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Lutfi Ismaeel G, Makki AlHassani OJ, S Alazragi R, Hussein Ahmed A, H Mohamed A, Yasir Jasim N, Hassan Shari F, Almashhadani HA. Genetically engineered neural stem cells (NSCs) therapy for neurological diseases; state-of-the-art. Biotechnol Prog 2023; 39:e3363. [PMID: 37221947 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) are multipotent stem cells with remarkable self-renewal potential and also unique competencies to differentiate into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes (ODCs) and improve the cellular microenvironment. In addition, NSCs secret diversity of mediators, including neurotrophic factors (e.g., BDNF, NGF, GDNF, CNTF, and NT-3), pro-angiogenic mediators (e.g., FGF-2 and VEGF), and anti-inflammatory biomolecules. Thereby, NSCs transplantation has become a reasonable and effective treatment for various neurodegenerative disorders by their capacity to induce neurogenesis and vasculogenesis and dampen neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Nonetheless, various drawbacks such as lower migration and survival and less differential capacity to a particular cell lineage concerning the disease pathogenesis hinder their application. Thus, genetic engineering of NSCs before transplantation is recently regarded as an innovative strategy to bypass these hurdles. Indeed, genetically modified NSCs could bring about more favored therapeutic influences post-transplantation in vivo, making them an excellent option for neurological disease therapy. This review for the first time offers a comprehensive review of the therapeutic capability of genetically modified NSCs rather than naïve NSCs in neurological disease beyond brain tumors and sheds light on the recent progress and prospect in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghufran Lutfi Ismaeel
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Al-Ameed, Karbala, Iraq
| | | | - Reem S Alazragi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ammar Hussein Ahmed
- Department of Radiology and Sonar, College of Medical Techniques, Al-Farahidi University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Asma'a H Mohamed
- Intelligent Medical Systems Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Iraq
| | - Nisreen Yasir Jasim
- Collage of Pharmacy, National University of Science and Technology, Dhi Qar, Iraq
| | - Falah Hassan Shari
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq
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2
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Khaing ZZ, Chandrasekaran A, Katta A, Reed MJ. The Brain and Spinal Microvasculature in Normal Aging. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2023; 78:1309-1319. [PMID: 37093786 PMCID: PMC10395569 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glad107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in the brain and spinal cord microvasculature during normal aging contribute to the "sensitive" nature of aged central nervous system tissue to ischemic insults. In this review, we will examine alterations in the central nervous system microvasculature during normal aging, which we define as aging without a dominant pathology such as neurodegenerative processes, vascular injury or disease, or trauma. We will also discuss newer technologies to improve the study of central nervous system microvascular structure and function. Microvasculature within the brain and spinal cord will be discussed separately as anatomy and physiology differ between these compartments. Lastly, we will identify critical areas for future studies as well as key unanswered questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zin Z Khaing
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Anjali Katta
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - May J Reed
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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3
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Spinal Canal and Spinal Cord in Rat Continue to Grow Even after Sexual Maturation: Anatomical Study and Molecular Proposition. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416076. [PMID: 36555713 PMCID: PMC9781254 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although rodents have been widely used for experimental models of spinal cord diseases, the details of the growth curves of their spinal canal and spinal cord, as well as the molecular mechanism of the growth of adult rat spinal cords remain unavailable. They are particularly important when conducting the experiments of cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM), since the disease condition depends on the size of the spinal canal and the spinal cord. Thus, the purposes of the present study were to obtain accurate growth curves for the spinal canal and spinal cord in rats; to define the appropriate age in weeks for their use as a CSM model; and to propose a molecular mechanism of the growth of the adult spinal cord in rats. CT myelography was performed on Lewis rats from 4 weeks to 40 weeks of age. The vertical growth of the spinal canal at C5 reached a plateau after 20 and 12 weeks, and at T8 after 20 and 16 weeks, in males and females, respectively. The vertical growth of the C5 and T8 spinal cord reached a plateau after 24 weeks in both sexes. The vertical space available for the cord (SAC) of C5 and T8 did not significantly change after 8 weeks in either sex. Western blot analyses showed that VEGFA, FGF2, and BDNF were highly expressed in the cervical spinal cords of 4-week-old rats, and that the expression of these growth factors declined as rats grew. These findings indicate that the spinal canal and the spinal cord in rats continue to grow even after sexual maturation and that rats need to be at least 8 weeks of age for use in experimental models of CSM. The present study, in conjunction with recent evidence, proposes the hypothetical model that the growth of rat spinal cord after the postnatal period is mediated at least in part by differentiation of neural progenitor cells and that their differentiation potency is maintained by VEGFA, FGF2, and BDNF.
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Stewart AN, Jones LAT, Gensel JC. Improving translatability of spinal cord injury research by including age as a demographic variable. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:1017153. [PMID: 36467608 PMCID: PMC9714671 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1017153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-clinical and clinical spinal cord injury (SCI) studies differ in study design, particularly in the demographic characteristics of the chosen population. In clinical study design, criteria such as such as motor scores, neurological level, and severity of injury are often key determinants for participant inclusion. Further, demographic variables in clinical trials often include individuals from a wide age range and typically include both sexes, albeit historically most cases of SCI occur in males. In contrast, pre-clinical SCI models predominately utilize young adult rodents and typically use only females. While it is often not feasible to power SCI clinical trials to test multi-variable designs such as contrasting different ages, recent pre-clinical findings in SCI animal models have emphasized the importance of considering age as a biological variable prior to human experiments. Emerging pre-clinical data have identified case examples of treatments that diverge in efficacy across different demographic variables and have elucidated several age-dependent effects in SCI. The extent to which these differing or diverging treatment responses manifest clinically can not only complicate statistical findings and trial interpretations but also may be predictive of worse outcomes in select clinical populations. This review highlights recent literature including age as a biological variable in pre-clinical studies and articulates the results with respect to implications for clinical trials. Based on emerging unpredictable treatment outcomes in older rodents, we argue for the importance of including age as a biological variable in pre-clinical animal models prior to clinical testing. We believe that careful analyses of how age interacts with SCI treatments and pathophysiology will help guide clinical trial design and may improve both the safety and outcomes of such important efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N. Stewart
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States,Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Linda A. T. Jones
- Center for Outcomes and Measurement, Jefferson College of Rehabilitation Sciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - John C. Gensel
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States,Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States,*Correspondence: John C. Gensel,
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Fisher ES, Amarante MA, Lowry N, Lotz S, Farjood F, Temple S, Hill CE, Kiehl TR. Single cell profiling of CD45+ spinal cord cells reveals microglial and B cell heterogeneity and crosstalk following spinal cord injury. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:266. [PMCID: PMC9635187 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02627-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Immune cells play crucial roles after spinal cord injury (SCI). However, incomplete knowledge of immune contributions to injury and repair hinders development of SCI therapies. We leveraged single-cell observations to describe key populations of immune cells present in the spinal cord and changes in their transcriptional profiles from uninjured to subacute and chronic stages of SCI.
Methods
Deep-read single-cell sequencing was performed on CD45+ cells from spinal cords of uninjured and injured Swiss-webster mice. After T9 thoracic contusion, cells were collected 3-, 7-, and 60-day post-injury (dpi). Subpopulations of CD45+ immune cells were identified informatically, and their transcriptional responses characterized with time. We compared gene expression in spinal cord microglia and B cell subpopulations with those in published models of disease and injury. Microglia were compared with Disease Associated Microglia (DAM) and Injury Responsive Microglia (IRM). B cells were compared to developmental lineage states and to an Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) model.
Results
In uninjured and 7 dpi spinal cord, most CD45+ cells isolated were microglia while chronically B cells predominated. B cells accumulating in the spinal cord following injury included immature B to mature stages and were predominantly found in the injury zone. We defined diverse subtypes of microglia and B cells with altered gene expression with time after SCI. Spinal cord microglia gene expression indicates differences from brain microglia at rest and in inflammatory states. Expression analysis of signaling ligand–receptor partners identified microglia–B cell interactions at acute and chronic stages that may be involved in B cell recruitment, retention, and formation of ectopic lymphoid follicles.
Conclusions
Immune cell responses to SCI have region-specific aspects and evolve with time. Developmentally diverse populations of B cells accumulate in the spinal cord following injury. Microglia at subacute stages express B cell recruitment factors, while chronically, they express factors predicted to reduce B cell inflammatory state. In the injured spinal cord, B cells create ectopic lymphoid structures, and express secreted factors potentially acting on microglia. Our study predicts previously unidentified crosstalk between microglia and B cells post-injury at acute and chronic stages, revealing new potential targets of inflammatory responses for SCI repair warranting future functional analyses.
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Song FH, Liu DQ, Zhou YQ, Mei W. SIRT1: A promising therapeutic target for chronic pain. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 28:818-828. [PMID: 35396903 PMCID: PMC9062570 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain remains an unresolved problem. Current treatments have limited efficacy. Thus, novel therapeutic targets are urgently required for the development of more effective analgesics. An increasing number of studies have proved that sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) agonists can relieve chronic pain. In this review, we summarize recent progress in understanding the roles and mechanisms of SIRT1 in mediating chronic pain associated with peripheral nerve injury, chemotherapy‐induced peripheral neuropathy, spinal cord injury, bone cancer, and complete Freund's adjuvant injection. Emerging studies have indicated that SIRT1 activation may exert positive effects on chronic pain relief by regulating inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Therefore, SIRT1 agonists may serve as potential therapeutic drugs for chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan-He Song
- Anesthesiology Institute, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dai-Qiang Liu
- Anesthesiology Institute, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ya-Qun Zhou
- Anesthesiology Institute, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Mei
- Anesthesiology Institute, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Stewart A, Glaser E, Mott CA, Bailey WM, Sulllivan PG, Patel S, Gensel J. Advanced Age and Neurotrauma Diminish Glutathione and Impair Antioxidant Defense after Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2022; 39:1075-1089. [PMID: 35373589 PMCID: PMC9347421 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2022.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Stewart
- University of Kentucky, Physiology, 741 S. Limestone Street, BBSRB B483, Lexington, Kentucky, United States, 40536-0509,
| | - Ethan Glaser
- University of Kentucky, Physiology, Lexington, Kentucky, United States,
| | - Caitlin A Mott
- University of Kentucky, Physiology, Lexington, Kentucky, United States,
| | - William M Bailey
- University of Kentucky, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Physiology, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Patrick G Sulllivan
- University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Cent, 475 BBSRB, Lexington, United States, 40536-0509,
| | - Samir Patel
- University of Kentucky, 4530, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Physiology, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - John Gensel
- University of Kentucky, Physiology, 741 S. Limestone Street, B436 BBSRB, Lexington, Kentucky, United States, 40536-0509
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Martín-López M, González-Muñoz E, Gómez-González E, Sánchez-Pernaute R, Márquez-Rivas J, Fernández-Muñoz B. Modeling chronic cervical spinal cord injury in aged rats for cell therapy studies. J Clin Neurosci 2021; 94:76-85. [PMID: 34863466 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2021.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
With an expanding elderly population, an increasing number of older adults will experience spinal cord injury (SCI) and might be candidates for cell-based therapies, yet there is a paucity of research in this age group. The objective of the present study was to analyze how aged rats tolerate behavioral testing, surgical procedures, post-operative complications, intra-spinal cell transplantation and immunosuppression, and to examine the effectiveness of human iPSC-derived Neural Progenitor Cells (IMR90-hiPSC-NPCs) in a model of SCI. We performed behavioral tests in rats before and after inducing cervical hemi-contusions at C4 level with a fourth-generation Ohio State University Injury Device. Four weeks later, we injected IMR90-hiPSC-NPCs in animals that were immunosuppressed by daily cyclosporine injection. Four weeks after injection we analyzed locomotor behavior and mortality, and histologically assessed the survival of transplanted human NPCs. As rats aged, their success at completing behavioral tests decreased. In addition, we observed high mortality rates during behavioral training (41.2%), after cervical injury (63.2%) and after cell injection (50%). Histological analysis revealed that injected cells survived and remained at and around the grafted site and did not cause tumors. No locomotor improvement was observed in animals four weeks after IMR90-hiPSC-NPC transplantation. Our results show that elderly rats are highly vulnerable to interventions, and thus large groups of animals must be initially established to study the potential efficacy of cell-based therapies in age-related chronic myelopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Martín-López
- Unidad de Producción y Reprogramación celular (UPRC), Red Andaluza de Diseño y Traslación de Terapias Avanzadas (RAdytTA), 41092 Sevilla, Spain; Grupo de Neurociencia Aplicada, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Sevilla (IBIS), 41013 Sevilla, Spain; Programa de Doctorado en Biología Molecular, Biomedicina e Investigación Clínica, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Elena González-Muñoz
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, (CIBER-BBN), 29071 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Emilio Gómez-González
- Grupo de Neurociencia Aplicada, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Sevilla (IBIS), 41013 Sevilla, Spain; Grupo de Física Interdisciplinar, Departamento de Física Aplicada III, ETS Ingeniería, Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Rosario Sánchez-Pernaute
- Unidad de Coordinación, Red Andaluza de Diseño y Traslación de Terapias Avanzadas (RAdytTA), 41092 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Javier Márquez-Rivas
- Grupo de Neurociencia Aplicada, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Sevilla (IBIS), 41013 Sevilla, Spain; Departamento de Neurocirugía, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, 41013 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Fernández-Muñoz
- Unidad de Producción y Reprogramación celular (UPRC), Red Andaluza de Diseño y Traslación de Terapias Avanzadas (RAdytTA), 41092 Sevilla, Spain.
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9
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Huie JR, Chou A, Torres-Espin A, Nielson JL, Yuh EL, Gardner RC, Diaz-Arrastia R, Manley GT, Ferguson AR. FAIR Data Reuse in Traumatic Brain Injury: Exploring Inflammation and Age as Moderators of Recovery in the TRACK-TBI Pilot. Front Neurol 2021; 12:768735. [PMID: 34803899 PMCID: PMC8595404 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.768735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The guiding principle for data stewardship dictates that data be FAIR: findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable. Data reuse allows researchers to probe data that may have been originally collected for other scientific purposes in order to gain novel insights. The current study reuses the Transforming Research and Clinical Knowledge for Traumatic Brain Injury (TRACK-TBI) Pilot dataset to build upon prior findings and ask new scientific questions. Specifically, we have previously used a multivariate analytics approach to multianalyte serum protein data from the TRACK-TBI Pilot dataset to show that an inflammatory ensemble of biomarkers can predict functional outcome at 3 and 6 months post-TBI. We and others have shown that there are quantitative and qualitative changes in inflammation that come with age, but little is known about how this interaction affects recovery from TBI. Here we replicate the prior proteomics findings with improved missing value analyses and non-linear principal component analysis and then expand upon this work to determine whether age moderates the effect of inflammation on recovery. We show that increased age correlates with worse functional recovery on the Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended (GOS-E) as well as increased inflammatory signature. We then explore the interaction between age and inflammation on recovery, which suggests that inflammation has a more detrimental effect on recovery for older TBI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Russell Huie
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Austin Chou
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Abel Torres-Espin
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jessica L. Nielson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Institute for Health Informatics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Esther L. Yuh
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Raquel C. Gardner
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Ramon Diaz-Arrastia
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Geoff T. Manley
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Adam R. Ferguson
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center, Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States
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10
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Koda M, Hanaoka H, Fujii Y, Hanawa M, Kawasaki Y, Ozawa Y, Fujiwara T, Furuya T, Ijima Y, Saito J, Kitamura M, Miyamoto T, Ohtori S, Matsumoto Y, Abe T, Takahashi H, Watanabe K, Hirano T, Ohashi M, Shoji H, Mizouchi T, Kawahara N, Kawaguchi M, Orita Y, Sasamoto T, Yoshioka M, Fujii M, Yonezawa K, Soma D, Taneichi H, Takeuchi D, Inami S, Moridaira H, Ueda H, Asano F, Shibao Y, Aita I, Takeuchi Y, Mimura M, Shimbo J, Someya Y, Ikenoue S, Sameda H, Takase K, Ikeda Y, Nakajima F, Hashimoto M, Hasue F, Fujiyoshi T, Kamiya K, Watanabe M, Katoh H, Matsuyama Y, Hasegawa T, Yoshida G, Arima H, Yamato Y, Oe S, Togawa D, Kobayashi S, Akeda K, Kawamoto E, Imai H, Sakakibara T, Sudo A, Ito Y, Kikuchi T, Takigawa T, Morita T, Tanaka N, Nakanishi K, Kamei N, Kotaka S, Baba H, Okudaira T, Konishi H, Yamaguchi T, Ito K, Katayama Y, Matsumoto T, Matsumoto T, Kanno H, Aizawa T, Hashimoto K, Eto T, Sugaya T, Matsuda M, Fushimi K, Nozawa S, Iwai C, Taguchi T, Kanchiku T, Suzuki H, Nishida N, Funaba M, Sakai T, Imajo Y, Yamazaki M. Randomized trial of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor for spinal cord injury. Brain 2021; 144:789-799. [PMID: 33764445 PMCID: PMC8041047 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Attenuation of the secondary injury of spinal cord injury (SCI) can suppress the spread of spinal cord tissue damage, possibly resulting in spinal cord sparing that can improve functional prognoses. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a haematological cytokine commonly used to treat neutropenia. Previous reports have shown that G-CSF promotes functional recovery in rodent models of SCI. Based on preclinical results, we conducted early phase clinical trials, showing safety/feasibility and suggestive efficacy. These lines of evidence demonstrate that G-CSF might have therapeutic benefits for acute SCI in humans. To confirm this efficacy and to obtain strong evidence for pharmaceutical approval of G-CSF therapy for SCI, we conducted a phase 3 clinical trial designed as a prospective, randomized, double-blinded and placebo-controlled comparative trial. The current trial included cervical SCI [severity of American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) Impairment Scale (AIS) B or C] within 48 h after injury. Patients are randomly assigned to G-CSF and placebo groups. The G-CSF group was administered 400 μg/m2/day × 5 days of G-CSF in normal saline via intravenous infusion for five consecutive days. The placebo group was similarly administered a placebo. Allocation was concealed between blinded evaluators of efficacy/safety and those for laboratory data, as G-CSF markedly increases white blood cell counts that can reveal patient treatment. Efficacy and safety were evaluated by blinded observer. Our primary end point was changes in ASIA motor scores from baseline to 3 months after drug administration. Each group includes 44 patients (88 total patients). Our protocol was approved by the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Device Agency in Japan and this trial is funded by the Center for Clinical Trials, Japan Medical Association. There was no significant difference in the primary end point between the G-CSF and the placebo control groups. In contrast, one of the secondary end points showed that the ASIA motor score 6 months (P = 0.062) and 1 year (P = 0.073) after drug administration tend to be higher in the G-CSF group compared with the placebo control group. The present trial failed to show a significant effect of G-CSF in primary end point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Koda
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
- Correspondence to: Masao Koda, MD, PhD Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba City Ibaraki 305-8575 Japan E-mail:
| | - Hideki Hanaoka
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Clinical Research Center, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Fujii
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Clinical Research Center, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Michiko Hanawa
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Clinical Research Center, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yohei Kawasaki
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Clinical Research Center, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Ozawa
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Clinical Research Center, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tadami Fujiwara
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Clinical Research Center, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takeo Furuya
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yasushi Ijima
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Junya Saito
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Kitamura
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takuya Miyamoto
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Seiji Ohtori
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yukei Matsumoto
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Abe
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takahashi
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kei Watanabe
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Toru Hirano
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masayuki Ohashi
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Shoji
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Mizouchi
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Norio Kawahara
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kanazawa Medical University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masahito Kawaguchi
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kanazawa Medical University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yugo Orita
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kanazawa Medical University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sasamoto
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kanazawa Medical University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masahito Yoshioka
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kanazawa Medical University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masafumi Fujii
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kanazawa Medical University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Katsutaka Yonezawa
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kanazawa Medical University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Daisuke Soma
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kanazawa Medical University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Taneichi
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Daisaku Takeuchi
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Satoshi Inami
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Moridaira
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Haruki Ueda
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Futoshi Asano
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yosuke Shibao
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Ikuo Aita
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tsukuba Medical Center, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yosuke Takeuchi
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tsukuba Medical Center, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masaya Mimura
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Funabashi Municipal Medical Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jun Shimbo
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Funabashi Municipal Medical Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yukio Someya
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Funabashi Municipal Medical Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Sumio Ikenoue
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Funabashi Municipal Medical Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Sameda
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Funabashi Municipal Medical Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kan Takase
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Funabashi Municipal Medical Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Ikeda
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chiba Rosai Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Fumitake Nakajima
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chiba Rosai Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Hashimoto
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chiba Rosai Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Fumio Hasue
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kimitsu Chuo Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takayuki Fujiyoshi
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kimitsu Chuo Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Koshiro Kamiya
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kimitsu Chuo Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Katoh
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Matsuyama
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Hasegawa
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Go Yoshida
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Arima
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yu Yamato
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Division of Geriatric Musculoskeletal Health, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Shin Oe
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Division of Geriatric Musculoskeletal Health, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Daisuke Togawa
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kindai University, Nara Hospital, Nara, Japan
| | - Sho Kobayashi
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hamamatsu Medical Center, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Koji Akeda
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Mie, Japan
| | - Eiji Kawamoto
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Mie, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Imai
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Mie, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Sakakibara
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Mie, Japan
| | - Akihiro Sudo
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Mie, Japan
| | - Yasuo Ito
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kobe Red Cross Hospital, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kikuchi
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kobe Red Cross Hospital, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Takigawa
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kobe Red Cross Hospital, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Takuya Morita
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kobe Red Cross Hospital, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Tanaka
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, JR Hiroshima Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Nakanishi
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naosuke Kamei
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shinji Kotaka
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hiroshima City Asa Citizens Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hideo Baba
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagasaki Rosai Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Okudaira
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagasaki Rosai Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Konishi
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagasaki Rosai Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Takayuki Yamaguchi
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagasaki Rosai Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Keigo Ito
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chubu Rosai Hospital, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yoshito Katayama
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chubu Rosai Hospital, Aichi, Japan
| | - Taro Matsumoto
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chubu Rosai Hospital, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Matsumoto
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chubu Rosai Hospital, Aichi, Japan
| | - Haruo Kanno
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Toshimi Aizawa
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Ko Hashimoto
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Toshimitsu Eto
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Takehiro Sugaya
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Michiharu Matsuda
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kazunari Fushimi
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Gifu University School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nozawa
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Gifu University School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Chizuo Iwai
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Gifu University School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Taguchi
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Yamaguchi Rosai Hospital, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Kanchiku
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Spine and Spinal Cord Surgery, Yamaguchi Rosai Hospital, Japan
| | - Hidenori Suzuki
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Norihiro Nishida
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Masahiro Funaba
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Takashi Sakai
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Imajo
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Masashi Yamazaki
- G-SPIRIT Study Group, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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11
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Stewart AN, Lowe JL, Glaser EP, Mott CA, Shahidehpour RK, McFarlane KE, Bailey WM, Zhang B, Gensel JC. Acute inflammatory profiles differ with sex and age after spinal cord injury. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:113. [PMID: 33985529 PMCID: PMC8120918 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02161-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sex and age are emerging as influential variables that affect spinal cord injury (SCI) recovery. Despite a changing demographic towards older age at the time of SCI, the effects of sex or age on inflammation remain to be elucidated. This study determined the sex- and age-dependency of the innate immune response acutely after SCI. Methods Male and female mice of ages 4- and 14-month-old received T9 contusion SCI and the proportion of microglia, monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM), and neutrophils surrounding the lesion were determined at 3- and 7-day post-injury (DPI) using flow cytometry. Cell counts of microglia and MDMs were obtained using immunohistochemistry to verify flow cytometry results at 3-DPI. Microglia and MDMs were separately isolated using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) at 3-day post-injury (DPI) to assess RNA expression of 27 genes associated with activation, redox, and debris metabolism/clearance. Results Flow cytometry revealed that being female and older at the time of injury significantly increased MDMs relative to other phagocytes, specifically increasing the ratio of MDMs to microglia at 3-DPI. Cell counts using immunohistochemistry revealed that male mice have more total microglia within SCI lesions that can account for a lower MDM/microglia ratio. With NanoString analyses of 27 genes, only 1 was differentially expressed between sexes in MDMs; specifically, complement protein C1qa was increased in males. No genes were affected by age in MDMs. Only 2 genes were differentially regulated in microglia between sexes after controlling for false discovery rate, specifically CYBB (NOX2) as a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-associated marker as well as MRC1 (CD206), a gene associated with reparative phenotypes. Both genes were increased in female microglia. No microglial genes were differentially regulated between ages. Differences between microglia and MDMs were found in 26 of 27 genes analyzed, all expressed higher in MDMs with three exceptions. Specifically, C1qa, cPLA2, and CD86 were expressed higher in microglia. Conclusions These findings indicate that inflammatory responses to SCI are sex-dependent at both the level of cellular recruitment and gene expression. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-021-02161-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N Stewart
- Department of Physiology, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - John L Lowe
- Department of Physiology, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.,Science Honors Program of Georgetown College, Georgetown, KY, 40324, USA
| | - Ethan P Glaser
- Department of Physiology, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Caitlin A Mott
- Department of Physiology, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Ryan K Shahidehpour
- Department of Neuroscience, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Katelyn E McFarlane
- Department of Physiology, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - William M Bailey
- Department of Physiology, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Bei Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.,Present address: Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - John C Gensel
- Department of Physiology, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
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12
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Stewart AN, MacLean SM, Stromberg AJ, Whelan JP, Bailey WM, Gensel JC, Wilson ME. Considerations for Studying Sex as a Biological Variable in Spinal Cord Injury. Front Neurol 2020; 11:802. [PMID: 32849242 PMCID: PMC7419700 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to NIH initiatives to investigate sex as a biological variable in preclinical animal studies, researchers have increased their focus on male and female differences in neurotrauma. Inclusion of both sexes when modeling neurotrauma is leading to the identification of novel areas for therapeutic and scientific exploitation. Here, we review the organizational and activational effects of sex hormones on recovery from injury and how these changes impact the long-term health of spinal cord injury (SCI) patients. When determining how sex affects SCI it remains imperative to expand outcomes beyond locomotor recovery and consider other complications plaguing the quality of life of patients with SCI. Interestingly, the SCI field predominately utilizes female rodents for basic science research which contrasts most other male-biased research fields. We discuss the unique caveats this creates to the translatability of preclinical research in the SCI field. We also review current clinical and preclinical data examining sex as biological variable in SCI. Further, we report how technical considerations such as housing, size, care management, and age, confound the interpretation of sex-specific effects in animal studies of SCI. We have uncovered novel findings regarding how age differentially affects mortality and injury-induced anemia in males and females after SCI, and further identified estrus cycle dysfunction in mice after injury. Emerging concepts underlying sexually dimorphic responses to therapy are also discussed. Through a combination of literature review and primary research observations we present a practical guide for considering and incorporating sex as biological variable in preclinical neurotrauma studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N Stewart
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Steven M MacLean
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Arnold J Stromberg
- Department of Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Jessica P Whelan
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - William M Bailey
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - John C Gensel
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Melinda E Wilson
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
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13
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Furlan JC, Liu Y, Dietrich WD, Norenberg MD, Fehlings MG. Age as a determinant of inflammatory response and survival of glia and axons after human traumatic spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2020; 332:113401. [PMID: 32673621 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the shift in the demographics of traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) with increased proportion of injuries in the elderly, little is known on the potential effects of old age on the pathobiology of SCI. Since there is an assumption that age adversely affects neural response to SCI, this study examines the clinically relevant question on whether age is a key determinant of inflammatory response, oligodendroglial apoptosis and axonal survival after traumatic SCI. This unique study includes post-mortem spinal cord tissue from 64 cases of SCI (at cervical or high-thoracic levels) and 38 control cases without CNS injury. Each group was subdivided into subgroups of younger and elderly individuals (65 years of age or older at the SCI onset). The results of this study indicate that age at the SCI onset does not adversely affect the cellular inflammatory response to, oligodendroglial apoptosis and axonal survival after SCI. These results support the conclusion that elderly individuals have similar neurobiological responses to SCI as younger people and, hence, treatment decisions should be based on an assessment of the individual patient and not an arbitrary assumption that "advanced age" should exclude patients with an acute SCI from access to advanced care and translational therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio C Furlan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Lyndhurst Centre, KITE - Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Yang Liu
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - W Dalton Dietrich
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Neurology, and Cell Biology & Anatomy, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA; Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Michael D Norenberg
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Miami, Florida, USA; Department of Neuropathology, University of Miami, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Michael G Fehlings
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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14
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The effects of mouse strain and age on a model of unilateral cervical contusion spinal cord injury. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234245. [PMID: 32542053 PMCID: PMC7295191 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There are approximately 1.2 million people currently living with spinal cord injury (SCI), with a majority of cases at the cervical level and half involving incomplete injuries. Yet, as most preclinical research has been focused on bilateral thoracic models, there remains a disconnect between bench and bedside that limits translational success. Here, we profile a clinically relevant model of unilateral cervical contusion injury in the mouse (30kD with 0, 2, 5, or 10 second dwell time). We demonstrate sustained behavioral deficits in performance on grip strength, cylinder reaching, horizontal ladderbeam and CatWalk automated gait analysis tasks. Beyond highlighting reliable parameters for injury assessment, we also explored the effect of mouse strain and age on injury outcome, including evaluation of constitutively immunodeficient mice relevant for neurotransplantation and cellular therapy testing. Comparison of C57Bl/6 and immunodeficient Rag2gamma(c)-/- as well as Agouti SCIDxRag2Gamma(c)-/- hybrid mouse strains revealed fine differences in post-injury ipsilateral grip strength as well as total number of rearings on the cylinder task. Differences in post-SCI contralateral forepaw duty cycle and regularity index as measured by CatWalk gait analysis between the two immunodeficient strains were also observed. Further, assessment of young (3–4 months old) and aging (16–17 months old) Rag2gamma(c)-/- mice identified age-related pre-injury differences in strength and rearing that were largely masked following cervical contusion injury; observations that may help interpret previous results in aged rodents as well as human clinical trials. Collectively, the work provides useful insight for experimental design and analysis of future pre-clinical studies in a translational unilateral cervical contusion injury model.
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15
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Li Y, Cao T, Ritzel RM, He J, Faden AI, Wu J. Dementia, Depression, and Associated Brain Inflammatory Mechanisms after Spinal Cord Injury. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061420. [PMID: 32521597 PMCID: PMC7349379 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluation of the chronic effects of spinal cord injury (SCI) has long focused on sensorimotor deficits, neuropathic pain, bladder/bowel dysfunction, loss of sexual function, and emotional distress. Although not well appreciated clinically, SCI can cause cognitive impairment including deficits in learning and memory, executive function, attention, and processing speed; it also commonly leads to depression. Recent large-scale longitudinal population-based studies indicate that patients with isolated SCI (without concurrent brain injury) are at a high risk of dementia associated with substantial cognitive impairments. Yet, little basic research has addressed potential mechanisms for cognitive impairment and depression after injury. In addition to contributing to disability in their own right, these changes can adversely affect rehabilitation and recovery and reduce quality of life. Here, we review clinical and experimental work on the complex and varied responses in the brain following SCI. We also discuss potential mechanisms responsible for these less well-examined, important SCI consequences. In addition, we outline the existing and developing therapeutic options aimed at reducing SCI-induced brain neuroinflammation and post-injury cognitive and emotional impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (Y.L.); (T.C.); (R.M.R.); (J.H.); (A.I.F.)
| | - Tuoxin Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (Y.L.); (T.C.); (R.M.R.); (J.H.); (A.I.F.)
| | - Rodney M. Ritzel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (Y.L.); (T.C.); (R.M.R.); (J.H.); (A.I.F.)
| | - Junyun He
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (Y.L.); (T.C.); (R.M.R.); (J.H.); (A.I.F.)
| | - Alan I. Faden
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (Y.L.); (T.C.); (R.M.R.); (J.H.); (A.I.F.)
- University of Maryland Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Junfang Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (Y.L.); (T.C.); (R.M.R.); (J.H.); (A.I.F.)
- University of Maryland Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-410-706-5189
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16
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Chen J, Qin R. MicroRNA‑138‑5p regulates the development of spinal cord injury by targeting SIRT1. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:328-336. [PMID: 32319664 PMCID: PMC7248466 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRs) play an important role in the development and progression of spinal cord injury (SCI). The role of miR-138-5p in SCI was investigated in the present study. The anti-inflammatory effects of miR-138-5p and underlying mechanisms were investigated in an SCI rat model and in vitro model. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to examine the expression of miR-138-5p in the SCI in vivo and in vitro models, as well as patients with SCI; it was found that miR-138-5p was significantly upregulated in SCI. Bioinformatics and dual-luciferase reporter assays were performed to predict and confirm the binding sites between miR-138-5p and the 3′untranslated region of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1). Then, the expression of SIRT1 was detected via RT-qPCR and western blotting, indicating downregulation of SIRT1 in SCI. PC12 cells were transfected with miR-138-5p inhibitor, inhibitor control or miR-138-5p inhibitor + SIRT1 small interfering RNA for 48 h, and then subjected to lipopolysaccharide (100 ng/ml) treatment for 4 h. Then, MTT assay, flow cytometry and ELISA experiments were performed to analyze cell viability, apoptosis, and the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6. Findings suggested that downregulation of miR-138-5p increased PC12 cell viability, inhibited cell apoptosis and attenuated proinflammatory responses, which may result in amelioration of SCI. However, all these effects were reversed by SIRT1 knockdown. Finally, it was observed that miR-138-5p altered the related protein expression of the PTEN/AKT pathway. These results indicated that miR-138-5p could regulate inflammatory responses and cell apoptosis in SCI models by modulating the PTEN/AKT signaling pathway via SIRT1, thus playing an important role in the development of SCI. Collectively, the present study demonstrated that miR-138-5p may be a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinchuan Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222000, P.R. China
| | - Rujie Qin
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222000, P.R. China
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17
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Sutherland TC, Geoffroy CG. The Influence of Neuron-Extrinsic Factors and Aging on Injury Progression and Axonal Repair in the Central Nervous System. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:190. [PMID: 32269994 PMCID: PMC7109259 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the aging western population, the average age of incidence for spinal cord injury (SCI) has increased, as has the length of survival of SCI patients. This places great importance on understanding SCI in middle-aged and aging patients. Axon regeneration after injury is an area of study that has received substantial attention and made important experimental progress, however, our understanding of how aging affects this process, and any therapeutic effort to modulate repair, is incomplete. The growth and regeneration of axons is mediated by both neuron intrinsic and extrinsic factors. In this review we explore some of the key extrinsic influences on axon regeneration in the literature, focusing on inflammation and astrogliosis, other cellular responses, components of the extracellular matrix, and myelin proteins. We will describe how each element supports the contention that axonal growth after injury in the central nervous system shows an age-dependent decline, and how this may affect outcomes after a SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa C Sutherland
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, United States
| | - Cédric G Geoffroy
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, United States
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18
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Picoli CC, Coimbra-Campos LMC, Guerra DAP, Silva WN, Prazeres PHDM, Costa AC, Magno LAV, Romano-Silva MA, Mintz A, Birbrair A. Pericytes Act as Key Players in Spinal Cord Injury. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:1327-1337. [PMID: 31014955 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury results in locomotor impairment attributable to the formation of an inhibitory fibrous scar, which prevents axonal regeneration after trauma. The scarcity of knowledge about the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in scar formation after spinal cord lesion impede the design of effective therapies. Recent studies, by using state-of-the-art technologies, including genetic tracking and blockage of pericytes in combination with optogenetics, reveal that pericyte blockage facilitates axonal regeneration and neuronal integration into the local neural circuitry. Strikingly, a pericyte subset is essential during scarring after spinal cord injury, and its arrest results in motor performance improvement. The arising knowledge from current research will contribute to novel approaches to develop therapies for spinal cord injury. We review novel advances in our understanding of pericyte biology in the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline C Picoli
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Daniel A P Guerra
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Walison N Silva
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Pedro H D M Prazeres
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Alinne C Costa
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Luiz A V Magno
- Department of Mental Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marco A Romano-Silva
- Department of Mental Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Akiva Mintz
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Alexander Birbrair
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York.
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19
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Zhang B, Bailey WM, McVicar AL, Stewart AN, Veldhorst AK, Gensel JC. Reducing age-dependent monocyte-derived macrophage activation contributes to the therapeutic efficacy of NADPH oxidase inhibition in spinal cord injury. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 76:139-150. [PMID: 30453022 PMCID: PMC6348135 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The average age at the time of spinal cord injury (SCI) has increased to 43 years old. Middle-aged mice (14 months old, MO) exhibit impaired recovery after SCI with age-dependent increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production through NADPH oxidase (NOX) along with pro-inflammatory macrophage activation. Despite these aging differences, clinical therapies are being examined in individuals regardless of age based upon preclinical data generated primarily using young animals (∼4 MO). Our objective is to test the extent to which age affects SCI treatment efficacy. Specifically, we hypothesize that the effectiveness of apocynin, a NOX inhibitor, is age-dependent in SCI. METHODS Apocynin treatment (5 mg/kg) or vehicle was administered 1 and 6 h after moderate T9 contusion SCI (50kdyn IH) and then daily for 1 week to 4 and 14 MO mice. Locomotor and anatomical recovery was evaluated for 28 days. Monocyte-derived macrophage (MDM) and microglial activation and ROS production were evaluated at 3 and 28 days post-injury. RESULTS Apocynin improved functional and anatomical recovery in 14 but not 4 MO SCI mice. Apocynin-mediated recovery was coincident with significant reductions in MDM infiltration and MDM-ROS production in 14 MO SCI mice. Importantly, microglial activation was unaffected by treatment. CONCLUSION These results indicate that apocynin exhibits age-dependent neuroprotective effects by blocking excessive neuroinflammation through NOX-mediated ROS production in MDMs. Further, these data identify age as a critical regulator for SCI treatment efficacy and indicate that pharmacologically reduced macrophage, but not microglia, activation and ROS production reverses age-associated neurological impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Zhang
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States; College of Public Health, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712046 PR China.
| | - William M. Bailey
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Anna Leigh McVicar
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Andrew N. Stewart
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Amy K. Veldhorst
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - John C. Gensel
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center (SCoBIRC), Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536,Correspondence to Dr. John C. Gensel or Dr. Bei Zhang, John C. Gensel, B463 Biomed & Bio Sci Research Building (BBSRB), University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, (859) 218-0516, , Bei Zhang, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi, PR China, 712046, 86-02938184662, ;
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20
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Aging alters glucose uptake in the naïve and injured rodent spinal cord. Neurosci Lett 2018; 690:23-28. [PMID: 30296507 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Aging results in increased activation of inflammatory glial cells and decreased neuronal viability following spinal cord injury (SCI). Metabolism and transport of glucose is also decreased with age, although the influence of age on glucose transporter (GLUT) expression or glucose uptake in SCI is currently unknown. We therefore performed [18F]Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET imaging of young (3 month) and middle-aged (12 month) rats. Glucose uptake in middle-aged rats was decreased compared to young rats at baseline, followed by increased uptake 14 days post contusion SCI. qRT-PCR and protein analysis revealed an association between 14 day glucose uptake and 14 day post-injury inflammation. Further, gene expression analysis of neuron-specific GLUT3 and non-specific GLUT4 (present on glial cells) revealed an inverse relationship between GLUT3/4 gene expression and glucose uptake patterns. Protein expression revealed increased GLUT3 in 3 month rats only, consistent with age related decreases in glucose uptake, and increased GLUT4 in 12 month rats only, consistent with age related increases in inflammatory activity and glucose uptake. Inconsistencies between gene and protein suggest an influence of age-related impairment of translation and/or protein degradation. Overall, our findings show that age alters glucose uptake and GLUT3/4 expression profiles before and after SCI, which may be dependent on level of inflammatory response, and may suggest a therapeutic avenue in addressing glucose uptake in the aging population.
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21
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Garcia VB, Abbinanti MD, Harris-Warrick RM, Schulz DJ. Effects of Chronic Spinal Cord Injury on Relationships among Ion Channel and Receptor mRNAs in Mouse Lumbar Spinal Cord. Neuroscience 2018; 393:42-60. [PMID: 30282002 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes widespread changes in gene expression of the spinal cord, even in the undamaged spinal cord below the level of the lesion. Less is known about changes in the correlated expression of genes after SCI. We investigated gene co-expression networks among voltage-gated ion channel and neurotransmitter receptor mRNA levels using quantitative RT-PCR in longitudinal slices of the mouse lumbar spinal cord in control and chronic SCI animals. These longitudinal slices were made from the ventral surface of the cord, thus forming slices relatively enriched in motor neurons or interneurons. We performed absolute quantitation of mRNA copy number for 50 ion channel or receptor transcripts from each sample, and used multiple correlation analyses to detect patterns in correlated mRNA levels across all pairs of genes. The majority of channels and receptors changed in expression as a result of chronic SCI, but did so differently across slice levels. Furthermore, motor neuron-enriched slices experienced an overall loss of correlated channel and receptor expression, while interneuron slices showed a dramatic increase in the number of positively correlated transcripts. These correlation profiles suggest that spinal cord injury induces distinct changes across cell types in the organization of gene co-expression networks for ion channels and transmitter receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia B Garcia
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Matthew D Abbinanti
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca NY 14853, USA
| | | | - David J Schulz
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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22
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Tan Y, Yu L, Zhang C, Chen K, Lu J, Tan L. miRNA-146a attenuates inflammation in an in vitro spinal cord injury model via inhibition of TLR4 signaling. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:3703-3709. [PMID: 30233729 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect of microRNA (miR)-146a in a spinal cord injury (SCI) rat model and in vitro model, and explored possible underlying mechanisms of this effect. miR-146a expression was analyzed using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 content was measured using ELISA kits. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) and phosphorylated (p)-nuclear factor (NF)-κB were measured using western blotting. In the SCI rat model, miR-146a expression was downregulated. In the in vitro model, downregulation of miR-146a increased inflammation, enhanced iNOS and PGE2 protein expression and induced TLR4, MyD88 and NF-κB expression. Overexpression of miR-146a reduced inflammation, iNOS and PGE2 protein expression, and suppressed TLR4, MyD88 and NF-κB expression in the in vitro SCI model. The inhibition of TLR4 attenuated the proinflammatory effects of anti-miR-146a in the in vitro SCI model. The results indicate that miR-146a reduces inflammation in an SCI model through the TLR4-NF-κB signaling pathway. The present study demonstrated that miR-146a may be a promising therapeutic agent for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Tan
- Department of Spine Surgery, Weifang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261041, P.R. China
| | - Longtan Yu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Weifang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261041, P.R. China
| | - Chunming Zhang
- School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China.,Department of Orthopedics, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Kebing Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510430, P.R. China
| | - Junfan Lu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Weifang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261041, P.R. China
| | - Lei Tan
- Department of Spine Surgery, Weifang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261041, P.R. China
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23
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Shiao R, Lee-Kubli CA. Neuropathic Pain After Spinal Cord Injury: Challenges and Research Perspectives. Neurotherapeutics 2018; 15:635-653. [PMID: 29736857 PMCID: PMC6095789 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-018-0633-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a debilitating consequence of spinal cord injury (SCI) that remains difficult to treat because underlying mechanisms are not yet fully understood. In part, this is due to limitations of evaluating neuropathic pain in animal models in general, and SCI rodents in particular. Though pain in patients is primarily spontaneous, with relatively few patients experiencing evoked pains, animal models of SCI pain have primarily relied upon evoked withdrawals. Greater use of operant tasks for evaluation of the affective dimension of pain in rodents is needed, but these tests have their own limitations such that additional studies of the relationship between evoked withdrawals and operant outcomes are recommended. In preclinical SCI models, enhanced reflex withdrawal or pain responses can arise from pathological changes that occur at any point along the sensory neuraxis. Use of quantitative sensory testing for identification of optimal treatment approach may yield improved identification of treatment options and clinical trial design. Additionally, a better understanding of the differences between mechanisms contributing to at- versus below-level neuropathic pain and neuropathic pain versus spasticity may shed insights into novel treatment options. Finally, the role of patient characteristics such as age and sex in pathogenesis of neuropathic SCI pain remains to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rani Shiao
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines, La Jolla, California, 92073, USA
| | - Corinne A Lee-Kubli
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines, La Jolla, California, 92073, USA.
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24
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Li T, Li YT, Song DY. The expression of IL-1β can deteriorate the prognosis of nervous system after spinal cord injury. Int J Neurosci 2018; 128:778-782. [PMID: 29308940 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2018.1424154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We used Anakinra to inhibit the expression of IL-1β based on the model of spinal cord injury in the rat stomach and explored whether it had a certain neuroprotective effect after spinal cord injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS The spinal cord injury model of four segments (T5-T8) was prepared by using vascular clamp. Thirty rats were randomized to the control group and the experimental group, and the control group used normal saline, while the experimental group used Anakinra after spinal cord injury. The spinal cord tissue was extracted at 6 h and 24 h after the operation to carry out the histopathological evaluation and to analyze the contents of IL-1β and malondialdehyde and the activities of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase. RESULTS Edema and inflammatory cell infiltration were obviously seen after spinal cord injury, the IL-1β level in serum was significantly increased, but the activity of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase was decreased in the control group compared with the experimental group. The experimental group could increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes, but had no significant effect on malondialdehyde. CONCLUSIONS Anakinra had a certain protective effect through the inhibition of IL-1β on spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- a Department of Spinal Surgery , Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong , P.R. China
| | - Yu-Tang Li
- b Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center , School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center , Beijing , P.R. China
| | - Di-Yu Song
- c Department of Orthopedics , The General Hospital of the PLA Rocket Force , Beijing , P.R. China
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25
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Hao M, Ji XR, Chen H, Zhang W, Zhang LC, Zhang LH, Tang PF, Lu N. Cell cycle and complement inhibitors may be specific for treatment of spinal cord injury in aged and young mice: Transcriptomic analyses. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:518-527. [PMID: 29623939 PMCID: PMC5900517 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.226405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have reported age-specific pathological and functional outcomes in young and aged patients suffering spinal cord injury, but the mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this study, we examined mice with spinal cord injury. Gene expression profiles from the Gene Expression Omnibus database (accession number GSE93561) were used, including spinal cord samples from 3 young injured mice (2-3-months old, induced by Impactor at Th9 level) and 3 control mice (2-3-months old, no treatment), as well as 2 aged injured mice (15-18-months old, induced by Impactor at Th9 level) and 2 control mice (15-18-months old, no treatment). Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in spinal cord tissue from injured and control mice were identified using the Linear Models for Microarray data method, with a threshold of adjusted P < 0.05 and |logFC(fold change)| > 1.5. Protein-protein interaction networks were constructed using data from the STRING database, followed by module analysis by Cytoscape software to screen crucial genes. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathway and Gene Ontology enrichment analyses were performed to investigate the underlying functions of DEGs using Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery. Consequently, 1,604 and 1,153 DEGs were identified between injured and normal control mice in spinal cord tissue of aged and young mice, respectively. Furthermore, a Venn diagram showed that 960 DEGs were shared among aged and young mice, while 644 and 193 DEGs were specific to aged and young mice, respectively. Functional enrichment indicates that shared DEGs are involved in osteoclast differentiation, extracellular matrix-receptor interaction, nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathway, and focal adhesion. Unique genes for aged and young injured groups were involved in the cell cycle (upregulation of PLK1) and complement (upregulation of C3) activation, respectively. These findings were confirmed by functional analysis of genes in modules (common, 4; aged, 2; young, 1) screened from protein-protein interaction networks. Accordingly, cell cycle and complement inhibitors may be specific treatments for spinal cord injury in aged and young mice, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Hao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, General Hospital of People's Liberation Army (301 Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Ran Ji
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, General Hospital of People's Liberation Army (301 Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Hua Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, General Hospital of People's Liberation Army (301 Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, General Hospital of People's Liberation Army (301 Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Li-Cheng Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, General Hospital of People's Liberation Army (301 Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Li-Hai Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, General Hospital of People's Liberation Army (301 Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Pei-Fu Tang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, General Hospital of People's Liberation Army (301 Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Ning Lu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, General Hospital of People's Liberation Army (301 Hospital), Beijing, China
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26
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von Leden RE, Khayrullina G, Moritz KE, Byrnes KR. Age exacerbates microglial activation, oxidative stress, inflammatory and NOX2 gene expression, and delays functional recovery in a middle-aged rodent model of spinal cord injury. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:161. [PMID: 28821269 PMCID: PMC5563003 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0933-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Spinal cord injury (SCI) among people over age 40 has been steadily increasing since the 1980s and is associated with worsened outcome than injuries in young people. Age-related increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS) are suggested to lead to chronic inflammation. The NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) enzyme is expressed by microglia and is a primary source of ROS. This study aimed to determine the effect of age on inflammation, oxidative damage, NOX2 gene expression, and functional performance with and without SCI in young adult (3 months) and middle-aged (12 months) male rats. Methods Young adult and middle-aged rats were assessed in two groups—naïve and moderate contusion SCI. Functional recovery was determined by weekly assessment with the Basso, Beattie, and Breshnahan general motor score (analyzed two-way ANOVA) and footprint analysis (analyzed by Chi-square analysis). Tissue was analyzed for markers of oxidative damage (8-OHdG, Oxyblot, and 3-NT), microglial-related inflammation (Iba1), NOX2 component (p47PHOX, p22PHOX, and gp91PHOX), and inflammatory (CD86, CD206, TNFα, and NFκB) gene expression (all analyzed by unpaired Student’s t test). Results In both naïve and injured aged rats, compared to young rats, tissue analysis revealed significant increases in 8-OHdG and Iba1, as well as inflammatory and NOX2 component gene expression. Further, injured aged rats showed greater lesion volume rostral and caudal to the injury epicenter. Finally, injured aged rats showed significantly reduced Basso–Beattie–Bresnahan (BBB) scores and stride length after SCI. Conclusions These results show that middle-aged rats demonstrate increased microglial activation, oxidative stress, and inflammatory gene expression, which may be related to elevated NOX2 expression, and contribute to worsened functional outcome following injury. These findings are essential to elucidating the mechanisms of age-related differences in response to SCI and developing age-appropriate therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona E von Leden
- Neuroscience Program, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA. .,Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University, Room C2099, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
| | - Guzal Khayrullina
- Neuroscience Program, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.,Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University, Room C2099, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Kasey E Moritz
- Neuroscience Program, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Kimberly R Byrnes
- Neuroscience Program, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.,Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University, Room C2099, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
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27
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Kamiya K, Furuya T, Hashimoto M, Mannoji C, Inada T, Ota M, Maki S, Ijima Y, Saito J, Kitamura M, Ohtori S, Orita S, Inage K, Yamazaki M, Koda M. Exploration of Spinal Cord Aging-Related Proteins Using a Proteomics Approach. J Exp Neurosci 2017. [PMID: 28634429 PMCID: PMC5467915 DOI: 10.1177/1179069517713019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
How aging affects the spinal cord at a molecular level is unclear. The aim of this study was to explore spinal cord aging–related proteins that may be involved in pathological mechanisms of age-related changes in the spinal cord. Spinal cords of 2-year-old and 8-week-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were dissected from the animals. Protein samples were subjected to 2-dimentional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by mass spectrometry. Screened proteins were further investigated with immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Among the screened proteins, we selected α-crystallin B-subunit (αB-crystallin) and peripherin for further investigation because these proteins were previously reported to be related to central nervous system pathologies. Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting revealed significant upregulation of αB-crystallin and peripherin expression in aged rat spinal cord. Further exploration is needed to elucidate the precise mechanism and potential role of these upregulated proteins in spinal cord aging processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koshiro Kamiya
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takeo Furuya
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masayuki Hashimoto
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Chikato Mannoji
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Teikyo University Chiba Medical Center, Ichihara, Japan
| | - Taigo Inada
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Ota
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Satoshi Maki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yasushi Ijima
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Junya Saito
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Kitamura
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Seiji Ohtori
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Sumihisa Orita
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Inage
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masashi Yamazaki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masao Koda
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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Zhang B, Bailey WM, McVicar AL, Gensel JC. Age increases reactive oxygen species production in macrophages and potentiates oxidative damage after spinal cord injury. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 47:157-167. [PMID: 27596335 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Age potentiates neurodegeneration and impairs recovery from spinal cord injury (SCI). Previously, we observed that age alters the balance of destructive (M1) and protective (M2) macrophages; however, the age-related pathophysiology in SCI is poorly understood. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX) contributes to reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated damage and macrophage activation in neurotrauma. Further, NOX and ROS increase with central nervous system age. Here, we found significantly higher ROS generation in 14 versus 4-month-old (MO) mice after contusion SCI. Notably, NOX2 increased in 14 MO ROS-producing macrophages suggesting that macrophages and NOX contribute to SCI oxidative stress. Indicators of lipid peroxidation, a downstream cytotoxic effect of ROS accumulation, were significantly higher in 14 versus 4 MO SCI mice. We also detected a higher percentage of ROS-producing M2 (Arginase-1-positive) macrophages in 14 versus 4 MO mice, a previously unreported SCI phenotype, and increased M1 (CD16/32-positive) macrophages with age. Thus, NOX and ROS are age-related mediators of SCI pathophysiology and normally protective M2 macrophages may potentiate secondary injury through ROS generation in the aged injured spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Zhang
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - William M Bailey
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Anna Leigh McVicar
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - John C Gensel
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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29
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Perturbed cholesterol homeostasis in aging spinal cord. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 45:123-135. [PMID: 27459933 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The spinal cord is vital for the processing of sensorimotor information and for its propagation to and from both the brain and the periphery. Spinal cord function is affected by aging, however, the mechanisms involved are not well-understood. To characterize molecular mechanisms of spinal cord aging, microarray analyses of gene expression were performed on cervical spinal cords of aging rats. Of the metabolic and signaling pathways affected, cholesterol-associated pathways were the most comprehensively altered, including significant downregulation of cholesterol synthesis-related genes and upregulation of cholesterol transport and metabolism genes. Paradoxically, a significant increase in total cholesterol content was observed-likely associated with cholesterol ester accumulation. To investigate potential mechanisms for the perturbed cholesterol homeostasis, we quantified the expression of myelin and neuroinflammation-associated genes and proteins. Although there was minimal change in myelin-related expression, there was an increase in phagocytic microglial and astrogliosis markers, particularly in the white matter. Together, these results suggest that perturbed cholesterol homeostasis, possibly as a result of increased inflammatory activation in spinal cord white matter, may contribute to impaired spinal cord function with aging.
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30
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Datto JP, Yang J, Dietrich WD, Pearse DD. Does being female provide a neuroprotective advantage following spinal cord injury? Neural Regen Res 2015; 10:1533-6. [PMID: 26692831 PMCID: PMC4660727 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.165213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been controversial whether gender has any effect on recovery following spinal cord injury (SCI). Past experimental and clinical research aimed at addressing this subject has led to constrasting findings on whether females hold any advantage in locomotor recovery. Additionally, for studies supporting the notion of a female gender related advantage, a definite cause has not been explained. In a recent study, using large sample sizes for comparative male and female spinal cord injury cohorts, we reported that a significant gender advantage favoring females existed in both tissue preservation and functional recovery after taking into consideration discrepancies in age and weight of the animals across sexes. Prior animal research frequently used sample sizes that were too small to determine significance with certainty and also did not account for two other factors that influence locomotor performance: age and weight. Our finding is important in light of controversy surrounding the effect of gender on outcome and the fact that SCI affects more than ten thousand new individuals annually, a population that is disproportionately male. By deepening our understanding of why a gender advantage exists, potential new therapeutics can be designed to improve recovery for the male population following the initial trauma or putatively augment the neuroprotective privilege in females for enhanced outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey P Datto
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jackie Yang
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - W Dalton Dietrich
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA ; The Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA ; The Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA ; The Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA ; The Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA ; The Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Damien D Pearse
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA ; The Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA ; The Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA ; The Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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31
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Xiao W, Yu A, Liu D, Shen J, Xu Z. Ligustilide treatment promotes functional recovery in a rat model of spinal cord injury via preventing ROS production. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2015; 8:12005-12013. [PMID: 26722386 PMCID: PMC4680331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ligustilide from traditional Chinese medicine extract, angelica sinensis is one of the main active components, and has many pharmacological activities related to the effectiveness. This study sought to determine whether neuro-protection of ligustilide promotes functional recovery in a rat model of spinal cord injury (SCI) via preventing ROS production. Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were induced using operation for model SCI. Furthermore, Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan (BBB) scale and footprint analysis of gait was used to assess the neuro-protection of ligustilide on SCI. The intracellular reactive oxygen species (iROS), prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α production levels were measured by monoclonal enzyme immunoassay kit. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene expression, activator protein-1 (AP-1) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) protein expressions were detected using Quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR) and western blot analyses, respectively. Interestingly, treatment with ligustilide significantly increased BBB scale and reduced recovery of coordination in SCI rats. After SCI, the iROS, PGE(2), IL-1β, TNF-α production levels and iNOS gene expression were significantly suppressed in SCI rats. These results suggest that the neuro-protection of ligustilide promotes functional recovery in a rat model of spinal cord injury via preventing ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Xiao
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan 430071, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Aixi Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan 430071, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Danli Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan 430071, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Jun Shen
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan 430071, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Zhigao Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan 430071, Hubei, P. R. China
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López-Dolado E, González-Mayorga A, Portolés MT, Feito MJ, Ferrer ML, del Monte F, Gutiérrez MC, Serrano MC. Subacute Tissue Response to 3D Graphene Oxide Scaffolds Implanted in the Injured Rat Spinal Cord. Adv Healthc Mater 2015; 4:1861-8. [PMID: 26115359 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201500333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The increasing prevalence and high sanitary costs of lesions affecting the central nervous system (CNS) at the spinal cord are encouraging experts in different fields to explore new avenues for neural repair. In this context, graphene and its derivatives are attracting significant attention, although their toxicity and performance in the CNS in vivo remains unclear. Here, the subacute tissue response to 3D flexible and porous scaffolds composed of partially reduced graphene oxide is investigated when implanted in the injured rat spinal cord. The interest of these structures as potentially useful platforms for CNS regeneration mainly relies on their mechanical compliance with neural tissues, adequate biocompatibility with neural cells in vitro and versatility to carry topographical and biological guidance cues. Early tissue responses are thoroughly investigated locally (spinal cord at C6 level) and in the major organs (i.e., kidney, liver, lung, and spleen). The absence of local and systemic toxic responses, along with the positive signs found at the lesion site (e.g., filler effect, soft interface for no additional scaring, preservation of cell populations at the perilesional area, presence of M2 macrophages), encourages further investigation of these materials as promising components of more efficient material-based platforms for CNS repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa López-Dolado
- Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM); Finca de La Peraleda s/n 45071 Toledo Spain
| | | | - María Teresa Portolés
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Ciudad Universitaria s/n 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - María José Feito
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Ciudad Universitaria s/n 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - María Luisa Ferrer
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM); Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC); C/Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Francisco del Monte
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM); Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC); C/Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - María Concepción Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM); Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC); C/Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3 28049 Madrid Spain
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Zhang B, Bailey WM, Braun KJ, Gensel JC. Age decreases macrophage IL-10 expression: Implications for functional recovery and tissue repair in spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2015; 273:83-91. [PMID: 26263843 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages with different activation states are present after spinal cord injury (SCI). M1 macrophages purportedly promote secondary injury processes while M2 cells support axon growth. The average age at the time of SCI has increased in recent decades, however, little is known about how different physiological factors contribute to macrophage activation states after SCI. Here we investigate the effect of age on IL-10, a key indicator of M2 macrophage activation. Following mild-moderate SCI in 4 and 14 month old (MO) mice we detected significantly reduced IL-10 expression with age in the injured spinal cord. Specifically, CD86/IL-10 positive macrophages, also known as M2b or regulatory macrophages, were reduced in 14 vs. 4 MO SCI animals. This age-dependent shift in macrophage phenotype was associated with impaired functional recovery and enhanced tissue damage in 14-month-old SCI mice. In vitro, M2b macrophages release anti-inflammatory cytokines without causing neurotoxicity, suggesting that imbalances in the M2b response in 14-month-old mice may be contributing to secondary injury processes. Our data indicate that age is an important factor that regulates SCI inflammation and recovery even to mild-moderate injury. Further, alterations in macrophage activation states may contribute to recovery and we have identified the M2b phenotype as a potential target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Zhang
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - William M Bailey
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Kaitlyn J Braun
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - John C Gensel
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States.
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Hasturk AE, Yilmaz ER, Turkoglu E, Arikan M, Togral G, Hayirli N, Erguder BI, Evirgen O. Potential neuroprotective effect of Anakinra in spinal cord injury in an in vivo experimental animal model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 20:124-30. [PMID: 25864064 PMCID: PMC4727622 DOI: 10.17712/nsj.2015.2.20140483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the therapeutic effects of inhibiting interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) in vivo using Anakinra in an experimental model of spinal cord injury (SCI). METHODS All experimental procedures were performed in the animal laboratory of Ankara Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey between August 2012 and May 2014. The SCI was induced by applying vascular clips to the dura via a 4-level T5-T8 laminectomy. Fifty-four rats were randomized into the following groups: controls (n = 18), SCI + saline (n = 18), and SCI + Anakinra (n = 18). Spinal cord samples were obtained from animals in both SCI groups at one, 6, and 24 hours after surgery (n = 6 for each time point). Spinal cord tissue and serum were extracted, and the levels of IL-1 beta, malondialdehyde, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase were analyzed. Furthermore, histopathological evaluation of the tissues was performed. RESULTS The SCI in rats caused severe injury characterized by edema, neutrophil infiltration, and cytokine production followed by recruitment of other inflammatory cells, lipid peroxidation, and increased oxidative stress. After SCI, tissue and serum IL-1 beta levels were significantly increased, but were significantly decreased by Anakinra administration. Following trauma, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase levels were decreased; however, Anakinra increased the activity of these antioxidant enzymes. Malondialdehyde levels were increased after trauma, but were unaffected by Anakinra. Histopathological analysis showed that Anakinra effectively protected the spinal cord tissue from injury. CONCLUSION Treatment with Anakinra reduces inflammation and other tissue injury events associated with SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Askin E Hasturk
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oncology Training and Research Hospital, Demetevler, Ankara, Turkey. E-mail:
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