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Rezaei M, Mohammadpour H, Eftekhari M, Pourabdollah M, Nasr Azadani F, Tabarsi P, Marjani M, Ziai SA. The role of angiotensin I converting enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphism in the severity and outcomes of COVID-19 patients. Front Genet 2022; 13:1035796. [DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1035796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The pandemic of coronavirus disease in 2019 has led to a global crisis. COVID-19 shows distinct clinical manifestations of the severity of symptoms. Numerous patients with no associated risk factors demonstrate acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The role of genetic factors in determining the severity and outcome of the disease remains unresolved. The purpose of this study was to see if a correlation exists between Angiotensin I Converting Enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism and the severity of COVID-19 patients’ symptoms. 120 COVID-19 patients admitted to Masih Daneshvari Hospital in Tehran with their consent to participate entered the study. Based on the World Health Organization classification, patients were divided into moderate and severe groups, which were primarily affected by O2 saturation levels. The effects of the patients’ ACE insertion/deletion polymorphism, background disease, Angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) drug consumption, and demographic parameters on the severity risk were calculated statistically. The ACE D allele was associated with an increased risk of disease severity (OR = 6.766, p = 0.012), but had no effect on mortality.
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Tziastoudi M, Cholevas C, Stefanidis I, Theoharides TC. Genetics of COVID-19 and myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: a systematic review. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2022; 9:1838-1857. [PMID: 36204816 PMCID: PMC9639636 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID‐19 and ME/CFS present with some similar symptoms, especially physical and mental fatigue. In order to understand the basis of these similarities and the possibility of underlying common genetic components, we performed a systematic review of all published genetic association and cohort studies regarding COVID‐19 and ME/CFS and extracted the genes along with the genetic variants investigated. We then performed gene ontology and pathway analysis of those genes that gave significant results in the individual studies to yield functional annotations of the studied genes using protein analysis through evolutionary relationships (PANTHER) VERSION 17.0 software. Finally, we identified the common genetic components of these two conditions. Seventy‐one studies for COVID‐19 and 26 studies for ME/CFS were included in the systematic review in which the expression of 97 genes for COVID‐19 and 429 genes for ME/CFS were significantly affected. We found that ACE, HLA‐A, HLA‐C, HLA‐DQA1, HLA‐DRB1, and TYK2 are the common genes that gave significant results. The findings of the pathway analysis highlight the contribution of inflammation mediated by chemokine and cytokine signaling pathways, and the T cell activation and Toll receptor signaling pathways. Protein class analysis revealed the contribution of defense/immunity proteins, as well as protein‐modifying enzymes. Our results suggest that the pathogenesis of both syndromes could involve some immune dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tziastoudi
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Christos Cholevas
- First Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University, AHEPA Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Stefanidis
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Theoharis C Theoharides
- Institute of Neuro-Immune Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Clearwater, FL, USA.,Laboratory of Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery, Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Departments of Internal Medicine and Psychiatry, Tufts University School of Medicine and Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Abbaszadeh H, Mohammadi F, Rajabi-Moghaddam M, Kabiri-Rad H, Ghafari S, Abedi F, Miri-Moghaddam E. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 1 and voltage-gated potassium channel-interacting protein 4 gene polymorphisms in COVID-19 patients from east of Iran. Clin Chim Acta 2022; 536:39-44. [PMID: 36126762 PMCID: PMC9482166 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2022.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the infectious respiratory disease caused by a newly discovered pathogen (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), is a pandemic that places a burden on the health care system. Recently, most research on COVID-19 has emphasized its profound impact on specific regions and ethnic groups. A possible explanation for these variations in disease presentation and severity might be differences in the gene pool of populations. This study therefore attempted to clarify possible involvements of genetic factors affecting COVID-19 pathogenesis with a focus on voltage-gated potassium channel-interacting protein 4 (KCNIP4) and angiotensin-converting enzyme 1 (ACE1) gene polymorphisms. Materials and methods In this case-control study, the polymorphisms were genotyped using PCR in 194 COVID-19 patients and 194 healthy controls. Results COVID-19 susceptibility and severity appeared to be unaffected by these polymorphisms. However, this study supported the relevance of ACE1 II genotype frequency to a decreased number of deaths due to the infection. We found that COVID-19 patients with the ACE1 II genotype have a statistically significant better chance of survival (p = 0.008). Conclusion This study strengthens the idea that the ACE1 I/D polymorphism can be a novel prognostic factor indicating the outcome of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Abbaszadeh
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Birjand University of Medical Sciences (BUMS), Birjand, Iran
| | | | | | | | | | - Farshid Abedi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, BUMS, Birjand, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Miri-Moghaddam
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, BUMS, Birjand, Iran.
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Dobrijevic Z, Robajac D, Gligorijevic N, Šunderic M, Penezic A, Miljuš G, Nedic O. The association of ACE1, ACE2, TMPRSS2, IFITM3 and VDR polymorphisms with COVID-19 severity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. EXCLI JOURNAL 2022; 21:818-839. [PMID: 35949487 PMCID: PMC9360474 DOI: 10.17179/excli2022-4976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Genes involved in the regulation of viral recognition and its entry into a host cell have been identified as candidates for genetic association studies on COVID-19 severity. Published findings on the effects of polymorphisms within ACE1, ACE2, TMPRSS2, IFITM3 and VDR genes remained inconclusive, so we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis in order to elucidate their potential involvement in the genetic basis underlying the severity of COVID-19 and/or an outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Identification of potentially eligible studies was based on PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science database search. Relevant studies (n=29) with a total number of 8247 SARS-CoV-2-positive participants were included in qualitative synthesis, while results of 21 studies involving 5939 were pooled in meta-analysis. Minor allele I of rs1799752 located within ACE1 was identified as a protective variant against severe COVID-19, while its effect on mortality rate was opposite. Similarly, minor allele A of ACE2 polymorphism, rs2285666, was found to associate with a decreased risk of severe COVID-19 (P = 0.003, OR = 0.512, 95 % CI = 0.331-0.793). Statistical significance was also seen for the association between COVID-19 severity and rs12329760 located within TMPRSS2. Our results did not support the supposed association of rs12252 in IFITM3 and polymorphisms within VDR with disease severity. We conclude that genetic variants within ACE1, ACE2 and TMPRSS2 may be potential biomarkers of COVID-19 severity, which needs to be further confirmed in a larger set of studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zorana Dobrijevic
- University of Belgrade - Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy (INEP), Belgrade, Serbia,*To whom correspondence should be addressed: Zorana Dobrijevic, Department for Metabolism, Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy (INEP), University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Tel: +381 11 2618 666, E-mail:
| | - Dragana Robajac
- University of Belgrade - Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy (INEP), Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nikola Gligorijevic
- University of Belgrade - Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy (INEP), Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miloš Šunderic
- University of Belgrade - Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy (INEP), Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Penezic
- University of Belgrade - Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy (INEP), Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Goran Miljuš
- University of Belgrade - Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy (INEP), Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Olgica Nedic
- University of Belgrade - Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy (INEP), Belgrade, Serbia
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Dos Santos ACM, Dos Santos BRC, Dos Santos BB, de Moura EL, Ferreira JM, Dos Santos LKC, Oliveira SP, Dias RBF, Pereira E Silva AC, de Farias KF, de Souza Figueiredo EVM. Genetic polymorphisms as multi-biomarkers in severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) by coronavirus infection: A systematic review of candidate gene association studies. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2021; 93:104846. [PMID: 33933633 PMCID: PMC8084602 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The Severe acute respiratory syndrome may be caused by coronavirus disease which has resulted in a global pandemic. Polymorphisms in the population play a role in susceptibility to severity. We aimed to perform a systematic review related to the effect of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the development of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Twenty-eight eligible articles published were identified in PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, PMC Central and Portal BVS and additional records, with 20 studies performed in China. Information on study characteristics, genetic polymorphisms, and comorbidities was extracted. Study quality was assessed by the STrengthening the REporting of Genetic Association (STREGA) guideline. Few studies investigated the presence of polymorphisms in HLA, ACE1, OAS-1, MxA, PKR, MBL, E-CR1, FcγRIIA, MBL2, L-SIGN (CLEC4M), IFNG, CD14, ICAM3, RANTES, IL-12 RB1, TNFA, CXCL10/IP-10, CD209 (DC-SIGN), AHSG, CYP4F3 and CCL2 with the susceptibility or protection to SARS-Cov. This review provides comprehensive evidence of the association between genetic polymorphisms and susceptibility or protection to severity SARS-CoV. The literature about coronavirus infection, susceptibility to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and genetic variations is scarce. Further studies are necessary to provide more concrete evidence, mainly related to Covid-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Caroline Melo Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Expressão Gênica, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde (ICBS), Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Rayssa Correia Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Expressão Gênica, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde (ICBS), Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Bruna Brandão Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Expressão Gênica, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde (ICBS), Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Edilson Leite de Moura
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Expressão Gênica, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde (ICBS), Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Jean Moisés Ferreira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Expressão Gênica, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Luana Karen Correia Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Expressão Gênica, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde (ICBS), Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Susana Paiva Oliveira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Expressão Gênica, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde (ICBS), Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Renise Bastos Farias Dias
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Expressão Gênica, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde (ICBS), Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Aline Cristine Pereira E Silva
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Expressão Gênica, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Karol Fireman de Farias
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Expressão Gênica, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Elaine Virgínia Martins de Souza Figueiredo
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Expressão Gênica, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde (ICBS), Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil..
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Hashemi SMA, Thijssen M, Hosseini SY, Tabarraei A, Pourkarim MR, Sarvari J. Human gene polymorphisms and their possible impact on the clinical outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Arch Virol 2021; 166:2089-2108. [PMID: 33934196 PMCID: PMC8088757 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05070-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has become one of the most serious health concerns globally. Although multiple vaccines have recently been approved for the prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an effective treatment is still lacking. Our knowledge of the pathogenicity of this virus is still incomplete. Studies have revealed that viral factors such as the viral load, duration of exposure to the virus, and viral mutations are important variables in COVID-19 outcome. Furthermore, host factors, including age, health condition, co-morbidities, and genetic background, might also be involved in clinical manifestations and infection outcome. This review focuses on the importance of variations in the host genetic background and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. We will discuss the significance of polymorphisms in the ACE-2, TMPRSS2, vitamin D receptor, vitamin D binding protein, CD147, glucose-regulated protein 78 kDa, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4), neuropilin-1, heme oxygenase, apolipoprotein L1, vitamin K epoxide reductase complex 1 (VKORC1), and immune system genes for the clinical outcome of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mohammad Ali Hashemi
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Marijn Thijssen
- Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Seyed Younes Hosseini
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Alijan Tabarraei
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Reza Pourkarim
- Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Health Policy Research Centre, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Jamal Sarvari
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Darbeheshti F, Abolhassani H, Bashashati M, Ghavami S, Shahkarami S, Zoghi S, Gupta S, Orange JS, Ochs HD, Rezaei N. Coronavirus: Pure Infectious Disease or Genetic Predisposition. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1318:91-107. [PMID: 33973174 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-63761-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), is the seventh pathogenic coronavirus recently discovered in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. To date, our knowledge about its effect on the human host remains limited. It is well known that host genetic factors account for the individual differences in the susceptibility to infectious diseases. The genetic susceptibility factors to COVID-19 and its severity are associated with several unanswered questions. However, the experience gained from an earlier strain of coronavirus, SARS-CoV-1, which shows 78% genetic similarity to SARS-CoV-2 and uses the same receptor to bind to host cells, could provide some clues. It, therefore, seems possible to assemble new evidence in order to solve a potential genetic predisposition puzzle for COVID-19. In this chapter, the puzzle pieces, including virus entry receptors, immune response, and inflammation-related genes, as well as the probable genetic predisposition models to COVID-19, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Darbeheshti
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Medical Genetics Network (MeGeNe), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Abolhassani
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases Network (PIDNet), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mohammad Bashashati
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Katowice School of Technology, Katowice, Poland
| | - Sepideh Shahkarami
- Medical Genetics Network (MeGeNe), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Gene center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Samaneh Zoghi
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sudhir Gupta
- Department of Medicine, Division of Basic and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jordan S Orange
- Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Baylor College of Medicine and the Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hans D Ochs
- School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
- Children's Medical Center Hospital, Tehran, Iran.
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Monticelli M, Mele BH, Andreotti G, Cubellis MV, Riccio G. Why does SARS-CoV-2 hit in different ways? Host genetic factors can influence the acquisition or the course of COVID-19. Eur J Med Genet 2021; 64:104227. [PMID: 33872774 PMCID: PMC8051015 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2021.104227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The identification of high-risk factors for the infection by SARS-CoV-2 and the negative outcome of COVID-19 is crucial. The genetic background of the host might account for individual responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection besides age and comorbidities. A list of candidate polymorphisms is needed to drive targeted screens, given the existence of frequent polymorphisms in the general population. We carried out text mining in the scientific literature to draw up a list of genes referable to the term "SARS-CoV*". We looked for frequent mutations that are likely to affect protein function in these genes. Ten genes, mostly involved in innate immunity, and thirteen common variants were identified, for some of these the involvement in COVID-19 is supported by publicly available epidemiological data. We looked for available data on the population distribution of these variants and we demonstrated that the prevalence of five of them, Arg52Cys (rs5030737), Gly54Asp (rs1800450) and Gly57Glu (rs1800451) in MBL2, Ala59Thr (rs25680) in CD27, and Val197Met (rs12329760) in TMPRSS2, correlates with the number of cases and/or deaths of COVID-19 observed in different countries. The association of the TMPRSS2 variant provides epidemiological evidence of the usefulness of transmembrane protease serine 2 inhibitors for the cure of COVID-19. The identified genetic variants represent a basis for the design of a cost-effective assay for population screening of genetic risk factors in the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Monticelli
- Department of Biology, Università Federico II, 80126, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Bruno Hay Mele
- Integrative Marine Ecology Department, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121, Napoli, Italy.
| | | | - Maria Vittoria Cubellis
- Department of Biology, Università Federico II, 80126, Napoli, Italy; Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare -CNR, 80078, Pozzuoli, Italy.
| | - Guglielmo Riccio
- Scuola di Specializzazione in Pediatria, Università degli Studi di Trieste, 34127, Trieste, Italy.
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Pabalan N, Tharabenjasin P, Suntornsaratoon P, Jarjanazi H, Muanprasat C. Ethnic and age-specific acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome risk associated with angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphisms, implications for COVID-19: A meta-analysis. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 88:104682. [PMID: 33338639 PMCID: PMC7738939 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background The reported association between an insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism in the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene and the risk for acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) remains controversial despite the publication of four meta-analyses on this topic. Here, we updated the meta-analysis with more studies and additional assessments that include adults and children within the context of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Methods Sixteen articles (22 studies) were included. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using three genetic models (allele, recessive and dominant), in which ARDS patients were compared with non-ARDS patients (A1) and healthy controls (A2). Mortality outcomes were also assessed (A3). The influence of covariates was examined by meta-regression. Bonferroni correction was performed for multiple pooled associations. Subgroup analyses based on ethnicity (Asians, Caucasians) and life stage (adults, children) were conducted. Heterogeneity was addressed with outlier treatment. Results This meta-analysis generated 68 comparisons, 21 of which were significant. Of the 21, four A1 and three A3 highly significant (Pa = 0.00001–0.0008) outcomes withstood Bonferroni correction. For A1, allele and recessive associations were found in overall (OR 0.49, 95% CI 0.39–0.61), Caucasians (OR 0.46, 95% CI 0.35–0.61) and children (ORs 0.49–0.66, 95% CI 0.33–0.84) analyses. For A3, associations were found in overall (dominant: OR 0.45, 95% CI 0.29–0.68) and Asian subgroup (allele/ dominant: ORs 0.31–0.39, 95% CIs 0.18–0.63) analyses. These outcomes were either robust, or statistically powered or both and uninfluenced by covariates. Conclusions Significant associations of the ACE I/D polymorphism with the risk of ALI/ARDS were indicated in Caucasians and children as well as in Asians in mortality analysis. These findings were underpinned by high significance, high statistical power and robustness. ACE genotypes may be useful for ALI/ARDS therapy for patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel Pabalan
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand.
| | - Phuntila Tharabenjasin
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Panan Suntornsaratoon
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Hamdi Jarjanazi
- Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, 125 Resources Road, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chatchai Muanprasat
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bang Pla, Bang Phli, Samut Prakan 10540, Thailand
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10
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Zhu Z, Cai T, Fan L, Lou K, Hua X, Huang Z, Gao G. The potential role of serum angiotensin-converting enzyme in coronavirus disease 2019. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:883. [PMID: 33238910 PMCID: PMC7686943 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05619-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To explore the clinical significance of serum angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). METHODS In this retrospective study, a total of 136 consecutive patients with confirmed COVID-19 were recruited. Demographic and clinical data were recorded. The serum ACE activity was measured at baseline and during the recovery phase, and its relationship with clinical condition was analyzed. RESULTS Of the 136 patients with confirmed COVID-19, the 16 severe patients were older and had a higher body mass index (BMI) and proportion of hypertension than the 120 nonsevere patients. In comparison to those of normal controls, the baseline serum ACE activities of subjects in the severe group and nonsevere group were decreased, with the lowest level in the severe group. However, the serum ACE activity increased in the recovery phase, and there were no significant differences among the severe group, nonsevere group and normal control group. CONCLUSION Serum ACE activity could be used as a marker to reflect the clinical condition of COVID-19 since low activity was associated with the severity of COVID-19 at baseline, and the activity increased with the remission of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, HwaMei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, P.R. China
- Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, P.R. China
| | - Ting Cai
- Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo, P.R. China
| | - Lingyan Fan
- Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, P.R. China
- Department of Acute Infectious Diseases, HwaMei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, P.R. China
| | - Kehong Lou
- Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, P.R. China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, HwaMei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 41 Xibei street, Ningbo, P.R. China
| | - Xin Hua
- Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, P.R. China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, HwaMei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 41 Xibei street, Ningbo, P.R. China
| | - Zuoan Huang
- Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, P.R. China
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, HwaMei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, P.R. China
| | - Guosheng Gao
- Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, P.R. China.
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, HwaMei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 41 Xibei street, Ningbo, P.R. China.
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11
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Zheng H, Cao JJ. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Gene Polymorphism and Severe Lung Injury in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 190:2013-2017. [PMID: 32735889 PMCID: PMC7387924 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 has markedly varied clinical presentations, with most patients being asymptomatic or having mild symptoms. However, severe acute respiratory disease, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is common and associated with mortality in patients who require hospitalization. The etiology of susceptibility to severe lung injury remains unclear. Angiotensin II, converted by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) from angiotensin I and metabolized by ACE 2 (ACE2), plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of lung injury. ACE2 is identified as an essential receptor for SARS-CoV-2 to enter the cell. The binding of ACE2 and SARS-CoV-2 leads to the exhaustion and down-regulation of ACE2. The interaction and imbalance between ACE and ACE2 result in an unopposed angiotensin II. Considering that the ACE insertion (I)/deletion (D) gene polymorphism contributes to the ACE level variability in general population, in which mean ACE level in DD carriers is approximately twice that in II carriers, we propose a hypothesis of genetic predisposition to severe lung injury in patients with coronavirus disease 2019. It is plausible that the ACE inhibitors and ACE receptor blockers may have the potential to prevent and to treat the acute lung injury after SARS-CoV-2 infection, especially for those with the ACE genotype associated with high ACE level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyi Zheng
- St. Francis Hospital, The Heart Center, Roslyn, New York.
| | - J Jane Cao
- St. Francis Hospital, The Heart Center, Roslyn, New York
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12
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Di Maria E, Latini A, Borgiani P, Novelli G. Genetic variants of the human host influencing the coronavirus-associated phenotypes (SARS, MERS and COVID-19): rapid systematic review and field synopsis. Hum Genomics 2020; 14:30. [PMID: 32917282 PMCID: PMC7484929 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-020-00280-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has strengthened the interest in the biological mechanisms underlying the complex interplay between infectious agents and the human host. The spectrum of phenotypes associated with the SARS-CoV-2 infection, ranging from the absence of symptoms to severe systemic complications, raised the question as to what extent the variable response to coronaviruses (CoVs) is influenced by the variability of the hosts' genetic background.To explore the current knowledge about this question, we designed a systematic review encompassing the scientific literature published from Jan. 2003 to June 2020, to include studies on the contemporary outbreaks caused by SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 (namely SARS, MERS and COVID-19 diseases). Studies were eligible if human genetic variants were tested as predictors of clinical phenotypes.An ad hoc protocol for the rapid review process was designed according to the PRISMA paradigm and registered at the PROSPERO database (ID: CRD42020180860). The systematic workflow provided 32 articles eligible for data abstraction (28 on SARS, 1 on MERS, 3 on COVID-19) reporting data on 26 discovery cohorts. Most studies considered the definite clinical diagnosis as the primary outcome, variably coupled with other outcomes (severity was the most frequently analysed). Ten studies analysed HLA haplotypes (1 in patients with COVID-19) and did not provide consistent signals of association with disease-associated phenotypes. Out of 22 eligible articles that investigated candidate genes (2 as associated with COVID-19), the top-ranked genes in the number of studies were ACE2, CLEC4M (L-SIGN), MBL, MxA (n = 3), ACE, CD209, FCER2, OAS-1, TLR4, TNF-α (n = 2). Only variants in MBL and MxA were found as possibly implicated in CoV-associated phenotypes in at least two studies. The number of studies for each predictor was insufficient to conduct meta-analyses.Studies collecting large cohorts from different ancestries are needed to further elucidate the role of host genetic variants in determining the response to CoVs infection. Rigorous design and robust statistical methods are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Di Maria
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genova, Genova, Italy.
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Galliera Hospital, Genova, Italy.
| | - Andrea Latini
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Genetics Unit, University of Roma "Tor Vergata", Roma, Italy
| | - Paola Borgiani
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Genetics Unit, University of Roma "Tor Vergata", Roma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Novelli
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Genetics Unit, University of Roma "Tor Vergata", Roma, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
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13
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LoPresti M, Beck DB, Duggal P, Cummings DAT, Solomon BD. The Role of Host Genetic Factors in Coronavirus Susceptibility: Review of Animal and Systematic Review of Human Literature. Am J Hum Genet 2020; 107:381-402. [PMID: 32814065 PMCID: PMC7420067 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic raises many scientific and clinical questions. These include how host genetic factors affect disease susceptibility and pathogenesis. New work is emerging related to SARS-CoV-2; previous work has been conducted on other coronaviruses that affect different species. We reviewed the literature on host genetic factors related to coronaviruses, systematically focusing on human studies. We identified 1,832 articles of potential relevance. Seventy-five involved human host genetic factors, 36 of which involved analysis of specific genes or loci; aside from one meta-analysis, all were candidate-driven studies, typically investigating small numbers of research subjects and loci. Three additional case reports were described. Multiple significant loci were identified, including 16 related to susceptibility (seven of which identified protective alleles) and 16 related to outcomes (three of which identified protective alleles). The types of cases and controls used varied considerably; four studies used traditional replication/validation cohorts. Among other studies, 30 involved both human and non-human host genetic factors related to coronavirus, 178 involved study of non-human (animal) host genetic factors related to coronavirus, and 984 involved study of non-genetic host factors related to coronavirus, including involving immunopathogenesis. Previous human studies have been limited by issues that may be less impactful now, including low numbers of eligible participants and limited availability of advanced genomic methods; however, these may raise additional considerations. We outline key genes and loci from animal and human host genetic studies that may bear investigation in the study of COVID-19. We also discuss how previous studies may direct current lines of inquiry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa LoPresti
- University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - David B Beck
- Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Priya Duggal
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Derek A T Cummings
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Benjamin D Solomon
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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14
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Genetic Hypothesis and Pharmacogenetics Side of Renin-Angiotensin-System in COVID-19. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11091044. [PMID: 32899439 PMCID: PMC7563402 DOI: 10.3390/genes11091044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of host genetics and demography in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a crucial aspect of infection, prognosis and associated case fatality rate. Individual genetic landscapes can contribute to understand Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) burden and can give information on how to fight virus spreading and the associated severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The spread and pathogenicity of the virus have become pandemic on specific geographic areas and ethnicities. Interestingly, SARS-CoV-2 firstly emerged in East Asia and next in Europe, where it has caused higher morbidity and mortality. This is a peculiar feature of SARS-CoV-2, different from past global viral infections (i.e., SARS-1 or MERS); it shares with the previous pandemics strong age- and sex-dependent gaps in the disease outcome. The observation that the severest COVID-19 patients are more likely to have a history of hypertension, diabetes and/or cardiovascular disease and receive Renin-Angiotensin-System (RAS) inhibitor treatment raised the hypothesis that RAS-unbalancing may have a crucial role. Accordingly, we recently published a genetic hypothesis on the role of RAS-pathway genes (ACE1, rs4646994, rs1799752, rs4340, rs13447447; and ACE2, rs2285666, rs1978124, rs714205) and ABO-locus (rs495828, rs8176746) in COVID-19 prognosis, suspecting inherited genetic predispositions to be predictive of COVID-19 severity. In addition, recently, Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) found COVID-19-association signals at locus 3p21.31 (rs11385942) comprising the solute carrier SLC6A20 (Na+ and Cl- coupled transporter family) and at locus 9q34.2 (rs657152) coincident with ABO-blood group (rs8176747, rs41302905, rs8176719), and interestingly, both loci are associated to RAS-pathway. Finally, ACE1 and ACE2 haplotypes seem to provide plausible explanations for why SARS-CoV-2 have affected more heavily some ethnic groups, namely people with European ancestry, than Asians.
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15
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Zheng H, Cao JJ. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Gene Polymorphism and Severe Lung Injury in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 32735889 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.07.009.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 has markedly varied clinical presentations, with most patients being asymptomatic or having mild symptoms. However, severe acute respiratory disease, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is common and associated with mortality in patients who require hospitalization. The etiology of susceptibility to severe lung injury remains unclear. Angiotensin II, converted by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) from angiotensin I and metabolized by ACE 2 (ACE2), plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of lung injury. ACE2 is identified as an essential receptor for SARS-CoV-2 to enter the cell. The binding of ACE2 and SARS-CoV-2 leads to the exhaustion and down-regulation of ACE2. The interaction and imbalance between ACE and ACE2 result in an unopposed angiotensin II. Considering that the ACE insertion (I)/deletion (D) gene polymorphism contributes to the ACE level variability in general population, in which mean ACE level in DD carriers is approximately twice that in II carriers, we propose a hypothesis of genetic predisposition to severe lung injury in patients with coronavirus disease 2019. It is plausible that the ACE inhibitors and ACE receptor blockers may have the potential to prevent and to treat the acute lung injury after SARS-CoV-2 infection, especially for those with the ACE genotype associated with high ACE level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyi Zheng
- St. Francis Hospital, The Heart Center, Roslyn, New York.
| | - J Jane Cao
- St. Francis Hospital, The Heart Center, Roslyn, New York
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16
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Stancioiu F, Papadakis GZ, Kteniadakis S, Izotov BN, Coleman MD, Spandidos DA, Tsatsakis A. A dissection of SARS‑CoV2 with clinical implications (Review). Int J Mol Med 2020; 46:489-508. [PMID: 32626922 PMCID: PMC7307812 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We are being confronted with the most consequential pandemic since the Spanish flu of 1918‑1920 to the extent that never before have 4 billion people quarantined simultaneously; to address this global challenge we bring to the forefront the options for medical treatment and summarize SARS‑CoV2 structure and functions, immune responses and known treatments. Based on literature and our own experience we propose new interventions, including the use of amiodarone, simvastatin, pioglitazone and curcumin. In mild infections (sore throat, cough) we advocate prompt local treatment for the naso‑pharynx (inhalations; aerosols; nebulizers); for moderate to severe infections we propose a tried‑and‑true treatment: the combination of arginine and ascorbate, administered orally or intravenously. The material is organized in three sections: i) Clinical aspects of COVID‑19; acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); known treatments; ii) Structure and functions of SARS‑CoV2 and proposed antiviral drugs; iii) The combination of arginine‑ascorbate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Boris Nikovaevich Izotov
- Department of Analytical and Forensic Medical Toxicology, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Michael D. Coleman
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, B4 7ET Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Department of Analytical and Forensic Medical Toxicology, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
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17
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SARS-CoV-2 infections and COVID-19 mortalities strongly correlate with ACE1 I/D genotype. Gene 2020; 758:144944. [PMID: 32628976 PMCID: PMC7833925 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 infection is characterized by its prominent effect on specific ethnic group. SARS-CoV-2 cases/mortality were negatively associated with ACE1 II genotype. The ACE1 II genotype could be a predictive marker of SARS-CoV-2 risk and severity.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The relentless spread and pathogenicity of the virus have become a global public health emergency. One of the striking features of this pandemic is the pronounced impact on specific regions and ethnic groups. In particular, compared with East Asia, where the virus first emerged, SARS-CoV-2 has caused high rates of morbidity and mortality in Europe. This has not been experienced in past global viral infections, such as influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and is unique to SARS-CoV-2. For this reason, we investigated the involvement of genetic factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection with a focus on angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-related genes, because ACE2 is a receptor for SARS-CoV-2. We found that the ACE1 II genotype frequency in a population was significantly negatively correlated with the number of SARS-CoV-2 cases. Similarly, the ACE1 II genotype was negatively correlated with the number of deaths due to SARS-CoV-2 infection. These data suggest that the ACE1 II genotype may influence the prevalence and clinical outcome of COVID-19 and serve as a predictive marker for COVID-19 risk and severity.
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18
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Snyder EM, Johnson BD. ACE2 and COVID-19: using antihypertensive medications and pharmacogenetic considerations. Pharmacogenomics 2020; 21:695-703. [PMID: 32501190 PMCID: PMC7373206 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2020-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 utilizes the ACE2 pathway as a means of infection. Early data on COVID-19 suggest heterogeneity in the severity of symptoms during transmission and infection ranging from no symptoms to death. The source of this heterogeneity is likely multifaceted and may have a genetic component. Demographic and clinical comorbidities associated with the severity of infection suggest that possible variants known to influence the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone (RAAS) system pathway (particularly those that influence ACE2) may contribute to the heterogenous infection response. ACE2 and Ang(1–7) (the product of ACE2) seem to have a protective effect on the pulmonary and cardiac systems. Hypertension medication modulation, may alter ACE2 and Ang(1–7), particularly in variants that have been shown to influence RAAS system function, which could be clinically useful in patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Snyder
- Geneticure, Inc., Four 3rd St. SW, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | - Bruce D Johnson
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
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19
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LoPresti M, Beck DB, Duggal P, Cummings DAT, Solomon BD. The Role of Host Genetic Factors in Coronavirus Susceptibility: Review of Animal and Systematic Review of Human Literature. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2020:2020.05.30.20117788. [PMID: 32511629 PMCID: PMC7276057 DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.30.20117788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic raises many scientific and clinical questions. One set of questions involves host genetic factors that may affect disease susceptibility and pathogenesis. New work is emerging related to SARS-CoV-2; previous work has been conducted on other coronaviruses that affect different species. OBJECTIVES We aimed to review the literature on host genetic factors related to coronaviruses, with a systematic focus on human studies. METHODS We conducted a PubMed-based search and analysis for articles relevant to host genetic factors in coronavirus. We categorized articles, summarized themes related to animal studies, and extracted data from human studies for analyses. RESULTS We identified 1,187 articles of potential relevance. Forty-five studies were related to human host genetic factors related to coronavirus, of which 35 involved analysis of specific genes or loci; aside from one meta-analysis on respiratory infections, all were candidate-driven studies, typically investigating small number of research subjects and loci. Multiple significant loci were identified, including 16 related to susceptibility to coronavirus (of which 7 identified protective alleles), and 16 related to outcomes or clinical variables (of which 3 identified protective alleles). The types of cases and controls used varied considerably; four studies used traditional replication/validation cohorts. Of the other studies, 28 involved both human and non-human host genetic factors related to coronavirus, 174 involved study of non-human (animal) host genetic factors related to coronavirus, 584 involved study of non-genetic host factors related to coronavirus, including involving immunopathogenesis, 16 involved study of other pathogens (not coronavirus), 321 involved other studies of coronavirus, and 18 studies were assigned to the other categories and removed. KEY FINDINGS We have outlined key genes and loci from animal and human host genetic studies that may bear investigation in the nascent host genetic factor studies of COVID-19. Previous human studies to date have been limited by issues that may be less impactful on current endeavors, including relatively low numbers of eligible participants and limited availability of advanced genomic methods.
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20
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Gemmati D, Bramanti B, Serino ML, Secchiero P, Zauli G, Tisato V. COVID-19 and Individual Genetic Susceptibility/Receptivity: Role of ACE1/ACE2 Genes, Immunity, Inflammation and Coagulation. Might the Double X-chromosome in Females Be Protective against SARS-CoV-2 Compared to the Single X-Chromosome in Males? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3474. [PMID: 32423094 PMCID: PMC7278991 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In December 2019, a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) from a new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) was recognized in the city of Wuhan, China. Rapidly, it became an epidemic in China and has now spread throughout the world reaching pandemic proportions. High mortality rates characterize SARS-CoV-2 disease (COVID-19), which mainly affects the elderly, causing unrestrained cytokines-storm and subsequent pulmonary shutdown, also suspected micro thromboembolism events. At the present time, no specific and dedicated treatments, nor approved vaccines, are available, though very promising data come from the use of anti-inflammatory, anti-malaria, and anti-coagulant drugs. In addition, it seems that males are more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 than females, with males 65% more likely to die from the infection than females. Data from the World Health Organization (WHO) and Chinese scientists show that of all cases about 1.7% of women who contract the virus will die compared with 2.8% of men, and data from Hong Kong hospitals state that 32% of male and 15% of female COVID-19 patients required intensive care or died. On the other hand, the long-term fallout of coronavirus may be worse for women than for men due to social and psychosocial reasons. Regardless of sex- or gender-biased data obtained from WHO and those gathered from sometimes controversial scientific journals, some central points should be considered. Firstly, SARS-CoV-2 has a strong interaction with the human ACE2 receptor, which plays an essential role in cell entry together with transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2); it is interesting to note that the ACE2 gene lays on the X-chromosome, thus allowing females to be potentially heterozygous and differently assorted compared to men who are definitely hemizygous. Secondly, the higher ACE2 expression rate in females, though controversial, might ascribe them the worst prognosis, in contrast with worldwide epidemiological data. Finally, several genes involved in inflammation are located on the X-chromosome, which also contains high number of immune-related genes responsible for innate and adaptive immune responses to infection. Other genes, out from the RAS-pathway, might directly or indirectly impact on the ACE1/ACE2 balance by influencing its main actors (e.g., ABO locus, SRY, SOX3, ADAM17). Unexpectedly, the higher levels of ACE2 or ACE1/ACE2 rebalancing might improve the outcome of COVID-19 in both sexes by reducing inflammation, thrombosis, and death. Moreover, X-heterozygous females might also activate a mosaic advantage and show more pronounced sex-related differences resulting in a sex dimorphism, further favoring them in counteracting the progression of the SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato Gemmati
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and Centre Haemostasis & Thrombosis, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- University Centre for Studies on Gender Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Barbara Bramanti
- University Centre for Studies on Gender Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
- Department of Biomedical & Specialty Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Serino
- Department of Medical Sciences and Centre Haemostasis & Thrombosis, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Paola Secchiero
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (P.S.); (G.Z.); (V.T.)
| | - Giorgio Zauli
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (P.S.); (G.Z.); (V.T.)
| | - Veronica Tisato
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (P.S.); (G.Z.); (V.T.)
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21
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Deng X, Zhang S, Jin K, Li L, Gu W, Liu M, Zhou L. Angiotensin-converting enzyme I/D polymorphism and acute respiratory distress syndrome. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2015; 16:780-6. [PMID: 25869723 DOI: 10.1177/1470320315576255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xingqi Deng
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Central Hospital of Minhang District, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaokun Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Second People’s Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Kun Jin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Central Hospital of Minhang District, Shanghai, China
| | - Lanyan Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Central Hospital of Minhang District, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Gu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Central Hospital of Minhang District, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei Liu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Central Hospital of Minhang District, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Zhou
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Central Hospital of Minhang District, Shanghai, China
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22
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Zhang YF, Cheng Q, Tang NLS, Chu TTW, Tomlinson B, Liu F, Kwok TCY. Gender difference of serum angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity in DD genotype of ACE insertion/deletion polymorphism in elderly Chinese. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2013; 15:547-52. [PMID: 23390188 DOI: 10.1177/1470320313475906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In this study we investigated the gender difference of serum angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity in a population of Hong Kong-dwelling elderly Chinese. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 1767 (843 male, 924 female) Hong Kong-dwelling elderly Chinese were recruited. ACE I/D genotypes were identified by polymerase chain reaction amplification and serum ACE activity was determined using a commercially available kinetic kit. ACE I/D genotype distribution was compared by chi-square test, the correlation between ACE I/D polymorphism and serum ACE activity was analysed by ANOVA test and gender difference of serum ACE activity of different genotypes was compared by independent sample t-test. RESULTS No statistically significant difference of genotype distribution between male and female subjects was found. Serum ACE activity was significantly correlated with ACE genotype. Overall, there was no gender difference of serum ACE activity; however, when sub-grouping the subjects by ACE I/D genotype, male subjects with DD genotype had higher serum ACE activity than female subjects with DD genotype. CONCLUSIONS No significant gender difference of genotype distribution was found in elderly Chinese. Serum ACE activity was significantly correlated with ACE I/D polymorphism in elderly Chinese. Male subjects with DD genotype had higher serum ACE activity than female subjects with DD genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Feng Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Hospital to Nantong University, PR China Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Qiong Cheng
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration, Nantong University, PR China
| | - Nelson L S Tang
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Tanya T W Chu
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Brian Tomlinson
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Fan Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Hospital to Nantong University, PR China
| | - Timothy C Y Kwok
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
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Matsuda A, Kishi T, Jacob A, Aziz M, Wang P. Association between insertion/deletion polymorphism in angiotensin-converting enzyme gene and acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome: a meta-analysis. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2012; 13:76. [PMID: 22938636 PMCID: PMC3459791 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-13-76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A previous meta-analysis reported a positive association between an insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism in the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene (ACE) and the risk of acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Here, we updated this meta-analysis and additionally assessed the association of this polymorphism with ALI/ARDS mortality. METHODS We searched electronic databases through October 2011 for the terms "angiotensin-converting enzyme gene", "acute lung injury", and "acute respiratory distress syndrome," and reviewed all studies that reported the relationship of the I/D polymorphism in ACE with ALI/ARDS in humans. Seven studies met the inclusion criteria, comprising 532 ALI/ARDS patients, 3032 healthy controls, and 1432 patients without ALI/ARDS. We used three genetic models: the allele, dominant, and recessive models. RESULTS The ACE I/D polymorphism was not associated with susceptibility to ALI/ARDS for any genetic model. However, the ACE I/D polymorphism was associated with the mortality risk of ALI/ARDS in Asian subjects ( P(allele) < 0.0001, P(dominant) = 0.001, P(recessive) = 0.002). This finding remained significant after correction for multiple comparisons. CONCLUSIONS There is a possible association between the ACE I/D polymorphism genotype and the mortality risk of ALI/ARDS in Asians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihisa Matsuda
- Department of Surgery, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
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24
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Hu Z, Jin X, Kang Y, Liu C, Zhou Y, Wu X, Liu J, Zhong M, Luo C, Deng L, Deng Y, Xie X, Zhang Z, Zhou Y, Liao X. Angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphism associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome among caucasians. J Int Med Res 2010; 38:415-22. [PMID: 20515555 DOI: 10.1177/147323001003800204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies investigating the association between angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion polymorphisms and the risk of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) report conflicting results. The objective of the present study was to summarize quantitatively the evidence for such a relationship. Two investigators independently searched the MEDLINE (January 1966 - October 2009) and EMBASE (January 1980 - October 2009) databases. This meta-analysis included six case-control studies, which included 514 ARDS cases and 2619 controls. The combined results based on all studies showed that patients with ARDS had a significantly higher frequency of the ACE deletion/deletion (DD) genotype (odds ratio [OR] 1.56; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.22, 2.00) than controls. When stratifying for race, no significant differences in genotype distribution were found except that Caucasian patients with ARDS had a significantly higher frequency of the DD genotype (OR 1.65; 95% CI 1.27, 2.13) than controls. This meta-analysis suggests that ACE insertion/deletion polymorphisms may be associated with ARDS among Caucasians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Hu
- Intensive Care Unit, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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25
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Abdul-Rasool S, Fielding BC. Understanding Human Coronavirus HCoV-NL63. Open Virol J 2010; 4:76-84. [PMID: 20700397 PMCID: PMC2918871 DOI: 10.2174/1874357901004010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Revised: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Even though coronavirus infection of humans is not normally associated with severe diseases, the identification of the coronavirus responsible for the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome showed that highly pathogenic coronaviruses can enter the human population. Shortly thereafter, in Holland in 2004, another novel human coronavirus (HCoV-NL63) was isolated from a seven-month old infant suffering from respiratory symptoms. This virus has subsequently been identified in various countries, indicating a worldwide distribution. HCoV-NL63 has been shown to infect mainly children and the immunocommpromised, who presented with either mild upper respiratory symptoms (cough, fever and rhinorrhoea) or more serious lower respiratory tract involvement such as bronchiolitis and croup, which was observed mainly in younger children. In fact, HCoV-NL63 is the aetiological agent for up to 10% of all respiratory diseases. This review summarizes recent findings of human coronavirus HCoV-NL63 infections, including isolation and identification, phylogeny and taxonomy, genome structure and transcriptional regulation, transmission and pathogenesis, and detection and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Abdul-Rasool
- Anatomy Cluster, Department of Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Burtram C Fielding
- Molecular Virology Research Laboratory, Medical Microbiology Cluster, Department of Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Modderdam Road, Bellville, Western Cape 7535, South Africa
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26
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Variation of lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in eight strains of mice. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2010; 171:157-64. [PMID: 20188866 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2010.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2009] [Revised: 02/16/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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27
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Xiong P, Zeng X, Song MS, Jia SW, Zhong MH, Xiao LL, Lan W, Cai C, Wu XW, Gong FL, Wang W. Lack of association between HLA-A, -B and -DRB1 alleles and the development of SARS: a cohort of 95 SARS-recovered individuals in a population of Guangdong, southern China. Int J Immunogenet 2008; 35:69-74. [PMID: 18186801 PMCID: PMC7165669 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.2007.00741.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), caused by infection with a novel coronavirus (SARS‐CoV), was the first major novel infectious disease at the beginning of the 21st century, with China especially affected. SARS was characterized by high infectivity, morbidity and mortality, and the confined pattern of the disease spreading among the countries of South‐East and East Asia suggested the existence of susceptible factor(s) in these populations. Studies in the populations of Hong Kong and Taiwan showed an association of human leucocyte antigen (HLA) polymorphisms with the development and/or severity of SARS, respectively. The aim of the present study was to define the genotypic patterns of HLA‐A, ‐B and ‐DRB1 loci in SARS patients and a co‐resident population of Guangdong province, southern China, where the first SARS case was reported. The samples comprised 95 cases of recovered SARS patients and 403 unrelated healthy controls. HLA ‐A, ‐B and ‐DRB1 alleles were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction with sequence‐specific primers. The severity of the disease was assessed according to the history of lung infiltration, usage of assisted ventilation and occurrence of lymphocytopenia. Although the allelic frequencies of A23, A34, B60, DRB1*12 in the SARS group were slightly higher, and A33, ‐B58 and ‐B61 were lower than in the controls, no statistical significance was found when the Pc value was considered. Similarly, no association of HLA alleles with the severity of the disease was detected. Thus, variations in the major histocompatibility complex are unlikely to have contributed significantly to either the susceptibility or the severity of SARS in the population of Guangdong.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Xiong
- Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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28
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Gene expression profiling in acute respiratory distress syndrome: Pathways to future interventions*. Crit Care Med 2008; 36:1014-5. [DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e318166fcb9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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29
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Structural basis for potent cross-neutralizing human monoclonal antibody protection against lethal human and zoonotic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus challenge. J Virol 2008; 82:3220-35. [PMID: 18199635 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02377-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) emerged in 2002, and detailed phylogenetic and epidemiological analyses have suggested that it originated from animals. The spike (S) glycoprotein has been identified as a major component of protective immunity, and 23 different amino acid changes were noted during the expanding epidemic. Using a panel of SARS-CoV recombinants bearing the S glycoproteins from isolates representing the zoonotic and human early, middle, and late phases of the epidemic, we identified 23 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) with neutralizing activity against one or multiple SARS-CoV spike variants and determined the presence of at least six distinct neutralizing profiles in the SARS-CoV S glycoprotein. Four of these MAbs showed cross-neutralizing activity against all human and zoonotic S variants in vitro, and at least three of these were mapped in distinct epitopes using escape mutants, structure analyses, and competition assays. These three MAbs (S109.8, S227.14, and S230.15) were tested for use in passive vaccination studies using lethal SARS-CoV challenge models for young and senescent mice with four different homologous and heterologous SARS-CoV S variants. Both S227.14 and S230.15 completely protected young and old mice from weight loss and virus replication in the lungs for all viruses tested, while S109.8 completely protected mice from weight loss and clinical signs in the presence of viral titers. We conclude that a single human MAb can confer broad protection against lethal challenge with multiple zoonotic and human SARS-CoV isolates, and we identify a robust cocktail formulation that targets distinct epitopes and minimizes the likely generation of escape mutants.
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Rockx B, Sheahan T, Donaldson E, Harkema J, Sims A, Heise M, Pickles R, Cameron M, Kelvin D, Baric R. Synthetic reconstruction of zoonotic and early human severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus isolates that produce fatal disease in aged mice. J Virol 2007; 81:7410-23. [PMID: 17507479 PMCID: PMC1933338 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00505-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic was characterized by high mortality rates in the elderly. The molecular mechanisms that govern enhanced susceptibility of elderly populations are not known, and robust animal models are needed that recapitulate the increased pathogenic phenotype noted with increasing age. Using synthetic biology and reverse genetics, we describe the construction of a panel of isogenic SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) strains bearing variant spike glycoproteins that are representative of zoonotic strains found in palm civets and raccoon dogs, as well as isolates spanning the early, middle, and late phases of the SARS-CoV epidemic. The recombinant viruses replicated efficiently in cell culture and demonstrated variable sensitivities to neutralization with antibodies. The human but not the zoonotic variants replicated efficiently in human airway epithelial cultures, supporting earlier hypotheses that zoonotic isolates are less pathogenic in humans but can evolve into highly pathogenic strains. All viruses replicated efficiently, but none produced clinical disease or death in young animals. In contrast, severe clinical disease, diffuse alveolar damage, hyaline membrane formation, alveolitis, and death were noted in 12-month-old mice inoculated with the palm civet HC/SZ/61/03 strain or early-human-phase GZ02 variants but not with related middle- and late-phase epidemic or raccoon dog strains. This panel of SARS-CoV recombinants bearing zoonotic and human epidemic spike glycoproteins will provide heterologous challenge models for testing vaccine efficacy against zoonotic reintroductions as well as provide the appropriate model system for elucidating the complex virus-host interactions that contribute to more-severe and fatal SARS-CoV disease and acute respiratory distress in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry Rockx
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27699-7435, USA
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31
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Gong MN. Genetic epidemiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome: implications for future prevention and treatment. Clin Chest Med 2006; 27:705-24; abstract x. [PMID: 17085257 PMCID: PMC2703471 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccm.2006.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The genetic susceptibility to the development of and variable outcomes in acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS) has become a topic of great interest in the pulmonary and critical care community. Published studies of variable genetic susceptibility to ALI/ARDS already have identified some important candidate genes and potential gene-environment interactions. This article reviews these recent studies, features of the current approach, and implications for future prevention and treatment in ALI. The challenges and potential contributions of genetic epidemiology to the future prevention and treatment in ALI are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Ng Gong
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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32
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Abstract
The previous epidemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) has ended. However, many questions concerning how the aetiological agent, the novel SARS coronavirus (CoV), causes illness in humans remain unanswered. The pathology of fatal cases of SARS is dominated by diffuse alveolar damage. Specific histological changes are not detected in other organs. These contrast remarkably with the clinical picture, in which there are apparent manifestations in multiple organs. Both pathogen and host factors are important in the pathogenesis of SARS. The choice of specific receptors and the unique genome of the SARS‐CoV are important elements in understanding the biology of the pathogen. For the host cells, the outcome of SARS‐CoV infection, whether there are cytopathic effects or not, depends on the cell types that are infected. At the whole‐body level, immune‐mediated damage, due to activation of cytokines and/or chemokines and, perhaps, autoimmunity, may play key roles in the clinical and pathological features of SARS. Continued research is still required to determine the pathogenetic mechanisms involved and to combat this new emerging human infectious disease. Copyright © 2006 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony WI Lo
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Nelson LS Tang
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Center of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ka‐Fai To
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Abstract
The world was shocked in early 2003 when a pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) was imminent. The outbreak of this novel disease, caused by a novel coronavirus (the SARS-coronavirus), hit hardest in the Asian Pacific region, though eventually it spread to five continents. The speed of the spread of the SARS epidemic was unprecedented due to the highly efficient intercontinental transportation. An international collaborative effort through the World Health Organization (WHO) has helped to identify the aetiological agent about 1 month after the onset of the epidemic. The power of molecular biology and bioinformatics has enabled the complete decoding of the viral genome within weeks. Over 1000 publications on the phylogeny, epidemiology, genomics, laboratory diagnostics, antiviral, immunization, pathogenesis, clinical disease, and management accumulated within just 1 year. Although the exact animal reservoir of virus and how it evolved into a human pathogen are still obscure, accurate diagnosis and epidemiological control of the disease are now possible. This article reviews what is currently known about the virus and the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samson S. Y. Wong
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
| | - K. Y. Yuen
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, University Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
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34
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Mehta NM, Arnold JH. Genetic polymorphisms in acute respiratory distress syndrome: New approach to an old problem*. Crit Care Med 2005; 33:2443-5. [PMID: 16215420 DOI: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000182896.37910.fa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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