than in multiparous ones, as in the case of glutathione transferase. There were differences between both studied groups in the microbiological composition of the digestive system. In primiparous sheep, the levels of the tested microorganisms were significantly lower than in multiparous ones. A similar relationship occurred in the study of the placental microbiome. Conclusion The results show that sheep microbiome, cortisol and GST levels are different in primiparas and multiparas. The study conducted may constitute an introduction to further analyzes that would help positively affect the welfare and homeostasis of the female organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Szeligowska
- Institute of Animal Breeding, Wrocław University of Enviromental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego St. 38C, 51-630, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Paulina Cholewińska
- Institute of Animal Breeding, Wrocław University of Enviromental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego St. 38C, 51-630, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jakub Smoliński
- Institute of Animal Breeding, Wrocław University of Enviromental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego St. 38C, 51-630, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Konrad Wojnarowski
- Chair for Fish Diseases and Fisheries Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Przemysław Pokorny
- Institute of Animal Breeding, Wrocław University of Enviromental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego St. 38C, 51-630, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Czyż
- Institute of Animal Breeding, Wrocław University of Enviromental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego St. 38C, 51-630, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Krystyna Pogoda-Sewerniak
- Department of Environmental Hygiene and Animal Welfare, Wrocław University of Enviromental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego St. 38E, 51-630, Wrocław, Poland
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Taladrid D, de Celis M, Belda I, Bartolomé B, Moreno-Arribas MV. Hypertension- and glycaemia-lowering effects of a grape-pomace-derived seasoning in high-cardiovascular risk and healthy subjects. Interplay with the gut microbiome. Food Funct 2022; 13:2068-2082. [PMID: 35107113 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo03942c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Grape pomace (GP) is a winery by-product rich in polyphenols and dietary fibre. Some recent results suggest that GP-derived extracts could be promising additives in food, specially recommended for low-salt diets. The hypothesis tested in this paper is that the regular consumption of GP-derived seasonings could help in the control of hypertension and glycaemia. Methods: A randomized intervention study (6 weeks) was performed in high-risk cardiovascular subjects (n = 17) and in healthy subjects (n = 12) that were randomly allocated into intervention (2 g day-1 of GP seasoning) or control (no seasoning consumed) groups. Blood samples, faeces, urine and blood pressure (BP) were taken at the baseline and at the end of the intervention. Faecal samples were analysed for microbiota composition (16S rRNA gene sequencing) and microbial-derived metabolites (short chain fatty acids and phenolic metabolites). Results: Among the clinical parameters studied, BP and fasting blood glucose significantly decreased (p < 0.05) after the seasoning intervention, but not for the control group. Notably, application of a novel approach based on ASV (Amplicon Sequence Variant) co-occurrence networks allowed us to identify some bacterial communities whose relative abundances were related with metadata. Conclusion: Our primary findings suggest that GP-seasoning may help in the modulation of cardiometabolic risk factors, mainly in the early stages. Furthermore, it evidences modulation of gut microbiota and functional bacterial communities by grape pomace, which might mediate the cardiometabolic effects of this by-product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Taladrid
- Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL), CSIC-UAM, C/Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Miguel de Celis
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Belda
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña Bartolomé
- Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL), CSIC-UAM, C/Nicolás Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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Castro CR, Duran BA, González CL. Preparación del lecho de la herida: limpieza segura y eficaz con ácido hipocloroso pH 5.5. J Wound Care 2022; 31:22-31. [PMID: 36789924 DOI: 10.12968/jowc.2022.31.latam_sup_5.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Sinopsis: El objetivo de la limpieza del lecho de la herida es favorecer la remoción de materia extraña, rehidratar el lecho y acelerar el proceso de cicatrización, considerando siempre una evaluación holística del paciente. La limpieza es un paso fundamental en la preparación del lecho de la herida. En los últimos años, se ha intensificado la búsqueda y elaboración de soluciones limpiadoras con el potencial de promover la curación mediante la eliminación de barreras locales para la curación, sin comprometer el tejido sano y/o en formación. Entre ellas, el ácido hipocloroso (HOCl) puro pH 5.5 cumple con los objetivos de la preparación del lecho de la herida y de limpieza terapéutica de forma biocompatible, segura, eficaz y natural. Este artículo tiene por objetivo realizar una revisión de la evidencia existente en relación con las soluciones limpiadoras y los beneficios del HOCl puro pH 5.5. Conflicto de interés: CRC declara no tener conflicto de interés. BAD y CLG son empleadas de Laboratorio UrgoMedical Chile.
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Cholewińska P, Wołoszyńska M, Michalak M, Czyż K, Rant W, Smoliński J, Wyrostek A, Wojnarowski K. Influence of selected factors on the Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes phyla and the Lactobacillaceae family in the digestive tract of sheep. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23801. [PMID: 34893656 PMCID: PMC8664831 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03207-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we used 10 healthy sheep, which gave birth to healthy twins. Stool samples were collected from mothers and their offspring 3 times during the study (0, 28 and 56 day postpartum). Milk samples were taken from the mothers at the same time. RT PCR analysis of faeces and milk was performed in order to assess the level of bacteria from the Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes phyla including the family Lactobacillaceae (phylum Firmicutes). The composition of mother's milk was also analyzed and their BCS. The data were compiled statistically. The obtained results showed that the level of the studied groups of bacteria may change due to the change of diet. Additionally, there were significant differences between lambs and mothers in the levels of the studied groups of bacteria. Analysis also shown that in the digestive system of mothers was a smaller disproportion in the level of the studied bacterial phyla than in lambs. The results also indicated the occurrence of differences in the bacterial composition at the individual level, both in ewes and their offspring. Additionally, in the conducted experiment, there were differences in the level of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes groups depending on the sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Cholewińska
- Institute of Animal Breeding, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Wołoszyńska
- grid.411200.60000 0001 0694 6014Department of Genetics, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marta Michalak
- grid.411200.60000 0001 0694 6014Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Management, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Czyż
- grid.411200.60000 0001 0694 6014Institute of Animal Breeding, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Witold Rant
- grid.13276.310000 0001 1955 7966Institute of Animal Breeding, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Smoliński
- grid.411200.60000 0001 0694 6014Institute of Animal Breeding, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Wyrostek
- grid.411200.60000 0001 0694 6014Institute of Animal Breeding, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Konrad Wojnarowski
- grid.411200.60000 0001 0694 6014Institute of Animal Breeding, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland
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Wu Y, Williams FN, Scaglione KM. Assessing the necessity of a family of genes that encode small proteins in Dictyostelium discoideum development. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2021; 2021. [PMID: 34723153 PMCID: PMC8554618 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dictyostelium discoideum’s genome encodes for a large class of small proteins that are developmentally regulated. We deleted six of the genes that encode these proteins to determine if they play an essential role in Dictyostelium discoideum development. Deletion of these genes had no significant effect on Dictyostelium discoideum development. These results suggest that the selected genes do not play an essential role in Dictyostelium discoideum development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Wu
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University
| | | | - K Matthew Scaglione
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University.,Department of Neurology, Duke University.,Duke Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotherapeutics, Duke University
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12
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Szeligowska N, Cholewińska P, Czyż K, Wojnarowski K, Janczak M. Inter and intraspecies comparison of the level of selected bacterial phyla in in cattle and sheep based on feces. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:224. [PMID: 34172061 PMCID: PMC8235250 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02922-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The microbiome of the digestive tract of ruminants contains microbial ecosystem that is affected by both environmental and genetic factors. The subject of this study concerns the influence of selected genetic factors, such as species of animals and “host” individual differences on the digestive tract microbiome composition. The results show the core microbiological composition (Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes) of ruminants digestive tract (based on feces) depending on breed and “host”. The Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes phyla are the most abundant in ruminants digestive tract. The aim of the study was to determine the differences prevalence level of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes phyla in feces of Charolaise cattle and Polish Olkuska Sheep with respect to intra- and inter-species variability. Results The research group in the experiment consisted of animals at the age of 3 months kept in the same environmental conditions – rams of Polish Olkuska Sheep (n = 10) and Charolaise bulls (n = 10). Feces were collected individually from each animal (animals without disease symptoms were selected), living on the same environmental conditions. The analysis of the results in terms of species showed differences in the Firmicutes phylum level and Lactobacillaceae family between rams and bulls. Subsequently, the analysis performed for the “host effect” showed differentiation in the levels of the Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes phyla between individuals in a group and also between the groups. Conclusion The obtained results suggest that, apart from the diet and the environment, the species and the individual host are equally important factors influencing the microbiological composition of the digestive system of ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Szeligowska
- Institute of Animal Breeding, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Paulina Cholewińska
- Institute of Animal Breeding, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Czyż
- Institute of Animal Breeding, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Konrad Wojnarowski
- Institute of Animal Breeding, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marzena Janczak
- Institute of Animal Breeding, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630, Wroclaw, Poland
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13
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Kin K, Schaap P. Evolution of Multicellular Complexity in The Dictyostelid Social Amoebas. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:487. [PMID: 33801615 PMCID: PMC8067170 DOI: 10.3390/genes12040487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multicellularity evolved repeatedly in the history of life, but how it unfolded varies greatly between different lineages. Dictyostelid social amoebas offer a good system to study the evolution of multicellular complexity, with a well-resolved phylogeny and molecular genetic tools being available. We compare the life cycles of the Dictyostelids with closely related amoebozoans to show that complex life cycles were already present in the unicellular common ancestor of Dictyostelids. We propose frost resistance as an early driver of multicellular evolution in Dictyostelids and show that the cell signalling pathways for differentiating spore and stalk cells evolved from that for encystation. The stalk cell differentiation program was further modified, possibly through gene duplication, to evolve a new cell type, cup cells, in Group 4 Dictyostelids. Studies in various multicellular organisms, including Dictyostelids, volvocine algae, and metazoans, suggest as a common principle in the evolution of multicellular complexity that unicellular regulatory programs for adapting to environmental change serve as "proto-cell types" for subsequent evolution of multicellular organisms. Later, new cell types could further evolve by duplicating and diversifying the "proto-cell type" gene regulatory networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koryu Kin
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK;
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37–49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pauline Schaap
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK;
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14
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Calumba KF, Reyes V, Bonilla F, Villasmil E, Sathivel S. Ale beer containing free and immobilized Lactobacillus brevis, a potential delivery system for probiotics. FOOD PRODUCTION, PROCESSING AND NUTRITION 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43014-021-00051-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Probiotics in ale beer may be attractive to health-conscious consumers. However, beer conditions may decrease probiotic viability. Powder produced from durian (Durio zibethinus) rind, a by-product that is currently unutilized, can be used for the immobilization of probiotics. MRS medium was incubated with Lactobacillus brevis and periodically sampled to obtain the growth curve. Ale beer with free L. brevis and cells immobilized in durian rind powder was produced and separately assessed during storage at 21 °C for 24 days. The physico-chemical parameters of both beers did not differ significantly. Durian rind powder conferred protection up to 12 days of storage with the immobilized cells in the beer having a significantly higher count than the free cells, which can be due to the acid detergent fiber content (19.67%). Free and immobilized cells remained viable with counts of 4.89 and 5.00 log CFU/mL of beer, respectively, at the end of the storage period. Both treatments had approximate counts of 5 log CFU/mL after 120 min in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids. The predominant bacterial species present at the end of storage were L. brevis and L. farciminis. This study suggests that ale beer could be a potential delivery system for free and immobilized probiotic bacteria. This is one of the few studies demonstrating the use of probiotic lactic acid bacteria in beer brewing.
Graphical abstract
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15
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A symbiotic nutrient exchange within the cyanosphere microbiome of the biocrust cyanobacterium, Microcoleus vaginatus. ISME JOURNAL 2020; 15:282-292. [PMID: 32968213 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-020-00781-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Microcoleus vaginatus plays a prominent role as both primary producer and pioneer in biocrust communities from dryland soils. And yet, it cannot fix dinitrogen, essential in often nitrogen-limited drylands. But a diazotroph-rich "cyanosphere" has been described in M. vaginatus, hinting that there exists a C for N exchange between the photoautotroph and heterotrophic diazotrophs. We provide evidence for this by establishing such a symbiosis in culture and by showing that it is selective and dependent on nitrogen availability. In natural populations, provision of nitrogen resulted in loss of diazotrophs from the cyanosphere of M. vaginatus compared to controls, but provision of phosphorus did not. Co-culturing of pedigreed cyanosphere diazotroph isolates with axenic M. vaginatus resulted in copious growth in C and N-free medium, but co-culture with non-cyanosphere diazotrophs or other heterotrophs did not. Unexpectedly, bundle formation in M. vaginatus, diacritical to the genus but not seen in axenic culture, was restored in vitro by imposed nitrogen limitation or, even more strongly, by co-culture with diazotrophic partners, implicating this trait in the symbiosis. Our findings provide direct evidence for a symbiotic relationship between M. vaginatus and its cyanosphere and help explain how it can be a global pioneer in spite of its genetic shortcomings.
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16
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Rapid visual detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in seafood samples by loop-mediated isothermal amplification with hydroxynaphthol blue dye. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 36:76. [PMID: 32390085 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-020-02851-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The detection and monitoring of Vibrio parahaemolyticus pathogen in aquatic foods have become essential for preventing outbreaks. In this study, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay with the azo dye, hydroxynaphthol blue (HNB) was developed targeting species-specific tlh gene. The assay was carried out on 62 seafood samples that included clam and shrimp and compared with conventional LAMP assay performed with the commonly used fluorescent dye, conventional PCR, and real-time PCR (RT-PCR). Of 62 samples studied for tlh gene, 32 (51.61%) gave positive by HNB-LAMP, which comprised 22 (70.96%) clam samples and 10 (32.25%) shrimp samples. The HNB-LAMP assay was found to be highly sensitive, specific, and superior to conventional PCR (p > 0.05). RT-PCR presented higher sensitivity than HNB-LAMP; however, it has the limitation of being cost-intensive and requiring technical expertise to perform. HNB-LAMP is affordable, rapid, simple, and easy to perform, allowing naked eye visualization.
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17
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Macey MC, Pratscher J, Crombie AT, Murrell JC. Impact of plants on the diversity and activity of methylotrophs in soil. MICROBIOME 2020; 8:31. [PMID: 32156318 PMCID: PMC7065363 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-020-00801-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methanol is the second most abundant volatile organic compound in the atmosphere, with the majority produced as a metabolic by-product during plant growth. There is a large disparity between the estimated amount of methanol produced by plants and the amount which escapes to the atmosphere. This may be due to utilisation of methanol by plant-associated methanol-consuming bacteria (methylotrophs). The use of molecular probes has previously been effective in characterising the diversity of methylotrophs within the environment. Here, we developed and applied molecular probes in combination with stable isotope probing to identify the diversity, abundance and activity of methylotrophs in bulk and in plant-associated soils. RESULTS Application of probes for methanol dehydrogenase genes (mxaF, xoxF, mdh2) in bulk and plant-associated soils revealed high levels of diversity of methylotrophic bacteria within the bulk soil, including Hyphomicrobium, Methylobacterium and members of the Comamonadaceae. The community of methylotrophic bacteria captured by this sequencing approach changed following plant growth. This shift in methylotrophic diversity was corroborated by identification of the active methylotrophs present in the soils by DNA stable isotope probing using 13C-labelled methanol. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA genes and construction of metagenomes from the 13C-labelled DNA revealed members of the Methylophilaceae as highly abundant and active in all soils examined. There was greater diversity of active members of the Methylophilaceae and Comamonadaceae and of the genus Methylobacterium in plant-associated soils compared to the bulk soil. Incubating growing pea plants in a 13CO2 atmosphere revealed that several genera of methylotrophs, as well as heterotrophic genera within the Actinomycetales, assimilated plant exudates in the pea rhizosphere. CONCLUSION In this study, we show that plant growth has a major impact on both the diversity and the activity of methanol-utilising methylotrophs in the soil environment, and thus, the study contributes significantly to efforts to balance the terrestrial methanol and carbon cycle. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Macey
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ UK
- AstrobiologyOU, Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, The Open University, Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire MK7 6AA UK
| | - Jennifer Pratscher
- The Lyell Centre, School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, Research Avenue South, Edinburgh, EH14 4AP UK
| | - Andrew T. Crombie
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ UK
| | - J. Colin Murrell
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ UK
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18
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Ben Maamar S, Hu J, Hartmann EM. Implications of indoor microbial ecology and evolution on antibiotic resistance. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2020; 30:1-15. [PMID: 31591493 PMCID: PMC8075925 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-019-0171-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The indoor environment is an important source of microbial exposures for its human occupants. While we naturally want to favor positive health outcomes, built environment design and operation may counter-intuitively favor negative health outcomes, particularly with regard to antibiotic resistance. Indoor environments contain microbes from both human and non-human origins, providing a unique venue for microbial interactions, including horizontal gene transfer. Furthermore, stressors present in the built environment could favor the exchange of genetic material in general and the retention of antibiotic resistance genes in particular. Intrinsic and acquired antibiotic resistance both pose a potential threat to human health; these phenomena need to be considered and controlled separately. The presence of both environmental and human-associated microbes, along with their associated antibiotic resistance genes, in the face of stressors, including antimicrobial chemicals, creates a unique opportunity for the undesirable spread of antibiotic resistance. In this review, we summarize studies and findings related to various interactions between human-associated bacteria, environmental bacteria, and built environment conditions, and particularly their relation to antibiotic resistance, aiming to guide "healthy" building design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Ben Maamar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Jinglin Hu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Erica M Hartmann
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
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19
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Antolović V, Lenn T, Miermont A, Chubb JR. Transition state dynamics during a stochastic fate choice. Development 2019; 146:dev173740. [PMID: 30890571 PMCID: PMC6602359 DOI: 10.1242/dev.173740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The generation of multiple fates from a uniform cell population via self-organisation is a recurring feature in development and regeneration. However, for most self-organising systems, we have little understanding of the processes that allow cells to become different. One of the clearest examples of developmental self-organisation is shown by Dictyostelium, with cells segregating into two major fates, stalk and spore, within multicellular aggregates. To characterise the gene expression decisions that underlie this cell fate bifurcation, we carried out single cell transcriptomics on Dictyostelium aggregates. Our data show the transition of progenitors into prespore and prestalk cells occurs via distinct developmental intermediates. Few cells were captured switching between states, with minimal overlap in fate marker expression between cell types, suggesting states are discrete and transitions rapid. Surprisingly, fate-specific transcript dynamics were a small proportion of overall gene expression changes, with transcript divergence coinciding precisely with large-scale remodelling of the transcriptome shared by prestalk and prespore cells. These observations suggest the stepwise separation of cell identity is temporally coupled to global expression transitions common to both fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlatka Antolović
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology and Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Tchern Lenn
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology and Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Agnes Miermont
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology and Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jonathan R Chubb
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology and Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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20
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Williams MR, Hashsham SA. Direct or DNA Extraction-Free Amplification and Quantification of Foodborne Pathogens. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1918:21-33. [PMID: 30580396 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9000-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The use of direct nucleic acid amplification of pathogens from food matrices has the potential to reduce time to results over DNA extraction-based approaches as well as traditional culture-based approaches. Here we describe protocols for assay design and experiments for direct amplification of foodborne pathogens in food sample matrices using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The examples provided include the detection Escherichia coli in milk samples and Salmonella in pork meat samples. This protocol includes relevant reagents and methods including obtaining target sequences, assay design, sample processing, and amplification. These methods, though used for specific example matrices, could be applied to many other foodborne pathogens and sample types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie R Williams
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Syed A Hashsham
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA. .,Center for Microbial Ecology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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21
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Sánchez-Sarmiento AM, Carvalho VL, Meirelles ACO, Gravena W, Marigo J, Sacristán C, Costa-Silva S, Groch KR, Silva ND, Ferreira Neto JS, Catão-Dias JL. Survey of Brucella spp. and Leptospira spp. antibodies in cetaceans and manatees of the Amazon basin and Atlantic Ocean, Brazil. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2018; 132:1-11. [PMID: 30530926 DOI: 10.3354/dao03312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic mammals can act as sentinels of emerging and resurging pathogens in the environment. Brucella spp. and Leptospira spp. are 2 zoonotic pathogens relevant to aquatic mammals, and their detection can be used to assess pathogen exposure. In this study, serum from 84 individuals-63 cetaceans (families Iniidae, n = 37; Delphinidae, n = 22; and Kogiidae, n = 4) and 21 West Indian manatees Trichechus manatus-was tested by the Rose Bengal Test (RBT) and a commercial competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA) for detecting Brucella spp. antibodies, and the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) for screening Leptospira spp. exposure. Overall, 4.8% (3/63) of cetaceans were positive by RBT and 15.9% (10/63) by c-ELISA for Brucella spp. Serum from 8 c-ELISA positive cetaceans (with available serum) was further tested via serum agglutination test (SAT) and 1 individual was positive. c-ELISA was more sensitive than RBT. Exposure to Brucella spp. was found in 5 cetacean species: Clymene dolphin Stenella clymene, short-finned pilot whale Globicephala macrorhynchus, pygmy killer whale Feresa attenuata, melon-headed whale Peponocephala electra and Atlantic bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus in the Atlantic Ocean, Brazil, expanding the range of known Brucella seropositive aquatic hosts. No evidence of Brucella spp. exposure was found in Iniidae and Kogiidae odontocetes and manatees. Antibodies against Leptospira spp. were not detected in cetaceans and sirenians by MAT. These results contribute to the evaluation of different Brucella spp. serological methods in cetaceans and manatees and highlight the epidemiology of zoonotic pathogens in aquatic mammals of the southwestern Atlantic Ocean and the Amazon basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica M Sánchez-Sarmiento
- Laboratório de Patologia Comparada de Animais Selvagens, Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Professor Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, 05508-270 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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22
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Kin K, Forbes G, Cassidy A, Schaap P. Cell-type specific RNA-Seq reveals novel roles and regulatory programs for terminally differentiated Dictyostelium cells. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:764. [PMID: 30348074 PMCID: PMC6198379 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5146-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A major hallmark of multicellular evolution is increasing complexity by the evolution of new specialized cell types. During Dictyostelid evolution novel specialization occurred within taxon group 4. We here aim to retrace the nature and ancestry of the novel "cup" cells by comparing their transcriptome to that of other cell types. RESULTS RNA-Seq was performed on purified mature spore, stalk and cup cells and on vegetative amoebas. Clustering and phylogenetic analyses showed that cup cells were most similar to stalk cells, suggesting that they share a common ancestor. The affinity between cup and stalk cells was also evident from promoter-reporter studies of newly identified cell-type genes, which revealed late expression in cups of many stalk genes. However, GO enrichment analysis reveal the unexpected prominence of GTPase mediated signalling in cup cells, in contrast to enrichment of autophagy and cell wall synthesis related transcripts in stalk cells. Combining the cell type RNA-Seq data with developmental expression profiles revealed complex expression dynamics in each cell type as well as genes exclusively expressed during terminal differentiation. Most notable were nine related hssA-like genes that were highly and exclusively expressed in cup cells. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals the unique transcriptomes of the mature cup, stalk and spore cells of D. discoideum and provides insight into the ancestry of cup cells and roles in signalling that were not previously realized. The data presented in this study will serve as an important resource for future studies into the regulation and evolution of cell type specialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koryu Kin
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Angus, Dundee, DD15EH UK
| | - Gillian Forbes
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Angus, Dundee, DD15EH UK
| | - Andrew Cassidy
- Tayside Centre for Genomic Analysis, University of Dundee, Angus, Dundee, DD19SY UK
| | - Pauline Schaap
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Angus, Dundee, DD15EH UK
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23
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Gu H, Liu J, Chen S, Qi H, Shi K, Li S, Ma Y, Wang J. High-mobility group box 1 protein contributes to the immunogenicity of rTcdB-treated CT26 cells. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2018; 50:921-928. [PMID: 30052706 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmy078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium difficile TcdB is a key virulence factor that causes C. difficile-associated diseases. Our previous studies have shown that recombinant full-length TcdB (rTcdB) induces cell death in CT26 cells, and rTcdB-treated CT26 cells with high immunogenicity could stimulate dendritic cell (DC) activation and T cell activation in vitro. The rTcdB-treated CT26 cells also induce antitumor immunity in mice and protect mice from CT26 cells. High-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) is a non-histone nuclear protein, which has various biological functions within the nucleus and also acts as an extracellular signal molecule involving in inflammatory diseases, cancers or autoimmune diseases. In this study, HMGB1 was found to be released from the rTcdB-treated CT26 cells. HMGB1 knockdown by using specific siRNA weakened the capacity of the BMDCs loaded with the rTcdB-treated CT26 cells to prime T cells in vitro and in vivo. The released HMGB1 from CT26 cells could interact with the receptor TLR4, which is closely related to DC activation and immune responses. The knockdown of HMGB1 also affected the phagocytosis of the rTcdB-treated CT26 cells by DCs in vitro. Furthermore, HMGB1 weakened the antitumor immunity of the rTcdB-treated CT26 cells, which protects mice from rechallenge of the live CT26 cells. Taken together, these results suggest that HMGB1 plays an important role on the immunogenicity of the rTcdB-treated dying CT26 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huawei Gu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ji Liu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuyi Chen
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haonan Qi
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kan Shi
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shan Li
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Ma
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jufang Wang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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24
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Santarriaga S, Haver HN, Kanack AJ, Fikejs AS, Sison SL, Egner JM, Bostrom JR, Seminary ER, Hill RB, Link BA, Ebert AD, Scaglione KM. SRCP1 Conveys Resistance to Polyglutamine Aggregation. Mol Cell 2018; 71:216-228.e7. [PMID: 30029002 PMCID: PMC6091221 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The polyglutamine (polyQ) diseases are a group of nine neurodegenerative diseases caused by the expansion of a polyQ tract that results in protein aggregation. Unlike other model organisms, Dictyostelium discoideum is a proteostatic outlier, naturally encoding long polyQ tracts yet resistant to polyQ aggregation. Here we identify serine-rich chaperone protein 1 (SRCP1) as a molecular chaperone that is necessary and sufficient to suppress polyQ aggregation. SRCP1 inhibits aggregation of polyQ-expanded proteins, allowing for their degradation via the proteasome, where SRCP1 is also degraded. SRCP1's C-terminal domain is essential for its activity in cells, and peptides that mimic this domain suppress polyQ aggregation in vitro. Together our results identify a novel type of molecular chaperone and reveal how nature has dealt with the problem of polyQ aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Holly N Haver
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Adam J Kanack
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Alicia S Fikejs
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Samantha L Sison
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - John M Egner
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Jonathan R Bostrom
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Emily R Seminary
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - R Blake Hill
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Brian A Link
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Allison D Ebert
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - K Matthew Scaglione
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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McGuinness WA, Malachowa N, DeLeo FR. Vancomycin Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus
. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2017; 90:269-281. [PMID: 28656013 PMCID: PMC5482303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of Staphylococcus aureus during the modern antibiotic era has been delineated by distinct strain emergence events, many of which include acquisition of antibiotic resistance. The relative high burden of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in healthcare and community settings is a major concern worldwide. Vancomycin, a glycopeptide antibiotic that inhibits cell wall biosynthesis, remains a drug of choice for treatment of severe MRSA infections. S. aureus strains exhibiting increased resistance to vancomycin, known as vancomycin intermediate-resistant S. aureus (VISA) (MIC = 4-8 µg/mL), were discovered in the 1990s. The molecular basis of resistance in VISA is polygenic and involves stepwise mutations in genes encoding molecules predominantly involved in cell envelope biosynthesis. S. aureus isolates with complete resistance to vancomycin (MIC ≥ 16 µg/mL) are termed vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA)-they were first reported in the U.S. in 2002. Resistance in VRSA is conferred by the vanA gene and operon, which is present on a plasmid. Although treatment of VRSA infections is challenging, the total number of human VRSA infections to date is limited (14 in the U.S.). By comparison, the burden of VISA is relatively high and the molecular mechanisms of resistance are less well-defined. VISA are associated with persistent infections, vancomycin treatment failure, and poor clinical outcomes. Here, we review in brief progress made toward understanding the acquisition of antibiotic resistance in S. aureus, with an emphasis on the molecular mechanisms underlying vancomycin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Frank R. DeLeo
- To whom all correspondence should be addressed: Frank R. DeLeo, Ph.D., Tel.: 406-363-9315,
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Blanco AE, Barz M, Icken W, Cavero D, Sharifi AR, Voss M, Preisinger R, Buxadé C. Chicken embryo lethality assay for determining the lethal dose and virulence of Enterococcus faecalis. Avian Pathol 2017; 46:548-555. [PMID: 28470098 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2017.1324942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis is the major pathogen found in field cases of amyloid arthropathy in chickens. Given the need for a better understanding of the virulence mechanisms of the causative strains, the embryo lethality assay (ELA) is proposed in the present study as a model to evaluate the virulence of E. faecalis strains, specifically the pathogenic avian strain K923/96, which was previously related with amyloid arthropathy. Hence, 0.2 ml of five doses of the cited strain (from 2.5 to 2500 colony-forming units (CFU) per ml) were inoculated into the allantoic cavity of 10-day-old embryos. The embryo mortality rate (EMR) was determined by daily candling of the eggs over a period of seven days and based on this information the median lethal dose (LD50) was calculated. The ELA was repeated four times on a sample of 3443 eggs. The infectious dose showed a significant effect on the EMR. The EMR with the doses of 2.5, 5, 25, 250 and 2500 CFU/ml was 43%, 45%, 63%, 90% and 93%, respectively. The estimated dose at LD50 was 6.6 CFU/ml. As expected, the higher the infectious dose, the greater the EMR and the lower the embryo survival time. The highest EMR was recorded after three and four days post-inoculation in all doses. In conclusion, these results can be used as a basis for further researches on the E. faecalis virulence. In order to corroborate its model capacity to predict the virulence of this bacterium, more ELAs with different E. faecalis strains are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana E Blanco
- a Lohmann Tierzucht GmbH , Cuxhaven , Germany.,b Departamento de Produccion Animal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas , Universidad Politécnica de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - Martin Barz
- a Lohmann Tierzucht GmbH , Cuxhaven , Germany
| | | | | | - A Reza Sharifi
- c Animal Breeding and Genetics Group, Department of Animal Sciences , Georg-August-University Goettingen , Goettingen , Germany
| | | | | | - Carlos Buxadé
- b Departamento de Produccion Animal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas , Universidad Politécnica de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
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Rahim K, Saleha S, Zhu X, Huo L, Basit A, Franco OL. Bacterial Contribution in Chronicity of Wounds. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2017; 73:710-721. [PMID: 27742997 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-016-0867-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A wound is damage of a tissue usually caused by laceration of a membrane, generally the skin. Wound healing is accomplished in three stages in healthy individuals, including inflammatory, proliferative, and remodeling stages. Healing of wounds normally starts from the inflammatory phase and ends up in the remodeling phase, but chronic wounds remain in an inflammatory stage and do not show progression due to some specific reasons. Chronic wounds are classified in different categories, such as diabetic foot ulcer (DFU), venous leg ulcers (VLU) and pressure ulcer (PU), surgical site infection (SSI), abscess, or trauma ulcers. Globally, the incidence rate of DFU is 1-4 % and prevalence rate is 5.3-10.5 %. However, colonization of pathogenic bacteria at the wound site is associated with wound chronicity. Most chronic wounds contain more than one bacterial species and produce a synergetic effect that results in previously non-virulent bacterial species becoming virulent and causing damage to the host. While investigating bacterial diversity in chronic wounds, Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, Peptoniphilus, Enterobacter, Stenotrophomonas, Finegoldia, and Serratia were found most frequently in chronic wounds. Recently, it has been observed that bacteria in chronic wounds develop biofilms that contribute to a delay in healing. In a mature biofilm, bacteria grow slowly due to deficiency of nutrients that results in the resistance of bacteria to antibiotics. The present review reflects the reasons why acute wounds become chronic. Interesting findings include the bacterial load, which forms biofilms and shows high-level resistance toward antibiotics, which is a threat to human health in general and particularly to some patients who have acute wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashif Rahim
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Shamim Saleha
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science and Technology (KUST), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Kohat, 26000, Pakistan
| | - Xudong Zhu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Liang Huo
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Abdul Basit
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Octavio Luiz Franco
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brazil, 70790-160, Brazil.
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, CEP 79.117-900, Brazil.
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Inhibition of Cronobacter sakazakii Virulence Factors by Citral. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43243. [PMID: 28233814 PMCID: PMC5324112 DOI: 10.1038/srep43243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter sakazakii is a foodborne pathogen associated with fatal forms of necrotizing enterocolitis, meningitis and sepsis in neonates and infants. The aim of this study was to determine whether citral, a major component of lemongrass oil, could suppress putative virulence factors of C. sakazakii that contribute to infection. Sub-inhibitory concentrations of citral significantly decreased motility, quorum sensing, biofilm formation and endotoxin production. Citral substantially reduced the adhesion and invasion of C. sakazakii to Caco-2 cells and decreased bacterial survival and replication within the RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Citral also repressed the expression of eighteen genes involved in the virulence. These findings suggest that citral has potential to be developed as an alternative or supplemental agent to mitigate the infections caused by C. sakazakii.
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Kim KS, Kim YK, Kim SS, Shim SM, Cho HJ. Cerebrospinal fluid infection after lumbar nerve root steroid injection: a case report. Korean J Anesthesiol 2017; 70:90-94. [PMID: 28184274 PMCID: PMC5296395 DOI: 10.4097/kjae.2017.70.1.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A 45-year-old woman was admitted due to severe headache and neck stiffness. She had visited a local clinic for back pain and received a lumbar nerve root steroid injection 10 days before admission. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging showed psoas abscess, pneumocephalus, and subdural hygroma. She was diagnosed with psoas abscess and meningitis. The abscess and external ventricle were drained, and antibiotics were administered. Unfortunately, the patient died on hospital day 19 due to diffuse leptomeningitis. Lumbar nerve root steroid injections are commonly used to control back pain. Vigilance to "red flag signs" and a rapid diagnosis can prevent lethal outcomes produced by rare and unexpected complications related to infection. Here, we report a case of fatal meningitis after infection of the cerebrospinal fluid following a lumbar nerve root steroid injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwan-Sub Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Gangneung Asan Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Gangneung, Korea
| | - Young-Ki Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Gangneung Asan Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Gangneung, Korea
| | - Seong-Su Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Gangneung Asan Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Gangneung, Korea
| | - Sung Min Shim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Gangneung Asan Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Gangneung, Korea
| | - Hae Jun Cho
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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El-Sharkawy H, Tahoun A, El-Gohary AEGA, El-Abasy M, El-Khayat F, Gillespie T, Kitade Y, Hafez HM, Neubauer H, El-Adawy H. Epidemiological, molecular characterization and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella enterica serovars isolated from chicken farms in Egypt. Gut Pathog 2017; 9:8. [PMID: 28203289 PMCID: PMC5301364 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-017-0157-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonella is one of major causes of foodborne outbreaks globally. This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence, typing and antibiotic susceptibilities of Salmonella enterica serovars isolated from 41 broiler chicken farms located in Kafr El-Sheikh Province in Northern Egypt during 2014-2015. The clinical signs and mortalities were observed. RESULTS In total 615 clinical samples were collected from broiler flocks from different organs (liver, intestinal content and gall bladder). Salmonella infection was identified in 17 (41%) broiler chicken flocks and 67 Salmonella isolates were collected. Recovered isolates were serotyped as 58 (86.6%) S. enterica serovar Typhimurium, 6 (9%) S. enterica serovar Enteritidis and 3 (4.5%) were non-typable. The significant high mortality rate was observed only in 1-week-old chicks. sopE gene was detected in 92.5% of the isolates which indicating their ability to infect humans. All S. enterica serovar Enteritidis isolates were susceptible to all tested antimicrobials. The phenotypically resistant S. enterica serovar Typhimurium isolates against ampicillin, tetracycline, sulphamethoxazole and chloramphenicol were harbouring BlaTEM, (tetA and tetC), (sul1 and sul3) and (cat1 and floR), respectively. The sensitivity rate of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium to gentamycin, trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole and streptomycin were 100, 94.8, 89.7%, respectively. The silent streptomycin antimicrobial cassettes were detected in all Salmonella serovars. A class one integron (dfrA12, orfF and aadA2) was identified in three of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium strains. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, this study considered first report discussing the prevalence, genotyping, antibiotic susceptibility and public health significance of S. enterica serovars in broilers farms of different ages in Delta Egypt. Further studies are mandatory to verify the location of some resistance genes that are within or associated with the class one integron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanem El-Sharkawy
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193 Japan.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafr Elsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33516 Egypt
| | - Amin Tahoun
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193 Japan.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafr Elsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33516 Egypt
| | | | - Moshira El-Abasy
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafr Elsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33516 Egypt
| | - Fares El-Khayat
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafr Elsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33516 Egypt
| | - Trudi Gillespie
- CALM_live Imaging Facility, Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, 47 EH16 4TJ UK
| | - Yukio Kitade
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193 Japan
| | - Hafez M Hafez
- Institute of Poultry Diseases, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heinrich Neubauer
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Hosny El-Adawy
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafr Elsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33516 Egypt
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31
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Zhou S, Gao ZX, Zhang M, Liu DY, Zhao XP, Liu Y. Development of a quadruplex loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for field detection of four Vibrio species associated with fish disease. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:1104. [PMID: 27468405 PMCID: PMC4947467 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-2760-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A quadruplex loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method was developed to detect four Vibrio species, including Vibrio ichthyoenteri, Vibrioparahaemolyticus, Vibrioscophthalmi, and Vibrio vulnificus, simultaneously. Four sets of species-specific primers were designed with different restriction sites contained in the inner primers. The quadruplex LAMP method could distinguish four Vibrio species via the subsequent restriction enzyme analysis. The sensitivity of the quadruplex LAMP method were 102–103 times higher than the sensitivity of conventional PCR. V. scophthalmi, V. vulnificus, V. parahaemolyticus and V. ichthyoenteri could be detected in the different tissues of the infected fish by the quadruplex LAMP method simply and conveniently through using SYBR Green I to facilitate visual inspection of the LAMP products. The method we developed in this study could be a simple and convenient diagnostic tool for field detection of Vibrio infection in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Zhou
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109 People's Republic of China.,College of Fisheries, Qingdao Ocean University, Qingdao, 266100 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Xin Gao
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109 People's Republic of China
| | - Min Zhang
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109 People's Republic of China
| | - Dan-Yang Liu
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109 People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Peng Zhao
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109 People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Liu
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109 People's Republic of China
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Khodaei F, Ahmadi A, Sayahfar S, Irajian G, Talebi M. The Dominance of Pilus Islet 1 in Pneumococcal Isolates Collected From Patients and Healthy Individuals. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2016; 9:e30470. [PMID: 27540452 PMCID: PMC4978087 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.30470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pili in Streptococcus pneumoniae have been shown to be one of the adherence factors for epithelial cells in the human upper respiratory tract. Two types of pilus-like structures (pilus islet-1 and pilus islet-2) have been distinguished in S. pneumoniae. Objectives To investigate the presence of pilus islet-1 (PI-1) in S. pneumoniae and the correlation between our isolates. Materials and Methods In this study, 162 S. pneumoniae isolates were collected from clinical specimens, and normal flora were also examined for the distribution of PI-1 using the presence of the rlrA and rrgC genes as markers for this islet and sipA as an indicator of pilus islet-2 (PI-2). BOX-PCR analyses were performed to determine the genetic relationship between isolates. Results The results confirmed the presence of rlrA and rrgC genes in both clinical (n = 39) and normal flora (n = 26) isolates. The minimal inhibitory concentration results revealed that the rate of resistance of these isolates to the three antibiotics tested ranged from 26% for penicillin to 46% for erythromycin and tetracycline. Furthermore, 12% of the isolates were resistant to all three antibiotics. Strain typing using repetitive element BOX-PCR analysis among the 65 isolates identified 8 different band patterns. Conclusions Our results indicated that the dissemination of PI-1 was widespread in S. pneumoniae isolates, although no PI-2 isolates were detected. Furthermore, the frequency of rlrA and rrgC of clinical isolates was significantly more than that of normal flora isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Khodaei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Ali Ahmadi
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Shirin Sayahfar
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Ali Asghar Children Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Gholamreza Irajian
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Malihe Talebi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Malihe Talebi, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel: +98-2186703193, E-mail:
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Blom J, Kreis J, Spänig S, Juhre T, Bertelli C, Ernst C, Goesmann A. EDGAR 2.0: an enhanced software platform for comparative gene content analyses. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:W22-8. [PMID: 27098043 PMCID: PMC4987874 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapidly increasing availability of microbial genome sequences has led to a growing demand for bioinformatics software tools that support the functional analysis based on the comparison of closely related genomes. By utilizing comparative approaches on gene level it is possible to gain insights into the core genes which represent the set of shared features for a set of organisms under study. Vice versa singleton genes can be identified to elucidate the specific properties of an individual genome. Since initial publication, the EDGAR platform has become one of the most established software tools in the field of comparative genomics. Over the last years, the software has been continuously improved and a large number of new analysis features have been added. For the new version, EDGAR 2.0, the gene orthology estimation approach was newly designed and completely re-implemented. Among other new features, EDGAR 2.0 provides extended phylogenetic analysis features like AAI (Average Amino Acid Identity) and ANI (Average Nucleotide Identity) matrices, genome set size statistics and modernized visualizations like interactive synteny plots or Venn diagrams. Thereby, the software supports a quick and user-friendly survey of evolutionary relationships between microbial genomes and simplifies the process of obtaining new biological insights into their differential gene content. All features are offered to the scientific community via a web-based and therefore platform-independent user interface, which allows easy browsing of precomputed datasets. The web server is accessible at http://edgar.computational.bio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Blom
- Bioinformatics & Systems Biology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Hesse, Germany
| | - Julian Kreis
- Bioinformatics & Systems Biology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Hesse, Germany
| | - Sebastian Spänig
- Bioinformatics & Systems Biology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Hesse, Germany
| | - Tobias Juhre
- Bioinformatics & Systems Biology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Hesse, Germany
| | - Claire Bertelli
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, VD, Switzerland SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, VD, Switzerland
| | - Corinna Ernst
- Center for Familial Breast and Ovarian Cancer, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, NRW, Germany
| | - Alexander Goesmann
- Bioinformatics & Systems Biology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Hesse, Germany
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Lanan MC, Rodrigues PAP, Agellon A, Jansma P, Wheeler DE. A bacterial filter protects and structures the gut microbiome of an insect. ISME JOURNAL 2016; 10:1866-76. [PMID: 26872040 PMCID: PMC5029173 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2015.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Associations with symbionts within the gut lumen of hosts are particularly prone to disruption due to the constant influx of ingested food and non-symbiotic microbes, yet we know little about how partner fidelity is maintained. Here we describe for the first time the existence of a gut morphological filter capable of protecting an animal gut microbiome from disruption. The proventriculus, a valve located between the crop and midgut of insects, functions as a micro-pore filter in the Sonoran Desert turtle ant (Cephalotes rohweri), blocking the entry of bacteria and particles ⩾0.2 μm into the midgut and hindgut while allowing passage of dissolved nutrients. Initial establishment of symbiotic gut bacteria occurs within the first few hours after pupation via oral–rectal trophallaxis, before the proventricular filter develops. Cephalotes ants are remarkable for having maintained a consistent core gut microbiome over evolutionary time and this partner fidelity is likely enabled by the proventricular filtering mechanism. In addition, the structure and function of the cephalotine proventriculus offers a new perspective on organismal resistance to pathogenic microbes, structuring of gut microbial communities, and development and maintenance of host–microbe fidelity both during the animal life cycle and over evolutionary time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Al Agellon
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Patricia Jansma
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Ledezma-Villanueva A, Adame-Rodríguez JM, O’Connor-Sánchez IA, Villarreal-Chiu JF, Aréchiga-Carvajal ET. Biodegradation kinetic rates of diesel-contaminated sandy soil samples by two different microbial consortia. ANN MICROBIOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-015-1096-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Sivamaruthi BS, Prasanth MI, Balamurugan K. Alterations in Caenorhabditis elegans and Cronobacter sakazakii lipopolysaccharide during interaction. Arch Microbiol 2014; 197:327-37. [PMID: 25416126 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-014-1064-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Revised: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide is one of the pathogen-associated molecular patterns of Gram-negative bacteria which are essential for its pathogenicity. Cronobacter sakazakii is an opportunistic, emergent pathogen, which infects and cause mortality in Caenorhabditis elegans. In this study, modifications in host and C. sakazakii LPS during infections were evaluated. The physiological assays revealed that LPS alone is sufficient to affect the host pharyngeal pumping rate, brood size and cause lethality. FTIR spectra of LPS revealed that C. sakazakii modifies its LPS to escape from the recognition of host immune system. These results indicate that LPS plays a key role in C. sakazakii pathogenicity. qPCR studies revealed that LPS modulated the expression of selected host immune (clec-60, clec-87, lys-7, ilys-3, F08G5.6, atf-7, scl-2, cpr-2) and aging-related genes (skn-1, clk-2, bra-2, age-1, bec-1, daf-16, daf-2). Moreover, it was confirmed that p38 MAPK pathway has a major role in host immune response against LPS-mediated challenges.
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Duncan K, Haltli B, Gill KA, Kerr RG. Bioprospecting from marine sediments of New Brunswick, Canada: exploring the relationship between total bacterial diversity and actinobacteria diversity. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:899-925. [PMID: 24531187 PMCID: PMC3944522 DOI: 10.3390/md12020899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinomycetes are an important resource for the discovery of natural products with therapeutic properties. Bioprospecting for actinomycetes typically proceeds without a priori knowledge of the bacterial diversity present in sampled habitats. In this study, we endeavored to determine if overall bacterial diversity in marine sediments, as determined by 16S rDNA amplicon pyrosequencing, could be correlated with culturable actinomycete diversity, and thus serve as a powerful tool in guiding future bioprospecting efforts. Overall bacterial diversity was investigated in eight marine sediments from four sites in New Brunswick, Canada, resulting in over 44,000 high quality sequences (x = 5610 per sample). Analysis revealed all sites exhibited significant diversity (H' = 5.4 to 6.7). Furthermore, statistical analysis of species level bacterial communities (D = 0.03) indicated community composition varied according to site and was strongly influenced by sediment physiochemical composition. In contrast, cultured actinomycetes (n = 466, 98.3% Streptomyces) were ubiquitously distributed among all sites and distribution was not influenced by sediment composition, suggesting that the biogeography of culturable actinomycetes does not correlate with overall bacterial diversity in the samples examined. These actinomycetes provide a resource for future secondary metabolite discovery, as exemplified by the antimicrobial activity observed from preliminary investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Duncan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada.
| | - Bradley Haltli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada.
| | - Krista A Gill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada.
| | - Russell G Kerr
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada.
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Castagnola A, Stock SP. Common Virulence Factors and Tissue Targets of Entomopathogenic Bacteria for Biological Control of Lepidopteran Pests. INSECTS 2014; 5:139-66. [PMID: 24634779 PMCID: PMC3952272 DOI: 10.3390/insects5010139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on common insecticidal virulence factors from entomopathogenic bacteria with special emphasis on two insect pathogenic bacteria Photorhabdus (Proteobacteria: Enterobacteriaceae) and Bacillus (Firmicutes: Bacillaceae). Insect pathogenic bacteria of diverse taxonomic groups and phylogenetic origin have been shown to have striking similarities in the virulence factors they produce. It has been suggested that the detection of phage elements surrounding toxin genes, horizontal and lateral gene transfer events, and plasmid shuffling occurrences may be some of the reasons that virulence factor genes have so many analogs throughout the bacterial kingdom. Comparison of virulence factors of Photorhabdus, and Bacillus, two bacteria with dissimilar life styles opens the possibility of re-examining newly discovered toxins for novel tissue targets. For example, nematodes residing in the hemolymph may release bacteria with virulence factors targeting neurons or neuromuscular junctions. The first section of this review focuses on toxins and their context in agriculture. The second describes the mode of action of toxins from common entomopathogens and the third draws comparisons between Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. The fourth section reviews the implications of the nervous system in biocontrol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Castagnola
- Center for Insect Science, University of Arizona, 1007 E. Lowell Street, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; E-Mail:
| | - S. Patricia Stock
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, 1140 E. South Campus Dr., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Nazzaro F, Fratianni F, De Martino L, Coppola R, De Feo V. Effect of essential oils on pathogenic bacteria. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2013; 6:1451-74. [PMID: 24287491 PMCID: PMC3873673 DOI: 10.3390/ph6121451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 868] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing resistance of microorganisms to conventional chemicals and drugs is a serious and evident worldwide problem that has prompted research into the identification of new biocides with broad activity. Plants and their derivatives, such as essential oils, are often used in folk medicine. In nature, essential oils play an important role in the protection of plants. Essential oils contain a wide variety of secondary metabolites that are capable of inhibiting or slowing the growth of bacteria, yeasts and moulds. Essential oils and their components have activity against a variety of targets, particularly the membrane and cytoplasm, and in some cases, they completely change the morphology of the cells. This brief review describes the activity of essential oils against pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filomena Nazzaro
- Istituto di Scienze dell’Alimentazione, ISA-CNR, Via Roma 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy; E-Mails: (F.F.); (R.C)
| | - Florinda Fratianni
- Istituto di Scienze dell’Alimentazione, ISA-CNR, Via Roma 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy; E-Mails: (F.F.); (R.C)
| | - Laura De Martino
- Dipartimento di Farmacia,Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy; E-Mails: (L.D.M.); (V.D.F.)
| | - Raffaele Coppola
- Istituto di Scienze dell’Alimentazione, ISA-CNR, Via Roma 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy; E-Mails: (F.F.); (R.C)
| | - Vincenzo De Feo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia,Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy; E-Mails: (L.D.M.); (V.D.F.)
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Iamurri SM, Daugherty AB, Edmondson DE, Lutz S. Truncated FAD synthetase for direct biocatalytic conversion of riboflavin and analogs to their corresponding flavin mononucleotides. Protein Eng Des Sel 2013; 26:791-5. [PMID: 24170887 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzt055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The preparation of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and FMN analogs from their corresponding riboflavin precursors is traditionally performed in a two-step procedure. After initial enzymatic conversion of riboflavin to flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) by a bifunctional FAD synthetase, the adenyl moiety of FAD is hydrolyzed with snake venom phosphodiesterase to yield FMN. To simplify the protocol, we have engineered the FAD synthetase from Corynebacterium ammoniagenes by deleting its N-terminal adenylation domain. The newly created biocatalyst is stable and efficient for direct and quantitative phosphorylation of riboflavin and riboflavin analogs to their corresponding FMN cofactors at preparative-scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Iamurri
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Probiotics, prebiotics and immunomodulation of gut mucosal defences: homeostasis and immunopathology. Nutrients 2013; 5:1869-912. [PMID: 23760057 PMCID: PMC3725482 DOI: 10.3390/nu5061869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics are beneficial microbes that confer a realistic health benefit on the host, which in combination with prebiotics, (indigestible dietary fibre/carbohydrate), also confer a health benefit on the host via products resulting from anaerobic fermentation. There is a growing body of evidence documenting the immune-modulatory ability of probiotic bacteria, it is therefore reasonable to suggest that this is potentiated via a combination of prebiotics and probiotics as a symbiotic mix. The need for probiotic formulations has been appreciated for the health benefits in "topping up your good bacteria" or indeed in an attempt to normalise the dysbiotic microbiota associated with immunopathology. This review will focus on the immunomodulatory role of probiotics and prebiotics on the cells, molecules and immune responses in the gut mucosae, from epithelial barrier to priming of adaptive responses by antigen presenting cells: immune fate decision-tolerance or activation? Modulation of normal homeostatic mechanisms, coupled with findings from probiotic and prebiotic delivery in pathological studies, will highlight the role for these xenobiotics in dysbiosis associated with immunopathology in the context of inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer and hypersensitivity.
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Montgomery K, Charlesworth JC, LeBard R, Visscher PT, Burns BP. Quorum sensing in extreme environments. Life (Basel) 2013; 3:131-48. [PMID: 25371335 PMCID: PMC4187201 DOI: 10.3390/life3010131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial communication, particularly that of quorum sensing, plays an important role in regulating gene expression in a range of organisms. Although this phenomenon has been well studied in relation to, for example, virulence gene regulation, the focus of this article is to review our understanding of the role of microbial communication in extreme environments. Cell signaling regulates many important microbial processes and may play a pivotal role in driving microbial functional diversity and ultimately ecosystem function in extreme environments. Several recent studies have characterized cell signaling in modern analogs to early Earth communities (microbial mats), and characterization of cell signaling systems in these communities may provide unique insights in understanding the microbial interactions involved in function and survival in extreme environments. Cell signaling is a fundamental process that may have co-evolved with communities and environmental conditions on the early Earth. Without cell signaling, evolutionary pressures may have even resulted in the extinction rather than evolution of certain microbial groups. One of the biggest challenges in extremophile biology is understanding how and why some microbial functional groups are located where logically they would not be expected to survive, and tightly regulated communication may be key. Finally, quorum sensing has been recently identified for the first time in archaea, and thus communication at multiple levels (potentially even inter-domain) may be fundamental in extreme environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Montgomery
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - James C Charlesworth
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Rebecca LeBard
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Pieter T Visscher
- Center for Integrative Geosciences, University of Connecticut 354 Mansfield Road, Storrs, CT 06269-2045, USA.
| | - Brendan P Burns
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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Eslami N, Kermanshahi RK, Erfan M. Studying the Stability of S-Layer Protein of Lactobacillus Acidophilus ATCC 4356 in Simulated Gastrointestinal Fluids Using SDS-PAGE and Circular Dichroism. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2013; 12:47-56. [PMID: 24250671 PMCID: PMC3813368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Crystalline arrays of proteinaceous subunits forming surface layers (S-layers) are now recognized as one of the most common outermost cell envelope components of prokaryotic organisms. The surface layer protein of Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC4356 is composed of a single species of protein of apparent molecular weight of 43-46 KDa. Considering the Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC4356 having the S-layer is stable in harsh gastrointestinal (GI) conditions, a protective role against destructive GI factors which has been proposed for these nanostructures. It opens interesting perspectives in the using and development of this S-layer as a protective coat for oral administration of unstable drug nanocarriers. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to study the in-vitro stability of the S-layers in the simulated gastrointestinal fluids (SGIF). This study was planned to evaluate the in-vitro stability of the extracted S-layer protein of Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC4356 in SGIF using it as a protective coat in oral drug delivery. Sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy were used to study the stability of the S-layer protein incubated in SGIF. Both the SDS-PAGE and CD spectra results showed that Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC4356 S-layer protein is stable in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) with pH = 2 up to 5 min. It is stable in SGF pH = 3.2 and above it, with and without pepsin. It is also stable in all the simulated intestinal fluids. This S-layer is also stable in all of the simulated intestinal fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Eslami
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Biology, School of Sciences, Alzahra University of Basic Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Rouha Kasra Kermanshahi
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences, Alzahra University of Basic Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Erfan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Corresponding author: E-mail:
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Strasser K, Bloomfield G, MacWilliams A, Ceccarelli A, MacWilliams H, Tsang A. A retinoblastoma orthologue is a major regulator of S-phase, mitotic, and developmental gene expression in Dictyostelium. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39914. [PMID: 22768168 PMCID: PMC3386910 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The retinoblastoma tumour suppressor, Rb, has two major functions. First, it represses genes whose products are required for S-phase entry and progression thus stabilizing cells in G1. Second, Rb interacts with factors that induce cell-cycle exit and terminal differentiation. Dictyostelium lacks a G1 phase in its cell cycle but it has a retinoblastoma orthologue, rblA. Methodology/Principal Findings Using microarray analysis and mRNA-Seq transcriptional profiling, we show that RblA strongly represses genes whose products are involved in S phase and mitosis. Both S-phase and mitotic genes are upregulated at a single point in late G2 and again in mid-development, near the time when cell cycling is reactivated. RblA also activates a set of genes unique to slime moulds that function in terminal differentiation. Conclusions Like its mammalian counterpart Dictyostelium, RblA plays a dual role, regulating cell-cycle progression and transcriptional events leading to terminal differentiation. In the absence of a G1 phase, however, RblA functions in late G2 controlling the expression of both S-phase and mitotic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimchi Strasser
- Biology Department and Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Gareth Bloomfield
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Adriano Ceccarelli
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Adrian Tsang
- Biology Department and Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada
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Nasr-Esfahani B, Sarikhani E, Moghim S, Faghri J, Fazeli H, Hoseini N, Rezaei-Yazdi H. Molecular Characterization of Environmental Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria Using PCR- RFLP Analysis of 441 Bp Heat Shock Protein 65 Fragments. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2012; 41:108-14. [PMID: 23113172 PMCID: PMC3481608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non- Tuberculous Mycobacteria are environmental opportunistic pathogens that can be found in various terrestrial and aquatic habitats. There are an epidemiological links between species isolated in tap water and those isolated from patients. hsp65 gene has more variability in its sequences, compared to the some more conserved genes in NTM, for identification of mycobacteria to species level. In this study, the prevalence of NTM in Isfahan City water samples was determined using culture, biochemical tests and PCR-RFLP analyses of hsp65 gene. METHODS Eighty-five water samples were collected and cultured. The mycobacterial isolates were identified by conventional biochemical tests. A 441 bp fragment of hsp65 genes was amplified and digested by two restriction enzymes, BstEII and HaeII. Digested products were analyzed using polyacrilamid gel electrophoresis (PAGE). RESULTS 25.9% of the water samples contained different species of NTM. Dominant isolates were M. fortuitum (26.7%), M. chelonae like organism (13.3%) and M. mucogenicum (13.3%). Nineteen isolates of Mycobacteria were differentiated using hsp65 genes PCR-RFLP. Three isolates could not be identified at the species level because their RFLP patterns were different from other known PCR-RFLP profiles. There were different hsp65 gene PCR-RFLP profiles produced by digestion with BstEII and HaeIII. CONCLUSION This study showed that PCR-RFLP of hsp65 gene in mycobacteria is more reliable method for identification of NTM at the specie level than conventional phenotypic methods (P<0.05). In comparing of RFLP patterns of this study to other investigation, some minor differences were negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Nasr-Esfahani
- Dept. of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - E Sarikhani
- Dept. of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - S Moghim
- Dept. of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - J Faghri
- Dept. of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - H Fazeli
- Dept. of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - N Hoseini
- Dept. of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - H Rezaei-Yazdi
- Dept. of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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El Ghazouani A, Baslé A, Firbank SJ, Knapp CW, Gray J, Graham DW, Dennison C. Copper-binding properties and structures of methanobactins from Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:1378-91. [PMID: 21254756 DOI: 10.1021/ic101965j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Methanobactins (mbs) are a class of copper-binding peptides produced by aerobic methane oxidizing bacteria (methanotrophs) that have been linked to the substantial copper needs of these environmentally important microorganisms. The only characterized mbs are those from Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b and Methylocystis strain SB2. M. trichosporium OB3b produces a second mb (mb-Met), which is missing the C-terminal Met residue from the full-length form (FL-mb). The as-isolated copper-loaded mbs bind Cu(I). The absence of the Met has little influence on the structure of the Cu(I) site, and both molecules mediate switchover from the soluble iron methane mono-oxygenase to the particulate copper-containing enzyme in M. trichosporium OB3b cells. Cu(II) is reduced in the presence of the mbs under our experimental conditions, and the disulfide plays no role in this process. The Cu(I) affinities of these molecules are extremely high with values of (6-7) × 10(20) M(-1) determined at pH ≥ 8.0. The affinity for Cu(I) is 1 order of magnitude lower at pH 6.0. The reduction potentials of copper-loaded FL-mb and mb-Met are 640 and 590 mV respectively, highlighting the strong preference for Cu(I) and indicating different Cu(II) affinities for the two forms. Cleavage of the disulfide bridge results in a decrease in the Cu(I) affinity to ∼9 × 10(18) M(-1) at pH 7.5. The two thiolates can also bind Cu(I), albeit with much lower affinity (∼ 3 × 10(15) M(-1) at pH 7.5). The high affinity of mbs for Cu(I) is consistent with a physiological role in copper uptake and protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelnasser El Ghazouani
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
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Sun X, Ge R, Zhang D, Sun H, He QY. Iron-containing lipoprotein SiaA in SiaABC, the primary heme transporter of Streptococcus pyogenes. J Biol Inorg Chem 2010; 15:1265-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-010-0684-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2010] [Accepted: 06/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Burns KC, Zotz G. A hierarchical framework for investigating epiphyte assemblages: networks, meta-communities, and scale. Ecology 2010; 91:377-85. [PMID: 20392003 DOI: 10.1890/08-2004.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Epiphytes are an important component of many forested ecosystems, yet our understanding of epiphyte communities lags far behind that of terrestrial-based plant communities. This discrepancy is exacerbated by the lack of a theoretical context to assess patterns in epiphyte community structure. We attempt to fill this gap by developing an analytical framework to investigate epiphyte assemblages, which we then apply to a data set on epiphyte distributions in a Panamanian rain forest. On a coarse scale, interactions between epiphyte species and host tree species can be viewed as bipartite networks, similar to pollination and seed dispersal networks. On a finer scale, epiphyte communities on individual host trees can be viewed as meta-communities, or suites of local epiphyte communities connected by dispersal. Similar analytical tools are typically employed to investigate species interaction networks and meta-communities, thus providing a unified analytical framework to investigate coarse-scale (network) and fine-scale (meta-community) patterns in epiphyte distributions. Coarse-scale analysis of the Panamanian data set showed that most epiphyte species interacted with fewer host species than expected by chance. Fine-scale analyses showed that epiphyte species richness on individual trees was lower than null model expectations. Therefore, epiphyte distributions were clumped at both scales, perhaps as a result of dispersal limitations. Scale-dependent patterns in epiphyte species composition were observed. Epiphyte-host networks showed evidence of negative co-occurrence patterns, which could arise from adaptations among epiphyte species to avoid competition for host species, while most epiphyte meta-communities were distributed at random. Application of our "meta-network" analytical framework in other locales may help to identify general patterns in the structure of epiphyte assemblages and their variation in space and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Burns
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand.
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Duez JM, Sixt N, Péchinot A. Influenza virus infection: don't forget the role of the mucociliary system! J Antimicrob Chemother 2008; 63:421-2. [PMID: 19022776 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkn468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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