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Lamas B, Martins Breyner N, Malaisé Y, Wulczynski M, Galipeau HJ, Gaultier E, Cartier C, Verdu EF, Houdeau E. Evaluating the Effects of Chronic Oral Exposure to the Food Additive Silicon Dioxide on Oral Tolerance Induction and Food Sensitivities in Mice. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2024; 132:27007. [PMID: 38380914 PMCID: PMC10880545 DOI: 10.1289/ehp12758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increasing prevalence of food sensitivities has been attributed to changes in gut microenvironment; however, ubiquitous environmental triggers such as inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) used as food additives have not been thoroughly investigated. OBJECTIVES We explored the impact of the NP-structured food-grade silicon dioxide (f g - SiO 2 ) on intestinal immune response involved in oral tolerance (OT) induction and evaluated the consequences of oral chronic exposure to this food-additive using a mouse model of OT to ovalbumin (OVA) and on gluten immunopathology in mice expressing the celiac disease risk gene, HLA-DQ8. METHODS Viability, proliferation, and cytokine production of mesenteric lymph node (MLN) cells were evaluated after exposure to f g - SiO 2 . C57BL/6J mice and a mouse model of OT to OVA were orally exposed to f g - SiO 2 or vehicle for 60 d. Fecal lipocalin-2 (Lcn-2), anti-OVA IgG, cytokine production, and immune cell populations were analyzed. Nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice expressing HLA-DQ8 (NOD/DQ8), exposed to f g - SiO 2 or vehicle, were immunized with gluten and immunopathology was investigated. RESULTS MLN cells exposed to f g - SiO 2 presented less proliferative T cells and lower secretion of interleukin 10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF- β ) by T regulatory and CD 45 + CD 11 b + CD 103 + cells compared to control, two factors mediating OT. Mice given f g - SiO 2 exhibited intestinal Lcn-2 level and interferon gamma (IFN- γ ) secretion, showing inflammation and less production of IL-10 and TGF- β . These effects were also observed in OVA-tolerized mice exposed to f g - SiO 2 , in addition to a breakdown of OT and a lower intestinal frequency of T cells. In NOD/DQ8 mice immunized with gluten, the villus-to-crypt ratio was decreased while the CD 3 + intraepithelial lymphocyte counts and the Th1 inflammatory response were aggravated after f g - SiO 2 treatment. DISCUSSION Our results suggest that chronic oral exposure to f g - SiO 2 blocked oral tolerance induction to OVA, and worsened gluten-induced immunopathology in NOD/DQ8 mice. The results should prompt investigation on the link between SiO 2 exposure and food sensitivities in humans. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP12758.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Lamas
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Team Endocrinology and Toxicology of Intestinal Barrier, INRAE/ENVT/Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Natalia Martins Breyner
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Team Endocrinology and Toxicology of Intestinal Barrier, INRAE/ENVT/Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Yann Malaisé
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Team Endocrinology and Toxicology of Intestinal Barrier, INRAE/ENVT/Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Mark Wulczynski
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Heather J. Galipeau
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eric Gaultier
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Team Endocrinology and Toxicology of Intestinal Barrier, INRAE/ENVT/Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Christel Cartier
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Team Endocrinology and Toxicology of Intestinal Barrier, INRAE/ENVT/Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Elena F. Verdu
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eric Houdeau
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Team Endocrinology and Toxicology of Intestinal Barrier, INRAE/ENVT/Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
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Bocca B, Battistini B. Biomarkers of exposure and effect in human biomonitoring of metal-based nanomaterials: their use in primary prevention and health surveillance. Nanotoxicology 2024; 18:1-35. [PMID: 38436298 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2023.2301692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Metal-based nanomaterials (MNMs) have gained particular interest in nanotechnology industry. They are used in various industrial processes, in biomedical applications or to improve functional properties of several consumer products. The widescale use of MNMs in the global consumer market has resulted in increases in the likelihood of exposure and risks to human beings. Human exposure to MNMs and assessment of their potential health effects through the concomitant application of biomarkers of exposure and effect of the most commonly used MNMs were reviewed in this paper. In particular, interactions of MNMs with biological systems and the nanobiomonitoring as a prevention tool to detect the early damage caused by MNMs as well as related topics like the influence of some physicochemical features of MNMs and availability of analytical approaches for MNMs testing in human samples were summarized in this review. The studies collected and discussed seek to increase the current knowledge on the internal dose exposure and health effects of MNMs, highlighting the advantages in using biomarkers in primary prevention and health surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Bocca
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Beatrice Battistini
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Counting Small Particles in Electron Microscopy Images—Proposal for Rules and Their Application in Practice. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12132238. [PMID: 35808073 PMCID: PMC9268650 DOI: 10.3390/nano12132238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Electron microscopy (EM) is the gold standard for the characterisation of the morphology (size and shape) of nanoparticles. Visual observation of objects under examination is always a necessary first step in the characterisation process. Several questions arise when undertaking to identify and count particles to measure their size and shape distribution. In addition to challenges with the dispersion and identification of the particles, more than one protocol for counting particles is in use. This paper focuses on precise rules for the counting of particles in EM micrographs, as this influences the measurement accuracy of the number of particles, thus implicitly affecting the size values of the counted particles. We review and compare four different, commonly used methods for counting, which we then apply in case studies. The impact of the selected counting rule on the obtained final particle size distribution is highlighted. One main aim of this analysis is to support the application of a specific, well-defined counting approach in accordance with regulatory requirements to contribute to achieving more reliable and reproducible results. It is also useful for the new harmonised measurement procedures for determining the particle size and particle size distribution of nanomaterials.
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Hao T, Wang Y, Liu Z, Li J, Shan L, Wang W, Liu J, Tang J. Emerging Applications of Silica Nanoparticles as Multifunctional Modifiers for High Performance Polyester Composites. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2810. [PMID: 34835575 PMCID: PMC8622537 DOI: 10.3390/nano11112810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nano-modification of polyester has become a research hotspot due to the growing demand for high-performance polyester. As a functional carrier, silica nanoparticles show large potential in improving crystalline properties, enhancing strength of polyester, and fabricating fluorescent polyester. Herein, we briefly traced the latest literature on synthesis of silica modifiers and the resultant polyester nanocomposites and presented a review. Firstly, we investigated synthesis approaches of silica nanoparticles for modifying polyester including sol-gel and reverse microemulsion technology, and their surface modification methods such as grafting silane coupling agent or polymer. Then, we summarized processing technics of silica-polyester nanocomposites, like physical blending, sol-gel processes, and in situ polymerization. Finally, we explored the application of silica nanoparticles in improving crystalline, mechanical, and fluorescent properties of composite materials. We hope the work provides a guideline for the readers working in the fields of silica nanoparticles as well as modifying polyester.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Hao
- National Center of International Research for Hybrid Materials Technology, Institute of Hybrid Materials, National Base of International Science & Technology Cooperation, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (T.H.); (Z.L.); (J.L.); (L.S.); (W.W.)
| | - Yao Wang
- National Center of International Research for Hybrid Materials Technology, Institute of Hybrid Materials, National Base of International Science & Technology Cooperation, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (T.H.); (Z.L.); (J.L.); (L.S.); (W.W.)
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhipeng Liu
- National Center of International Research for Hybrid Materials Technology, Institute of Hybrid Materials, National Base of International Science & Technology Cooperation, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (T.H.); (Z.L.); (J.L.); (L.S.); (W.W.)
| | - Jie Li
- National Center of International Research for Hybrid Materials Technology, Institute of Hybrid Materials, National Base of International Science & Technology Cooperation, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (T.H.); (Z.L.); (J.L.); (L.S.); (W.W.)
| | - Liangang Shan
- National Center of International Research for Hybrid Materials Technology, Institute of Hybrid Materials, National Base of International Science & Technology Cooperation, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (T.H.); (Z.L.); (J.L.); (L.S.); (W.W.)
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Wenchao Wang
- National Center of International Research for Hybrid Materials Technology, Institute of Hybrid Materials, National Base of International Science & Technology Cooperation, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (T.H.); (Z.L.); (J.L.); (L.S.); (W.W.)
| | - Jixian Liu
- National Center of International Research for Hybrid Materials Technology, Institute of Hybrid Materials, National Base of International Science & Technology Cooperation, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (T.H.); (Z.L.); (J.L.); (L.S.); (W.W.)
| | - Jianguo Tang
- National Center of International Research for Hybrid Materials Technology, Institute of Hybrid Materials, National Base of International Science & Technology Cooperation, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (T.H.); (Z.L.); (J.L.); (L.S.); (W.W.)
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
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More S, Bampidis V, Benford D, Bragard C, Halldorsson T, Hernández‐Jerez A, Bennekou SH, Koutsoumanis K, Lambré C, Machera K, Naegeli H, Nielsen S, Schlatter J, Schrenk D, Silano (deceased) V, Turck D, Younes M, Castenmiller J, Chaudhry Q, Cubadda F, Franz R, Gott D, Mast J, Mortensen A, Oomen AG, Weigel S, Barthelemy E, Rincon A, Tarazona J, Schoonjans R. Guidance on technical requirements for regulated food and feed product applications to establish the presence of small particles including nanoparticles. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06769. [PMID: 34377191 PMCID: PMC8331058 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Following a mandate from the European Commission, EFSA has developed a Guidance on Technical Requirements (Guidance on Particle-TR), defining the criteria for assessing the presence of a fraction of small particles, and setting out information requirements for applications in the regulated food and feed product areas (e.g. novel food, food/feed additives, food contact materials and pesticides). These requirements apply to particles requiring specific assessment at the nanoscale in conventional materials that do not meet the definition of engineered nanomaterial as set out in the Novel Food Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. The guidance outlines appraisal criteria grouped in three sections, to confirm whether or not the conventional risk assessment should be complemented with nanospecific considerations. The first group addresses solubility and dissolution rate as key physicochemical properties to assess whether consumers will be exposed to particles. The second group establishes the information requirements for assessing whether the conventional material contains a fraction or consists of small particles, and its characterisation. The third group describes the information to be presented for existing safety studies to demonstrate that the fraction of small particles, including particles at the nanoscale, has been properly evaluated. In addition, in order to guide the appraisal of existing safety studies, recommendations for closing the data gaps while minimising the need for conducting new animal studies are provided. This Guidance on Particle-TR complements the Guidance on risk assessment of nanomaterials to be applied in the food and feed chain, human and animal health updated by the EFSA Scientific Committee as co-published with this Guidance. Applicants are advised to consult both guidance documents before conducting new studies.
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Mohamed RH, El‐Din MRN, N. O. S. Synthesis of superhydrophobic nanocomposite coating films for self‐cleaning glass using nanoemulsion technique. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reham H. Mohamed
- Petroleum Applications Department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute Cairo Egypt
| | - M. R. Noor El‐Din
- Petroleum Applications Department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute Cairo Egypt
| | - Shaker N. O.
- Chemistry Department Al‐Azhar University Cairo Egypt
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Kaegi R, Fierz M, Hattendorf B. Quantification of Nanoparticles in Dispersions Using Transmission Electron Microscopy. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2021; 27:1-9. [PMID: 33973509 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927621000398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The quantification of the particle size and the number concentration (PNC) of nanoparticles (NPs) is key for the characterization of nanomaterials. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is often considered as the gold standard for assessing the size of NPs; however, the TEM sample preparation suitable for estimating the PNC based on deposited NPs is challenging. Here, we use an ultrasonic nebulizer (USN) to transfer NPs from aqueous suspensions into dried aerosols which are deposited on TEM grids in an electrostatic precipitator of an aerosol monitor. The deposition efficiency of the electrostatic precipitator was ≈2%, and the transport efficiency of the USN was ≈7%. Experiments using SiO2 NPs (50–200 nm) confirmed an even deposition of the nebulized particles in the center of the TEM grids. PNCs of the SiO2 NPs derived from TEM images underestimated the expected PNCs of the suspensions by a factor of up to three, most likely resulting from droplet coagulation and NP aggregation in the USN. Nevertheless, single particles still dominated the PNC. Our approach results in reproducible and even deposition of particles on TEM grids suitable for morphological analysis and allows an estimation of the PNC in the suspensions based on the number of particles detected by TEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Kaegi
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Martin Fierz
- naneos particle solutions GmbH, Dorfstr. 69, 5210Windisch, Switzerland
| | - Bodo Hattendorf
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Bau S, Dazon C, Rastoix O, Bardin-Monnier N. Effect of constituent particle polydispersion on VSSA-based equivalent particle diameter: Theoretical rationale and application to a set of eight powders with constituent particle median diameters ranging from 9 to 130 nm. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2021.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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9
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Synthesis, Characterization and Stability of Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs) in Different Buffer Systems. J CLUST SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-020-01956-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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10
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Geiss O, Bianchi I, Senaldi C, Bucher G, Verleysen E, Waegeneers N, Brassinne F, Mast J, Loeschner K, Vidmar J, Aureli F, Cubadda F, Raggi A, Iacoponi F, Peters R, Undas A, Müller A, Meinhardt AK, Walz E, Gräf V, Barrero-Moreno J. Particle size analysis of pristine food-grade titanium dioxide and E 171 in confectionery products: Interlaboratory testing of a single-particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry screening method and confirmation with transmission electron microscopy. Food Control 2021; 120:107550. [PMID: 33536722 PMCID: PMC7730118 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide is a white colourant authorised as food additive E 171 in the EU, where it is used in a range of alimentary products. As these materials may contain a fraction of particulates with sizes below 100 nm and current EU regulation requires specific labelling of food ingredient to indicate the presence of engineered nanomaterials there is now a need for standardised and validated methods to appropriately size and quantify (nano)particles in food matrices. A single-particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (spICP-MS) screening method for the determination of the size distribution and concentration of titanium dioxide particles in sugar-coated confectionery and pristine food-grade titanium dioxide was developed. Special emphasis was placed on the sample preparation procedure, crucial to reproducibly disperse the particles before analysis. The transferability of this method was tested in an interlaboratory comparison study among seven experienced European food control and food research laboratories equipped with various ICP-MS instruments and using different software packages. The assessed measurands included the particle mean diameter, the most frequent diameter, the percentage of particles (in number) with a diameter below 100 nm, the particles' number concentration and a number of cumulative particle size distribution parameters (D0, D10, D50, D99.5, D99.8 and D100). The evaluated method's performance characteristics were, the within-laboratory precision, expressed as the relative repeatability standard deviation (RSDr), and the between-laboratory precision, expressed as the relative reproducibility standard deviation (RSDR). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used as a confirmatory technique and served as the basis for bias estimation. The optimisation of the sample preparation step showed that when this protocol was applied to the relatively simple sample food matrices used in this study, bath sonication turned out to be sufficient to reach the highest, achievable degree of dispersed constituent particles. For the pristine material, probe sonication was required. Repeatability and reproducibility were below 10% and 25% respectively for most measurands except for the lower (D0) and the upper (D100) bound of the particle size distribution and the particle number concentration. The broader distribution of the lower and the upper bounds could be attributed to instrument-specific settings/setups (e.g. the timing parameters, the transport efficiency, type of mass-spectrometer) and software-specific data treatment algorithms. Differences in the upper bound were identified as being due to the non-harmonised application of the upper counting limit. Reporting D99.5 or D99.8 instead of the effectively largest particle diameter (D100) excluded isolated large particles and considerably improved the reproducibility. The particle number-concentration was found to be influenced by small differences in the sample preparation procedure. The comparison of these results with those obtained using electron microscopy showed that the mean and median particle diameter was, in all cases, higher when using spICP-MS. The main reason for this was the higher size detection limit for spICP-MS plus the fact that some of the analysed particles remained agglomerated/aggregated after sonication. Single particle ICP-MS is a powerful screening technique, which in many cases provides sufficient evidence to confirm the need to label a food product as containing (engineered) titanium dioxide nanomaterial according to the current EU regulatory requirements. The overall positive outcome of the method performance evaluation and the current lack of alternative standardised procedures, would indicate this method as being a promising candidate for a full validation study. Standardised methods for sizing of E171 particles in food matrices are unavailable. Screening method based on spICP-MS is proposed. Analytical performance parameters and transferability tested in ILC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otmar Geiss
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Ivana Bianchi
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Chiara Senaldi
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Guillaume Bucher
- Service Commun des Laboratoires (SCL), 3 Avenue Dr Albert Schweitzer, 33600, Pessac, France
| | - Eveline Verleysen
- Sciensano, Trace Elements and Nanomaterials, Uccle/Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Nadia Waegeneers
- Sciensano, Trace Elements and Nanomaterials, Uccle/Tervuren, Belgium
| | | | - Jan Mast
- Sciensano, Trace Elements and Nanomaterials, Uccle/Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Katrin Loeschner
- Division for Food Technology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 201, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Janja Vidmar
- Division for Food Technology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 201, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Federica Aureli
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Cubadda
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Raggi
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Iacoponi
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Ruud Peters
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University & Research, Business Unit Contaminants & Toxins, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708, WB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Anna Undas
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University & Research, Business Unit Contaminants & Toxins, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708, WB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Alexandra Müller
- Max Rubner-Institut (MRI), Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Department of Food Technology and Bioprocess Engineering, Haid-und-Neu-Straße 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ann-Katrin Meinhardt
- Max Rubner-Institut (MRI), Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Department of Food Technology and Bioprocess Engineering, Haid-und-Neu-Straße 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Elke Walz
- Max Rubner-Institut (MRI), Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Department of Food Technology and Bioprocess Engineering, Haid-und-Neu-Straße 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Volker Gräf
- Max Rubner-Institut (MRI), Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Department of Food Technology and Bioprocess Engineering, Haid-und-Neu-Straße 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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El-Din MN, Hashem A, Morsi R, El-Azeim AA. New superhydrophobic nanocomposites as anti-corrosion coating films. Part I: Synthesis and characterization of poly (styrene/vinyl acetate)-SiO2 nanocomposites as a water-repelling surface via nanoemulsion polymerization technique. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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Simultaneous screening of the stability and dosimetry of nanoparticles dispersions for in vitro toxicological studies with static multiple light scattering technique. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 69:104972. [PMID: 32822770 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the nanoparticle (NP) toxicity, much efforts have been devoted for developing methods to accurately disperse NPs into aqueous suspensions prior to in vitro toxicological studies. As NP toxicity is strongly dependent on their physicochemical properties, NP characterization is a key step for any in vitro toxicological study. This study demonstrates that the static multiple light scattering (SMLS) technique allows for the simultaneous screening of the NP size, agglomeration state, stability and dosimetry in biological media. Batch dispersions of TiO2 P25 NPs in water with various bovine serum albumin (BSA) mass fractions (from 0% to 0.5%) and dilutions of these dispersions into cell culture media were characterized with SMLS. In the batch dispersions, TiO2 NPs are stable and well dispersed for BSA mass fraction lower than 0.2% while agglomeration and rapid settling is observed for higher BSA mass fractions. Paradoxically, when diluted in cell culture media, TiO2 NPs are well dispersed and stable for BSA mass fractions higher than 0.2%. The TiO2 NP dosimetry of these dilutions was evaluated experimentally with SMLS and confronted with numerical approaches. The TiO2 NP bottom concentration evolves far more slowly in the case of the higher BSA mass fraction. Such measurements give valuable insights on the NP fate and transport in biological media to obtain in fine reliable size and dose-cytotoxicity responses.
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Dussert F, Arthaud PA, Arnal ME, Dalzon B, Torres A, Douki T, Herlin N, Rabilloud T, Carriere M. Toxicity to RAW264.7 Macrophages of Silica Nanoparticles and the E551 Food Additive, in Combination with Genotoxic Agents. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10071418. [PMID: 32708108 PMCID: PMC7408573 DOI: 10.3390/nano10071418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic amorphous silica (SAS) is used in a plethora of applications and included in many daily products to which humans are exposed via inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. This poses the question of their potential toxicity, particularly towards macrophages, which show specific sensitivity to this material. SAS represents an ideal candidate for the adsorption of environmental contaminants due to its large surface area and could consequently modulate their toxicity. In this study, we assessed the toxicity towards macrophages and intestinal epithelial cells of three SAS particles, either isolated SiO2 nanoparticles (LS30) or SiO2 particles composed of agglomerated-aggregates of fused primary particles, either food-grade (E551) or non-food-grade (Fumed silica). These particles were applied to cells either alone or in combination with genotoxic co-contaminants, i.e., benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and methane methylsulfonate (MMS). We show that macrophages are much more sensitive to these toxic agents than a non-differenciated co-culture of Caco-2 and HT29-MTX cells, used here as a model of intestinal epithelium. Co-exposure to SiO2 and MMS causes DNA damage in a synergistic way, which is not explained by the modulation of DNA repair protein mRNA expression. Together, this suggests that SiO2 particles could adsorb genotoxic agents on their surface and, consequently, increase their DNA damaging potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Dussert
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG-DIESE, SyMMES, Chemistry Interface Biology for the Environment, Health and Toxicology (CIBEST), F-38000 Grenoble, France; (F.D.); (P.-A.A.); (M.-E.A.); (T.D.)
| | - Pierre-Adrien Arthaud
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG-DIESE, SyMMES, Chemistry Interface Biology for the Environment, Health and Toxicology (CIBEST), F-38000 Grenoble, France; (F.D.); (P.-A.A.); (M.-E.A.); (T.D.)
| | - Marie-Edith Arnal
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG-DIESE, SyMMES, Chemistry Interface Biology for the Environment, Health and Toxicology (CIBEST), F-38000 Grenoble, France; (F.D.); (P.-A.A.); (M.-E.A.); (T.D.)
| | - Bastien Dalzon
- Chemistry and Biology of Metals, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS UMR5249, CEA, IRIG-DIESE-LCBM-ProMD, F-38054 Grenoble, France; (B.D.); (A.T.); (T.R.)
| | - Anaëlle Torres
- Chemistry and Biology of Metals, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS UMR5249, CEA, IRIG-DIESE-LCBM-ProMD, F-38054 Grenoble, France; (B.D.); (A.T.); (T.R.)
| | - Thierry Douki
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG-DIESE, SyMMES, Chemistry Interface Biology for the Environment, Health and Toxicology (CIBEST), F-38000 Grenoble, France; (F.D.); (P.-A.A.); (M.-E.A.); (T.D.)
| | - Nathalie Herlin
- Université Paris Saclay, CEA Saclay, IRAMIS NIMBE UMR 3685, 91191 Gif/Yvette CEDEX, France;
| | - Thierry Rabilloud
- Chemistry and Biology of Metals, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS UMR5249, CEA, IRIG-DIESE-LCBM-ProMD, F-38054 Grenoble, France; (B.D.); (A.T.); (T.R.)
| | - Marie Carriere
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG-DIESE, SyMMES, Chemistry Interface Biology for the Environment, Health and Toxicology (CIBEST), F-38000 Grenoble, France; (F.D.); (P.-A.A.); (M.-E.A.); (T.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-4-3878-0328
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14
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Aureli F, Ciprotti M, D’Amato M, do Nascimento da Silva E, Nisi S, Passeri D, Sorbo A, Raggi A, Rossi M, Cubadda F. Determination of Total Silicon and SiO 2 Particles Using an ICP-MS Based Analytical Platform for Toxicokinetic Studies of Synthetic Amorphous Silica. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E888. [PMID: 32384606 PMCID: PMC7279390 DOI: 10.3390/nano10050888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic amorphous silica (SAS), manufactured in pyrogenic or precipitated form, is a nanomaterial with a widespread use as food additive (E 551). Oral exposure to SAS results from its use in food and dietary supplements, pharmaceuticals and toothpaste. Recent evidence suggests that oral exposure to SAS may pose health risks and highlights the need to address the toxic potential of SAS as affected by the physicochemical characteristics of the different forms of SAS. For this aim, investigating SAS toxicokinetics is of crucial importance and an analytical strategy for such an undertaking is presented. The minimization of silicon background in tissues, control of contamination (including silicon release from equipment), high-throughput sample treatment, elimination of spectral interferences affecting inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) silicon detection, and development of analytical quality control tools are the cornerstones of this strategy. A validated method combining sample digestion with silicon determination by reaction cell ICP-MS is presented. Silica particles are converted to soluble silicon by microwave dissolution with mixtures of HNO3, H2O2 and hydrofluoric acid (HF), whereas interference-free ICP-MS detection of total silicon is achieved by ion-molecule chemistry with limits of detection (LoDs) in the range 0.2-0.5 µg Si g-1 for most tissues. Deposition of particulate SiO2 in tissues is assessed by single particle ICP-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Aureli
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità-National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy; (F.A.); (M.C.); (M.D.); (A.S.); (A.R.)
| | - Maria Ciprotti
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità-National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy; (F.A.); (M.C.); (M.D.); (A.S.); (A.R.)
| | - Marilena D’Amato
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità-National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy; (F.A.); (M.C.); (M.D.); (A.S.); (A.R.)
| | - Emanueli do Nascimento da Silva
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto 35400000, MG, Brazil;
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083970, SP, Brazil
| | - Stefano Nisi
- Gran Sasso National Laboratory, National Institute of Nuclear Physics (LNGS-INFN), 67100 Assergi (AQ), Italy;
| | - Daniele Passeri
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering, University of Rome Sapienza, 00161 Rome, Italy; (D.P.); (M.R.)
- Research Center for Nanotechnology Applied to Engineering of Sapienza University of Rome (CNIS), University of Rome Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Sorbo
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità-National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy; (F.A.); (M.C.); (M.D.); (A.S.); (A.R.)
| | - Andrea Raggi
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità-National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy; (F.A.); (M.C.); (M.D.); (A.S.); (A.R.)
| | - Marco Rossi
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering, University of Rome Sapienza, 00161 Rome, Italy; (D.P.); (M.R.)
- Research Center for Nanotechnology Applied to Engineering of Sapienza University of Rome (CNIS), University of Rome Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Cubadda
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità-National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy; (F.A.); (M.C.); (M.D.); (A.S.); (A.R.)
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15
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Potapov V, Fediuk R, Gorev D. Hydrothermal SiO 2 Nanopowders: Obtaining Them and Their Characteristics. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10040624. [PMID: 32230950 PMCID: PMC7221934 DOI: 10.3390/nano10040624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The technological mode of obtaining amorphous SiO2 nanopowders based on hydrothermal solutions is proposed in this study. Polycondensation of orthosilicic acid as well as ultrafiltration membrane separation, and cryochemical vacuum sublimation were used. The characteristics of nanopowders were determined by tunneling electron microscopy, low-temperature nitrogen adsorption, X-ray diffraction, and small-angle X-ray scattering. The scheme allows to adjust density, particle diameters of nanopowders, specific surface area, as well as diameters, area and volume of the pore. Thus, the structure of nanopowders is regulated—the volume fraction of the packing of spherical particles in aggregates and agglomerates, the size of agglomerates, and the number of particles in agglomerates. The pour densities of the nanopowders depend on the SiO2 content in sols, which were 0.02 to 0.3 g/cm3. Nanoparticles specific surface area was brought to 500 m2/g by low temperature polycondensation. Nanoparticle aggregates specific pore volume (0.2–0.3 g/cm3) weakly depend on powders density. The volume fraction of the packing of SiO2 nanoparticles in aggregates was 0.6–0.7. Solid samples of compacted nanopowders had a compressive strength of up to 337 MPa. Possible applications of hydrothermal SiO2 nanopowders are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Potapov
- Research Geotechnological Center, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 30, Severo-Vostochny Highway, 683002 Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Russia; (V.P.); (D.G.)
| | - Roman Fediuk
- School of Engineering, Far Eastern Federal University, 8, Sukhanova Str., 690950 Vladivostok, Russia
- Correspondence: ; +79502817945
| | - Denis Gorev
- Research Geotechnological Center, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 30, Severo-Vostochny Highway, 683002 Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Russia; (V.P.); (D.G.)
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16
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Murugadoss S, Brassinne F, Sebaihi N, Petry J, Cokic SM, Van Landuyt KL, Godderis L, Mast J, Lison D, Hoet PH, van den Brule S. Agglomeration of titanium dioxide nanoparticles increases toxicological responses in vitro and in vivo. Part Fibre Toxicol 2020; 17:10. [PMID: 32101144 PMCID: PMC7045370 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-020-00341-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The terms agglomerates and aggregates are frequently used in the regulatory definition(s) of nanomaterials (NMs) and hence attract attention in view of their potential influence on health effects. However, the influence of nanoparticle (NP) agglomeration and aggregation on toxicity is poorly understood although it is strongly believed that smaller the size of the NPs greater the toxicity. A toxicologically relevant definition of NMs is therefore not yet available, which affects not only the risk assessment process but also hinders the regulation of nano-products. In this study, we assessed the influence of NP agglomeration on their toxicity/biological responses in vitro and in vivo. Results We tested two TiO2 NPs with different primary sizes (17 and 117 nm) and prepared ad-hoc suspensions composed of small or large agglomerates with similar dispersion medium composition. For in vitro testing, human bronchial epithelial (HBE), colon epithelial (Caco2) and monocytic (THP-1) cell lines were exposed to these suspensions for 24 h and endpoints such as cytotoxicity, total glutathione, epithelial barrier integrity, inflammatory mediators and DNA damage were measured. Large agglomerates of 17 nm TiO2 induced stronger responses than small agglomerates for glutathione depletion, IL-8 and IL-1β increase, and DNA damage in THP-1, while no effect of agglomeration was observed with 117 nm TiO2. In vivo, C57BL/6JRj mice were exposed via oropharyngeal aspiration or oral gavage to TiO2 suspensions and, after 3 days, biological parameters including cytotoxicity, inflammatory cell recruitment, DNA damage and biopersistence were measured. Mainly, we observed that large agglomerates of 117 nm TiO2 induced higher pulmonary responses in aspirated mice and blood DNA damage in gavaged mice compared to small agglomerates. Conclusion Agglomeration of TiO2 NPs influences their toxicity/biological responses and, large agglomerates do not appear less active than small agglomerates. This study provides a deeper insight on the toxicological relevance of NP agglomerates and contributes to the establishment of a toxicologically relevant definition for NMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivakumar Murugadoss
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Unit of Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Noham Sebaihi
- National Standards, FPS Economy, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jasmine Petry
- National Standards, FPS Economy, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stevan M Cokic
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, KU Leuven, BIOMAT & UZ Leuven (University Hospitals Leuven), Dentistry, Kapucijnenvoer 7, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kirsten L Van Landuyt
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, KU Leuven, BIOMAT & UZ Leuven (University Hospitals Leuven), Dentistry, Kapucijnenvoer 7, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lode Godderis
- Laboratory for Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, Unit of Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,IDEWE, External Service for Prevention and Protection at work, Interleuvenlaan 58, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Jan Mast
- Trace Elements and Nanomaterials, Sciensano, 1180, Uccle, Belgium
| | - Dominique Lison
- Louvain centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université catholique de Louvain, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Peter H Hoet
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Unit of Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Sybille van den Brule
- Louvain centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université catholique de Louvain, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.
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17
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Tassinari R, Di Felice G, Butteroni C, Barletta B, Corinti S, Cubadda F, Aureli F, Raggi A, Narciso L, Tait S, Valeri M, Martinelli A, Di Virgilio A, Pacchierotti F, Cordelli E, Eleuteri P, Villani P, Fessard V, Maranghi F. Hazard identification of pyrogenic synthetic amorphous silica (NM-203) after sub-chronic oral exposure in rat: A multitarget approach. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 137:111168. [PMID: 32007467 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Food additive E551 consists of synthetic amorphous silica (SAS), comprising agglomerates and aggregates of primary particles in the nanorange (<100 nm), which potential nanospecific risks for humans associated to dietary exposure are not yet completely assessed. In NANoREG project, aim of the study was to identify potential hazards of pyrogenic SAS nanomaterial NM-203 by a 90-day oral toxicity study (OECD test guideline 408). Adult Sprague-Dawley rats of both sexes were orally treated with 0, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50 mg SAS/kg bw per day; dose levels were selected to be as close as possible to E551 dietary exposure. Several endpoints were investigated, the whole integrative study is presented here along with the results of dispersion characterization, tissue distribution, general toxicity, blood/serum biomarkers, histopathological and immunotoxicity endpoints. No mortality, general toxicity and limited deposition in target tissues were observed. NM-203 affected liver and spleen in both sexes. Proposed NOAEL 5 mg/kg bw per day in male rats for enlarged sinusoids in liver. In female rats, TSH and creatinine levels were affected, proposed LOAEL 2 mg/kg bw per day. Overall, these data provide new insight for a comprehensive risk assessment of SAS exposure by the oral route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Tassinari
- Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriella Di Felice
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Butteroni
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Bianca Barletta
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Corinti
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Cubadda
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Aureli
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; National Centre for the Control and Evaluation of Medicines, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Raggi
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Narciso
- Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Sabrina Tait
- Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Valeri
- Experimental Animal Welfare Sector, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Martinelli
- Experimental Animal Welfare Sector, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Di Virgilio
- Experimental Animal Welfare Sector, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Pacchierotti
- Health Protection Technology Division, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenia Cordelli
- Health Protection Technology Division, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Eleuteri
- Health Protection Technology Division, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Villani
- Health Protection Technology Division, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | - Valerie Fessard
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Fougères, France
| | - Francesca Maranghi
- Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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18
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Murugadoss S, van den Brule S, Brassinne F, Sebaihi N, Mejia J, Lucas S, Petry J, Godderis L, Mast J, Lison D, Hoet PH. Is aggregated synthetic amorphous silica toxicologically relevant? Part Fibre Toxicol 2020; 17:1. [PMID: 31900181 PMCID: PMC6942297 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-019-0331-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The regulatory definition(s) of nanomaterials (NMs) frequently uses the term 'agglomerates and aggregates' (AA) despite the paucity of evidence that AA are significantly relevant from a nanotoxicological perspective. This knowledge gap greatly affects the safety assessment and regulation of NMs, such as synthetic amorphous silica (SAS). SAS is used in a large panel of industrial applications. They are primarily produced as nano-sized particles (1-100 nm in diameter) and considered safe as they form large aggregates (> 100 nm) during the production process. So far, it is indeed believed that large aggregates represent a weaker hazard compared to their nano counterpart. Thus, we assessed the impact of SAS aggregation on in vitro cytotoxicity/biological activity to address the toxicological relevance of aggregates of different sizes. RESULTS We used a precipitated SAS dispersed by different methods, generating 4 ad-hoc suspensions with different aggregate size distributions. Their effect on cell metabolic activity, cell viability, epithelial barrier integrity, total glutathione content and, IL-8 and IL-6 secretion were investigated after 24 h exposure in human bronchial epithelial (HBE), colon epithelial (Caco2) and monocytic cells (THP-1). We observed that the de-aggregated suspension (DE-AGGR), predominantly composed of nano-sized aggregates, induced stronger effects in all the cell lines than the aggregated suspension (AGGR). We then compared DE-AGGR with 2 suspensions fractionated from AGGR: the precipitated fraction (PREC) and the supernatant fraction (SuperN). Very large aggregates in PREC were found to be the least cytotoxic/biologically active compared to other suspensions. SuperN, which contains aggregates larger in size (> 100 nm) than in DE-AGGR but smaller than PREC, exhibited similar activity as DE-AGGR. CONCLUSION Overall, aggregation resulted in reduced toxicological activity of SAS. However, when comparing aggregates of different sizes, it appeared that aggregates > 100 nm were not necessarily less cytotoxic than their nano-sized counterparts. This study suggests that aggregates of SAS are toxicologically relevant for the definition of NMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivakumar Murugadoss
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Unit of Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sybille van den Brule
- Louvain centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Noham Sebaihi
- National Standards, FPS Economy, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jorge Mejia
- Synthesis Irradiation and Analysis of Materials Platform (SIAM), University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Stéphane Lucas
- LARN-NARILIS, University of Namur, Rue de Bruxelles 61, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Jasmine Petry
- National Standards, FPS Economy, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lode Godderis
- Laboratory for Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, Unit of Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- IDEWE, External Service for Prevention and Protection at work, Interleuvenlaan 58, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Jan Mast
- Trace Elements and Nanomaterials, Sciensano, 1180 Uccle, Belgium
| | - Dominique Lison
- Louvain centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Université catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Peter H. Hoet
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Unit of Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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19
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Busch R, Karim F, Weis J, Sun Y, Zhao C, Vasquez ES. Optimization and Structural Stability of Gold Nanoparticle-Antibody Bioconjugates. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:15269-15279. [PMID: 31552374 PMCID: PMC6751724 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) bound with biomolecules have emerged as suitable biosensors exploiting unique surface chemistries and optical properties. Many efforts have focused on antibody bioconjugation to AuNPs resulting in a sensitive bioconjugate to detect specific types of bacteria. Unfortunately, bacteria thrive under various harsh environments, and an understanding of bioconjugate stability is needed. Here, we show a method for optimizing Listeria monocytogenes polyclonal antibodies bioconjugation mechanisms to AuNPs via covalent binding at different pH values, from 2 to 11, and 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid (MES), 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid, NaOH, HCl conditions. By fitting Lorentz curves to the amide I and II regions, we analyze the stability of the antibody secondary structure. This shows an increase in the apparent breakdown of the antibody secondary structure during bioconjugation as pH decreases from 7.9 to 2. We find variable adsorption efficiency, measured as the percentage of antibody adsorbed to the AuNP surface, from 17 to 27% as pH increases from 2 to 6 before decreasing to 8 and 13% at pH 7.9 and 11, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis reveals discrepancies between size and morphological changes due to the corona layer assembly from antibody binding to single nanoparticles versus aggregation or cluster self-assembly into large aggregates. The corona layer formation size increases from 3.9 to 5.1 nm from pH 2 to 6, at pH 7.9, there is incomplete corona formation, whereas at pH 11, there is a corona layer formed of 6.4 nm. These results indicate that the covalent binding process was more efficient at lower pH values; however, aggregation and deactivation of the antibodies were observed. We demonstrate that optimum bioconjugation condition was determined at pH 6 and MES buffer-type by indicators of covalent bonding and stability of the antibody secondary structure using Fourier transform-infrared, the morphological characteristics and corona layer formation using TEM, and low wavelength shifts of ultraviolet-visible after bioconjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert
T. Busch
- Department
of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Department of Electro-Optics and
Photonics, Department of Biology, Integrative Science and Engineering Center, and Department of
Physics, University of Dayton, 300 College Park, Dayton, Ohio 45469, United States
| | - Farzia Karim
- Department
of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Department of Electro-Optics and
Photonics, Department of Biology, Integrative Science and Engineering Center, and Department of
Physics, University of Dayton, 300 College Park, Dayton, Ohio 45469, United States
| | - John Weis
- Department
of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Department of Electro-Optics and
Photonics, Department of Biology, Integrative Science and Engineering Center, and Department of
Physics, University of Dayton, 300 College Park, Dayton, Ohio 45469, United States
| | - Yvonne Sun
- Department
of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Department of Electro-Optics and
Photonics, Department of Biology, Integrative Science and Engineering Center, and Department of
Physics, University of Dayton, 300 College Park, Dayton, Ohio 45469, United States
| | - Chenglong Zhao
- Department
of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Department of Electro-Optics and
Photonics, Department of Biology, Integrative Science and Engineering Center, and Department of
Physics, University of Dayton, 300 College Park, Dayton, Ohio 45469, United States
| | - Erick S. Vasquez
- Department
of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Department of Electro-Optics and
Photonics, Department of Biology, Integrative Science and Engineering Center, and Department of
Physics, University of Dayton, 300 College Park, Dayton, Ohio 45469, United States
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20
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Boudard D, Aureli F, Laurent B, Sturm N, Raggi A, Antier E, Lakhdar L, Marche PN, Cottier M, Cubadda F, Bencsik A. Chronic Oral Exposure to Synthetic Amorphous Silica (NM-200) Results in Renal and Liver Lesions in Mice. Kidney Int Rep 2019; 4:1463-1471. [PMID: 31701056 PMCID: PMC6829198 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Silicon dioxide, produced as synthetic amorphous silica (SAS), is made of nanoparticles (NPs), either present as such or as agglomerates and aggregates, and is widely used in many types of food processes and products as an additive. To assess whether repeated, long-term exposure to SAS NPs may result in adverse effects, mice were exposed for 18 months via drinking water to NM-200, one of the reference nanostructured silica used for applications related to food, at 4.8 mg NM-200/kg body weight per day, a dose relevant to the estimated dietary exposure to SAS in humans. Methods The experiment focused on the kidney and liver as target organs and was carried out in parallel using 3 mouse lines (wild type and transgenic) differing for the expression of α-synuclein, that is, murine and human mutated (A53T). Sensitive determination of silicon revealed higher contents in liver and kidneys of NM-200–exposed mice compared with unexposed aged-matched controls. Results Histological abnormalities, such as vacuolization of tubular epithelial cells, were detected in all kidneys, as well as inflammatory responses that were also detected in livers of exposed animals. Less frequent but more deleterious, amyloidosis lesions were observed in glomeruli, associated with perivascular amyloid accumulation in liver. Conclusion These histological findings, in conjunction with the observation of detectable deposition of silica, highlight that chronic oral intake of SAS may pose a health risk to humans and need to be examined further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Boudard
- CHU Saint Etienne, UF6725 Cytologie et Histologie Rénale, St-Etienne, France.,Université de Lyon, INSERM UMR 1059, Equipe DVH/PIB, Faculté de Médecine St-Etienne, France
| | - Federica Aureli
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità-Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Blandine Laurent
- CHU Saint Etienne, UF6725 Cytologie et Histologie Rénale, St-Etienne, France
| | | | - Andrea Raggi
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità-Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Michèle Cottier
- CHU Saint Etienne, UF6725 Cytologie et Histologie Rénale, St-Etienne, France
| | - Francesco Cubadda
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità-Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
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21
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Sohal IS, Cho YK, O'Fallon KS, Gaines P, Demokritou P, Bello D. Dissolution Behavior and Biodurability of Ingested Engineered Nanomaterials in the Gastrointestinal Environment. ACS NANO 2018; 12:8115-8128. [PMID: 30021067 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b02978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Engineered nanomaterials (ENM) are extensively used as food additives in numerous food products, and at present, little is known about the fate of ingested ENM (iENM) in the gastrointestinal (GI) environment. Here, we investigated the dissolution behavior, biodurability, and persistence of four major iENM (TiO2, SiO2, ZnO, and two Fe2O3) in individual simulated GI fluids (saliva, gastric, and intestinal) and a physiologically relevant digestion cascade (saliva → gastric → intestinal) in the fasted state over physiologically relevant time frames. TiO2 was found to be the most biodurable and persistent iENM in simulated GI fluids with a maximum of only 0.42% (4 μM Ti4+ ion release) dissolution in cascade digestion, followed by iron oxides, of which the rod-like morphology was more biodurable and persistent (0.7% maximum dissolution, 8.7 μM Fe3+) than the acicular one (2.27% maximum dissolution, 16.7 μM Fe3+) in the cascade digestion, respectively. SiO2 and ZnO were less biodurable than Fe2O3, with 65.5% (416 μM Si4+) and 100% (1718.1 μM Zn2+) dissolution in the gastric phase, respectively. In the intestinal phase, however, Si4+ ions reprecipitated, possibly due to sudden pH changes, while ZnO remained completely dissolved. These observations were also confirmed using high-resolution particle size and concentration, and electron microscopy, time-dependent analysis. In terms of decreasing biodurability and persistence in the simulated GI environment, the tested nanomaterials can be ranked as follows: TiO2 ≫ rod-like Fe2O3 > acicular Fe2O3 ≫ SiO2 > ZnO, which is in agreement with limited animal biokinetics data. Chronic uptake of these iENM as particles or ions by the GI tract, especially in the presence of a food matrix and authentic digestive media, and associated implications for human health warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kevin S O'Fallon
- Development and Engineering Center , Natick Soldier Research , Natick , Massachusetts 01760 , United States
| | | | - Philip Demokritou
- Department of Environmental Health and the Harvard Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health , Harvard University , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Dhimiter Bello
- Department of Environmental Health and the Harvard Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health , Harvard University , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
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22
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Waegeneers N, Brasseur A, Van Doren E, Van der Heyden S, Serreyn PJ, Pussemier L, Mast J, Schneider YJ, Ruttens A, Roels S. Short-term biodistribution and clearance of intravenously administered silica nanoparticles. Toxicol Rep 2018; 5:632-638. [PMID: 30622900 PMCID: PMC6318342 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon IV injection of rats with NM-200, Si mainly accumulates in liver & spleen. Silicon concentrations significantly decreased in spleen between 6 and 24 h. In liver the same tendency was observed. NM-200 has a similar distribution but faster splenic clearance as NM-203. Within the first 24 h, silicon was mainly excreted through urine.
Recently, concerns have been raised about potential adverse effects of synthetic amorphous silica, commonly used as food additive (E551), since silica nanoparticles have been detected in food containing E551. We examined the biodistribution and excretion in female Sprague-Dawley rats of NM-200, a well characterized nanostructured silica representative for food applications. A single intravenous injection of NM-200 was applied at a dose of 20 mg/kgbw, followed by autopsy after 6 and 24 h. The main organs where silicon accumulated were liver and spleen. The silicon concentration significantly decreased in spleen between 6 and 24 h. In liver the tendency was the same but the effect was not significant. This could be due to clearance of the spleen to the liver via the splenic vein, while liver clearance takes more time due to hepatic processing and biliary excretion. In treated animals the liver showed in addition a prominent increase of macrophages between both evaluation moments. Within the first 24 h, silicon was mainly excreted through urine. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the toxicokinetics of different types of silica nanomaterials at lower exposure doses in order to be able to predict kinetics and toxicity of silica nanoparticles depending on their physicochemical characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Waegeneers
- Trace Element Service, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Leuvensesteenweg 17, B-3080, Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Anne Brasseur
- Trace Element Service, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Leuvensesteenweg 17, B-3080, Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Elke Van Doren
- Electron Microscopy Service, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Groeselenberg 99, B-1180, Uccle, Belgium
| | - Sara Van der Heyden
- Scientific Service of Orientation and Veterinary Support, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Groeselenberg 99, B-1180, Uccle, Belgium
| | - Pieter-Jan Serreyn
- Scientific Service of Orientation and Veterinary Support, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Groeselenberg 99, B-1180, Uccle, Belgium
| | - Luc Pussemier
- Trace Element Service, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Leuvensesteenweg 17, B-3080, Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Jan Mast
- Electron Microscopy Service, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Groeselenberg 99, B-1180, Uccle, Belgium
| | - Yves-Jacques Schneider
- Laboratory of Cellular, Nutritional and Toxicological Biochemistry, Institute of Life Sciences, Université Catholique de Louvain, 5 Croix du Sud, B-1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Ann Ruttens
- Trace Element Service, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Leuvensesteenweg 17, B-3080, Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Stefan Roels
- Scientific Service of Orientation and Veterinary Support, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Groeselenberg 99, B-1180, Uccle, Belgium
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23
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Beltran-Huarac J, Zhang Z, Pyrgiotakis G, DeLoid G, Vaze N, Hussain SM, Demokritou P. Development of reference metal and metal oxide engineered nanomaterials for nanotoxicology research using high throughput and precision flame spray synthesis approaches. NANOIMPACT 2018; 10:26-37. [PMID: 30035243 PMCID: PMC6051426 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing need to develop and characterize reference metal and metal oxide engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) of high purity and tunable intrinsic properties suitable for nanotoxicology research. Here a high throughput (volume) and precision flame spray pyrolysis (FSP) approach coupled with state-of-the-art characterization techniques are utilized to generate such reference ENMs. The lab-based and industrially relevant FSP system, termed as Versatile Engineered Nanomaterials Generation System (VENGES), synthesizes the metals and metal oxides, at high throughput manner with controlled properties, such as primary particle size, aggregate diameter, shape, crystallinity, stoichiometry and surface chemistry. A nanopanel of nine reference ENMs (silica, silver, silver supported on silica, alumina, ceria and iron oxide) was synthesized and characterized using combined electron microscopy, advanced spectroscopic techniques and physical analyses (e.g., BET, XRD, TEM, pycnometry, XPS, ICP-MS and FTIR). ENMs show a high degree of chemical purity and stoichiometry, and low content of carbon residuals, and are sterile and free of bacteria and endotoxins. Further, their colloidal properties and their implication in in-vitro dosimetry have been also investigated in both environmental and test biological media. The suitability of reference ENMs and protocols developed in this study brings forth new arenas to generate reliable and reproducible toxicological data in an effort to reduce conflicting and contradicting inter-laboratory data on relative toxic effects of ENMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Beltran-Huarac
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, HSPH-NIEHS Nanosafety Center, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zhenyuan Zhang
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, HSPH-NIEHS Nanosafety Center, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Georgios Pyrgiotakis
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, HSPH-NIEHS Nanosafety Center, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Glen DeLoid
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, HSPH-NIEHS Nanosafety Center, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nachiket Vaze
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, HSPH-NIEHS Nanosafety Center, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Saber M. Hussain
- Molecular Bioeffects Branch, Airman Systems Directorate, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, HSPH-NIEHS Nanosafety Center, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Rasmussen K, Rauscher H, Mech A, Riego Sintes J, Gilliland D, González M, Kearns P, Moss K, Visser M, Groenewold M, Bleeker EAJ. Physico-chemical properties of manufactured nanomaterials - Characterisation and relevant methods. An outlook based on the OECD Testing Programme. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 92:8-28. [PMID: 29074277 PMCID: PMC5817049 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Identifying and characterising nanomaterials require additional information on physico-chemical properties and test methods, compared to chemicals in general. Furthermore, regulatory decisions for chemicals are usually based upon certain toxicological properties, and these effects may not be equivalent to those for nanomaterials. However, regulatory agencies lack an authoritative decision framework for nanomaterials that links the relevance of certain physico-chemical endpoints to toxicological effects. This paper investigates various physico-chemical endpoints and available test methods that could be used to produce such a decision framework for nanomaterials. It presents an overview of regulatory relevance and methods used for testing fifteen proposed physico-chemical properties of eleven nanomaterials in the OECD Working Party on Manufactured Nanomaterials' Testing Programme, complemented with methods from literature, and assesses the methods' adequacy and applications limits. Most endpoints are of regulatory relevance, though the specific parameters depend on the nanomaterial and type of assessment. Size (distribution) is the common characteristic of all nanomaterials and is decisive information for classifying a material as a nanomaterial. Shape is an important particle descriptor. The octanol-water partitioning coefficient is undefined for particulate nanomaterials. Methods, including sample preparation, need to be further standardised, and some new methods are needed. The current work of OECD's Test Guidelines Programme regarding physico-chemical properties is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Rasmussen
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, VA, Italy.
| | - Hubert Rauscher
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, VA, Italy.
| | - Agnieszka Mech
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, VA, Italy.
| | - Juan Riego Sintes
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, VA, Italy.
| | - Douglas Gilliland
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, VA, Italy.
| | - Mar González
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Environment Directorate, 75775 Paris CEDEX 16, France.
| | - Peter Kearns
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Environment Directorate, 75775 Paris CEDEX 16, France.
| | - Kenneth Moss
- United States Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA), Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics (7405M), 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Washington DC, 20460 United States.
| | - Maaike Visser
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Monique Groenewold
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Eric A J Bleeker
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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25
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Krause B, Meyer T, Sieg H, Kästner C, Reichardt P, Tentschert J, Jungnickel H, Estrela-Lopis I, Burel A, Chevance S, Gauffre F, Jalili P, Meijer J, Böhmert L, Braeuning A, Thünemann AF, Emmerling F, Fessard V, Laux P, Lampen A, Luch A. Characterization of aluminum, aluminum oxide and titanium dioxide nanomaterials using a combination of methods for particle surface and size analysis. RSC Adv 2018; 8:14377-14388. [PMID: 35540747 PMCID: PMC9079890 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra00205c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of appropriate analytical techniques is essential for nanomaterial (NM) characterization. In this study, we compared different analytical techniques for NM analysis. Regarding possible adverse health effects, ionic and particulate NM effects have to be taken into account. As NMs behave quite differently in physiological media, special attention was paid to techniques which are able to determine the biosolubility and complexation behavior of NMs. Representative NMs of similar size were selected: aluminum (Al0) and aluminum oxide (Al2O3), to compare the behavior of metal and metal oxides. In addition, titanium dioxide (TiO2) was investigated. Characterization techniques such as dynamic light scattering (DLS) and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) were evaluated with respect to their suitability for fast characterization of nanoparticle dispersions regarding a particle's hydrodynamic diameter and size distribution. By application of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in the single particle mode (SP-ICP-MS), individual nanoparticles were quantified and characterized regarding their size. SP-ICP-MS measurements were correlated with the information gained using other characterization techniques, i.e. transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The particle surface as an important descriptor of NMs was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). NM impurities and their co-localization with biomolecules were determined by ion beam microscopy (IBM) and confocal Raman microscopy (CRM). We conclude advantages and disadvantages of the different techniques applied and suggest options for their complementation. Thus, this paper may serve as a practical guide to particle characterization techniques. The application of appropriate analytical techniques is essential for nanomaterial (NM) characterization.![]()
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26
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Murugadoss S, Lison D, Godderis L, Van Den Brule S, Mast J, Brassinne F, Sebaihi N, Hoet PH. Toxicology of silica nanoparticles: an update. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:2967-3010. [PMID: 28573455 PMCID: PMC5562771 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-1993-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Large-scale production and use of amorphous silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) have increased the risk of human exposure to SiNPs, while their health effects remain unclear. In this review, scientific papers from 2010 to 2016 were systematically selected and sorted based on in vitro and in vivo studies: to provide an update on SiNPs toxicity and to address the knowledge gaps indicated in the review of Napierska (Part Fibre Toxicol 7:39, 2010). Toxicity of SiNPs in vitro is size, dose, and cell type dependent. SiNPs synthesized by wet route exhibited noticeably different biological effects compared to thermal route-based SiNPs. Amorphous SiNPs (particularly colloidal and stöber) induced toxicity via mechanisms similar to crystalline silica. In vivo, route of administration and physico-chemical properties of SiNPs influences the toxicokinetics. Adverse effects were mainly observed in acutely exposed animals, while no significant signs of toxicity were noted in chronically dosed animals. The correlation between in vitro and in vivo toxicity remains less well established mainly due to improper-unrealistic-dosing both in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, notwithstanding the multiple studies published in recent years, unambiguous linking of physico-chemical properties of SiNPs types to toxicity, bioavailability, or human health effects is not yet possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivakumar Murugadoss
- Unit for Lung Toxicology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Herestraat 49, O&N1, Room: 07.702, box 706, 3000 Louvain, Belgium
| | - Dominique Lison
- Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier 52/B1.52.12, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lode Godderis
- Department of Occupational, Environmental and Insurance Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 35 block d, box 7001, 3000 Louvain, Belgium
| | - Sybille Van Den Brule
- Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier 52/B1.52.12, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jan Mast
- EM-unit, Center for Veterinary and Agrochemical Studies and Research (CODA-CERVA), Groeselenberg 99, Uccle, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frederic Brassinne
- EM-unit, Center for Veterinary and Agrochemical Studies and Research (CODA-CERVA), Groeselenberg 99, Uccle, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Noham Sebaihi
- General Quality and Safety, Metrology Department, National Standards, North Gate-Office 2A29, Bd du Roi Albert II, 16, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Peter H. Hoet
- Unit for Lung Toxicology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Herestraat 49, O&N1, Room: 07.702, box 706, 3000 Louvain, Belgium
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27
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Kestens V, Coleman VA, De Temmerman PJ, Minelli C, Woehlecke H, Roebben G. Improved Metrological Traceability of Particle Size Values Measured with Line-Start Incremental Centrifugal Liquid Sedimentation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:8213-8224. [PMID: 28731349 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b01714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Line-start incremental centrifugal liquid sedimentation (disc-CLS) is a powerful method to determine particle size based on the principles of Stokes' law. Because several of the input quantities of the Stokes equation cannot be easily determined for this case of a rotating disc, the disc-CLS approach relies on calibrating the sedimentation time scale with reference particles. To use these calibrant particles for establishing metrological traceability, they must fulfill the same requirements as those imposed on a certified reference material, i.e., their certified Stokes diameter and density value must come with a realistic measurement uncertainty and with a traceability statement. As is the case for several other techniques, the calibrants do not always come with uncertainties for the assigned modal diameter and effective particle density. The lack of such information and the absence of a traceability statement make it difficult for the end-user to estimate the uncertainty of the measurement results and to compare them with results obtained by others. We present the results of a collaborative study that aimed at demonstrating the traceability of particle size results obtained with disc-CLS. For this purpose, the particle size and effective particle density of polyvinyl chloride calibrants were measured using different validated methods, and measurement uncertainties were estimated according to the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement. The results indicate that the modal Stokes diameter and effective particle density that are assigned to the calibrants are accurate within 5% and 3.5%, respectively, and that they can be used to establish traceability of particle size results obtained with disc-CLS. This conclusion has a great impact on the traceability statement of certified particle size reference materials, for which the traceability is limited to the size and density values of the calibrant particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Kestens
- Directorate-General Joint Research Centre, European Commission , 2440 Geel, Belgium
| | - Victoria A Coleman
- Nanometrology Section, National Measurement Institute Australia , 2070 West Lindfield, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Pieter-Jan De Temmerman
- Service Trace Elements and Nanomaterials, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA) , 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Caterina Minelli
- Chemical, Medical and Environmental Science Division, National Physical Laboratory , Middlesex, TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | | | - Gert Roebben
- Directorate-General Joint Research Centre, European Commission , 2440 Geel, Belgium
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28
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Vlieghe M, Frances C, Coufort‐Saudejaud C, Liné A. Morphological properties of flocs under turbulent break‐up and restructuring processes. AIChE J 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.15745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Vlieghe
- Laboratoire de Génie ChimiqueUniversité de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPSToulouse France
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSAToulouse France
| | - C. Frances
- Laboratoire de Génie ChimiqueUniversité de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPSToulouse France
| | - C. Coufort‐Saudejaud
- Laboratoire de Génie ChimiqueUniversité de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPSToulouse France
| | - A. Liné
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSAToulouse France
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29
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Kestens V, Roebben G, Herrmann J, Jämting Å, Coleman V, Minelli C, Clifford C, De Temmerman PJ, Mast J, Junjie L, Babick F, Cölfen H, Emons H. Challenges in the size analysis of a silica nanoparticle mixture as candidate certified reference material. JOURNAL OF NANOPARTICLE RESEARCH : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY FORUM FOR NANOSCALE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2016; 18:171. [PMID: 27441027 PMCID: PMC4917587 DOI: 10.1007/s11051-016-3474-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A new certified reference material for quality control of nanoparticle size analysis methods has been developed and produced by the Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements of the European Commission's Joint Research Centre. The material, ERM-FD102, consists of an aqueous suspension of a mixture of silica nanoparticle populations of distinct particle size and origin. The characterisation relied on an interlaboratory comparison study in which 30 laboratories of demonstrated competence participated with a variety of techniques for particle size analysis. After scrutinising the received datasets, certified and indicative values for different method-defined equivalent diameters that are specific for dynamic light scattering (DLS), centrifugal liquid sedimentation (CLS), scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), particle tracking analysis (PTA) and asymmetrical-flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) were assigned. The value assignment was a particular challenge because metrological concepts were not always interpreted uniformly across all participating laboratories. This paper presents the main elements and results of the ERM-FD102 characterisation study and discusses in particular the key issues of measurand definition and the estimation of measurement uncertainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Kestens
- />Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM), Joint Research Centre (JRC), European Commission, Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium
| | - Gert Roebben
- />Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM), Joint Research Centre (JRC), European Commission, Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium
| | - Jan Herrmann
- />National Measurement Institute Australia, Nanometrology Section, 36 Bradfield Road, West Lindfield, NSW 2070 Australia
| | - Åsa Jämting
- />National Measurement Institute Australia, Nanometrology Section, 36 Bradfield Road, West Lindfield, NSW 2070 Australia
| | - Victoria Coleman
- />National Measurement Institute Australia, Nanometrology Section, 36 Bradfield Road, West Lindfield, NSW 2070 Australia
| | - Caterina Minelli
- />Analytical Science Division, National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW UK
| | - Charles Clifford
- />Analytical Science Division, National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW UK
| | - Pieter-Jan De Temmerman
- />Service Electron Microscopy, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jan Mast
- />Service Electron Microscopy, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Liu Junjie
- />Division of Nanoscale Measurement and Advanced Materials, National Institute of Metrology, No. 18, Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Beijing, China
| | - Frank Babick
- />Institut für Verfahrens- und Umwelttechnik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Helmut Cölfen
- />Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Constance, Germany
| | - Hendrik Emons
- />Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM), Joint Research Centre (JRC), European Commission, Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium
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Rasmussen K, González M, Kearns P, Sintes JR, Rossi F, Sayre P. Review of achievements of the OECD Working Party on Manufactured Nanomaterials' Testing and Assessment Programme. From exploratory testing to test guidelines. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 74:147-60. [PMID: 26603783 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This paper charts the almost ten years of history of OECD's work on nanosafety, during which the programme of the OECD on the Testing and Assessment of Manufactured Nanomaterials covered the testing of eleven nanomaterials for about 59 end-points addressing physical-chemical properties, mammalian and environmental toxicity, environmental fate and material safety. An overview of the materials tested, the test methods applied and the discussions regarding the applicability of the OECD test guidelines, which are recognised methods for regulatory testing of chemicals, are given. The results indicate that many existing OECD test guidelines are suitable for nanomaterials and consequently, hazard data collected using such guidelines will fall under OECD's system of Mutual Acceptance of Data (MAD) which is a legally binding instrument to facilitate the international acceptance of information for the regulatory safety assessment of chemicals. At the same time, some OECD test guidelines and guidance documents need to be adapted to address nanomaterials while new test guidelines and guidance documents may be needed to address endpoints that are more relevant to nanomaterials. This paper presents examples of areas where test guidelines or guidance for nanomaterials are under development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Rasmussen
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, via E. Fermi 2749, 21027, Ispra, VA, Italy.
| | - Mar González
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Environment Directorate, 75775, Paris Cedex 16, France
| | - Peter Kearns
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Environment Directorate, 75775, Paris Cedex 16, France
| | - Juan Riego Sintes
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, via E. Fermi 2749, 21027, Ispra, VA, Italy
| | - François Rossi
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, via E. Fermi 2749, 21027, Ispra, VA, Italy
| | - Phil Sayre
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, formerly with Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, Washington DC, 20460, USA.
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Garduño-Balderas LG, Urrutia-Ortega IM, Medina-Reyes EI, Chirino YI. Difficulties in establishing regulations for engineered nanomaterials and considerations for policy makers: avoiding an unbalance between benefits and risks. J Appl Toxicol 2015; 35:1073-85. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Guillermo Garduño-Balderas
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; CP 54090 Estado de México México
| | - Ismael Manuel Urrutia-Ortega
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; CP 54090 Estado de México México
- Programa de Posgrado en Ciencias Biomédicas; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
| | - Estefany Ingrid Medina-Reyes
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; CP 54090 Estado de México México
- Programa de Posgrado en Ciencias Biomédicas; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
| | - Yolanda Irasema Chirino
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; CP 54090 Estado de México México
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Bantz C, Koshkina O, Lang T, Galla HJ, Kirkpatrick CJ, Stauber RH, Maskos M. The surface properties of nanoparticles determine the agglomeration state and the size of the particles under physiological conditions. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 5:1774-1786. [PMID: 25383289 PMCID: PMC4222438 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.5.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Due to the recent widespread application of nanomaterials to biological systems, a careful consideration of their physiological impact is required. This demands an understanding of the complex processes at the bio-nano interface. Therefore, a comprehensive and accurate characterization of the material under physiological conditions is crucial to correlate the observed biological impact with defined colloidal properties. As promising candidates for biomedical applications, two SiO2-based nanomaterial systems were chosen for extensive size characterization to investigate the agglomeration behavior under physiological conditions. To combine the benefits of different characterization techniques and to compensate for their respective drawbacks, transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering and asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation were applied. The investigated particle systems were (i) negatively charged silica particles and (ii) poly(organosiloxane) particles offering variable surface modification opportunities (positively charged, polymer coated). It is shown that the surface properties primarily determine the agglomeration state of the particles and therefore their effective size, especially under physiological conditions. Thus, the biological identity of a nanomaterial is clearly influenced by differentiating surface properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Bantz
- Fraunhofer ICT-IMM, Carl-Zeiss-Straße 18–20, 55129 Mainz, Germany
| | - Olga Koshkina
- Fraunhofer ICT-IMM, Carl-Zeiss-Straße 18–20, 55129 Mainz, Germany
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Lang
- Fraunhofer ICT-IMM, Carl-Zeiss-Straße 18–20, 55129 Mainz, Germany
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Galla
- Institute of Biochemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms Universität, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 2, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - C James Kirkpatrick
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center of Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55101 Mainz, Germany
| | - Roland H Stauber
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology/Mainz Screening Center, University Medical Center of Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55101 Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael Maskos
- Fraunhofer ICT-IMM, Carl-Zeiss-Straße 18–20, 55129 Mainz, Germany
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van Kesteren PCE, Cubadda F, Bouwmeester H, van Eijkeren JCH, Dekkers S, de Jong WH, Oomen AG. Novel insights into the risk assessment of the nanomaterial synthetic amorphous silica, additive E551, in food. Nanotoxicology 2014; 9:442-52. [PMID: 25033893 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2014.940408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This study presents novel insights in the risk assessment of synthetic amorphous silica (SAS) in food. SAS is a nanostructured material consisting of aggregates and agglomerates of primary particles in the nanorange (<100 nm). Depending on the production process, SAS exists in four main forms, and each form comprises various types with different physicochemical characteristics. SAS is widely used in foods as additive E551. The novel insights from other studies relate to low gastrointestinal absorption of SAS that decreases with increasing dose, and the potential for accumulation in tissues with daily consumption. To accommodate these insights, we focused our risk assessment on internal exposure in the target organ (liver). Based on blood and tissue concentrations in time of two different SAS types that were orally and intravenously administered, a kinetic model is developed to estimate the silicon concentration in liver in (1) humans for average-to-worst-case dietary exposure at steady state and (2) rats and mice in key toxicity studies. The estimated liver concentration in humans is at a similar level as the measured or estimated liver concentrations in animal studies in which adverse effects were found. Hence, this assessment suggests that SAS in food may pose a health risk. Yet, for this risk assessment, we had to make assumptions and deal with several sources of uncertainty that make it difficult to draw firm conclusions. Recommendations to fill in the remaining data gaps are discussed. More insight in the health risk of SAS in food is warranted considering the wide applications and these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra C E van Kesteren
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Bilthoven , The Netherlands
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De Temmerman PJ, Verleysen E, Lammertyn J, Mast J. Semi-automatic size measurement of primary particles in aggregated nanomaterials by transmission electron microscopy. POWDER TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2014.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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35
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Quantitative characterization of aggregated and agglomerated titanium dioxide nanomaterials by transmission electron microscopy. POWDER TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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36
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Vlieghe M, Coufort-Saudejaud C, Frances C, Liné A. In situcharacterization of floc morphology by image analysis in a turbulent Taylor-Couette reactor. AIChE J 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.14431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mélody Vlieghe
- Université de Toulouse; INPT; UPS; LGC, 4, Allée Emile Monso F-31030 Toulouse France
- CNRS; Laboratoire de Génie Chimique; F-31030 Toulouse France
- Université de Toulouse; INSA; UPS, INP; LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil F-31077 Toulouse France
- INRA; UMR792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés; F-31400 Toulouse France
- CNRS; UMR5504 F-31400 Toulouse France
| | - Carole Coufort-Saudejaud
- Université de Toulouse; INPT; UPS; LGC, 4, Allée Emile Monso F-31030 Toulouse France
- CNRS; Laboratoire de Génie Chimique; F-31030 Toulouse France
| | - Christine Frances
- Université de Toulouse; INPT; UPS; LGC, 4, Allée Emile Monso F-31030 Toulouse France
- CNRS; Laboratoire de Génie Chimique; F-31030 Toulouse France
| | - Alain Liné
- Université de Toulouse; INSA; UPS, INP; LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil F-31077 Toulouse France
- INRA; UMR792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés; F-31400 Toulouse France
- CNRS; UMR5504 F-31400 Toulouse France
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37
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Hougaard KS, Jackson P, Kyjovska ZO, Birkedal RK, De Temmerman PJ, Brunelli A, Verleysen E, Madsen AM, Saber AT, Pojana G, Mast J, Marcomini A, Jensen KA, Wallin H, Szarek J, Mortensen A, Vogel U. Effects of lung exposure to carbon nanotubes on female fertility and pregnancy. A study in mice. Reprod Toxicol 2013; 41:86-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Höcherl A, Landfester K, Mailänder V. Absolute quantitation of sub-micrometer particles in cells by flow cytometry. Macromol Biosci 2013; 13:1568-75. [PMID: 23966275 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201300182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Absolute quantitative measurements of nanoparticle (NP) uptake are a prerequisite to determine doses of NPs in pharmacological and toxicological studies. However, absolute quantitation is rarely reported, hindering the comparison between different studies. Here, a new flow cytometric approach is presented to analyze fluorescent NPs with a "standard" non-scanning flow cytometer and to quantify them inside cells. The mean fluorescence intensity of a single particle and the particle concentration (NPs per μL medium) are obtained. A routine for rapid quantitative counting of the endocytosed NPs in HeLa cells by flow cytometry (FC) is developed and validated by confocal laser scanning microscopy. As a proof-of-concept, the quantitative measurements show that the cellular uptake efficiency of negatively charged poly(methyl methacrylate) NPs is very low, that is, in the range of 10(-3) % of the added particle amount.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Höcherl
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55129, Mainz, Germany
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39
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Guiot C, Spalla O. Stabilization of TiO2 nanoparticles in complex medium through a pH adjustment protocol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:1057-1064. [PMID: 23240597 DOI: 10.1021/es3040736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Preparing TiO(2) nanoparticle (NP) suspensions displaying well-defined and reproducible dispersion state is a key feature to perform relevant toxicity experiments for environmental, animal, or human concerns. Relying on the evolution of surface charge with pH, and interactions between nanoparticles in their medium, we developed an optimized dispersion protocol involving a pH adjustment before addition of bovine serum albumin (BSA). It yielded highly dispersed and stable concentrated stock suspensions of TiO(2) NP at pH 7. It was designed for four kinds of manufactured TiO(2) nanomaterials and can be extended to a wide range of TiO(2) NP. The suspensions studied here were characterized by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), using a model quantitatively describing fractal aggregates. Results were correlated with dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements. Moreover, the stability in a typical biological medium was assessed by diluting stock suspensions in Luria-Bertani (LB) medium. It resulted in highly dispersed and stable working suspensions. No sedimentation, followed by in situ DLS, was observed over 17 h for both the concentrated stock suspensions prepared according to the pH adjusted-BSA protocol and their dilution into LB medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Guiot
- CEA Saclay, DSM/IRAMIS/SIS2M/LIONS UMR3299, 91191 Gif-sur Yvette, France
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