1
|
de Souza AT, Batista JS, Guimarães-Marques GM, Cunha-Machado AS, Rafael MS. Identification and validation of the first EST-SSR markers based on transcriptome of Anopheles darlingi, the primary transmitter of malaria in Brazil. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:7099-7104. [PMID: 37314602 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08567-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anopheles darlingi is a monotypic species in terms of its morphological, genetic, and behavioral aspects and is the primary transmitter of human malaria (99%) in Brazil, especially in the Brazilian Amazon. In this pioneering study, 15 expressed sequence tag (EST)-simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were obtained and characterized in samples from the municipality of São Gabriel da Cachoeira, Amazonas state, Brazil, with polymorphisms that can be used for further genetic research. METHODS AND RESULTS The specimens (from egg to larval stage) collected were bred in the insectary at INPA (National Institute for Amazonian Research). The SSR repeats within the contigs of the A. darlingi EST banks were confirmed on the Vector Base site. DNA was extracted and amplified using polymerase chain reaction and then genotyped. Fifteen polymorphic SSR loci were identified and characterized. The number of alleles totaled 76 and ranged from 2 to 9. The observed heterozygosity varied between 0.026 and 0.769, the expected heterozygosity between 0.025 and 0.776, and the mean polymorphism information content was 0.468. Eight loci showed Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) after Bonferroni correction (P: (5%) ≤ 0.0033). No linkage disequilibrium was found among the loci. CONCLUSIONS The polymorphic SSRs of the loci have been shown to be efficient for investigation of the variability and genetic population structure of A. darlingi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Tomaz de Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Recursos Naturais (PPG-MBT), Universidade Estadual do Amazonas - UEA, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline Silva Batista
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade (COBIO), Laboratório Temático de Biologia Molecular (LTBM), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva (PPG-GCBEv), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Giselle Moura Guimarães-Marques
- Laboratório Temático de Biologia Molecular (LTBM), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva (PPG-GCBEv), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Antonio Saulo Cunha-Machado
- Laboratório Temático de Biologia Molecular (LTBM), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva (PPG-GCBEv), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Míriam Silva Rafael
- Coordenação de Sociedade, Ambiente e Saúde (COSAS), Laboratório de Citogenética, Genômica e Evolução de Mosquitos da Malária e Dengue (LCGEM), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva (PPG-GCBEv), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Av. André Araújo, Manaus, AM, 2936, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Vezenegho S, Carinci R, Issaly J, Nguyen C, Gaborit P, Ferraro L, Lacour G, Mosnier E, Pommier de Santi V, Epelboin Y, Girod R, Briolant S, Dusfour I. Variation in Pyrethroid Resistance Phenotypes in Anopheles darlingi in an Area with Residual Malaria Transmission: Warning of Suspected Resistance in French Guiana. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2023; 108:424-427. [PMID: 36535248 PMCID: PMC9896345 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-1611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Anopheles darlingi is the main vector of malaria in South America. In French Guiana, malaria transmission occurs inland and along the rivers with a regular reemergence in the lower Oyapock area. Control against malaria vectors includes indoor residual spraying of deltamethrin and the distribution of long-lasting impregnated bednets. In this context, the level of resistance to pyrethroids was monitored for 4 years using CDC bottle tests in An. darlingi populations. A loss of susceptibility to pyrethroids was recorded with 30-minute knock-down measured as low as 81%. However, no pyrethroid molecular resistance was found by sequencing a 170 base pair fragment of the S6 segment of domain II of the voltage-gated sodium channel gene. Fluctuation of resistance phenotypes may be influenced by the reintroduction of susceptible alleles from sylvatic populations or by other mechanisms of metabolic resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Vezenegho
- Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Vectopôle Amazonien Emile Abonnenc, Cayenne, French Guiana, France
| | - Romuald Carinci
- Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Vectopôle Amazonien Emile Abonnenc, Cayenne, French Guiana, France
| | - Jean Issaly
- Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Vectopôle Amazonien Emile Abonnenc, Cayenne, French Guiana, France
| | - Christophe Nguyen
- Unité de Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département de Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, UMR Vecteurs—Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), IHU—Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Pascal Gaborit
- Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Vectopôle Amazonien Emile Abonnenc, Cayenne, French Guiana, France
| | - Laetitia Ferraro
- Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Vectopôle Amazonien Emile Abonnenc, Cayenne, French Guiana, France
| | - Guillaume Lacour
- Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Vectopôle Amazonien Emile Abonnenc, Cayenne, French Guiana, France
| | - Emilie Mosnier
- Unité des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier Andrée Rosemon, rue des Flamboyants, Cayenne, French Guiana, France
- Aix Marseille University, INSERM, IRD, SESSTIM, Sciences Economiques & Sociales de la Santé & Traitement de l’Information Médicale, Marseille, France
| | - Vincent Pommier de Santi
- Aix Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, UMR Vecteurs—Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), IHU—Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Centre d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique des Armées, Marseille, France
| | - Yanouk Epelboin
- Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Vectopôle Amazonien Emile Abonnenc, Cayenne, French Guiana, France
| | - Romain Girod
- Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Vectopôle Amazonien Emile Abonnenc, Cayenne, French Guiana, France
- Unité d’Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Sebastien Briolant
- Unité de Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département de Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, UMR Vecteurs—Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), IHU—Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Isabelle Dusfour
- Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Vectopôle Amazonien Emile Abonnenc, Cayenne, French Guiana, France
- Département de Santé Globale, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- MIVEGEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
de Almeida NCV, Louzada J, Neves MSAS, Carvalho TM, Castro-Alves J, Silva-do-Nascimento TF, Escalante AA, Oliveira-Ferreira J. Larval habitats, species composition and distribution of malaria vectors in regions with autochthonous and imported malaria in Roraima state, Brazil. Malar J 2022; 21:13. [PMID: 35027049 PMCID: PMC8759267 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-04033-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria control requires local action. Assessing the vector diversity and abundance provides information on the local malariogenic potential or risk of transmission. This study aimed to determine the Anopheles species composition, habitats, seasonal occurrence, and distribution in areas with autochthonous and imported malaria cases in Roraima State. Methods A longitudinal study was conducted from January 2017 to October 2018, sampling larvae and adult mosquitoes in three municipalities of Roraima State: Boa Vista, Pacaraima and São João da Baliza. These areas have different risks of malaria importation. Four to six mosquito larval habitats were selected for larval sampling at each municipality, along with two additional sites for adult mosquito collection. All larval habitats were surveyed every two months using a standardized larval sampling methodology and MosqTent for adult mosquitoes. Results A total of 544 Anopheles larvae and 1488 adult mosquitoes were collected from the three municipalities studied. Although the species abundance differed between municipalities, the larvae of Anopheles albitarsis s.l., Anopheles nuneztovari s.l. and Anopheles triannulatus s.l. were collected from all larval habitats studied while Anopheles darlingi were collected only from Boa Vista and São João da Baliza. Adults of 11 species of the genus Anopheles were collected, and the predominant species in Boa Vista was An. albitarsis (88.2%) followed by An. darlingi (6.9%), while in São João da Baliza, An. darlingi (85.6%) was the most predominant species followed by An. albitarsis s.l. (9.2%). In contrast, the most abundant species in Pacaraima was Anopheles braziliensis (62%), followed by Anopheles peryassui (18%). Overall, the majority of anophelines exhibited greater extradomicile than peridomicile-biting preference. Anopheles darlingi was the only species found indoors. Variability in biting times was observed among species and municipalities. Conclusion This study revealed the composition of anopheline species and habitats in Boa Vista, Pacaraima and São João da Baliza. The species sampled differed in their behaviour with only An. darlingi being found indoors. Anopheles darlingi appeared to be the most important vector in São João da Baliza, an area of autochthonous malaria, and An. albitarsis s.l. and An. braziliensis in areas of low transmission, although there were increasing reports of imported malaria. Understanding the diversity of vector species and their ecology is essential for designing effective vector control strategies for these municipalities. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12936-021-04033-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jaime Louzada
- Universidade Federal de Roraima, Boa Vista, Roraima, Brasil
| | | | - Thiago M Carvalho
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Júlio Castro-Alves
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | | | - Ananias A Escalante
- Department of Biology/Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine (iGEM), Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joseli Oliveira-Ferreira
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Oliveira TMP, Sanabani SS, Sallum MAM. Bacterial diversity associated with the abdomens of naturally Plasmodium-infected and non-infected Nyssorhynchus darlingi. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:180. [PMID: 32586275 PMCID: PMC7315559 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01861-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The bacterial community present in the abdomen in Anophelinae mosquitoes can influence mosquito susceptibility to Plasmodium infection. Little is known about the bacteria associated with Nyssorhynchus darlingi, a primary malaria vector in the Amazon basin. We investigated the abdominal bacterial community compositions of naturally Plasmodium-infected (P-positive, n = 9) and non-infected (P-negative, n = 7) Ny. darlingi from the Brazilian Amazon region through massive parallel sequencing of the bacterial V4 variable region of the 16S rRNA gene. RESULTS Bacterial richness of Ny. darlingi encompassed 379 operational taxonomic units (OTUs), the majority of them belonging to the Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Bacteroides phyla. Escherichia/Shigella and Pseudomonas were more abundant in the P-positive and P-negative groups, respectively, than in the opposite groups. Enterobacter was found only in the P-negative group. The results of statistical analyses conducted to compare bacterial abundance and diversity between Plasmodium-infected and Plasmodium-non-infected mosquitoes were not significant. CONCLUSIONS This study increased knowledge about bacterial composition in Ny. darlingi and revealed that Plasmodium-positive and Plasmodium-negative groups share a common core of bacteria. The genera Prevotella 9, Sphingomonas, Bacteroides, and Bacillus were reported for the first time in Ny. darlingi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sabri Saeed Sanabani
- LIM-3, Hospital das Clínicas da FMUSP (HCFMUSP), Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Anice Mureb Sallum
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Minimal genetic differentiation of the malaria vector Nyssorhynchus darlingi associated with forest cover level in Amazonian Brazil. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225005. [PMID: 31725789 PMCID: PMC6855485 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between deforestation and malaria in Amazonian Brazil is complex, and a deeper understanding of this relationship is required to inform effective control measures in this region. Here, we are particularly interested in characterizing the impact of land use and land cover change on the genetics of the major regional vector of malaria, Nyssorhynchus darlingi (Root). We used nextera-tagmented, Reductively Amplified DNA (nextRAD) genotyping-by-sequencing to genotype 164 Ny. darlingi collected from 16 collection sites with divergent forest cover levels in seven municipalities in four municipality groups that span the state of Amazonas in northwestern Amazonian Brazil: São Gabriel da Cachoeira, Presidente Figueiredo, four municipalities in the area around Cruzeiro do Sul, and Lábrea. Using a dataset of 5,561 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), we investigated the genetic structure of these Ny. darlingi populations with a combination of model- and non-model-based analyses. We identified weak to moderate genetic differentiation among the four municipality groups. There was no evidence for microgeographic genetic structure of Ny. darlingi among forest cover levels within the municipality groups, indicating that there may be gene flow across areas of these municipalities with different degrees of deforestation. Additionally, we conducted an environmental association analysis using two outlier detection methods to determine whether individual SNPs were associated with forest cover level without affecting overall population genetic structure. We identified 14 outlier SNPs, and investigated functions associated with their proximal genes, which could be further characterized in future studies.
Collapse
|
6
|
Saavedra MP, Conn JE, Alava F, Carrasco-Escobar G, Prussing C, Bickersmith SA, Sangama JL, Fernandez-Miñope C, Guzman M, Tong C, Valderrama C, Vinetz JM, Gamboa D, Moreno M. Higher risk of malaria transmission outdoors than indoors by Nyssorhynchus darlingi in riverine communities in the Peruvian Amazon. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:374. [PMID: 31358033 PMCID: PMC6664538 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3619-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria remains an important public health problem in Peru where incidence has been increasing since 2011. Of over 55,000 cases reported in 2017, Plasmodium vivax was the predominant species (76%), with P. falciparum responsible for the remaining 24%. Nyssorhynchus darlingi (previously Anopheles darlingi) is the main vector in Amazonian Peru, where hyperendemic Plasmodium transmission pockets have been found. Mazán district has pronounced spatial heterogeneity of P. vivax malaria. However, little is known about behavior, ecology or seasonal dynamics of Ny. darlingi in Mazán. This study aimed to gather baseline information about bionomics of malaria vectors and transmission risk factors in a hyperendemic malaria area of Amazonian Peru. METHODS To assess vector biology metrics, five surveys (two in the dry and three in the rainy season), including collection of sociodemographic information, were conducted in four communities in 2016-2017 on the Napo (Urco Miraño, URC; Salvador, SAL) and Mazán Rivers (Visto Bueno, VIB; Libertad, LIB). Human-biting rate (HBR), entomological inoculation rate (EIR) and human blood index (HBI) were measured to test the hypothesis of differences in entomological indices of Ny. darlingi between watersheds. A generalized linear mixed effect model (GLMM) was constructed to model the relationship between household risk factors and the EIR. RESULTS Nyssorhynchus darlingi comprised 95% of 7117 Anophelinae collected and its abundance was significantly higher along the Mazán River. The highest EIRs (3.03-4.54) were detected in March and June in URC, LIB and VIB, and significantly more Ny. darlingi were infected outdoors than indoors. Multivariate analysis indicated that the EIR was >12 times higher in URC compared with SAL. The HBI ranged from 0.42-0.75; humans were the most common blood source, followed by Galliformes and cows. There were dramatic differences in peak biting time and malaria incidence with similar bednet coverage in the villages. CONCLUSIONS Nyssorhynchus darlingi is the predominant contributor to malaria transmission in the Mazán District, Peru. Malaria risk in these villages is higher in the peridomestic area, with pronounced heterogeneities between and within villages on the Mazán and the Napo Rivers. Spatiotemporal identification and quantification of the prevailing malaria transmission would provide new evidence to orient specific control measures for vulnerable or at high risk populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marlon P Saavedra
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigacion y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Jan E Conn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York-Albany, Albany, NY, USA. .,Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA.
| | | | - Gabriel Carrasco-Escobar
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigacion y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Catharine Prussing
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York-Albany, Albany, NY, USA
| | | | - Jorge L Sangama
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigacion y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Carlos Fernandez-Miñope
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigacion y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Mitchel Guzman
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigacion y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Carlos Tong
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigacion y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Joseph M Vinetz
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigacion y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dionicia Gamboa
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigacion y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.,Departamento de Ciencias Celulares y Moleculares, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.,Instituto de Medicinal Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt", Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Marta Moreno
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Campos M, Alonso DP, Conn JE, Vinetz JM, Emerson KJ, Ribolla PEM. Genetic diversity of Nyssorhynchus (Anopheles) darlingi related to biting behavior in western Amazon. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:242. [PMID: 31101131 PMCID: PMC6525393 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3498-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In the Amazon Basin, Nyssorhynchus (Anopheles) darlingi is the most aggressive and effective malaria vector. In endemic areas, behavioral aspects of anopheline vectors such as host preference, biting time and resting location post blood meal have a key impact on malaria transmission dynamics and vector control interventions. Nyssorhynchus darlingi presents a range of feeding and resting behaviors throughout its broad distribution. Methods To investigate the genetic diversity related to biting behavior, we collected host-seeking Ny. darlingi in two settlement types in Acre, Brazil: Granada (~ 20-year-old, more established, better access by road, few malaria cases) and Remansinho (~ 8-year-old, active logging, poor road access, high numbers malaria cases). Mosquitoes were classified by the location of collection (indoors or outdoors) and time (dusk or dawn). Results Genome-wide SNPs, used to assess the degree of genetic divergence and population structure, identified non-random distributions of individuals in the PCA for both location and time analyses. Although genetic diversity related to behavior was confirmed by non-model-based analyses and FST values, model-based STRUCTURE detected considerable admixture of these populations. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first study to detect genetic markers associated with biting behavior in Ny. darlingi. Additional ecological and genomic studies may help to understand the genetic basis of mosquito behavior and address appropriate surveillance and vector control. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-019-3498-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melina Campos
- Biotechnology Institute (IBTEC) & Biosciences Institute at Botucatu (IBB), Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Diego Peres Alonso
- Biotechnology Institute (IBTEC) & Biosciences Institute at Botucatu (IBB), Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jan E Conn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany (State University of New York), Albany, NY, USA.,Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Joseph M Vinetz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo, Departamento de Ciencias Celulares y Moleculares, Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt", Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Kevin J Emerson
- Biology Department, St. Mary's College of Maryland, St. Mary's City, MD, USA
| | - Paulo Eduardo Martins Ribolla
- Biotechnology Institute (IBTEC) & Biosciences Institute at Botucatu (IBB), Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Carlos BC, Rona LDP, Christophides GK, Souza-Neto JA. A comprehensive analysis of malaria transmission in Brazil. Pathog Glob Health 2019; 113:1-13. [PMID: 30829565 PMCID: PMC6425916 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2019.1581463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains a serious public health problem in Brazil despite a significant drop in the number of cases in the past decade. We conduct a comprehensive analysis of malaria transmission in Brazil to highlight the epidemiologically most relevant components that could help tackle the disease. We consider factors impacting on the malaria burden and transmission dynamics including the geographical occurrence of both autochthonous and imported infections, the distribution and abundance of malaria vectors and records of natural mosquito infections with Plasmodium. Our analysis identifies three discrete malaria transmission systems related to the Amazon rainforest, Atlantic rainforest and Brazilian coast, respectively. The Amazonian system accounts for 99% of all malaria cases in the country. It is largely due to autochthonous P. vivax and P. falciparum transmission by mosquitoes of the Nyssorhynchus subgenus, primarily Anopheles darlingi. Whilst P. vivax transmission is widespread, P. falciparum transmission is restricted to hotspot areas mostly in the States of Amazonas and Acre. This system is the major source of P. vivax exportation to the extra-Amazonian regions that are also affected by importation of P. falciparum from Africa. The Atlantic system comprises autochthonous P. vivax transmission typically by the bromeliad-associated mosquitoes An. cruzii and An. bellator of the Kerteszia subgenus. An. cruzii also transmits simian malaria parasites to humans. The third, widespread but geographically fragmented, system is found along the Brazilian coast and comprises P. vivax transmission mainly by An. aquasalis. We conclude that these geographically and biologically distinct malaria transmission systems require specific strategies for effective disease control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca C Carlos
- a School of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Bioprocesses and Biotechnology, Central Multiuser Laboratory , São Paulo State University (UNESP) , Botucatu , Brazil.,b Institute of Biotechnology , São Paulo State University (UNESP) , Botucatu , Brazil
| | - Luisa D P Rona
- c Department of Life Sciences , Imperial College London , London , UK.,d Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics , Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC) , Florianópolis , Brazil.,e National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (INCT-EM, CNPq) , National Institute of Science and Technology in Molecular Entomology , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | | | - Jayme A Souza-Neto
- a School of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Bioprocesses and Biotechnology, Central Multiuser Laboratory , São Paulo State University (UNESP) , Botucatu , Brazil.,b Institute of Biotechnology , São Paulo State University (UNESP) , Botucatu , Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Carrasco-Escobar G, Manrique E, Ruiz-Cabrejos J, Saavedra M, Alava F, Bickersmith S, Prussing C, Vinetz JM, Conn JE, Moreno M, Gamboa D. High-accuracy detection of malaria vector larval habitats using drone-based multispectral imagery. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007105. [PMID: 30653491 PMCID: PMC6353212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Interest in larval source management (LSM) as an adjunct intervention to control and eliminate malaria transmission has recently increased mainly because long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spray (IRS) are ineffective against exophagic and exophilic mosquitoes. In Amazonian Peru, the identification of the most productive, positive water bodies would increase the impact of targeted mosquito control on aquatic life stages. The present study explores the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) for identifying Nyssorhynchus darlingi (formerly Anopheles darlingi) breeding sites with high-resolution imagery (~0.02m/pixel) and their multispectral profile in Amazonian Peru. Our results show that high-resolution multispectral imagery can discriminate a profile of water bodies where Ny. darlingi is most likely to breed (overall accuracy 86.73%- 96.98%) with a moderate differentiation of spectral bands. This work provides proof-of-concept of the use of high-resolution images to detect malaria vector breeding sites in Amazonian Peru and such innovative methodology could be crucial for LSM malaria integrated interventions. The most efficient malaria vector in the Latin American region is Nyssorhynchus darlingi (formerly Anopheles darlingi). In Amazonian Peru, where malaria is endemic, Ny. darlingi feeds both indoors and outdoors (endophagy, exophagy), depending on the local environment, and rests outdoors (exophily). LLINs and IRS, the most common tools employed for vector control, target endophagic and endophilic mosquitoes. Thus, they are only partially effective against Ny. darlingi. Control of the aquatic stages of vector mosquitoes, larval source management (LSM), targets the most productive breeding sites nearest to human habitation. In four riverine communities, we used drones with high-resolution imagery as a key initial step to analyze water bodies within the estimated flight range of Ny. darlingi, ~ 1 km. We found distinctive spectral profiles for water bodies that were positive versus negative for Ny. darlingi. The methodology and analysis reported here provide the basis for testing whether LSM can be combined successfully with LLINs and IRS to contribute to the elimination of transmission in malaria hotspots in the Amazon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Carrasco-Escobar
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Facultad de Salud Pública, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- * E-mail: (GCE); (MM)
| | - Edgar Manrique
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Jorge Ruiz-Cabrejos
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Facultad de Salud Pública, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Marlon Saavedra
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Sara Bickersmith
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Catharine Prussing
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York-Albany, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Joseph M. Vinetz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Instituto de Medicinal Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Jan E. Conn
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York-Albany, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Marta Moreno
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (GCE); (MM)
| | - Dionicia Gamboa
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Instituto de Medicinal Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Departamento de Ciencias Celulares y Moleculares, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Prussing C, Moreno M, Saavedra MP, Bickersmith SA, Gamboa D, Alava F, Schlichting CD, Emerson KJ, Vinetz JM, Conn JE. Decreasing proportion of Anopheles darlingi biting outdoors between long-lasting insecticidal net distributions in peri-Iquitos, Amazonian Peru. Malar J 2018; 17:86. [PMID: 29463241 PMCID: PMC5819687 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2234-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Loreto Department, Peru, a successful 2005-2010 malaria control programme (known as PAMAFRO) included massive distribution of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs). Additional local distribution of LLINs occurred in individual villages, but not between 2012 and 2015. A 2011-2012 study of the primary regional malaria vector Anopheles darlingi detected a trend of increased exophagy compared with pre-PAMAFRO behaviour. For the present study, An. darlingi were collected in three villages in Loreto in 2013-2015 to test two hypotheses: (1) that between LLIN distributions, An. darlingi reverted to pre-intervention biting behaviour; and, (2) that there are separate sub-populations of An. darlingi in Loreto with distinct biting behaviour. RESULTS In 2013-2015 An. darlingi were collected by human landing catch during the rainy and dry seasons in the villages of Lupuna and Cahuide. The abundance of An. darlingi varied substantially across years, villages and time periods, and there was a twofold decrease in the ratio of exophagic:endophagic An. darlingi over the study period. Unexpectedly, there was evidence of a rainy season population decline in An. darlingi. Plasmodium-infected An. darlingi were detected indoors and outdoors throughout the night, and the monthly An. darlingi human biting rate was correlated with the number of malaria cases. Using nextRAD genotyping-by-sequencing, 162 exophagic and endophagic An. darlingi collected at different times during the night were genotyped at 1021 loci. Based on model-based and non-model-based analyses, all genotyped An. darlingi belonged to a homogeneous population, with no evidence for genetic differentiation by biting location or time. CONCLUSIONS This study identified a decreasing proportion of exophagic An. darlingi in two villages in the years between LLIN distributions. As there was no evidence for genetic differentiation between endophagic and exophagic An. darlingi, this shift in biting behaviour may be the result of behavioural plasticity in An. darlingi, which shifted towards increased exophagy due to repellence by insecticides used to impregnate LLINs and subsequently reverted to increased endophagy as the nets aged. This study highlights the need to target vector control interventions to the biting behaviour of local vectors, which, like malaria risk, shows high temporal and spatial heterogeneity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catharine Prussing
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany - State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Marta Moreno
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Marlon P Saavedra
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigacion y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Dionicia Gamboa
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigacion y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt", Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Carl D Schlichting
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Kevin J Emerson
- Department of Biology, St. Mary's College of Maryland, St. Mary's City, MD, USA
| | - Joseph M Vinetz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigacion y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Jan E Conn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany - State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA.
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tucker Lima JM, Vittor A, Rifai S, Valle D. Does deforestation promote or inhibit malaria transmission in the Amazon? A systematic literature review and critical appraisal of current evidence. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 372:rstb.2016.0125. [PMID: 28438914 PMCID: PMC5413873 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Considerable interest in the relationship between biodiversity and disease has recently captured the attention of the research community, with important public policy implications. In particular, malaria in the Amazon region is often cited as an example of how forest conservation can improve public health outcomes. However, despite a growing body of literature and an increased understanding of the relationship between malaria and land use / land cover change (LULC) in Amazonia, contradictions have emerged. While some studies report that deforestation increases malaria risk, others claim the opposite. Assessing malaria risk requires examination of dynamic processes among three main components: (i) the environment (i.e. LULC and landscape transformations), (ii) vector biology (e.g. mosquito species distributions, vector activity and life cycle, plasmodium infection rates), and (iii) human populations (e.g. forest-related activity, host susceptibility, movement patterns). In this paper, we conduct a systematic literature review on malaria risk and deforestation in the Amazon focusing on these three components. We explore key features that are likely to generate these contrasting results using the reviewed articles and our own data from Brazil and Peru, and conclude with suggestions for productive avenues in future research. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Conservation, biodiversity and infectious disease: scientific evidence and policy implications'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M Tucker Lima
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, 408 McCarty Hall C, PO Box 110339, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Amy Vittor
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, 408 McCarty Hall C, PO Box 110339, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sami Rifai
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, 408 McCarty Hall C, PO Box 110339, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Denis Valle
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, 408 McCarty Hall C, PO Box 110339, Gainesville, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Altamiranda-Saavedra M, Conn JE, Correa MM. Genetic structure and phenotypic variation of Anopheles darlingi in northwest Colombia. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 56:143-151. [PMID: 29138079 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the influence of environmental heterogeneity on Anopheles darlingi genetic and morphometric traits at a microgeographic level. Specimens of An. darlingi collected from multiple municipalities in the Colombian malaria endemic region Urabá-Bajo Cauca and Alto Sinú (UCS) were analyzed using 13 microsatellite loci. Spatial genetic structure, population variation and wing geometric morphometric analyses were performed. Microsatellite results showed low genetic differentiation and high gene flow among populations; four highly admixed subpopulations were detected with no particular association to the municipalities. Wing geometric morphometrics analysis showed a subtle but significant difference in wing shape for El Bagre vs. Mutatá populations, possibly influenced by geographical distance. Discrimination among populations in the morphospace showed a slight separation of the Tierralta population. There was no significant correlation between the genetic and geographic or genetic and environmental distances. We hypothesize that environmental heterogeneity in the UCS region does not reach a threshold to affect population structure of An. darlingi. Another possibility is that microsatellites are not sensitive enough to detect existing structure. It remains to be determined which local factors govern phenotypic variation among these populations and how, or whether these may affect mosquito biology and transmission capacity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Altamiranda-Saavedra
- Grupo de Microbiología Molecular, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Jan E Conn
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA.
| | - Margarita M Correa
- Grupo de Microbiología Molecular, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Campos M, Conn JE, Alonso DP, Vinetz JM, Emerson KJ, Ribolla PEM. Microgeographical structure in the major Neotropical malaria vector Anopheles darlingi using microsatellites and SNP markers. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:76. [PMID: 28193289 PMCID: PMC5307779 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2014-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent decades, throughout the Amazon Basin, landscape modification contributing to profound ecological change has proceeded at an unprecedented rate. Deforestation that accompanies human activities can significantly change aspects of anopheline biology, though this may be site-specific. Such local changes in anopheline biology could have a great impact on malaria transmission. The aim of this study was to investigate population genetics of the main malaria vector in Brazil, Anopheles darlingi, from a microgeographical perspective. METHODS Microsatellites and ddRADseq-derived single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were used to assess levels of population genetic structuring among mosquito populations from two ecologically distinctive agricultural settlements (~60 km apart) and a population from a distant (~700 km) urban setting in the western Amazon region of Brazil. RESULTS Significant microgeographical population differentiation was observed among Anopheles darlingi populations via both model- and non-model-based analysis only with the SNP dataset. Microsatellites detected moderate differentiation at the greatest distances, but were unable to differentiate populations from the two agricultural settlements. Both markers showed low polymorphism levels in the most human impacted sites. CONCLUSIONS At a microgeographical scale, signatures of genetic heterogeneity and population divergence were evident in Anopheles darlingi, possibly related to local environmental anthropic modification. This divergence was observed only when using high coverage SNP markers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melina Campos
- Biotechnology Institute (IBTEC) & Biosciences Institute at Botucatu (IBB), Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jan E Conn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany (State University of New York), Albany, NY, USA.,New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Diego Peres Alonso
- Biotechnology Institute (IBTEC) & Biosciences Institute at Botucatu (IBB), Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joseph M Vinetz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA.,Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt," and Departamento de Ciencias Celulares y Moleculares, Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Kevin J Emerson
- Biology Department, St. Mary's College of Maryland, St. Mary's City, MD, USA
| | - Paulo Eduardo Martins Ribolla
- Biotechnology Institute (IBTEC) & Biosciences Institute at Botucatu (IBB), Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cornel AJ, Brisco KK, Tadei WP, Secundino NF, Rafael MS, Galardo AK, Medeiros JF, Pessoa FA, Ríos-Velásquez CM, Lee Y, Pimenta PF, Lanzaro GC. Anopheles darlingi polytene chromosomes: revised maps including newly described inversions and evidence for population structure in Manaus. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2017; 111:335-46. [PMID: 27223867 PMCID: PMC4878303 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760150470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Salivary gland polytene chromosomes of 4th instar Anopheles darlingi
Root were examined from multiple locations in the Brazilian Amazon. Minor
modifications were made to existing polytene photomaps. These included changes to the
breakpoint positions of several previously described paracentric inversions and
descriptions of four new paracentric inversions, two on the right arm of chromosome 3
and two on the left arm of chromosome 3 that were found in multiple locations. A
total of 18 inversions on the X (n = 1) chromosome, chromosome 2 (n = 7) and 3 (n =
11) were scored for 83 individuals from Manaus, Macapá and Porto Velho
municipalities. The frequency of 2Ra inversion karyotypes in Manaus shows significant
deficiency of heterozygotes (p < 0.0009). No significant linkage disequilibrium
was found between inversions on chromosome 2 and 3. We hypothesize that at least two
sympatric subpopulations exist within the An. darlingi population at
Manaus based on inversion frequencies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Cornel
- Mosquito Control Research Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Katherine K Brisco
- Mosquito Control Research Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Wanderli P Tadei
- Laboratório de Malária e Dengue, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Nágila Fc Secundino
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Miriam S Rafael
- Laboratório de Malária e Dengue, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Allan Kr Galardo
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica, Instituto de Pesquisas Científicas e Tecnológicas, Macapá, AP, Brasil
| | - Jansen F Medeiros
- Laboratório de Entomologia, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Porto Velho, RO, Brasil
| | - Felipe Ac Pessoa
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Infecciosas na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas & Maria Deane, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Claudia M Ríos-Velásquez
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Infecciosas na Amazônia, Instituto Leônidas & Maria Deane, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Yoosook Lee
- Vector Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Paulo Fp Pimenta
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Gregory C Lanzaro
- Vector Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Larval habitats of Anopheles species in a rural settlement on the malaria frontier of southwest Amazon, Brazil. Acta Trop 2016; 164:243-258. [PMID: 27650959 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Rural settlements are social arrangements expanding in the Amazon region, which generate disturbances in the natural environment, thus affecting the ecology of the species of Anopheles and thus the malaria transmission. Larval habitats are important sources for maintenance of mosquito vector populations, and holding back a natural watercourse is a usual process in the establishment of rural settlements, since the formation of micro-dams represents a water resource for the new settlers. Identifying characteristics of the larval habitats that may be associated with both the presence and abundance of Anopheles vectors species in an environment under ecological transition is background for planning vector control strategies in rural areas in the Amazon. Anopheles larvae collections were performed in two major types of habitats: natural and flow-limited water collections that were constructed by holding back the original watercourse. A total of 3123 Anopheles spp. larvae were captured in three field-sampling collections. The majority of the larvae identified were taken from flow-limited water collections belonged to species of the Nyssorhynchus subgenus (92%), whereas in the natural larval habitats a fewer number of individuals belonged to the Stethomyia (5%) and Anopheles (3%) subgenera. The total of Nyssorhynchus identified (1818), 501 specimens belonged to An. darlingi, 750 to An. triannulatus and 567 for others remaining species. In addition, 1152 could not be identified to subgenus/species level, because they were either in the first-instar or damaged. The primary vector in areas of the Amazon river basin, An. darlingi, was found exclusively in man-made habitats. Statistical analysis display An. triannulatus with specialist behavior for characteristics of man-made habitats. Modifications in the natural environment facilitate the rise of larval habitats for species with epidemiological importance for malaria in the region. This study showed that man-made habitats flow-limited water collections from dry lands could be a factor associated with the increase of An. darlingi and An. triannulatus populations, and other Nyssorhynchus species as well in endemic areas of the Amazon Region.
Collapse
|
16
|
Naranjo-Díaz N, Conn JE, Correa MM. Behavior and population structure of Anopheles darlingi in Colombia. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 39:64-73. [PMID: 26792711 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Anopheles darlingi is a widely distributed and important malaria vector in Colombia. Biogeographical and ecological heterogeneity across the Colombian distribution led to the hypothesis of behavioral and genetic differentiation among A. darlingi populations. A total of 2017 A. darlingi specimens were collected during 222 h of sampling. This vector was the most abundant anopheline species in most of the localities sampled. Subdivision between samples collected west and east of the Andes was indicated by 1) mitochondrial COI and nuclear CAD sequences from NW-W and CE-S populations (COI ΦST=0.48761-0.81974, CAD FST=0.11319-0.21321), 2) a COI haplotype network, and 3) SAMOVA. Endo- and exophagy were detected in populations west of the Andes, whereas exophagy was evident in PTG, a locality east of the Andes. Isolation by resistance was significant for COI and explained 26% of the genetic differentiation. We suggest that at a macrogeographic scale, the Andes influence the differentiation of A. darlingi in Colombia and may drive divergence, and, at a microgeographic scale, ecological differences have a significant impact on structure. These data could constitute a baseline for the design of effective vector interventions, locality-specific for the east and similar for panmictic populations west of the Andes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Naranjo-Díaz
- Grupo de Microbiología Molecular, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Jan E Conn
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA.
| | - Margarita M Correa
- Grupo de Microbiología Molecular, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lainhart W, Bickersmith SA, Nadler KJ, Moreno M, Saavedra MP, Chu VM, Ribolla PE, Vinetz JM, Conn JE. Evidence for temporal population replacement and the signature of ecological adaptation in a major Neotropical malaria vector in Amazonian Peru. Malar J 2015; 14:375. [PMID: 26415942 PMCID: PMC4587789 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0863-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The major Neotropical malaria vector, Anopheles darlingi, was reintroduced into the Iquitos, Loreto, Peru area during the early 1990s, where it displaced other anophelines and caused a major malaria epidemic. Since then, case numbers in Loreto have fluctuated, but annual increases have been reported since 2012. METHODS The population genetic structure of An. darlingi sampled before and after the introduction of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) was investigated to test the hypothesis of temporal population change (2006 vs. 2012). Current samples of An. darlingi were used to test the hypothesis of ecological adaptation to human modified (highway) compared with wild (riverine) habitat, linked to forest cover. In total, 693 An. darlingi from nine localities in Loreto, Peru area were genotyped using 13 microsatellite loci. To test the hypothesis of habitat differentiation in An. darlingi biting time patterns, HBR and EIR, four collections of An. darlingi from five localities (two riverine and three highway) were analysed. RESULTS Analyses of microsatellite loci from seven (2006) and nine settlements (2012-2014) in the Iquitos area detected two distinctive populations with little overlap, although it is unclear whether this population replacement event is associated with LLIN distribution or climate. Within the 2012-2014 population two admixed subpopulations, A and B, were differentiated by habitat, with B significantly overrepresented in highway, and both in near-equal proportions in riverine. Both subpopulations had a signature of expansion and there was moderate genetic differentiation between them. Habitat and forest cover level had significant effects on HBR, such that Plasmodium transmission risk, as measured by EIR, in peridomestic riverine settlements was threefold higher than in peridomestic highway settlements. HBR was directly associated with available host biomass rather than forest cover. CONCLUSIONS A population replacement event occurred between 2006 and 2012-2014, concurrently with LLIN distribution and a moderate El Niño event, and prior to an increase in malaria incidence. The likely drivers of this replacement cannot be determined with current data. The present-day An. darlingi population is composed of two highly admixed subpopulations, which appear to be in an early stage of differentiation, triggered by anthropogenic alterations to local habitat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William Lainhart
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY, USA.
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Griffin Laboratory, 5669 State Farm Road, Building 1, Room 101, Slingerlands, NY, 12159, USA.
| | - Sara A Bickersmith
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Griffin Laboratory, 5669 State Farm Road, Building 1, Room 101, Slingerlands, NY, 12159, USA.
| | - Kyle J Nadler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY, USA.
| | - Marta Moreno
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | | | - Virginia M Chu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY, USA.
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Griffin Laboratory, 5669 State Farm Road, Building 1, Room 101, Slingerlands, NY, 12159, USA.
| | | | - Joseph M Vinetz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Instituto de Medicine Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt", Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
| | - Jan E Conn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY, USA.
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Griffin Laboratory, 5669 State Farm Road, Building 1, Room 101, Slingerlands, NY, 12159, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Moreno M, Saavedra MP, Bickersmith SA, Lainhart W, Tong C, Alava F, Vinetz JM, Conn JE. Implications for changes in Anopheles darlingi biting behaviour in three communities in the peri-Iquitos region of Amazonian Peru. Malar J 2015; 14:290. [PMID: 26223450 PMCID: PMC4518648 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0804-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria transmission in the peri-Iquitos region of Amazonian Peru has been designated as seasonal and hypo-endemic with recently described hyper-endemic hotspots. Despite relatively recent distribution of long-lasting insecticidal bed nets (LLINs), malaria in Amazonian Peru persists and increased substantially in 2014 compared to previous years. Anopheles darlingi, identified as the main malaria vector, is known for its variable behaviour depending on locality and environment. METHODS To evaluate vector biology metrics in relation to seasonality and malaria transmission, mosquito collections were carried out in three localities in the peri-Iquitos region, Loreto, Peru in 2011-2012. Human landing catch (HLC) collection method, Shannon (SHA) and CDC trap types were compared for effectiveness in a neotropical setting. Abundance, human biting rate and entomological inoculation rate (EIR) were measured to provide an updated view of transmission patterns post-LLIN distribution. RESULTS HLC collected significantly more anopheline mosquitoes than SHA and CDC light traps. Anopheles darlingi was the most prevalent species in all three villages (84% overall). Biting patterns varied depending on trap type, season and village. EIR varied temporally (monthly) and spatially and the highest (2.52) occurred during the 2012 malaria outbreak in Cahuide. Unexpectedly there was a high infection rate (1.47 and 1.75) outside the normal malaria transmission season, coincident with a second local outbreak in Cahuide. The first identification of Anopheles dunhami and Anopheles oswaldoi C in Peru, using molecular markers, is also reported in this study. CONCLUSION These data underscore the importance of HLC as the most meaningful collection method for measuring vector biology indices in this region. The highest monthly EIR provides additional evidence of seasonal transmission in riverine localities correlated with high river levels, and An. darlingi as the only contributor to transmission. The trend of an increase in outdoor-biting together with early-evening infected mosquitoes may undermine the effectiveness of LLINs as a primary malaria intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Moreno
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | | | | | - William Lainhart
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany (State University of New York), Albany, NY, USA.
| | - Carlos Tong
- Instituto de Medicine Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt", Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
| | | | - Joseph M Vinetz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Instituto de Medicine Tropical "Alexander von Humboldt", Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
| | - Jan E Conn
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany (State University of New York), Albany, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Emerson KJ, Conn JE, Bergo ES, Randel MA, Sallum MAM. Brazilian Anopheles darlingi Root (Diptera: Culicidae) Clusters by Major Biogeographical Region. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130773. [PMID: 26172559 PMCID: PMC4501553 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The major drivers of the extensive biodiversity of the Neotropics are proposed to be geological and tectonic events together with Pliocene and Pleistocene environmental and climatic change. Geographical barriers represented by the rivers Amazonas/Solimões, the Andes and the coastal mountain ranges in eastern Brazil have been hypothesized to lead to diversification within the primary malaria vector, Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) darlingi Root, which primarily inhabits rainforest. To test this biogeographical hypothesis, we analyzed 786 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 12 populations of An. darlingi from across the complex Brazilian landscape. Both model-based (STRUCTURE) and non-model-based (Principal Components and Discriminant Analysis) analysis of population structure detected three major genetic clusters that correspond with newly described Neotropical biogeographical regions: 1) Atlantic Forest province (= southeast population); 2) Parana Forest province (= West Atlantic forest population, with one Chacoan population - SP); and 3) Brazilian dominion population (= Amazonian population with one Chacoan population - TO). Significant levels of pairwise genetic divergences were found among the three clusters, allele sharing among clusters was negligible, and geographical distance did not contribute to differentiation. We infer that the Atlantic forest coastal mountain range limited dispersal between the Atlantic Forest province and the Parana Forest province populations, and that the large, diagonal open vegetation region of the Chacoan dominion dramatically reduced dispersal between the Parana and Brazilian dominion populations. We hypothesize that the three genetic clusters may represent three putative species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J. Emerson
- Biology Department, St. Mary’s College of Maryland, St. Mary’s City, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jan E. Conn
- The Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Sciences—School of Public Health, SUNY Albany, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Eduardo S. Bergo
- Superintendência de Controle de Endemias, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Melissa A. Randel
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Maria Anice M. Sallum
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|