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Castro-Muñoz LJ, Rocha-Zavaleta L, Lizano M, Ramírez-Alcántara KM, Madrid-Marina V, Manzo-Merino J. Alteration of the IFN-Pathway by Human Papillomavirus Proteins: Antiviral Immune Response Evasion Mechanism. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10112965. [PMID: 36428532 PMCID: PMC9687819 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A persistent infection with the so-called high-risk Human Papillomaviruses (hr-HPVs) plays a fundamental role in the development of different neoplasms. The expression of the HPV proteins throughout the different steps of the viral life cycle produce a disruption of several cellular processes, including immune response, which can lead to cell transformation. The interferon-mediated response plays an important role in eliminating HPV-infected and -transformed cells. The ability of HPV to disrupt the proper function of the interferon response is based on a series of molecular mechanisms coordinated by HPV proteins intended to prevent clearance of infection, ultimately producing an immunotolerant environment that facilitates the establishment of persistence and cancer. In this review, we focus on the molecular actions performed by HPV E1, E2, E5, E6 and E7 proteins on IFN signaling elements and their contribution to the establishment of infection, viral persistence and the progression to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Josué Castro-Muñoz
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, México/Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. San Fernando No. 22, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Leticia Rocha-Zavaleta
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Escolar S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Delegación Coyoacán, Mexico City 04500, Mexico
| | - Marcela Lizano
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, México/Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. San Fernando No. 22, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Katia Montserrat Ramírez-Alcántara
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, México/Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. San Fernando No. 22, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Vicente Madrid-Marina
- Dirección de Infecciones Crónicas y Cáncer, Centro de Investigación sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas (CISEI), Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62100, Mexico
| | - Joaquín Manzo-Merino
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, México/Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. San Fernando No. 22, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
- Cátedras CONACyT-Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, San Fernando No. 22, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
- Correspondence:
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Olmedo-Nieva L, Muñoz-Bello JO, Manzo-Merino J, Lizano M. New insights in Hippo signalling alteration in human papillomavirus-related cancers. Cell Signal 2020; 76:109815. [PMID: 33148514 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) is an etiologic factor for the development of different types of cancers, mainly attributed to the continuous expression of E6 and E7 HPV oncoproteins, which regulate several cell signalling pathways including the Hippo pathway. It has been demonstrated that E6 proteins promote the increase of the Hippo elements YAP, TAZ and TEAD, at protein level, as well as their transcriptional targets. Also, E6 and E7 oncoproteins promote nuclear YAP localization and a decrease in YAP negative regulators such as MST1, PTPN14 or SOCS6. Interestingly, Hippo signalling components modulate HPV activity, such as TEAD1 and the transcriptional co-factor VGLL1, induce the activation of HPV early and late promoters, while hyperactivation of YAP in specific cells facilitates virus infection by increasing putative HPV receptors and by evading innate immunity. Additionally, alterations in Hippo signalling elements have been found in HPV-related cancers and particularly, the involvement of HPV oncoproteins on the regulation of some of these Hippo components has been also proposed, although the precise mechanisms remain unclear. The present review addresses the recent findings describing the interplay between HPV and Hippo signalling in HPV-related cancers, a fact that highlights the importance of developing more in-depth studies in this field to establish key therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Olmedo-Nieva
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Bioquímicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - J Omar Muñoz-Bello
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Sede sur, Mexico City 14330, Mexico
| | - Joaquín Manzo-Merino
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; Cátedras CONACyT-Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marcela Lizano
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico.
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The SMC5/6 Complex Represses the Replicative Program of High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Type 31. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9100786. [PMID: 32992873 PMCID: PMC7599729 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9100786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The multi-subunit structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) 5/6 complex includes SMC6 and non-SMC element (NSE)3. SMC5/6 is essential for homologous recombination DNA repair and functions as an antiviral factor during hepatitis B (HBV) and herpes simplex-1 (HSV-1) viral infections. Intriguingly, SMC5/6 has been found to associate with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) E2 regulatory proteins, but the functions of this interaction and its role during HPV infection remain unclear. Here, we further characterize SMC5/6 interactions with HPV-31 E2 and its role in the HPV life cycle. Co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) revealed that SMC6 interactions with HPV-31 E2 require the E2 transactivation domain, implying that SMC5/6 interacts with full-length E2. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation, we found that SMC6 is present on HPV-31 episomes at E2 binding sites. The depletion of SMC6 and NSE3 increased viral replication and transcription in keratinocytes maintaining episomal HPV-31, indicating that SMC5/6 restricts the viral replicative program. SMC6 interactions with E2 were reduced in the presence of HPV-31 E1, suggesting that SMC6 and E1 compete for E2 binding. Our findings demonstrate SMC5/6 functions as a repressor of the viral replicative program and this may involve inhibiting the initiation of viral replication.
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Villota C, Varas-Godoy M, Jeldes E, Campos A, Villegas J, Borgna V, Burzio LO, Burzio VA. HPV-18 E2 protein downregulates antisense noncoding mitochondrial RNA-2, delaying replicative senescence of human keratinocytes. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:33-47. [PMID: 30595560 PMCID: PMC6339806 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human and mouse cells display a differential expression pattern of a family of mitochondrial noncoding RNAs (ncmtRNAs), according to proliferative status. Normal proliferating and cancer cells express a sense ncmtRNA (SncmtRNA), which seems to be required for cell proliferation, and two antisense transcripts referred to as ASncmtRNA-1 and -2. Remarkably however, the ASncmtRNAs are downregulated in human and mouse cancer cells, including HeLa and SiHa cells, transformed with HPV-18 and HPV-16, respectively. HPV E2 protein is considered a tumor suppressor in the context of high-risk HPV-induced transformation and therefore, to explore the mechanisms involved in the downregulation of ASncmtRNAs during tumorigenesis, we studied human foreskin keratinocytes (HFK) transduced with lentiviral-encoded HPV-18 E2. Transduced cells displayed a significantly extended replicative lifespan of up to 23 population doublings, compared to 8 in control cells, together with downregulation of the ASncmtRNAs. At 26 population doublings, cells transduced with E2 were arrested at G2/M, together with downregulation of E2 and SncmtRNA and upregulation of ASncmtRNA-2. Our results suggest a role for high-risk HPV E2 protein in cellular immortalization. Additionally, we propose a new cellular phenotype according to the expression of the SncmtRNA and the ASncmtRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Villota
- Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile.,Andes Biotechnologies SpA, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Biológicas, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago, Chile
| | - Manuel Varas-Godoy
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Emanuel Jeldes
- Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile.,Andes Biotechnologies SpA, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - América Campos
- Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile.,Andes Biotechnologies SpA, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratorio de Comunicaciones Celulares (CEMC) Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jaime Villegas
- Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile.,Andes Biotechnologies SpA, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Vincenzo Borgna
- Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile.,Andes Biotechnologies SpA, Santiago, Chile.,Faculty of Medical Sciences, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis O Burzio
- Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile.,Andes Biotechnologies SpA, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Verónica A Burzio
- Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile.,Andes Biotechnologies SpA, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
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Joo J, Omae Y, Hitomi Y, Park B, Shin HJ, Yoon KA, Sawai H, Tsuiji M, Hayashi T, Kong SY, Tokunaga K, Kim JY. The association of integration patterns of human papilloma virus and single nucleotide polymorphisms on immune- or DNA repair-related genes in cervical cancer patients. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13132. [PMID: 31511581 PMCID: PMC6739467 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49523-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in immune- or DNA repair-related genes and the integration pattern of human papillomavirus (HPV), a promising prognostic marker in cervical cancer. The HPV integration patterns of cervical cancer patients were determined by polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization, and categorized as episomal (group A), single-copy or multi-copy tandem repetition integrated (group B), and undetectable HPV types (group C). After sample and SNP quality control, 166,505 SNPs in 161 samples (38, 111, and 12 patients in groups A, B, and C, respectively) were examined. None of the SNPs reached genome-wide significance, and several candidate SNPs for future study were selected, including rs10999435 on chromosome 10q22, rs1322054 on chromosome 9q32-33, and rs10902171 on chromosome 11p15. Luciferase assay identified rs1322054 as the primary functional variant to regulate gene expression in immune cell. Further studies are needed to determine the genetic background of different integration patterns of HPV in cervical cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungnam Joo
- Biometrics Research Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Yosuke Omae
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Genome Medical Science Project (Toyama), National Center for Global Health and Medicine (NCGM), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Hitomi
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Microbiology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Boram Park
- Biometrics Research Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Shin
- Particle Therapy Research Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Kyong-Ah Yoon
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
- Center for Breast Cancer, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Hiromi Sawai
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Tsuiji
- Department of Microbiology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomonori Hayashi
- Department of Radiobiology and Molecular Epidemiology, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Sun-Young Kong
- Translational Research Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Katsushi Tokunaga
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Genome Medical Science Project (Toyama), National Center for Global Health and Medicine (NCGM), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Joo-Young Kim
- Particle Therapy Research Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea.
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6
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Intratype variants of the E2 protein from human papillomavirus type 18 induce different gene expression profiles associated with apoptosis and cell proliferation. Arch Virol 2019; 164:1815-1827. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-04124-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Li S, Shen H, Li J, Hou X, Zhang K, Li J. Prevalence of the integration status for human papillomavirus 16 in esophageal carcinoma samples. TURKISH JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2018; 29:157-163. [PMID: 29749321 DOI: 10.5152/tjg.2018.17568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS To investigate the etiology of esophageal cancer (EC) related with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fresh surgically resected tissue samples and clinical information were obtained from 189 patients. Genomic DNA was extracted, and HPV was detected using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with HPV L1 gene primers of MY09/11; HPV16 was detected using HPV16 E6 type-specific primer sets. Copies of HPV16 E2, E6, and the human housekeeping gene β-actin were tested using quantitative PCR to analyze the relationship between HPV16 integration and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and the relationship between the HPV16 integration status and clinical information of patients. RESULTS Of the 189 samples, 168 HPV-positive samples were detected, of which 76 were HPV16 positive. Among the HPV16 positive samples, 2 cases (E2/E6 ratio>1) were 2.6% (2/76) purely episomal, 65 (E2/E6 ratio between 0 and 1) were 85.6% (65/76) mixture of integrated and episomal, and 9 (E2/E6 ratio=0) were 11.8% (9/76) purely integrated. The results indicate that integration of HPV16 was more common in the host genome than in the episome genome. The prevalence rate of HPV16 integration is increasing with the pathological stage progression of esophageal carcinoma (EC). CONCLUSION A high prevalence of HPV16 suggested that HPV16 has an etiological effect on the progress of EC. Integration of HPV16 is more common than episome genome in the host cells, indicating that continuous HPV infection is the key to esophageal epithelial cell malignant conversion and canceration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuying Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory for Chronic Diseases, Tangshan Key Laboratory for Preclinical and Basic Research on Chronic Diseases, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Haie Shen
- Hebei Key Laboratory for Chronic Diseases, Tangshan Key Laboratory for Preclinical and Basic Research on Chronic Diseases, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Ji Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory for Chronic Diseases, Tangshan Key Laboratory for Preclinical and Basic Research on Chronic Diseases, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Xiaoli Hou
- Hebei Key Laboratory for Chronic Diseases, Tangshan Key Laboratory for Preclinical and Basic Research on Chronic Diseases, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory for Chronic Diseases, Tangshan Key Laboratory for Preclinical and Basic Research on Chronic Diseases, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Jintao Li
- College of Life Science and Bio-engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
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Eckhardt M, Zhang W, Gross AM, Von Dollen J, Johnson JR, Franks-Skiba KE, Swaney DL, Johnson TL, Jang GM, Shah PS, Brand TM, Archambault J, Kreisberg JF, Grandis JR, Ideker T, Krogan NJ. Multiple Routes to Oncogenesis Are Promoted by the Human Papillomavirus-Host Protein Network. Cancer Discov 2018; 8:1474-1489. [PMID: 30209081 PMCID: PMC6375299 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-17-1018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We have mapped a global network of virus-host protein interactions by purification of the complete set of human papillomavirus (HPV) proteins in multiple cell lines followed by mass spectrometry analysis. Integration of this map with tumor genome atlases shows that the virus targets human proteins frequently mutated in HPV- but not HPV+ cancers, providing a unique opportunity to identify novel oncogenic events phenocopied by HPV infection. For example, we find that the NRF2 transcriptional pathway, which protects against oxidative stress, is activated by interaction of the NRF2 regulator KEAP1 with the viral protein E1. We also demonstrate that the L2 HPV protein physically interacts with the RNF20/40 histone ubiquitination complex and promotes tumor cell invasion in an RNF20/40-dependent manner. This combined proteomic and genetic approach provides a systematic means to study the cellular mechanisms hijacked by virally induced cancers.Significance: In this study, we created a protein-protein interaction network between HPV and human proteins. An integrative analysis of this network and 800 tumor mutation profiles identifies multiple oncogenesis pathways promoted by HPV interactions that phenocopy recurrent mutations in cancer, yielding an expanded definition of HPV oncogenic roles. Cancer Discov; 8(11); 1474-89. ©2018 AACR. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1333.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Eckhardt
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), UCSF, San Francisco, California
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, UCSF, San Francisco, California
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, California
| | | | - John Von Dollen
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), UCSF, San Francisco, California
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, UCSF, San Francisco, California
| | - Jeffrey R Johnson
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), UCSF, San Francisco, California
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, UCSF, San Francisco, California
| | - Kathleen E Franks-Skiba
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), UCSF, San Francisco, California
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, UCSF, San Francisco, California
| | - Danielle L Swaney
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), UCSF, San Francisco, California
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, UCSF, San Francisco, California
- The Cancer Cell Map Initiative (CCMI), UCSF and UCSD, San Francisco and La Jolla, California
| | - Tasha L Johnson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, UCSF, San Francisco, California
| | - Gwendolyn M Jang
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), UCSF, San Francisco, California
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, UCSF, San Francisco, California
| | - Priya S Shah
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), UCSF, San Francisco, California
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, UCSF, San Francisco, California
| | - Toni M Brand
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California
| | - Jacques Archambault
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jason F Kreisberg
- Department of Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, California
- The Cancer Cell Map Initiative (CCMI), UCSF and UCSD, San Francisco and La Jolla, California
| | - Jennifer R Grandis
- The Cancer Cell Map Initiative (CCMI), UCSF and UCSD, San Francisco and La Jolla, California
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California
| | - Trey Ideker
- Department of Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, California.
- The Cancer Cell Map Initiative (CCMI), UCSF and UCSD, San Francisco and La Jolla, California
| | - Nevan J Krogan
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), UCSF, San Francisco, California.
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, UCSF, San Francisco, California
- The Cancer Cell Map Initiative (CCMI), UCSF and UCSD, San Francisco and La Jolla, California
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9
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HPV16-E2 protein modifies self-renewal and differentiation rate in progenitor cells of human immortalized keratinocytes. Virol J 2017; 14:65. [PMID: 28372578 PMCID: PMC5376701 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0736-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical cancer is the fourth cause of death worldwide by cancer in women and is a disease associated to persistent infection with human papillomavirus (HPV), particularly from two high-risk types HPV16 and 18. The virus initiates its replicative cycle infecting cells located in the basal layer of the epithelium, where a small population of epithelial stem cells is located performing important functions of renewal and maintenance of the tissue. Viral E2 gene is one of the first expressed after infection and plays relevant roles in the replicative cycle of the virus, modifying fundamental processes in the infected cells. Thus, the aim of the present study was to demonstrate the presence of hierarchic subpopulations in HaCaT cell line and evaluate the effect of HPV16-E2 expression, on their biological processes. METHODS HaCaT-HPV16-E2 cells were generated by transduction of HaCaT cell line with a lentiviral vector. The α6-integrin-CD71 expression profile was established by immunostaining and flow cytometric analysis. After sorting, cell subpopulations were analyzed in biological assays for self-renewal, clonogenicity and expression of stemness factors (RT-qPCR). RESULTS We identified in HaCaT cell line three different subpopulations that correspond to early differentiated cells (α6-integrindim), transitory amplifying cells (α6-integrinbri/CD71bri) and progenitor cells (α6-integrinbri/CD71dim). The last subpopulation showed stem cell characteristics, such as self-renewal ability, clonogenicity and expression of the well-known stem cell factors SOX2, OCT4 and NANOG, suggesting they are stem-like cells. Interestingly, the expression of HPV16-E2 in HaCaT cells changed its α6-integrin-CD71 immunophenotype modifying the relative abundance of the cell subpopulations, reducing significantly the percentage of α6-integrinbri/CD71dim cells. Moreover, the expression of the stem cell markers was also modified, increasing the expression of SOX2 and NANOG, but decreasing notably the expression of OCT4. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrated the presence of a small subpopulation with epithelial "progenitor cells" characteristics in the HaCaT cell line, and that HPV16-E2 expression on these cells induces early differentiation.
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Iftner T, Haedicke-Jarboui J, Wu SY, Chiang CM. Involvement of Brd4 in different steps of the papillomavirus life cycle. Virus Res 2016; 231:76-82. [PMID: 27965149 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bromodomain-containing protein 4 (Brd4) is a cellular chromatin-binding factor and transcriptional regulator that recruits sequence-specific transcription factors and chromatin modulators to control target gene transcription. Papillomaviruses (PVs) have evolved to hijack Brd4's activity in order to create a facilitating environment for the viral life cycle. Brd4, in association with the major viral regulatory protein E2, is involved in multiple steps of the PV life cycle including replication initiation, viral gene transcription, and viral genome segregation and maintenance. Phosphorylation of Brd4, regulated by casein kinase II (CK2) and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), is critical for viral gene transcription as well as E1- and E2-dependent origin replication. Thus, pharmacological agents regulating Brd4 phosphorylation and inhibitors blocking phospho-Brd4 functions are promising candidates for therapeutic intervention in treating human papillomavirus (HPV) infections as well as associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Iftner
- Division of Experimental Virology, Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 6, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Juliane Haedicke-Jarboui
- Division of Experimental Virology, Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 6, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Shwu-Yuan Wu
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Cheng-Ming Chiang
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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11
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van Zuylen WJ, Rawlinson WD, Ford CE. The Wnt pathway: a key network in cell signalling dysregulated by viruses. Rev Med Virol 2016; 26:340-55. [PMID: 27273590 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are obligate parasites dependent on host cells for survival. Viral infection of a cell activates a panel of pattern recognition receptors that mediate antiviral host responses to inhibit viral replication and dissemination. Viruses have evolved mechanisms to evade and subvert this antiviral host response, including encoding proteins that hijack, mimic and/or manipulate cellular processes such as the cell cycle, DNA damage repair, cellular metabolism and the host immune response. Currently, there is an increasing interest whether viral modulation of these cellular processes, including the cell cycle, contributes to cancer development. One cellular pathway related to cell cycle signalling is the Wnt pathway. This review focuses on the modulation of this pathway by human viruses, known to cause (or associated with) cancer development. The main mechanisms where viruses interact with the Wnt pathway appear to be through (i) epigenetic modification of Wnt genes; (ii) cellular or viral miRNAs targeting Wnt genes; (iii) altering specific Wnt pathway members, often leading to (iv) nuclear translocation of β-catenin and activation of Wnt signalling. Given that diverse viruses affect this signalling pathway, modulating Wnt signalling could be a generalised critical process for the initiation or maintenance of viral pathogenesis, with resultant dysregulation contributing to virus-induced cancers. Further study of this virus-host interaction may identify options for targeted therapy against Wnt signalling molecules as a means to reduce virus-induced pathogenesis and the downstream consequences of infection. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy J van Zuylen
- Serology and Virology Division, SEALS Microbiology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - William D Rawlinson
- Serology and Virology Division, SEALS Microbiology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Caroline E Ford
- Metastasis Research Group, School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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12
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Liu Y, Qian W, Zhang J, Dong Y, Shi C, Liu Z, Wu S. The indicative function of Twist2 and E-cadherin in HPV oncogene-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition of cervical cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2014; 33:639-50. [PMID: 25420506 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
High-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infections are among the most important factors for cervical carcinogenesis. However, whether patients infected with HR-HPV eventually develop a malignant tumor, largely depends on epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which plays an extraordinary role in the process of carcinogenesis and metastasis. Therefore, we evaluated the protein levels of EMT-related genes in normal cervical squamous epithelium, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), and cervical squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) by tissue microarray and immunohistochemical staining. By comparing the expression of EMT-related proteins in 31 cases of cervical tumors and tumor adjacent tissues and exploring the relationship between HPV16 oncogenes and EMT in vitro, we found that Twist2 protein levels were significantly higher in CIN and cervical cancer than in normal cervical squamous epithelial samples (p<0.01 and p<0.001, respectively). This finding corresponded with the decreased expression of E-cadherin in cervical cancer. The difference in the expression of Twist2 and E-cadherin between 31 cases of cervical tumors and tumor adjacent tissues was statistically significant (p<0.01). HPV16 oncogenes were able to induce morphological alterations in the SiHa cell line, upregulate the expression of Twist2 and vimentin, downregulate E-cadherin in vitro, and exert an effect on invasion. Thus, joint detection of Twist2 and E-cadherin expression can help evaluate and provide greater insight into cervical carcinogenesis and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Wenyan Qian
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kunshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Jiawen Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai Tongji University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yu Dong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Can Shi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, Center for Cancer Immunology Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sufang Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
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13
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Tudoran OM, Soritau O, Balacescu L, Pop L, Meurice G, Visan S, Lindberg S, Eniu A, Langel U, Balacescu O, Berindan-Neagoe I. PDGF beta targeting in cervical cancer cells suggest a fine-tuning of compensatory signalling pathways to sustain tumourigenic stimulation. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 19:371-82. [PMID: 25311137 PMCID: PMC4407607 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) signalling pathway has been reported to play an important role in human cancers by modulating autocrine and paracrine processes such as tumour growth, metastasis and angiogenesis. Several clinical trials document the benefits of targeting this pathway; however, in cervical cancer the role of PDGF signalling in still unclear. In this study, we used siRNA against PDGF beta (PDGFBB) to investigate the cellular and molecular mechanisms of PDGFBB signalling in Ca Ski and HeLa cervical cancer cells. Our results show that PDGFBB inhibition in Ca Ski cells led to rapid alterations of the transcriptional pattern of 579 genes, genes that are known to have antagonistic roles in regulating tumour progression. Concomitantly, with the lack of significant effects on cervical cancer cells proliferation, apoptosis, migration or invasion, these findings suggests that cervical cancer cells shift between compensatory signalling pathways to maintain their behaviour. The observed autocrine effects were limited to cervical cancer cells ability to adhere to an endothelial cell (EC) monolayer. However, by inhibiting PDGFBB on cervical cells, we achieved reduced proliferation of ECs in co-culture settings and cellular aggregation in conditioned media. Because of lack of PDGF receptor expression on ECs, we believe that these effects are a result of indirect PDGFBB paracrine signalling mechanisms. Our results shed some light into the understanding of PDGFBB signalling mechanism in cervical cancer cells, which could be further exploited for the development of synergistic anti-tumour and anti-angiogenic therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oana Mihaela Tudoran
- Department of Functional Genomics and Experimental Pathology, The Oncology Institute "Prof. Dr. I. Chiricuta", Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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14
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Gao Y, Trivedi S, Ferris RL, Koide K. Regulation of HPV16 E6 and MCL1 by SF3B1 inhibitor in head and neck cancer cells. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6098. [PMID: 25139387 PMCID: PMC4138523 DOI: 10.1038/srep06098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
ABT-737 inhibits the anti-apoptotic proteins B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) and BCL-XL. Meayamycin B switches the splicing pattern of myeloid cell leukemia factor 1 (MCL1) pre-mRNA. Specifically, inhibition of splicing factor 3B subunit 1 (SF3B1) with meayamycin B promotes the generation of the proapoptotic, short splicing variant (MCL1-S) and diminishes the antiapoptotic, long variant (MCL1-L). This action was previously associated with the cytotoxicity of meayamycin B in non-small cell lung carcinoma cell lines. ABT-737 induced apoptosis in response to an ablation of MCL1-L by meayamycin B. In this study, we further exploited this synergistic combination in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), up to 90% of which overexpress MCL1 and BCL-XL. In a panel of seven HNSCC cell lines, the combination of meayamycin B and ABT-737 rapidly triggered a Bax/Bak-mediated apoptosis that overcame the resistance from HPV16-positive HNSCC against each agent alone. Both RT-PCR and Western blotting showed that meayamycin B up-regulated MCL1-S and down-regulated MCL1-L. Significantly, we discovered that SF3B1 was involved in the splicing of oncogenic HPV16 E6 to produce non-oncogenic HPV16 E6*, indicating that SF3B1 may inhibit HPV16-induced tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | - Sumita Trivedi
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Robert L Ferris
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Kazunori Koide
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
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15
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Regulation of human genome expression and RNA splicing by human papillomavirus 16 E2 protein. Virology 2014; 468-470:10-18. [PMID: 25129434 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) is causative in human cancer. The E2 protein regulates transcription from and replication of the viral genome; the role of E2 in regulating the host genome has been less well studied. We have expressed HPV16 E2 (E2) stably in U2OS cells; these cells tolerate E2 expression well and gene expression analysis identified 74 genes showing differential expression specific to E2. Analysis of published gene expression data sets during cervical cancer progression identified 20 of the genes as being altered in a similar direction as the E2 specific genes. In addition, E2 altered the splicing of many genes implicated in cancer and cell motility. The E2 expressing cells showed no alteration in cell growth but were altered in cell motility, consistent with the E2 induced altered splicing predicted to affect this cellular function. The results present a model system for investigating E2 regulation of the host genome.
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16
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Sunthamala N, Thierry F, Teissier S, Pientong C, Kongyingyoes B, Tangsiriwatthana T, Sangkomkamhang U, Ekalaksananan T. E2 proteins of high risk human papillomaviruses down-modulate STING and IFN-κ transcription in keratinocytes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91473. [PMID: 24614210 PMCID: PMC3948877 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the early stages of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, the viral proteins elicit specific immune responses that can participate to regression of ano-genital lesions. HPV E6 protein for instance can reduce type I interferon (IFN) including IFN-κ that is involved in immune evasion and HPV persistence. To evaluate the role of E2 protein in innate immunity in HPV16-associated cervical lesions, genome-wide expression profiling of human primary keratinocytes (HPK) transduced by HPV16 E2 was investigated using microarrays and innate immunity associated genes were specifically analyzed. The analyses showed that the expression of 779 genes was modulated by HPV16E2 and 92 of them were genes associated with innate immunity. Notably IFN-κ and STING were suppressed in HPK expressing the E2 proteins of HPV16 or HPV18 and the trans-activation amino-terminal domain of E2 was involved in the suppressive effect. The relationship between STING, IFN-κ and interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) in HPK was confirmed by gene silencing and real time PCR. The expression of STING and IFN-κ were further determined in clinical specimens by real time PCR. STING and IFN-κ were down-modulated in HPV positive low grade squamous intraepithelial lesions compared with HPV negative controls. This study demonstrates that E2 proteins of high risk HPV reduce STING and IFN-κ transcription and its downstream target genes that might be an immune evasion mechanism involved in HPV persistence and cervical cancer development.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviridae/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Female
- Gene Regulatory Networks
- Genome, Human/genetics
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Interferon Type I/genetics
- Interferon Type I/metabolism
- Keratinocytes/drug effects
- Keratinocytes/metabolism
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Oncogene Proteins, Viral/chemistry
- Oncogene Proteins, Viral/metabolism
- Poly I-C/pharmacology
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Recombination, Genetic
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- Transduction, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuchsupha Sunthamala
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Papillomavirus Regulation and Cancer, Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Francoise Thierry
- Papillomavirus Regulation and Cancer, Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sebastien Teissier
- Papillomavirus Regulation and Cancer, Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chamsai Pientong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Bunkerd Kongyingyoes
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | | | | | - Tipaya Ekalaksananan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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17
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Abstract
The papillomavirus E2 proteins are pivotal to the viral life cycle and have well characterized functions in transcriptional regulation, initiation of DNA replication and partitioning the viral genome. The E2 proteins also function in vegetative DNA replication, post-transcriptional processes and possibly packaging. This review describes structural and functional aspects of the E2 proteins and their binding sites on the viral genome. It is intended to be a reference guide to this viral protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison A McBride
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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18
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Canepa P, Orsi A, Martini M, Icardi G. HPV related diseases in males: a heavy vaccine-preventable burden. JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AND HYGIENE 2013; 54:61-70. [PMID: 24396983 PMCID: PMC4718386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) has a significant impact in male's health, as cause of clinical manifestations ranging from genital warts to several cancers of the anogenital and aero-digestive tract. HPV types which most frequently affect men are 6, 11, 16 and 18, included in the HPV quadrivalent vaccine, recently approved for use in males by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA). Although several data about the safety and efficacy of quadrivalent vaccine are available, the implementation of proper immunization plans dedicate to male's population cannot ignore the knowledge of the characteristics of the disease in men, which in some aspects should be clarify, in particular clearance of type-specific HPV infections and transmission dynamics. Purpose of this review is to summarise the main information about the burden and the natural history of the HPV related disease in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Canepa
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Italy.
| | - A Orsi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Italy
| | - M Martini
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Italy
| | - G Icardi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Italy
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19
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HPV-Based Screening, Triage, Treatment, and Followup Strategies in the Management of Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia. Obstet Gynecol Int 2013; 2013:912780. [PMID: 23690785 PMCID: PMC3649705 DOI: 10.1155/2013/912780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the second most common cause of death from cancer in women worldwide, and the development of new diagnostic, prognostic, and treatment strategies merits special attention. Many efforts have been made to design new drugs and develop immunotherapy and gene therapy strategies to treat cervical cancer. HPV genotyping has potentially valuable applications in triage of low-grade abnormal cervical cytology, assessment of prognosis and followup of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, and in treatment strategies for invasive cervical cancer. It is known that during the development of cervical cancer associated with HPV infection, a cascade of abnormal events is induced, including disruption of cellular cycle control, alteration of gene expression, and deregulation of microRNA expression. Thus, the identification and subsequent functional evaluation of host proteins associated with HPV E6 and E7 oncoproteins may provide useful information in understanding cervical carcinogenesis, identifying cervical cancer molecular markers, and developing specific targeting strategies against tumor cells. Therefore, in this paper, we discuss the main diagnostic methods, management strategies, and followup of HPV-associated cervical lesions and review clinical trials applying gene therapy strategies against the development of cervical cancer.
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20
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Muller M, Demeret C. The HPV E2-Host Protein-Protein Interactions: A Complex Hijacking of the Cellular Network. Open Virol J 2012; 6:173-89. [PMID: 23341853 PMCID: PMC3547520 DOI: 10.2174/1874357901206010173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 100 genotypes of human papillomaviruses (HPVs) have been identified as being responsible for unapparent infections or for lesions ranging from benign skin or genital warts to cancer. The pathogenesis of HPV results from complex relationships between viral and host factors, driven in particular by the interplay between the host proteome and the early viral proteins. The E2 protein regulates the transcription, the replication as well as the mitotic segregation of the viral genome through the recruitment of host cell factors to the HPV regulatory region. It is thereby a pivotal factor for the productive viral life cycle and for viral persistence, a major risk factor for cancer development. In addition, the E2 proteins have been shown to engage numerous interactions through which they play important roles in modulating the host cell. Such E2 activities are probably contributing to create cell conditions appropriate for the successive stages of the viral life cycle, and some of these activities have been demonstrated only for the oncogenic high-risk HPV. The recent mapping of E2-host protein-protein interactions with 12 genotypes representative of HPV diversity has shed some light on the large complexity of the host cell hijacking and on its diversity according to viral genotypes. This article reviews the functions of E2 as they emerge from the E2/host proteome interplay, taking into account the large-scale comparative interactomic study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Muller
- Unité de Génétique, Papillomavirus et Cancer Humain (GPCH), Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France ; Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris cite, Cellule Pasteur, rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
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21
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Villota C, Campos A, Vidaurre S, Oliveira-Cruz L, Boccardo E, Burzio VA, Varas M, Villegas J, Villa LL, Valenzuela PDT, Socías M, Roberts S, Burzio LO. Expression of mitochondrial non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) is modulated by high risk human papillomavirus (HPV) oncogenes. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:21303-15. [PMID: 22539350 PMCID: PMC3375551 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.326694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of RNA and DNA oncogenic viruses has proved invaluable in the discovery of key cellular pathways that are rendered dysfunctional during cancer progression. An example is high risk human papillomavirus (HPV), the etiological agent of cervical cancer. The role of HPV oncogenes in cellular immortalization and transformation has been extensively investigated. We reported the differential expression of a family of human mitochondrial non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) between normal and cancer cells. Normal cells express a sense mitochondrial ncRNA (SncmtRNA) that seems to be required for cell proliferation and two antisense transcripts (ASncmtRNAs). In contrast, the ASncmtRNAs are down-regulated in cancer cells. To shed some light on the mechanisms that trigger down-regulation of the ASncmtRNAs, we studied human keratinocytes (HFK) immortalized with HPV. Here we show that immortalization of HFK with HPV-16 or 18 causes down-regulation of the ASncmtRNAs and induces the expression of a new sense transcript named SncmtRNA-2. Transduction of HFK with both E6 and E7 is sufficient to induce expression of SncmtRNA-2. Moreover, E2 oncogene is involved in down-regulation of the ASncmtRNAs. Knockdown of E2 in immortalized cells reestablishes in a reversible manner the expression of the ASncmtRNAs, suggesting that endogenous cellular factors(s) could play functions analogous to E2 during non-HPV-induced oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Villota
- Andes Biotechnologies SA, Fundación Ciencia para la Vida, Zanartu 1482 7782272, Chile.
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22
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Valdivia A, Peralta R, Matute-González M, García Cebada JM, Casasola I, Jiménez-Medrano C, Aguado-Pérez R, Villegas V, González-Bonilla C, Manuel-Apolinar L, Ibáñez M, Salcedo M. Co-expression of metalloproteinases 11 and 12 in cervical scrapes cells from cervical precursor lesions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2011; 4:674-682. [PMID: 22076168 PMCID: PMC3209608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The metalloproteinases (MMP) 11 and 12 have been shown to be expressed in cervical cancer (CC). In order to extend our previous results, these MMPs were evaluated in cervical precursor lesions. One hundred seventeen cervical scrapes: thirty-six normal, thirty-six low grade squamous lesions (LSIL), thirty-six high grade (HSIL), nine CC; and, also ninety-nine paraffin-embedded cervical lesions: fifteen normal cervices, thirty eight LSIL, sixteen HSIL, and five CC were collected. The samples were analyzed for relative expression by real time RT-PCR or immunohistochemistry assay. We were able to identify a relative increased expression of MMP11 in 75% and 78% from LSIL and HSIL samples, respectively. While MMP12 expression was 64% and 75% in LSIL and HSIL, respectively. Positive samples for MMP11 expression were also positive for MMP12 expression and also increased according to illness progression. In the tissues, MMP11 or MMP12 expression was observed in the cytoplasm of the neoplastic cells, while in the normal epithelium was absent. The reaction was always stronger for MMP12 than MMP11. MMP11 expression was present in 77% and 66% of LSIL and HSIL, while MMP12 expression was 73% and 68%. There was a relationship between MMP11 or MMP12 expression and HPV infection. Our data are showing a relationship between diagnostic of precursor lesions and the MMP11 and 12 expressions, suggesting that their expression could be an early event in the neoplastic lesions of the cervix and could have clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Valdivia
- Laboratorio de Oncología Genómica, UIMEO, Hospital de OncologíaCMN-SXXI. IMSS
| | - Raúl Peralta
- Laboratorio de Oncología Genómica, UIMEO, Hospital de OncologíaCMN-SXXI. IMSS
| | | | | | - Ivonne Casasola
- Departamento de PatologíaHospital de Gineco-obstetricia No. 3, CMN La Raza, IMSS
| | | | | | - Vanessa Villegas
- Laboratorio de Oncología Genómica, UIMEO, Hospital de OncologíaCMN-SXXI. IMSS
| | | | | | - Miguel Ibáñez
- Laboratorio de Biomembranas, Departamento de BioquímicaENCB-IPN
| | - Mauricio Salcedo
- Laboratorio de Oncología Genómica, UIMEO, Hospital de OncologíaCMN-SXXI. IMSS
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