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Bechynska K, Sedlak J, Uttl L, Kosek V, Vackova P, Kocourek V, Hajslova J. Metabolomics on Apple ( Malus domestica) Cuticle-Search for Authenticity Markers. Foods 2024; 13:1308. [PMID: 38731678 PMCID: PMC11083494 DOI: 10.3390/foods13091308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The profile of secondary metabolites present in the apple cuticular layer is not only characteristic of a particular apple cultivar; it also dynamically reflects various external factors in the growing environment. In this study, the possibility of authenticating apple samples by analyzing their cuticular layer extracts was investigated. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS/MS) was employed for obtaining metabolomic fingerprints. A total of 274 authentic apple samples from four cultivars harvested in the Czech Republic and Poland between 2020 and 2022 were analyzed. The complex data generated, processed using univariate and multivariate statistical methods, enabled the building of classification models to distinguish apple cultivars as well as their geographical origin. The models showed very good performance in discriminating Czech and Polish samples for three out of four cultivars: "Gala", "Golden Delicious" and "Idared". Moreover, the validity of the models was tested over several harvest seasons. In addition to metabolites of the triterpene biosynthetic pathway, the diagnostic markers were mainly wax esters. "Jonagold", which is known to be susceptible to mutations, was the only cultivar for which an unambiguous classification of geographical origin was not possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Bechynska
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (K.B.); (L.U.); (V.K.); (P.V.); (V.K.)
| | - Jiri Sedlak
- Reserach and Breeding Institute of Pomology Holovousy, Holovousy 129, 50801 Holovousy, Czech Republic;
| | - Leos Uttl
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (K.B.); (L.U.); (V.K.); (P.V.); (V.K.)
| | - Vit Kosek
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (K.B.); (L.U.); (V.K.); (P.V.); (V.K.)
| | - Petra Vackova
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (K.B.); (L.U.); (V.K.); (P.V.); (V.K.)
| | - Vladimir Kocourek
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (K.B.); (L.U.); (V.K.); (P.V.); (V.K.)
| | - Jana Hajslova
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technicka 3, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (K.B.); (L.U.); (V.K.); (P.V.); (V.K.)
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Vollheyde K, Kühnel K, Lambrecht F, Kawelke S, Herrfurth C, Feussner I. Crystal Structure of the Bifunctional Wax Synthase 1 from Acinetobacter baylyi Suggests a Conformational Change upon Substrate Binding and Formation of Additional Substrate Binding Sites. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Vollheyde
- Department for Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Karin Kühnel
- Department of Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Felix Lambrecht
- Department for Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Steffen Kawelke
- Department for Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Cornelia Herrfurth
- Department for Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany
- Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department for Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany
- Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany
- International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion (ICASEC), University of Goettingen, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany
- Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany
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Domergue F, Miklaszewska M. The production of wax esters in transgenic plants:
towards a sustainable source of bio-lubricants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:2817-2834. [PMID: 35560197 PMCID: PMC9113324 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Wax esters are high-value compounds used as feedstocks for the production of lubricants, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. Currently, they are produced mostly from fossil reserves using chemical synthesis, but this cannot meet increasing demand and has a negative environmental impact. Natural wax esters are also obtained from Simmondsia chinensis (jojoba) but comparably in very low amounts and expensively. Therefore, metabolic engineering of plants, especially of the seed storage lipid metabolism of oil crops, represents an attractive strategy for renewable, sustainable, and environmentally friendly production of wax esters tailored to industrial applications. Utilization of wax ester-synthesizing enzymes with defined specificities and modulation of the acyl-CoA pools by various genetic engineering approaches can lead to obtaining wax esters with desired compositions and properties. However, obtaining high amounts of wax esters is still challenging due to their negative impact on seed germination and yield. In this review, we describe recent progress in establishing non-food-plant platforms for wax ester production and discuss their advantages and limitations as well as future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Domergue
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, LBM, UMR 5200, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Magdalena Miklaszewska
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Division of Molecular Systems Biology (MOSYS), Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
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Gao F, Tom E, Skowronska-Krawczyk D. Dynamic Progress in Technological Advances to Study Lipids in Aging: Challenges and Future Directions. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2022; 3:851073. [PMID: 35821837 PMCID: PMC9261449 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2022.851073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lipids participate in all cellular processes. Diverse methods have been developed to investigate lipid composition and distribution in biological samples to understand the effect of lipids across an organism’s lifespan. Here, we summarize the advanced techniques for studying lipids, including mass spectrometry-based lipidomics, lipid imaging, chemical-based lipid analysis and lipid engineering and their advantages. We further discuss the limitation of the current methods to gain an in-depth knowledge of the role of lipids in aging, and the possibility of lipid-based therapy in aging-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Center for Translational Vision Research, School of Medicine, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Emily Tom
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Ophthalmology, Center for Translational Vision Research, School of Medicine, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Dorota Skowronska-Krawczyk
- Department of Ophthalmology, Center for Translational Vision Research, School of Medicine, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Ophthalmology, Center for Translational Vision Research, School of Medicine, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Dorota Skowronska-Krawczyk,
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Vollheyde K, Hornung E, Herrfurth C, Ischebeck T, Feussner I. Plastidial wax ester biosynthesis as a tool to synthesize shorter and more saturated wax esters. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:238. [PMID: 34911577 PMCID: PMC8675476 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-02062-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wax esters (WE) are neutral lipids that consist of a fatty alcohol esterified to a fatty acid. WE are valuable feedstocks in industry for producing lubricants, coatings, and cosmetics. They can be produced chemically from fossil fuel or plant-derived triacylglycerol. As fossil fuel resources are finite, the synthesis of WE in transgenic plants may serve as an alternative source. As chain length and desaturation of the alcohol and acyl moieties determine the physicochemical properties of WE and their field of application, tightly controlled and tailor-made WE synthesis in plants would be a sustainable, beneficial, and valuable commodity. Here, we report the expression of ten combinations of WE producing transgenes in Arabidopsis thaliana. In order to study their suitability for WE production in planta, we analyzed WE amount and composition in the transgenic plants. RESULTS The transgenes consisted of different combinations of a FATTY ACYL-COA/ACP REDUCTASE (FAR) and two WAX SYNTHASES/ACYL-COA:DIACYLGLYCEROL O-ACYLTRANSFERASES (WSD), namely WSD2 and WSD5 from the bacterium Marinobacter aquaeoleoi. We generated constructs with and without plastidial transit peptides to access distinct alcohol and acyl substrate pools within A. thaliana cells. We observed WE formation with plastid and cytosol-localized FAR and WSD in seeds. A comparative WE analysis revealed the production of shorter and more saturated WE by plastid-localized WE biosynthesis compared to cytosolic WE synthesis. CONCLUSIONS A shift of WE formation into seed plastids is a suitable approach for tailor-made WE production and can be used to synthesize WE that are mainly derived from mid- and long-chain saturated and monounsaturated substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Vollheyde
- Department for Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ellen Hornung
- Department for Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Cornelia Herrfurth
- Department for Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
- Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Till Ischebeck
- Department for Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
- Department for Plant Biochemistry, International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion (ICASEC) and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department for Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Goettingen, Germany.
- Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, 37077, Goettingen, Germany.
- Department for Plant Biochemistry, International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion (ICASEC) and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, 37077, Goettingen, Germany.
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Bioinformatics in Lipidomics: Automating Large-Scale LC-MS-Based Untargeted Lipidomics Profiling with SimLipid Software. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 34786685 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1822-6_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) provides one of the most popular platforms for untargeted plant lipidomics analysis (Shulaev and Chapman, Biochim Biophys Acta 1862(8):786-791, 2017; Rupasinghe and Roessner, Methods Mol Biol 1778:125-135, 2018; Welti et al., Front Biosci 12:2494-506, 2007; Shiva et al., Plant Methods 14:14, 2018). We have developed SimLipid software in order to streamline the analysis of large-volume datasets generated by LC-MS-based untargeted lipidomics methods. SimLipid contains a customizable library of lipid species; graphical user interfaces (GUIs) for visualization of raw data; the identified lipid molecules and their associated mass spectra annotated with fragment ions and parent ions; and detailed information of each identified lipid species all in a single workbench enabling users to rapidly review the results by examining the data for confident identifications of lipid molecular species. In this chapter, we present the functionality of the software and workflow for automating large-scale LC-MS-based untargeted lipidomics profiling.
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Zhang Y, Wu Y, Chen S, Yang B, Zhang H, Wang X, Granvogl M, Jin Q. Flavor of rapeseed oil: An overview of odorants, analytical techniques, and impact of treatment. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:3983-4018. [PMID: 34148290 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
As one of the three major vegetable oils in the world, rapeseed oil is appreciated for its high nutritional value and characteristic flavor. Flavor is an essential attribute, determining rapeseed oil quality and consumer acceptance. The present manuscript provides a systematic literature review of recent advances and knowledge on the flavor of rapeseed oil, which focuses on aroma-active as well as off-flavor compounds, flavor analysis techniques (i.e., extraction, qualitative, quantitative, sensory, and chemometric methods), and effects of treatments (storage, dehulling, roasting, microwave, flavoring with herbs, refining, and oil heating) on flavor from sensory and molecular perspectives. One hundred thirty-seven odorants found in rapeseed oil from literature are listed and possible formation pathways of some key aroma-active compounds are also proposed. Future flavor analysis techniques will evolve toward time-saving, portability, real-time monitoring, and visualization, which aims to obtain a "complete" flavor profile of rapeseed oil. The changes of volatile compounds in rapeseed oil under different treatments are summarized in this view. Studies to elucidate the influence of different treatments on the formation of aroma-active compounds are needed to get a deeper understanding of factors leading to the variations of rapeseed oil flavor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youfeng Zhang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Department of Food Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry (170a), Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Yuqi Wu
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Sirui Chen
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Binbin Yang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xingguo Wang
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Michael Granvogl
- Department of Food Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry (170a), Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Qingzhe Jin
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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8
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Kawiński A, Miklaszewska M, Stelter S, Głąb B, Banaś A. Lipases of germinating jojoba seeds efficiently hydrolyze triacylglycerols and wax esters and display wax ester-synthesizing activity. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:50. [PMID: 33468064 PMCID: PMC7814598 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02823-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Simmondsia chinensis (jojoba) is the only plant known to store wax esters instead of triacylglycerols in its seeds. Wax esters are composed of very-long-chain monounsaturated fatty acids and fatty alcohols and constitute up to 60% of the jojoba seed weight. During jojoba germination, the first step of wax ester mobilization is catalyzed by lipases. To date, none of the jojoba lipase-encoding genes have been cloned and characterized. In this study, we monitored mobilization of storage reserves during germination of jojoba seeds and performed detailed characterization of the jojoba lipases using microsomal fractions isolated from germinating seeds. RESULTS During 26 days of germination, we observed a 60-70% decrease in wax ester content in the seeds, which was accompanied by the reduction of oleosin amounts and increase in glucose content. The activity of jojoba lipases in the seed microsomal fractions increased in the first 50 days of germination. The enzymes showed higher activity towards triacylglycerols than towards wax esters. The maximum lipase activity was observed at 60 °C and pH around 7 for triacylglycerols and 6.5-8 for wax esters. The enzyme efficiently hydrolyzed various wax esters containing saturated and unsaturated acyl and alcohol moieties. We also demonstrated that jojoba lipases possess wax ester-synthesizing activity when free fatty alcohols and different acyl donors, including triacylglycerols and free fatty acids, are used as substrates. For esterification reactions, the enzyme utilized both saturated and unsaturated fatty alcohols, with the preference towards long chain and very long chain compounds. CONCLUSIONS In in vitro assays, jojoba lipases catalyzed hydrolysis of triacylglycerols and different wax esters in a broad range of temperatures. In addition, the enzymes had the ability to synthesize wax esters in the backward reaction. Our data suggest that jojoba lipases may be more similar to other plant lipases than previously assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Kawiński
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Miklaszewska
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Szymon Stelter
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Bartosz Głąb
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Antoni Banaś
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307, Gdańsk, Poland
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Abstract
The precorneal tear film keeps the eye surface moist and helps to maintain normal eye function. The outermost lipid layer of the tear film, which attenuates tear film evaporation, contains meibum secreted from the meibomian gland. Most meibum lipids are neutral, including wax esters (WEs), cholesteryl esters (CEs), and diesters (DEs), along with some polar lipids including free fatty acids (FFAs), O-acyl-ω-hydroxy fatty acids (OAHFAs), and trace phospholipids. Detection of neutral lipids by mass spectrometry (MS) is challenging due to interference from impurities, particularly when working with minute-volume meibum samples. Here, we describe procedures for sample preparation and MS analysis of these elusive meibum lipids that can be used to examine dry eye disease mechanisms. Because the method described here minimizes impurity peaks for lipids generally, neutral and otherwise, it may be applied to high-sensitivity analysis of other biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong Chen
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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10
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Abstract
The plant lipidome is highly complex and changes dynamically under the influence of various biotic and abiotic stresses. Targeted analyses based on mass spectrometry enable the detection and characterization of the plant lipidome. It can be analyzed in plant tissues of different developmental stages and from isolated cellular organelles and membranes. Here, we describe a sensitive method to establish the relative abundance of molecular lipid species belonging to three lipid categories: glycerolipids, sphingolipids, and sterol lipids. The method is based on a monophasic lipid extraction and includes the derivatization of a few rare and low-abundant lipid classes. The molecular lipid species are resolved by lipid class-specific reverse-phase liquid chromatography and detected by nanoelectrospray ionization coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The triple quadrupole analyzer is used for detection with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). Mass transition lists are constructed based on the knowledge of organism-specific lipid building blocks. They are initially determined by classical lipid analytical methods and then used for combinative assembly of all possible lipid structures. The targeted analysis enables detailed and comprehensive profiling of the entire lipid content and composition of plants.
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11
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Vollheyde K, Yu D, Hornung E, Herrfurth C, Feussner I. The Fifth WS/DGAT Enzyme of the Bacterium Marinobacter aquaeolei VT8. Lipids 2020; 55:479-494. [PMID: 32434279 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Wax esters (WE) belong to the class of neutral lipids. They are formed by an esterification of a fatty alcohol and an activated fatty acid. Dependent on the chain length and desaturation degree of the fatty acid and the fatty alcohol moiety, WE can have diverse physicochemical properties. WE derived from monounsaturated long-chain acyl moieties are of industrial interest due to their very good lubrication properties. Whereas WE were obtained in the past from spermaceti organs of the sperm whale, industrial WE are nowadays mostly produced chemically from fossil fuels. In order to produce WE more sustainably, attempts to produce industrial WE in transgenic plants are steadily increasing. To achieve this, different combinations of WE producing enzymes are expressed in developing Arabidopsis thaliana or Camelina sativa seeds. Here we report the identification and characterization of a fifth wax synthase from the organism Marinobacter aquaeolei VT8, MaWSD5. It belongs to the class of bifunctional wax synthase/acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol O-acyltransferases (WSD). The protein was purified to homogeneity. In vivo and in vitro substrate analyses revealed that MaWSD5 is able to synthesize WE but no triacylglycerols. The protein produces WE from saturated and monounsaturated mid- and long-chain substrates. Arabidopsis thaliana seeds expressing a fatty acid reductase from Marinobacter aquaeolei VT8 and MaWSD5 produce WE. Main WE synthesized are 20:1/18:1 and 20:1/20:1. This makes MaWSD5 a suitable candidate for industrial WE production in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Vollheyde
- Department for Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Dan Yu
- Department for Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ellen Hornung
- Department for Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Cornelia Herrfurth
- Department for Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, 37077, Goettingen, Germany.,Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, D-37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department for Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, 37077, Goettingen, Germany.,Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, D-37077, Goettingen, Germany.,Department for Plant Biochemistry, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
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12
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Sturtevant D, Lu S, Zhou ZW, Shen Y, Wang S, Song JM, Zhong J, Burks DJ, Yang ZQ, Yang QY, Cannon AE, Herrfurth C, Feussner I, Borisjuk L, Munz E, Verbeck GF, Wang X, Azad RK, Singleton B, Dyer JM, Chen LL, Chapman KD, Guo L. The genome of jojoba ( Simmondsia chinensis): A taxonomically isolated species that directs wax ester accumulation in its seeds. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay3240. [PMID: 32195345 PMCID: PMC7065883 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay3240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Seeds of the desert shrub, jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis), are an abundant, renewable source of liquid wax esters, which are valued additives in cosmetic products and industrial lubricants. Jojoba is relegated to its own taxonomic family, and there is little genetic information available to elucidate its phylogeny. Here, we report the high-quality, 887-Mb genome of jojoba assembled into 26 chromosomes with 23,490 protein-coding genes. The jojoba genome has only the whole-genome triplication (γ) shared among eudicots and no recent duplications. These genomic resources coupled with extensive transcriptome, proteome, and lipidome data helped to define heterogeneous pathways and machinery for lipid synthesis and storage, provided missing evolutionary history information for this taxonomically segregated dioecious plant species, and will support efforts to improve the agronomic properties of jojoba.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew Sturtevant
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaoping Lu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yin Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia-Ming Song
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinshun Zhong
- Institute for Plant Genetics, Heinrich Heine University, Dusseldorf, NRW, Germany
| | - David J. Burks
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Zhi-Quan Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing-Yong Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ashley E. Cannon
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Cornelia Herrfurth
- Department of Plant Biochemistry and Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry and Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ljudmilla Borisjuk
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Eberhard Munz
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Guido F. Verbeck
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Xuexia Wang
- Department of Mathematics, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Rajeev K. Azad
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
- Department of Mathematics, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Brenda Singleton
- USDA-ARS, US Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, AZ, USA
| | - John M. Dyer
- USDA-ARS, US Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, AZ, USA
| | - Ling-Ling Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Corresponding author. (L.-L.C.); (K.D.C.); (L.G.)
| | - Kent D. Chapman
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Corresponding author. (L.-L.C.); (K.D.C.); (L.G.)
| | - Liang Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Corresponding author. (L.-L.C.); (K.D.C.); (L.G.)
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Patwari P, Salewski V, Gutbrod K, Kreszies T, Dresen-Scholz B, Peisker H, Steiner U, Meyer AJ, Schreiber L, Dörmann P. Surface wax esters contribute to drought tolerance in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 98:727-744. [PMID: 30729606 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Waxes are components of the cuticle covering the aerial organs of plants. Accumulation of waxes has previously been associated with protection against water loss, therefore contributing to drought tolerance. However, not much information is known about the function of individual wax components during water deficit. We studied the role of wax ester synthesis during drought. The wax ester load on Arabidopsis leaves and stems was increased during water deficiency. Expression of three genes, WSD1, WSD6 and WSD7 of the wax ester synthase/diacylglycerol acyltransferase (WS/DGAT or WSD) family was induced during drought, salt stress and abscisic acid treatment. WSD1 has previously been identified as the major wax ester synthase of stems. wsd1 mutants have shown reduced wax ester coverage on leaves and stems during normal or drought condition, while wax ester loads of wsd6, wsd7 and of the wsd6wsd7 double mutant were unchanged. The growth and relative water content of wsd1 plants were compromised during drought, while leaf water loss of wsd1 was increased. Enzyme assays with recombinant proteins expressed in insect cells revealed that WSD6 and WSD7 contain wax ester synthase activity, albeit with different substrate specificity compared with WSD1. WSD6 and WSD7 localize to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)/Golgi. These results demonstrated that WSD1 is involved in the accumulation of wax esters during drought, while WSD6 and WSD7 might play other specific roles in wax ester metabolism during stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payal Patwari
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Veronika Salewski
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Katharina Gutbrod
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tino Kreszies
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany (IZMB), University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Brigitte Dresen-Scholz
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Helga Peisker
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ulrike Steiner
- Institute for Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), Plant Diseases and Plant Protection, University of Bonn, Nussallee 9, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas J Meyer
- Institute for Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), Chemical Signalling, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, 53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lukas Schreiber
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany (IZMB), University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Dörmann
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, 53115, Bonn, Germany
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14
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Wenning L, Ejsing CS, David F, Sprenger RR, Nielsen J, Siewers V. Increasing jojoba-like wax ester production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by enhancing very long-chain, monounsaturated fatty acid synthesis. Microb Cell Fact 2019; 18:49. [PMID: 30857535 PMCID: PMC6410506 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-019-1098-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fatty acids (FAs) with a chain length of more than 18 carbon atoms (> C18) are interesting for the production of specialty compounds derived from these FAs. These compounds include free FAs, like erucic acid (C22:1-Δ13), primary fatty alcohols (FOHs), like docosanol (C22:0-FOH), as well as jojoba-like wax esters (WEs) (C38-WE to C44-WE), which are esters of (very) long-chain FAs and (very) long-chain FOHs. In particular, FAs, FOHs and WEs are used in the production of chemicals, pharmaceuticals and cosmetic products. Jojoba seed oil is highly enriched in diunsaturated WEs with over 70 mol% being composed of C18:1-C24:1 monounsaturated FOH and monounsaturated FA moieties. In this study, we aim for the production of jojoba-like WEs in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae by increasing the amount of very long-chain, monounsaturated FAs and simultaneously expressing enzymes required for WE synthesis. RESULTS We show that the combined expression of a plant-derived fatty acid elongase (FAE/KCS) from Crambe abyssinica (CaKCS) together with the yeast intrinsic fatty acid desaturase (FAD) Ole1p leads to an increase in C20:1 and C22:1 FAs in S. cerevisiae. We also demonstrate that the best enzyme candidate for C24:1 FA production in S. cerevisiae is a FAE derived from Lunaria annua (LaKCS). The combined overexpression of CaKCS and Ole1p together with a fatty acyl reductase (FAR/FAldhR) from Marinobacter aquaeolei VT8 (MaFAldhR) and a wax synthase (WS) from Simmondsia chinensis (SciWS) in a S. cerevisiae strain, overexpressing a range of other enzymes involved in FA synthesis and elongation, leads to a yeast strain capable of producing high amounts of monounsaturated FOHs (up to C22:1-FOH) as well as diunsaturated WEs (up to C46:2-WE). CONCLUSIONS Changing the FA profile of the yeast S. cerevisiae towards very long-chain monounsaturated FAs is possible by combined overexpression of endogenous and heterologous enzymes derived from various sources (e.g. a marine copepod or plants). This strategy was used to produce jojoba-like WEs in S. cerevisiae and can potentially be extended towards other commercially interesting products derived from very long-chain FAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Wenning
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Systems and Synthetic Biology, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christer S Ejsing
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, 5230, Odense, Denmark
| | - Florian David
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Systems and Synthetic Biology, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Biopetrolia AB, Kemivägen 10, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Richard R Sprenger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, 5230, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Systems and Synthetic Biology, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Verena Siewers
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Systems and Synthetic Biology, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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15
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Broughton R, Ruíz-Lopez N, Hassall KL, Martínez-Force E, Garcés R, Salas JJ, Beaudoin F. New insights in the composition of wax and sterol esters in common and mutant sunflower oils revealed by ESI-MS/MS. Food Chem 2018; 269:70-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.06.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Abstract
Studying seed oil metabolism. The seeds of higher plants represent valuable factories capable of converting photosynthetically derived sugars into a variety of storage compounds, including oils. Oils are the most energy-dense plant reserves and fatty acids composing these oils represent an excellent nutritional source. They supply humans with much of the calories and essential fatty acids required in their diet. These oils are then increasingly being utilized as renewable alternatives to petroleum for the chemical industry and for biofuels. Plant oils therefore represent a highly valuable agricultural commodity, the demand for which is increasing rapidly. Knowledge regarding seed oil production is extensively exploited in the frame of breeding programs and approaches of metabolic engineering for oilseed crop improvement. Complementary aspects of this research include (1) the study of carbon metabolism responsible for the conversion of photosynthetically derived sugars into precursors for fatty acid biosynthesis, (2) the identification and characterization of the enzymatic actors allowing the production of the wide set of fatty acid structures found in seed oils, and (3) the investigation of the complex biosynthetic pathways leading to the production of storage lipids (waxes, triacylglycerols). In this review, we outline the most recent developments in our understanding of the underlying biochemical and molecular mechanisms of seed oil production, focusing on fatty acids and oils that can have a significant impact on the emerging bioeconomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Baud
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, 78026, Versailles Cedex, France.
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Caruso B, Martini MF, Pickholz M, Perillo MA. V-Shaped Molecular Configuration of Wax Esters of Jojoba Oil in a Langmuir Film Model. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:7887-7898. [PMID: 29852738 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b00693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to understand the interfacial properties of a complex mixture of wax esters (WEs) obtained from Jojoba oil (JO). Previously, on the basis of molecular area measurements, a hairpin structure was proposed as the hypothetical configuration of WEs, allowing their organization as compressible monolayers at the air-water interface. In the present work, we contributed with further experimental evidence by combining surface pressure (π), surface potential (Δ V), and PM-IRRAS measurements of JO monolayers and molecular dynamic simulations (MD) on a modified JO model. WEs were self-assembled in Langmuir films. Compression isotherms exhibited πlift-off at 100 Å2/molecule mean molecular area ( Alift-off) and a collapse point at πc ≈ 2.2 mN/m and Ac ≈ 77 Å2/molecule. The Δ V profile reflected two dipolar reorganizations, with one of them at A > Alift-off due to the release of loosely bound water molecules and another one at Ac < A < Alift-off possibly due to reorientations of a more tightly bound water population. This was consistent with the maximal SP value that was calculated according to a model that considered two populations of oriented water and was very close to the experimental value. The orientation of the ester group that was assumed in that calculation was coherent with the PM-IRRAS behavior of the carbonyl group with the C═O oriented toward the water and the C-O oriented parallel to the surface and was in accordance with their orientational angles (∼45 and ∼90°, respectively) determined by MD simulations. Taken together, the present results confirm a V shape rather than a hairpin configuration of WEs at the air-water interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamín Caruso
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba , Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fı́sicas y Naturales, Departamento de Quı́mica, Cátedra de Quı́mica Biológica. , Av. Velez Sarsfield 1611 , 5016 Córdoba , Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba , Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIByT) , Córdoba , Argentina
| | - M Florencia Martini
- Universidad de Buenos Aires , Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquı́mica, Cátedra de Quı́mica Medicinal , Junı́n 956 SS , 1113 Buenos Aires , Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires , Instituto de la Quı́mica y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA) , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Mónica Pickholz
- Universidad de Buenos Aires , Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Fı́sica , Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Pabellon 1, Ciudad Universitaria , C1428BFA CABA , Buenos Aires , Argentina
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires , Instituto de Fı́sica de Buenos Aires (IFIBA) , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - María A Perillo
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba , Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fı́sicas y Naturales, Departamento de Quı́mica, Cátedra de Quı́mica Biológica. , Av. Velez Sarsfield 1611 , 5016 Córdoba , Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba , Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIByT) , Córdoba , Argentina
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18
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Chhikara S, Abdullah HM, Akbari P, Schnell D, Dhankher OP. Engineering Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz for enhanced oil and seed yields by combining diacylglycerol acyltransferase1 and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase expression. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2018; 16:1034-1045. [PMID: 28975735 PMCID: PMC5902773 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant seed oil-based liquid transportation fuels (i.e., biodiesel and green diesel) have tremendous potential as environmentally, economically and technologically feasible alternatives to petroleum-derived fuels. Due to their nutritional and industrial importance, one of the major objectives is to increase the seed yield and oil production of oilseed crops via biotechnological approaches. Camelina sativa, an emerging oilseed crop, has been proposed as an ideal crop for biodiesel and bioproduct applications. Further increase in seed oil yield by increasing the flux of carbon from increased photosynthesis into triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis will make this crop more profitable. To increase the oil yield, we engineered Camelina by co-expressing the Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. diacylglycerol acyltransferase1 (DGAT1) and a yeast cytosolic glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD1) genes under the control of seed-specific promoters. Plants co-expressing DGAT1 and GPD1 exhibited up to 13% higher seed oil content and up to 52% increase in seed mass compared to wild-type plants. Further, DGAT1- and GDP1-co-expressing lines showed significantly higher seed and oil yields on a dry weight basis than the wild-type controls or plants expressing DGAT1 and GPD1 alone. The oil harvest index (g oil per g total dry matter) for DGTA1- and GPD1-co-expressing lines was almost twofold higher as compared to wild type and the lines expressing DGAT1 and GPD1 alone. Therefore, combining the overexpression of TAG biosynthetic genes, DGAT1 and GPD1, appears to be a positive strategy to achieve a synergistic effect on the flux through the TAG synthesis pathway, and thereby further increase the oil yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudesh Chhikara
- Stockbridge School of AgricultureUniversity of Massachusetts AmherstAmherstMAUSA
- Present address:
Centre for BiotechnologyMaharshi Dayanand UniversityRohtak124001India
| | - Hesham M. Abdullah
- Stockbridge School of AgricultureUniversity of Massachusetts AmherstAmherstMAUSA
- Biotechnology DepartmentFaculty of AgricultureAl‐Azhar UniversityCairoEgypt
| | - Parisa Akbari
- Stockbridge School of AgricultureUniversity of Massachusetts AmherstAmherstMAUSA
| | - Danny Schnell
- Department of Plant BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
| | - Om Parkash Dhankher
- Stockbridge School of AgricultureUniversity of Massachusetts AmherstAmherstMAUSA
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19
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Yu D, Hornung E, Iven T, Feussner I. High-level accumulation of oleyl oleate in plant seed oil by abundant supply of oleic acid substrates to efficient wax ester synthesis enzymes. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:53. [PMID: 29507605 PMCID: PMC5831613 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1057-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biotechnology enables the production of high-valued industrial feedstocks from plant seed oil. The plant-derived wax esters with long-chain monounsaturated acyl moieties, like oleyl oleate, have favorite properties for lubrication. For biosynthesis of wax esters using acyl-CoA substrates, expressions of a fatty acyl reductase (FAR) and a wax synthase (WS) in seeds are sufficient. RESULTS For optimization of the enzymatic activity and subcellular localization of wax ester synthesis enzymes, two fusion proteins were created, which showed wax ester-forming activities in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. To promote the formation of oleyl oleate in seed oil, WSs from Acinetobactor baylyi (AbWSD1) and Marinobacter aquaeolei (MaWS2), as well as the two created fusion proteins were tested in Arabidopsis to evaluate their abilities and substrate preference for wax ester production. The tested seven enzyme combinations resulted in different yields and compositions of wax esters. Expression of a FAR of Marinobacter aquaeolei (MaFAR) with AbWSD1 or MaWS2 led to a high incorporation of C18 substrates in wax esters. The MaFAR/TMMmAWAT2-AbWSD1 combination resulted in the incorporation of more C18:1 alcohol and C18:0 acyl moieties into wax esters compared with MaFAR/AbWSD1. The fusion protein of a WS from Simmondsia chinensis (ScWS) with MaFAR exhibited higher specificity toward C20:1 substrates in preference to C18:1 substrates. Expression of MaFAR/AbWSD1 in the Arabidopsis fad2 fae1 double mutant resulted in the accumulation of oleyl oleate (18:1/18:1) in up to 62 mol% of total wax esters in seed oil, which was much higher than the 15 mol% reached by MaFAR/AbWSD1 in Arabidopsis Col-0 background. In order to increase the level of oleyl oleate in seed oil of Camelina, lines expressing MaFAR/ScWS were crossed with a transgenic high oleate line. The resulting plants accumulated up to >40 mg g seed-1 of wax esters, containing 27-34 mol% oleyl oleate. CONCLUSIONS The overall yields and the compositions of wax esters can be strongly affected by the availability of acyl-CoA substrates and to a lesser extent, by the characteristics of wax ester synthesis enzymes. For synthesis of oleyl oleate in plant seed oil, appropriate wax ester synthesis enzymes with high catalytic efficiency and desired substrate specificity should be expressed in plant cells; meanwhile, high levels of oleic acid-derived substrates need to be supplied to these enzymes by modifying the fatty acid profile of developing seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yu
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ellen Hornung
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Tim Iven
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion (ICASEC), University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
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20
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A review of nanoscale LC-ESI for metabolomics and its potential to enhance the metabolome coverage. Talanta 2018; 182:380-390. [PMID: 29501168 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.01.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS) platforms are widely used to perform high throughput untargeted profiling of biological samples for metabolomics-based approaches. However, these LC-ESI platforms usually favour the detection of metabolites present at relatively high concentrations because of analytical limitations such as ion suppression, thus reducing overall sensitivity. To counter this issue of sensitivity, the latest in terms of analytical platforms can be adopted to enable a greater portion of the metabolome to be analysed in a single analytical run. Here, nanoflow liquid chromatography-nanoelectrospray ionisation (nLC-nESI), which has previously been utilised successfully in proteomics, is explored for use in metabolomic and exposomic research. As a discovery based field, the markedly increased sensitivity of these nLC-nESI platforms offer the potential to uncover the roles played by low abundant signalling metabolites (e.g. steroids, eicosanoids) in health and disease studies, and would also enable an improvement in the detection of xenobiotics present at trace levels in biological matrices to better characterise the chemical exposome. This review aims to give an insight into the advantages associated with nLC-nESI for metabolomics-based approaches. Initially we detail the source of improved sensitivity prior to reviewing the available approaches to achieving nanoflow rates and nanospray ionisation for metabolomics. The robustness of nLC-nESI platforms was then assessed using the literature available from a metabolomic viewpoint. We also discuss the challenging point of sample preparation which needs to be addressed to fully enjoy the benefits of these nLC-nESI platforms. Finally, we assess metabolomic analysis utilising nano scale platforms and look ahead to the future of metabolomics using these new highly sensitive platforms.
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21
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Ruiz‐Lopez N, Broughton R, Usher S, Salas JJ, Haslam RP, Napier JA, Beaudoin F. Tailoring the composition of novel wax esters in the seeds of transgenic Camelina sativa through systematic metabolic engineering. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2017; 15:837-849. [PMID: 27990737 PMCID: PMC5466440 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The functional characterization of wax biosynthetic enzymes in transgenic plants has opened the possibility of producing tailored wax esters (WEs) in the seeds of a suitable host crop. In this study, in addition to systematically evaluating a panel of WE biosynthetic activities, we have also modulated the acyl-CoA substrate pool, through the co-expression of acyl-ACP thioesterases, to direct the accumulation of medium-chain fatty acids. Using this combinatorial approach, we determined the additive contribution of both the varied acyl-CoA pool and biosynthetic enzyme substrate specificity to the accumulation of non-native WEs in the seeds of transgenic Camelina plants. A total of fourteen constructs were prepared containing selected FAR and WS genes in combination with an acyl-ACP thioesterase. All enzyme combinations led to the successful production of wax esters, of differing compositions. The impact of acyl-CoA thioesterase expression on wax ester accumulation varied depending on the substrate specificity of the WS. Hence, co-expression of acyl-ACP thioesterases with Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus WS and Marinobacter aquaeolei FAR resulted in the production of WEs with reduced chain lengths, whereas the co-expression of the same acyl-ACP thioesterases in combination with Mus musculus WS and M. aquaeolei FAR had little impact on the overall final wax composition. This was despite substantial remodelling of the acyl-CoA pool, suggesting that these substrates were not efficiently incorporated into WEs. These results indicate that modification of the substrate pool requires careful selection of the WS and FAR activities for the successful high accumulation of these novel wax ester species in Camelina seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Ruiz‐Lopez
- IHSM‐UMA‐CSICUniversidad de MálagaMálagaSpain
- Department of Biological ChemistryRothamsted ResearchHarpendenHertsUK
| | - Richard Broughton
- Department of Biological ChemistryRothamsted ResearchHarpendenHertsUK
| | - Sarah Usher
- Department of Biological ChemistryRothamsted ResearchHarpendenHertsUK
| | | | - Richard P. Haslam
- Department of Biological ChemistryRothamsted ResearchHarpendenHertsUK
| | | | - Frédéric Beaudoin
- Department of Biological ChemistryRothamsted ResearchHarpendenHertsUK
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22
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Green light for lipid fingerprinting. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1862:782-785. [PMID: 28433643 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The use of targeted lipidomic approaches for the analysis of plant lipids has steadily increased during recent years. We review recent developments of these methods and suggest the introduction of discovery lipidomics as additional approach through a new workflow, lipid fingerprinting, that integrates the advantages of shotgun lipidomics (quantitative data) with LC-MS-based strategies (higher resolution and/or coverage). This article is part of a Special Issue entitled:BBALIP_Lipidomics Opinion Articles edited by Sepp Kohlwein.
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Menendez-Bravo S, Comba S, Gramajo H, Arabolaza A. Metabolic engineering of microorganisms for the production of structurally diverse esters. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:3043-3053. [PMID: 28275821 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8179-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Conventional petroleum-based chemical industry, although economically still thriving, is now facing great socio-political challenges due to the increasing concerns on climate change and limited availability of fossil resources. In this context, microbial production of fuels and commodity oleochemicals from renewable biomass is being considered a promising sustainable alternative. The increasing understanding of cellular systems has enabled the redesign of microbial metabolism for the production of compounds present in many daily consumer products such as esters, waxes, fatty acids (FA) and fatty alcohols. Small aliphatic esters are important flavour and fragrance elements while long-chain esters, composed of FA esterified to fatty alcohols, are widely used in lubricant formulas, paints, coatings and cosmetics. Here, we review recent advances in the biosynthesis of these types of mono alkyl esters in vivo. We focus on the critical ester bond-forming enzymes and the latest metabolic engineering strategies employed for the biosynthesis of a wide range of products ranging from low-molecular-weight esters to waxy compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simón Menendez-Bravo
- Microbiology Division, IBR (Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Ocampo y Esmeralda (2000), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Santiago Comba
- Microbiology Division, IBR (Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Ocampo y Esmeralda (2000), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Hugo Gramajo
- Microbiology Division, IBR (Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Ocampo y Esmeralda (2000), Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Ana Arabolaza
- Microbiology Division, IBR (Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Ocampo y Esmeralda (2000), Rosario, Argentina.
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Wenning L, Yu T, David F, Nielsen J, Siewers V. Establishing very long-chain fatty alcohol and wax ester biosynthesis inSaccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 114:1025-1035. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Wenning
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Systems and Synthetic Biology; Chalmers University of Technology; Kemivägen 10 Göteborg SE-412 96 Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability; Chalmers University of Technology; Kemivägen Göteborg Sweden
| | - Tao Yu
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Systems and Synthetic Biology; Chalmers University of Technology; Kemivägen 10 Göteborg SE-412 96 Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability; Chalmers University of Technology; Kemivägen Göteborg Sweden
| | - Florian David
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Systems and Synthetic Biology; Chalmers University of Technology; Kemivägen 10 Göteborg SE-412 96 Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability; Chalmers University of Technology; Kemivägen Göteborg Sweden
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Systems and Synthetic Biology; Chalmers University of Technology; Kemivägen 10 Göteborg SE-412 96 Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability; Chalmers University of Technology; Kemivägen Göteborg Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability; Technical University of Denmark; Kemitorvet Lyngby Denmark
| | - Verena Siewers
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Systems and Synthetic Biology; Chalmers University of Technology; Kemivägen 10 Göteborg SE-412 96 Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability; Chalmers University of Technology; Kemivägen Göteborg Sweden
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25
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Chen J, Green KB, Nichols KK. Compositional Analysis of Wax Esters in Human Meibomian Gland Secretions by Direct Infusion Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Lipids 2016; 51:1269-1287. [PMID: 27571784 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-016-4183-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Wax esters (WE) are one of the predominant lipid types in human meibomian gland secretions (meibum) and account for 40-50 % of total meibum lipids. Recently, we managed to quantify 51 isomeric groups of intact WE in normal human meibum samples by direct infusion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), with each WE peak in the MS spectrum corresponding to one isomeric group (Chen et al, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 54(8):5730-53, 2013). However, the information of the isomeric composition in each group was not obtained. In this study, tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) was applied to quantify relative amounts of these isomers using the intensities of the corresponding diagnostic ions after appropriate correction and normalization. This data was combined with the previous obtained mole fraction of each isomeric group to total WE in human meibum to determine the corresponding percentage of each isomer. A total of 23 of the most abundant WE peaks of different molecular weights (corresponding to 85.3 % of the total amount of WE) in human meibum were studied and resulted in quantification of 92 WE species. The quantitative information of composition of WE in human meibum will help better understand their role in the tear film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong Chen
- School of Optometry, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
| | - Kari B Green
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Kelly K Nichols
- School of Optometry, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
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26
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Miklaszewska M, Banaś A. Biochemical characterization and substrate specificity of jojoba fatty acyl-CoA reductase and jojoba wax synthase. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 249:84-92. [PMID: 27297992 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Wax esters are used in industry for production of lubricants, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. The only natural source of wax esters is jojoba oil. A much wider variety of industrial wax esters-containing oils can be generated through genetic engineering. Biotechnological production of tailor-made wax esters requires, however, a detailed substrate specificity of fatty acyl-CoA reductases (FAR) and wax synthases (WS), the two enzymes involved in wax esters synthesis. In this study we have successfully characterized the substrate specificity of jojoba FAR and jojoba WS. The genes encoding both enzymes were expressed heterologously in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the activity of tested enzymes was confirmed by in vivo studies and in vitro assays using microsomal preparations from transgenic yeast. Jojoba FAR exhibited the highest in vitro activity toward 18:0-CoA followed by 20:1-CoA and 22:1-CoA. The activity toward other 11 tested acyl-CoAs was low or undetectable as with 18:2-CoA and 18:3-CoA. In assays characterizing jojoba WS combinations of 17 fatty alcohols with 14 acyl-CoAs were tested. The enzyme displayed the highest activity toward 14:0-CoA and 16:0-CoA in combination with C16-C20 alcohols as well as toward C18 acyl-CoAs in combination with C12-C16 alcohols. 20:1-CoA was efficiently utilized in combination with most of the tested alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Miklaszewska
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Antoni Banaś
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdańsk, ul. Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdańsk, Poland
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27
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Zhu LH, Krens F, Smith MA, Li X, Qi W, van Loo EN, Iven T, Feussner I, Nazarenus TJ, Huai D, Taylor DC, Zhou XR, Green AG, Shockey J, Klasson KT, Mullen RT, Huang B, Dyer JM, Cahoon EB. Dedicated Industrial Oilseed Crops as Metabolic Engineering Platforms for Sustainable Industrial Feedstock Production. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22181. [PMID: 26916792 PMCID: PMC4768164 DOI: 10.1038/srep22181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Feedstocks for industrial applications ranging from polymers to lubricants are largely derived from petroleum, a non-renewable resource. Vegetable oils with fatty acid structures and storage forms tailored for specific industrial uses offer renewable and potentially sustainable sources of petrochemical-type functionalities. A wide array of industrial vegetable oils can be generated through biotechnology, but will likely require non-commodity oilseed platforms dedicated to specialty oil production for commercial acceptance. Here we show the feasibility of three Brassicaceae oilseeds crambe, camelina, and carinata, none of which are widely cultivated for food use, as hosts for complex metabolic engineering of wax esters for lubricant applications. Lines producing wax esters >20% of total seed oil were generated for each crop and further improved for high temperature oxidative stability by down-regulation of fatty acid polyunsaturation. Field cultivation of optimized wax ester-producing crambe demonstrated commercial utility of these engineered crops and a path for sustainable production of other industrial oils in dedicated specialty oilseeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hua Zhu
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 101, SE 230 53, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Frans Krens
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark A. Smith
- National Research Council of Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Xueyuan Li
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 101, SE 230 53, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Weicong Qi
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eibertus N. van Loo
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Iven
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Georg-August-University, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion (ICASEC), Georg-August-University, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tara J. Nazarenus
- Center for Plant Science Innovation and Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Dongxin Huai
- Center for Plant Science Innovation and Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
- National Key Lab of Crop Genetic Improvement and College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - David C. Taylor
- National Research Council of Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Xue-Rong Zhou
- CSIRO Food & Nutrition, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- CSIRO Agriculture, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | | | - Jay Shockey
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Regional Research Center, Commodity Utilization Research Unit, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA
| | - K. Thomas Klasson
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Regional Research Center, Commodity Utilization Research Unit, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA
| | - Robert T. Mullen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Bangquan Huang
- College of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China
| | - John M. Dyer
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, AZ 85138, USA
| | - Edgar B. Cahoon
- Center for Plant Science Innovation and Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
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28
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Iven T, Hornung E, Heilmann M, Feussner I. Synthesis of oleyl oleate wax esters in Arabidopsis thaliana and Camelina sativa seed oil. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:252-9. [PMID: 25912558 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Seed oil composed of wax esters with long-chain monoenoic acyl moieties represents a high-value commodity for industry. Such plant-derived sperm oil-like liquid wax esters are biodegradable and can have excellent properties for lubrication. In addition, wax ester oil may represent a superior substrate for biodiesel production. In this study, we demonstrate that the low-input oil seed crop Camelina sativa can serve as a biotechnological platform for environmentally benign wax ester production. Two biosynthetic steps catalysed by a fatty alcohol-forming acyl-CoA reductase (FAR) and a wax ester synthase (WS) are sufficient to achieve wax ester accumulation from acyl-CoA substrates. To produce plant-derived sperm oil-like liquid wax esters, the WS from Mus musculus (MmWS) or Simmondsia chinensis (ScWS) were expressed in combination with the FAR from Mus musculus (MmFAR1) or Marinobacter aquaeolei (MaFAR) in seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana and Camelina sativa. The three analysed enzyme combinations Oleo3:mCherry:MmFAR1∆c/Oleo3:EYFP:MmWS, Oleo3:mCherry:MmFAR1∆c/ScWS and MaFAR/ScWS showed differences in the wax ester molecular species profiles and overall biosynthetic performance. By expressing MaFAR/ScWS in Arabidopsis or Camelina up to 59% or 21% of the seed oil TAGs were replaced by wax esters, respectively. This combination also yielded wax ester molecular species with highest content of monounsaturated acyl moieties. Expression of the enzyme combinations in the Arabidopsis fae1 fad2 mutant background high in oleic acid resulted in wax ester accumulation enriched in oleyl oleate (18:1/18:1 > 60%), suggesting that similar values may be obtained with a Camelina high oleic acid line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Iven
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ellen Hornung
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mareike Heilmann
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
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29
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Kawelke S, Feussner I. Two Predicted Transmembrane Domains Exclude Very Long Chain Fatty acyl-CoAs from the Active Site of Mouse Wax Synthase. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145797. [PMID: 26714272 PMCID: PMC4694924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Wax esters are used as coatings or storage lipids in all kingdoms of life. They are synthesized from a fatty alcohol and an acyl-CoA by wax synthases. In order to get insights into the structure-function relationships of a wax synthase from Mus musculus, a domain swap experiment between the mouse acyl-CoA:wax alcohol acyltransferase (AWAT2) and the homologous mouse acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2) was performed. This showed that the substrate specificity of AWAT2 is partially determined by two predicted transmembrane domains near the amino terminus of AWAT2. Upon exchange of the two domains for the respective part of DGAT2, the resulting chimeric enzyme was capable of incorporating up to 20% of very long acyl chains in the wax esters upon expression in S. cerevisiae strain H1246. The amount of very long acyl chains in wax esters synthesized by wild type AWAT2 was negligible. The effect was narrowed down to a single amino acid position within one of the predicted membrane domains, the AWAT2 N36R variant. Taken together, we provide first evidence that two predicted transmembrane domains in AWAT2 are involved in determining its acyl chain length specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Kawelke
- Department for Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department for Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
- Department for Plant Biochemistry, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Georg-August-University, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
- Department for Plant Biochemistry, International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion (ICASEC), Georg-August-University, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
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30
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Tarazona P, Feussner K, Feussner I. An enhanced plant lipidomics method based on multiplexed liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry reveals additional insights into cold- and drought-induced membrane remodeling. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 84:621-33. [PMID: 26340975 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Within the lipidome of plants a few bulk molecular species hamper the detection of the rest, which are present at relatively low levels. In addition, low-abundance species are often masked by numerous isobaric interferences, such as those caused by isoelemental species and isotopologues. This scenario not only means that minor species are underrepresented, but also leads to potential misidentifications and limits the structural information gathered by lipidomics approaches. In order to overcome these limitations we have developed a multiplexed liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry lipidomics platform able to achieve an enhanced coverage of plant lipidomes. The platform is based on a single extraction step followed by a series of ultra-performance liquid chromatography separations. Post-column flow is then directed to both a triple quadrupole analyzer for targeted profiling and a time-of-flight analyzer for accurate mass analysis. As a proof of concept, plants were subjected to cold or drought, which are known to trigger widespread remodeling events in plant cell membranes. Analysis of the leaf lipidome yielded 393 molecular species within 23 different lipid classes. This enhanced coverage allowed us to identify lipid molecular species and even classes that are altered upon stress, allowing hypotheses on role of glycosylinositolphosphoceramides (GIPC), steryl glycosides (SG) and acylated steryl glycosides (ASG) in drought stress to be addressed and confirming the findings from numerous previous studies with a single, wide-ranging lipidomics approach. This extended our knowledge on membrane remodeling during the drought response, integrating sphingolipids and sterol lipids into the current glycerolipid-based model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Tarazona
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kirstin Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Georg-August-University, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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31
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Giorio C, Moyroud E, Glover BJ, Skelton PC, Kalberer M. Direct Surface Analysis Coupled to High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Reveals Heterogeneous Composition of the Cuticle of Hibiscus trionum Petals. Anal Chem 2015; 87:9900-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Giorio
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Edwige Moyroud
- Department
of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, United Kingdom
| | - Beverley J. Glover
- Department
of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, United Kingdom
| | - Paul C. Skelton
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Markus Kalberer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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32
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Chen J, Green KB, Nichols KK. Characterization of Wax Esters by Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry: Double Bond Effect and Unusual Product Ions. Lipids 2015; 50:821-36. [PMID: 26178197 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-015-4044-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A series of different types of wax esters (represented by RCOOR') were systematically studied by using electrospray ionization (ESI) collision-induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) along with pseudo MS(3) (in-source dissociation combined with MS/MS) on a quadrupole time-of-flight (Q-TOF) mass spectrometer. The tandem mass spectra patterns resulting from dissociation of ammonium/proton adducts of these wax esters were influenced by the wax ester type and the collision energy applied. The product ions [RCOOH2](+), [RCO](+) and [RCO-H2O](+) that have been reported previously were detected; however, different primary product ions were demonstrated for the three wax ester types including: (1) [RCOOH2](+) for saturated wax esters, (2) [RCOOH2](+), [RCO](+) and [RCO-H2O](+) for unsaturated wax esters containing only one double bond in the fatty acid moiety or with one additional double bond in the fatty alcohol moiety, and (3) [RCOOH2](+) and [RCO](+) for unsaturated wax esters containing a double bond in the fatty alcohol moiety alone. Other fragments included [R'](+) and several series of product ions for all types of wax esters. Interestingly, unusual product ions were detected, such as neutral molecule (including water, methanol and ammonia) adducts of [RCOOH2](+) ions for all types of wax esters and [R'-2H](+) ions for unsaturated fatty acyl-containing wax esters. The patterns of tandem mass spectra for different types of wax esters will inform future identification and quantification approaches of wax esters in biological samples as supported by a preliminary study of quantification of isomeric wax esters in human meibomian gland secretions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong Chen
- Applied Biotechnology Branch, Air Force Research Laboratory, Dayton, OH, 45433, USA,
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33
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Aslan S, Hofvander P, Dutta P, Sitbon F, Sun C. Transient silencing of the KASII genes is feasible in Nicotiana benthamiana for metabolic engineering of wax ester composition. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11213. [PMID: 26063537 PMCID: PMC4463015 DOI: 10.1038/srep11213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthase II (KASII) is an enzyme in fatty acid biosynthesis, catalyzing the elongation of 16:0-acyl carrier protein (ACP) to 18:0-ACP in plastids. Mutations in KASII genes in higher plants can lead to lethality, which makes it difficult to utilize the gene for lipid metabolic engineering. We demonstrated previously that transient expression of plastid-directed fatty acyl reductases and wax ester synthases could result in different compositions of wax esters. We hypothesized that changing the ratio between C16 (palmitoyl-compounds) and C18 (stearoyl-compounds) in the plastidic acyl-ACP pool by inhibition of KASII expression would change the yield and composition of wax esters via substrate preference of the introduced enzymes. Here, we report that transient inhibition of KASII expression by three different RNAi constructs in leaves of N. benthamiana results in almost complete inhibition of KASII expression. The transient RNAi approach led to a shift of carbon flux from a pool of C18 fatty acids to C16, which significantly increased wax ester production in AtFAR6-containing combinations. The results demonstrate that transient inhibition of KASII in vegetative tissues of higher plants enables metabolic studies towards industrial production of lipids such as wax esters with specific quality and composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selcuk Aslan
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Linnean Centre for Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per Hofvander
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Paresh Dutta
- Department of Food Science, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Folke Sitbon
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Linnean Centre for Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Chuanxin Sun
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Linnean Centre for Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
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35
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Razeq FM, Kosma DK, Rowland O, Molina I. Extracellular lipids of Camelina sativa: characterization of chloroform-extractable waxes from aerial and subterranean surfaces. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2014; 106:188-196. [PMID: 25081105 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz is an emerging low input, stress tolerant crop with seed oil composition suitable for biofuel and bioproduct production. The chemical compositions and ultrastructural features of surface waxes from C. sativa aerial cuticles, seeds, and roots were analyzed using gas chromatography and microscopy. Alkanes, primary fatty alcohols, and free fatty acids were common components of all analyzed organs. A particular feature of leaf waxes was the presence of alkyl esters of long-chain fatty acids and very long-chain fatty alcohols, ranging from C38 to C50 and dominated by C42, C44 and C46 homologues. Stem waxes were mainly composed of non-sterol pentacyclic triterpenes. Flowers accumulated significant amounts of methyl-branched iso-alkanes (C29 and C31 total carbon number) in addition to straight-chain alkanes. Seed waxes were mostly primary fatty alcohols of up to 32 carbons in length and unbranched C29 and C31 alkanes. The total amount of identified wax components extracted by rapid chloroform dipping of roots was 280μgg(-1) (fresh weight), and included alkyl hydroxycinnamates, predominantly alkyl coumarates and alkyl caffeates. This study provides qualitative and quantitative information on the waxes of C. sativa root, shoot, and seed boundary tissues, allowing the relative activities of wax biosynthetic pathways in each respective plant organ to be assessed. This detailed description of the protective surface waxes of C. sativa may provide insights into its drought-tolerant and pathogen-resistant properties, and also identifies C. sativa as a potential source of renewable high-value natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fakhria M Razeq
- Department of Biology and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dylan K Kosma
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Owen Rowland
- Department of Biology and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Isabel Molina
- Department of Biology, Algoma University, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada.
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Li M, Yang L, Bai Y, Liu H. Analytical Methods in Lipidomics and Their Applications. Anal Chem 2013; 86:161-75. [DOI: 10.1021/ac403554h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key
Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry
of Education, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Li Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key
Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry
of Education, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yu Bai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key
Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry
of Education, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Huwei Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key
Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry
of Education, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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