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Pedersen L, Houe H, Rattenborg E, Nielsen LR. Semi-Quantitative Biosecurity Assessment Framework Targeting Prevention of the Introduction and Establishment of Salmonella Dublin in Dairy Cattle Herds. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2649. [PMID: 37627440 PMCID: PMC10451256 DOI: 10.3390/ani13162649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
An increasing average herd size and complexity in farm structures call for a higher level of biosecurity. It can reduce the risk of introducing and establishing pathogens with multiple-pathway and indirect spread mechanisms, such as Salmonella Dublin, a pathogen with an increasing occurrence in dairy cattle farms across different countries and continents. Therefore, this study aimed to use existing knowledge to develop a framework with a supporting tool allowing for a time-efficient, yet comprehensive, assessment of biosecurity measures that can help prevent the introduction and establishment of S. Dublin in dairy herds. Based on the literature review, a seven-step biosecurity assessment framework was developed and evaluated in collaboration with biosecurity experts. The resulting framework includes a weighted semi-quantitative assessment method with a scoring guide in an electronic supporting tool for 12 biosecurity sections assessed through on-farm observations and farmer interviews. The framework and tool provide a novel approach to comprehensively assess the overall (mainly external) on-farm biosecurity level by a trained biosecurity assessor. They can be used for systematic data collection in epidemiological studies on risk factors for the introduction and establishment of S. Dublin in dairy farms. Preliminary interrater reliability testing indicated moderate reliability between assessors with varying biosecurity skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Pedersen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Section for Animal Welfare and Disease Control, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (H.H.); (L.R.N.)
- SEGES Innovation P/S, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark;
| | - Hans Houe
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Section for Animal Welfare and Disease Control, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (H.H.); (L.R.N.)
| | | | - Liza Rosenbaum Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Section for Animal Welfare and Disease Control, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (H.H.); (L.R.N.)
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Rocha MD, Chaves RD, Freire L, Pia AKR, Furtado MM, Alvarenga VO, Crucello A, Lopes LS, Santos AFM, Rodrigues DP, Sant'Ana AS. Salmonella enterica in soybean production chain: Occurrence, characterization, and survival during soybean storage. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 372:109695. [PMID: 35509145 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine Salmonella enterica occurrence along the soybean meal production chain (raw material, in-processing samples, final products, and in the environment of five processing plants), characterize the isolates, and assess the survival of Salmonella Senftenberg 775W in soybeans stored under different temperature conditions. Among 713 samples analyzed, 12.9% (n = 92) were positive for Salmonella enterica. Dust collected inside and outside processing plants (n = 148) comprised the samples with the highest positivity for Salmonella enterica, 47.3%. The occurrence of Salmonella enterica varied among the different processing plants. Twenty-nine (n = 29) Salmonella serotypes were isolated, with S. Mbandaka as the most frequent serotype, whereas S. Typhimurium was mainly linked to final product samples (soybean meal). S. Senftenberg 775W did not survive for a long time in soybean stored at 20-37 °C, but at 20 °C, cells were viable for more than 60 days. This study suggests that soybean meal may harbor Salmonella serotypes related to foodborne disease outbreaks in humans and can be responsible for Salmonella introduction into livestock and, consequently, in foods of animal origin. This study provides crucial data on contamination pathways of Salmonella in the soybean production chain, contributing to the understanding of Salmonella epidemiology which is strategic for the development of preventive and control measures to reduce the burden of salmonellosis linked to products of animal origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monyca D Rocha
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael D Chaves
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Luísa Freire
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brazil; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS - Brazil
| | - Arthur K R Pia
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Marianna M Furtado
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Verônica O Alvarenga
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brazil; Department of Food, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Aline Crucello
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Leticia S Lopes
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brazil; Embrapa Swine and Poultry, Concórdia, SC, Brazil
| | - André F M Santos
- National Reference Laboratory for Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Dália P Rodrigues
- National Reference Laboratory for Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Anderson S Sant'Ana
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas. Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Cherchame E, Guillier L, Lailler R, Vignaud ML, Jourdan-Da Silva N, Le Hello S, Weill FX, Cadel-Six S. Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Welikade: guideline for phylogenetic analysis of serovars rarely involved in foodborne outbreaks. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:217. [PMID: 35303794 PMCID: PMC8933937 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08439-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonella spp. is a major foodborne pathogen with a wide variety of serovars associated with human cases and food sources. Nevertheless, in Europe a panel of ten serovars is responsible for up to 80% of confirmed human cases. Clustering studies by single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) core-genome phylogenetic analysis of outbreaks due to these major serovars are simplified by the availability of many complete genomes in the free access databases. This is not the case for outbreaks due to less common serovars, such as Welikade, for which no reference genomes are available. In this study, we propose a method to solve this problem. We propose to perform a core genome MLST (cgMLST) analysis based on hierarchical clustering using the free-access EnteroBase to select the most suitable genome to use as a reference for SNP phylogenetic analysis. In this study, we applied this protocol to a retrospective analysis of a Salmonella enterica serovar Welikade (S. Welikade) foodborne outbreak that occurred in France in 2016. Finally, we compared the cgMLST and SNP analyses. SNP phylogenetic reconstruction was carried out considering the effect of recombination events identified by the ClonalFrameML tool. The accessory genome was also explored by phage content and virulome analyses. RESULTS Our findings revealed high clustering concordance using cgMLST and SNP analyses. Nevertheless, SNP analysis allowed for better assessment of the genetic distance among strains. The results revealed epidemic clones of S. Welikade circulating within the poultry and dairy sectors in France, responsible for sporadic and non-sporadic human cases between 2012 and 2019. CONCLUSIONS This study increases knowledge on this poorly described serovar and enriches public genome databases with 42 genomes from human and non-human S. Welikade strains, including the isolate collected in 1956 in Sri Lanka, which gave the name to this serovar. This is the first genomic analysis of an outbreak due to S. Welikade described to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeline Cherchame
- Laboratory for Food Safety, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France. .,Present address: Data Analysis Core, Paris Brain Institute, ICM, Paris, France.
| | - Laurent Guillier
- Laboratory for Food Safety, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Renaud Lailler
- Laboratory for Food Safety, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Marie-Leone Vignaud
- Laboratory for Food Safety, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Simon Le Hello
- Centre National de Référence Des Escherichia Coli, Institut Pasteur, Unité Des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, Shigella et Salmonella, 75015, Paris, France.,Present address: Groupe de Recherche Sur L'Adaptation Microbienne (GRAM 2.0), Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, Caen, France
| | - François-Xavier Weill
- Centre National de Référence Des Escherichia Coli, Institut Pasteur, Unité Des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, Shigella et Salmonella, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Sabrina Cadel-Six
- Laboratory for Food Safety, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
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Parker EM, Valcanis M, Edwards LJ, Andersson P, Mollenkopf DF, Wittum TE. Antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is detected more frequently in feed milling equipment than in raw feed components or processed animal feed. Aust Vet J 2022; 100:213-219. [PMID: 35040117 PMCID: PMC9304270 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Food for human and animal consumption can provide a vehicle for the transfer of pathogenic and antimicrobial‐resistant bacteria into the food chain. We investigated the antimicrobial susceptibility of 453 Salmonella isolates collected from raw feed components, equipment and finished feed from 17 commercial feed mills in Australia between 2012 and 2021. Previous studies have found Salmonella prevalence and the diversity of Salmonella serotypes are greatest in the raw feed components. We, therefore, hypothesised that we would find a greater proportion of antimicrobial‐resistant Salmonella isolates in the raw feed components compared to other sample types. We found that of 453 isolates tested, 356 (0.80) were susceptible to all antimicrobials tested, 49 (0.11) were nonsusceptible to streptomycin only and 48 (0.11) were resistant to two or more antimicrobials. Of the 48 antimicrobial‐resistant isolates, 44 were found in feed milling equipment, two in raw feed components and two in finished feed. Statistical analysis, using a logistic regression with random effects model, found that the population‐adjusted mean probability of detecting antimicrobial‐resistant Salmonella isolates from feed milling equipment of 0.39, was larger than the probability of detecting resistant isolates in raw feed components 0.01, (P < 0.001) and in finished feed, 0.11, (P = 0.006). This propensity for antimicrobial‐resistant bacteria to colonise feed milling equipment has not been previously reported. Further studies are required to understand the ecology of antimicrobial‐resistant Salmonella in the feed milling environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Parker
- The Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1920, Coffey Road, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - M Valcanis
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit-Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - L J Edwards
- Ridley AgriProducts Pty Ltd, 70-80, Bald Hill Road, Pakenham, Victoria, 3810, Australia
| | - P Andersson
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit-Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - D F Mollenkopf
- The Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1920, Coffey Road, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - T E Wittum
- The Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1920, Coffey Road, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
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Parker EM, Parker AJ, Short G, O'Connor AM, Wittum TE. Salmonella detection in commercially prepared livestock feed and the raw ingredients and equipment used to manufacture the feed: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Prev Vet Med 2021; 198:105546. [PMID: 34826732 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella contamination of livestock feed is a serious veterinary and public health issue. In this study we used a systematic review to assess the prevalence and characterization of Salmonella isolates detected in raw feed components, feed milling equipment and finished feed from 97 studies published from 1955 to 2020 across seven global regions. Eighty-five studies were included in a meta-analyses to estimate the combined prevalence of Salmonella detection and to compare the risk of contamination associated with different sample types. We found the overall combined prevalence estimate of Salmonella detection was 0.14 with a prevalence of 0.18 in raw feed components, 0.09 in finished feed and 0.08 in feed milling equipment. Animal based raw feed components were 3.9 times more likely to be contaminated with Salmonella than plant based raw feed components. Differences between studies accounted for 99 % of the variance in the prevalence estimate for all sample types and there was no effect of region on the prevalence estimates. The combined prevalence of Salmonella detection in raw feed components decreased from 0.25 in 1955 to 0.11 in 2019. The proportion of Salmonella isolates that were resistant to antimicrobials was largest for amikacin (0.20), tetracycline (0.18) streptomycin (0.17), cefotaxime (0.14) and sulfisoxazole (0.11). The prevalence of Salmonella contamination of animal feed varies widely between individual studies and is an ongoing challenge for the commercial feed industry. Control relies on the vigilant monitoring and control of Salmonella in each individual mill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Parker
- The Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1920 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH 43210, United States.
| | - Anthony J Parker
- The Department of Animal Science, The Ohio State University, 2029 Fyffe, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Gwen Short
- The Wooster Campus Research Library, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Ave, Wooster, OH 44691, United States
| | - Annette M O'Connor
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, 784 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States
| | - Thomas E Wittum
- The Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1920 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
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Ajayi A, Smith SI, Kalpy JC, Bode-Sojobi IO, René YK, Adeleye AI. Molecular diversity and antibiotic resistance gene profile of Salmonella enterica serovars isolated from humans and food animals in Lagos, Nigeria. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 2019; 66:509-527. [PMID: 31658835 DOI: 10.1556/030.66.2019.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Outbreaks of Salmonellosis remain a major public health problem globally. This study determined the diversity and antibiotic resistance gene profile of Salmonella enterica serovars isolated from humans and food animals. Using standard methods, Salmonella spp. were isolated from fecal samples, profiled for antimicrobial susceptibility and resistance genes. Seventy-one Salmonella isolates were recovered from both humans and food animals comprising cattle, sheep, and chicken. Forty-four serovars were identified, with dominant Salmonella Budapest (31.8%). Rare serovars were present in chicken (S. Alfort, S. Wichita, S. Linton, S. Ealing, and S. Ebrie) and humans (S. Mowanjum, S. Huettwillen, S. Limete, and S. Chagoua). Sixty-eight percent of isolates were sensitive to all test antibiotics, while the highest rate of resistance was to nalidixic acid (16.9%; n = 12), followed by ciprofloxacin (11.3%; n = 8) and tetracycline (9.9%; n = 8). Five isolates (7%) were multidrug-resistant and antimicrobial resistance genes coding resistance to tetracycline (tetA), beta-lactam (blaTEM), and quinolone/fluoroquinolone (qnrB and qnrS) were detected. Evolutionary analysis of gyrA gene sequences of human and food animal Salmonella isolates revealed variations but are evolutionarily interconnected. Isolates were grouped into four clades with S. Budapest isolate from cattle clustering with S. Budapest isolated from chicken, whereas S. Essen isolated from sheep and chicken was grouped into a clade. Diverse S. enterica serovars with high antibiotic resistance profile are ubiquitous in food animals; hence, there is a need for surveillance and prudent use of antibiotics in human and veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Ajayi
- 1 Department of Microbiology, University of Lagos, Akoka, Nigeria
| | - Stella Ifeanyi Smith
- 2 Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Department, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Julien Coulibaly Kalpy
- 3 Laboratoire de Bactériologie et Virologie Institut Pasteur de Côte d’Ivoire, Centre Nationale de Référence de Salmonella, Paris, France
| | | | - Yao Kouamé René
- 3 Laboratoire de Bactériologie et Virologie Institut Pasteur de Côte d’Ivoire, Centre Nationale de Référence de Salmonella, Paris, France
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Harfield S, Beazley R, Denehy E, Centofanti A, Dowsett P, Housen T, Flood L. An outbreak and case-control study of Salmonella Havana linked to alfalfa sprouts in South Australia, 2018. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 43. [PMID: 31610770 DOI: 10.33321/cdi.2019.43.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
An epidemiological investigation and a retrospective case-control study were conducted into an outbreak of Salmonella Havana in alfalfa sprouts, in Adelaide, Australia. In total, 31 cases of S. Havana were notified during June and July 2018 and linked to the outbreak. Eighteen cases and 54 unmatched controls were included in a case-control study. Results from the case-control study indicated an increased risk of illness linked to the consumption of alfalfa sprouts; this was supported by trace-back, sampling and environmental investigations. This outbreak of S. Havana was caused by consumption of alfalfa sprouts from one local sprouts producer. It is unclear as to when in the production of alfalfa sprouts the contamination occurred. However, contaminated seeds and poor pest control are the most likely causes. This investigation highlights the importance of ensuring that producers take appropriate action to minimise the likelihood of contamination and to comply with legislation and standards for primary production and food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Harfield
- Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Rebecca Beazley
- South Australian Department of Health and Wellbeing, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Emma Denehy
- South Australian Department of Health and Wellbeing, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Alessia Centofanti
- South Australian Department of Health and Wellbeing, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Paul Dowsett
- Department of Primary Industries and Regions, South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Tambri Housen
- Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Louise Flood
- South Australian Department of Health and Wellbeing, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Cooper C, Moore SC, Moore RJ, Chandry PS, Fegan N. Salmonella enterica subsp. salamae serovar Sofia, a prevalent serovar in Australian broiler chickens, is also capable of transient colonisation in layers. Br Poult Sci 2018; 59:270-277. [PMID: 29493264 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2018.1447083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
1. Salmonella enterica subsp. salamae serovar sofia (S. sofia) is a prevalent strain of Salmonella in Australian broilers and has been isolated from broiler chickens, litter, dust, as well as pre- and post-processing carcasses, and retail chicken portions but has never been reported in commercial Australian layers or eggs. 2. To investigate whether a S. sofia isolate from a broiler could colonise layers, one-month-old Hyline brown layers were orally inoculated with S. sofia and colonisation was monitored for 2-4 weeks. 3. Overall, 30-40% of the chickens shed S. sofia from the cloaca between 6 and 14 d post-inoculation which then declined to 10% by d 21. Necropsy at 2 weeks post-inoculation revealed 80% of birds harboured S. sofia in the caecum, whilst, by 4 weeks post-infection, no chickens were colonised with S. sofia in the gastrointestinal tract, liver or spleen. Additionally, no aerosol 'bird to bird' transfer was evident. 4. This study demonstrated that laying hens can be colonised by broiler-derived S. sofia; however, this colonisation was transient, reaching a peak at 14 d post-inoculation, and was completely cleared by 28 d post-inoculation. The transience of colonisation of S. sofia in layers could be a factor explaining why S. sofia has never been detected when screening for Salmonella serotypes found in Australian laying hens or eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sean C Moore
- b CSIRO Agriculture & Food , Werribee , Australia
| | - Robert J Moore
- c School of Science , RMIT University , Bundoora , Australia
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Characterization of Salmonella isolated from apparently healthy slaughtered cattle and retail beef in Hawassa, southern Ethiopia. Prev Vet Med 2017; 147:11-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Lambertini E, Buchanan RL, Narrod C, Pradhan AK. Transmission of Bacterial Zoonotic Pathogens between Pets and Humans: The Role of Pet Food. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 56:364-418. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2014.902356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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11
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Boko CK, Kpodekon TM, Duprez JN, Imberechts H, Taminiau B, Bertrand S, Mainil JG. Identification and typing of Salmonella enterica serotypes isolated from guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) farms in Benin during four laying seasons (2007 to 2010). Avian Pathol 2013; 42:1-8. [PMID: 23391175 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2012.751484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The main problem for the local guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) traditional farming and raising system in north-east Benin is the high mortality rate of the keets (up to 70%) due to a combination of climatic, nutritional, hygienic and infectious causes. The present study was carried out to identify and compare the isolates of Salmonella enterica from necropsied keets, laying guinea fowl, surrogate hen mothers, other contact animal species and farmers during four laying seasons (2007 to 2010). S. enterica belonging to eight different serotypes (Adelaide, Farakan, Kingston, Legon, Luke, Oakland, Sangalkam and Teshie) and one untypable isolate were isolated from 13 to 19% of the necropsied keets. The serotypes Adelaide, Farakan, Luke, Sangalkam and Teshie and the untypable isolate were isolated in only one township during 1 year of sampling, while serotypes Oakland, Legon and Kingston were present in two to three townships for 2 to 3 years of sampling. Serotypes Farakan, Kingston, Legon, Oakland and Sangalkam were also isolated from faecal samples of laying guinea fowl and/or surrogate domestic fowl hen mothers. Further comparison by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and virulotyping provided evidence for their clonality within each of those five serotypes and therefore for the adult guinea fowl and/or hens as the most probable origin of contamination of the keets. The antibiotic resistance profiles, with all isolates resistant to oxacillin, sulfamethoxazol and colistin, emphasize the rise of antibiotic resistance in salmonellas from guinea fowl in this area and the need for alternative therapy policies for these birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kadoéito Boko
- Département de Production et Santé Animales, Laboratoire de Recherche en Biologie Appliquée , Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Ecole Polytechnique d'Abomey Calavi (EPAC), BP 637 Abomey Calavi, Benin
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12
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Ivanek R, Österberg J, Gautam R, Sternberg Lewerin S. Salmonella fecal shedding and immune responses are dose- and serotype- dependent in pigs. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34660. [PMID: 22523553 PMCID: PMC3327719 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the public health importance of Salmonella infection in pigs, little is known about the associated dynamics of fecal shedding and immunity. In this study, we investigated the transitions of pigs through the states of Salmonella fecal shedding and immune response post-Salmonella inoculation as affected by the challenge dose and serotype. Continuous-time multistate Markov models were developed using published experimental data. The model for shedding had four transient states, of which two were shedding (continuous and intermittent shedding) and two non-shedding (latency and intermittent non-shedding), and one absorbing state representing permanent cessation of shedding. The immune response model had two transient states representing responses below and above the seroconversion level. The effects of two doses [low (0.65×106 CFU/pig) and high (0.65×109 CFU/pig)] and four serotypes (Salmonella Yoruba, Salmonella Cubana, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Salmonella Derby) on the models' transition intensities were evaluated using a proportional intensities model. Results indicated statistically significant effects of the challenge dose and serotype on the dynamics of shedding and immune response. The time spent in the specific states was also estimated. Continuous shedding was on average 10–26 days longer, while intermittent non-shedding was 2–4 days shorter, in pigs challenged with the high compared to low dose. Interestingly, among pigs challenged with the high dose, the continuous and intermittent shedding states were on average up to 10–17 and 3–4 days longer, respectively, in pigs infected with S. Cubana compared to the other three serotypes. Pigs challenged with the high dose of S. Typhimurium or S. Derby seroconverted on average up to 8–11 days faster compared to the low dose. These findings highlight that Salmonella fecal shedding and immune response following Salmonella challenge are dose- and serotype-dependent and that the detection of specific Salmonella strains and immune responses in pigs are time-sensitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Ivanek
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America.
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13
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A review of the ecology, colonization and genetic characterization of Salmonella enterica serovar Sofia, a prolific but avirulent poultry serovar in Australia. Food Res Int 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Habimana O, Møretrø T, Langsrud S, Vestby LK, Nesse LL, Heir E. Micro ecosystems from feed industry surfaces: a survival and biofilm study of Salmonella versus host resident flora strains. BMC Vet Res 2010; 6:48. [PMID: 21044298 PMCID: PMC2989951 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-6-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of Salmonella enterica serovars in feed ingredients, products and processing facilities is a well recognized problem worldwide. In Norwegian feed factories, strict control measures are implemented to avoid establishment and spreading of Salmonella throughout the processing chain. There is limited knowledge on the presence and survival of the resident microflora in feed production plants. Information on interactions between Salmonella and other bacteria in feed production plants and how they affect survival and biofilm formation of Salmonella is also limited. The aim of this study was to identify resident microbiota found in feed production environments, and to compare the survival of resident flora strains and Salmonella to stress factors typically found in feed processing environments. Moreover, the role of dominant resident flora strains in the biofilm development of Salmonella was determined. RESULTS Surface microflora characterization from two feed productions plants, by means of 16 S rDNA sequencing, revealed a wide diversity of bacteria. Survival, disinfection and biofilm formation experiments were conducted on selected dominant resident flora strains and Salmonella. Results showed higher survival properties by resident flora isolates for desiccation, and disinfection compared to Salmonella isolates. Dual-species biofilms favored Salmonella growth compared to Salmonella in mono-species biofilms, with biovolume increases of 2.8-fold and 3.2-fold in the presence of Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas, respectively. CONCLUSIONS These results offer an overview of the microflora composition found in feed industry processing environments, their survival under relevant stresses and their potential effect on biofilm formation in the presence of Salmonella. Eliminating the establishment of resident flora isolates in feed industry surfaces is therefore of interest for impeding conditions for Salmonella colonization and growth on feed industry surfaces. In-depth investigations are still needed to determine whether resident flora has a definite role in the persistence of Salmonella in feed processing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lene K Vestby
- National Veterinary Institute, Section of Bacteriology, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - Live L Nesse
- National Veterinary Institute, Section of Bacteriology, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - Even Heir
- Nofima Mat AS, Osloveien 1, N-1430 Ås, Norway
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15
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Chiou CS, Lin JM, Chiu CH, Chu CH, Chen SW, Chang YF, Weng BC, Tsay JG, Chen CL, Liu CH, Chu C. Clonal dissemination of the multi-drug resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Braenderup, but not the serovar Bareilly, of prevalent serogroup C1 Salmonella from Taiwan. BMC Microbiol 2009; 9:264. [PMID: 20017951 PMCID: PMC2806260 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-9-264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nontyphoidal Salmonella is the main cause of human salmonellosis. In order to study the prevalent serogroups and serovars of clinical isolates in Taiwan, 8931 Salmonellae isolates were collected from 19 medical centers and district hospitals throughout the country from 2004 to 2007. The pulsed-field eletrophoresis types (PFGE) and antibiotic resistance profiles of Salmonella enterica serovars Bareilly (S. Bareilly) and Braenderup (S. Braenderup) were compared, and multi-drug resistance (MDR) plasmids were characterized. Results Over 95% of human salmonellosis in Taiwan was caused by five Salmonella serogroups: B, C1, C2-C3, D1, and E1. S. Typhymurium, S. Enteritidis, S. Stanley and S. Newport were the four most prevalent serovars, accounting for about 64% of isolates. While only one or two major serovars from four of the most prevalent serogroups were represented, four predominant serovars were found in serogroup C1 Salmonellae. The prevalence was decreasing for S. Choleraeuis and S. Braenderup, and S. Virchow and increasing for S. Bareilly. S. Braenderup mainly caused gastroenteritis in children; in contrast, S. Bareiley infected children and elderly people. Both serovars differed by XbaI-PFGE patterns. Almost all S. Bareilly isolates were susceptible to antibiotics of interest, while all lacked plasmids and belonged to one clone. Two distinct major clones in S. Braenderup were cluster A, mainly including MDR isolates with large MDR plasmid from North Taiwan, and cluster B, mainly containing susceptible isolates without R plasmid from South Taiwan. In cluster A, there were two types of conjugative R plasmids with sizes ranging from 75 to 130 kb. Type 1 plasmids consisted of replicons F1A/F1B, blaTEM, IS26, and a class 1 integron with the genes dfrA12-orfF-aadA2-qacEΔ1-sulI. Type 2 plasmids belonged to incompatibility group IncI, contained tnpA-blaCMY-2-blc-sugE genetic structures and lacked both IS26 and class 1 integrons. Although type 2 plasmids showed higher conjugation capability, type 1 plasmids were the predominant plasmid. Conclusions Serogroups B, C1, C2-C3, D1, and E1 of Salmonella caused over 95% of human salmonellosis. Two prevalent serovars within serogroup C1, S. Bareilly and cluster B of S. Braenderup, were clonal and drug-susceptible. However, cluster A of S. Braenderup was MDR and probably derived from susceptible isolates by acquiring one of two distinct conjugative R plasmids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Shun Chiou
- The Central Region Laboratory, Center of Research and Diagnostics, Centers for Disease Control, No. 30, Wenxin S. 3rd Rd., Nantun Dist., Taichung, 40856, Taiwan.
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16
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Österberg J, Sternberg Lewerin S, Wallgren P. Patterns of excretion and antibody responses of pigs inoculated with Salmonella
Derby and Salmonella
Cubana. Vet Rec 2009; 165:404-8. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.165.14.404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Österberg
- National Veterinary Institute (SVA); SE-751 89 Uppsala Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; SE-750 07 Uppsala Sweden
| | | | - P. Wallgren
- National Veterinary Institute (SVA); SE-751 89 Uppsala Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; SE-750 07 Uppsala Sweden
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17
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Vigo GB, Cappuccio JA, Piñeyro PE, Salve A, Machuca MA, Quiroga MA, Moredo F, Giacoboni G, Cancer JL, Caffer IG, Binsztein N, Pichel M, Perfumo CJ. Salmonella enterica subclinical infection: bacteriological, serological, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and antimicrobial resistance profiles--longitudinal study in a three-site farrow-to-finish farm. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2009; 6:965-72. [PMID: 19642916 PMCID: PMC3145166 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2008.0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this surveillance was to study both Salmonella spp. shedding patterns and the time course of serological response in farrow-to-finish reared pigs from a subclinically infected farm. Antimicrobial resistance profile, molecular subtyping, and the relationship among the isolates were determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). A farrow-to-finish farm of 6000 sows, with a history of Salmonella Typhimurium septicemia, was selected. A longitudinal bacteriological and serological study was conducted in 25 sows before farrowing (M/S1) and in 50 offspring at 21 (M/S2), 35 (M/S3), 65 (M/S4), 86 (M/S5), 128 (M/S6), and 165 (M/S7) days of age. Serum antibodies were tested using Herdcheck((R)) Swine Salmonella antibody test kit (Idexx Laboratories, ME). Bacteria were isolated from pooled fecal samples. Suspected isolates were confirmed by conventional biochemical assays, and those identified as Salmonella spp. were serotyped. A variation between seropositive percentages and positive fecal samples was observed. Serologically positive pigs decreased from S1 to S4, and subsequently increased from S4 to S7. The percentages of fecal positive culture increased from M1 to M3, and then declined in M4, increased in M5, and were negative in M6 and M7. In the study three serovars, Salmonella 3,10:e,h:-, Salmonella Muenster, and Salmonella Bovismorbificans, were identified with low pathogenicity for swine. Three multidrug resistance strains (one belonged to Salmonella 3,10:e,h:- and two belonged to Salmonella Muenster) were found. PFGE results showed three different but closely related patterns among the 13 isolates of Salmonella Bovismorbificans, and two patterns for the three Salmonella Muenster and Salmonella 3,10:e,h:- isolates. This longitudinal study established critical points of Salmonella spp. infection in the farm and the production stages, where appropriate control measures must be taken. PFGE showed clonal relationships in each serovar. Antibiotic resistance profiles should be periodically included due to public health concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- German B. Vigo
- Laboratorio de Diagnóstico e Investigaciones Bacteriológicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Javier A. Cappuccio
- Cátedra de Patología Especial, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Pablo E. Piñeyro
- Cátedra de Patología Especial, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Angela Salve
- Departamento Bacteriología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas (INEI)-ANLIS Carlos G. Malbrán, Capital Federal, Argentina
| | - Mariana A. Machuca
- Cátedra de Patología Especial, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Maria A. Quiroga
- Cátedra de Patología Especial, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Fabiana Moredo
- Laboratorio de Diagnóstico e Investigaciones Bacteriológicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Gabriel Giacoboni
- Laboratorio de Diagnóstico e Investigaciones Bacteriológicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | | | - Ines G. Caffer
- Departamento Bacteriología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas (INEI)-ANLIS Carlos G. Malbrán, Capital Federal, Argentina
| | - Norma Binsztein
- Departamento Bacteriología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas (INEI)-ANLIS Carlos G. Malbrán, Capital Federal, Argentina
| | - Mariana Pichel
- Departamento Bacteriología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas (INEI)-ANLIS Carlos G. Malbrán, Capital Federal, Argentina
| | - Carlos J. Perfumo
- Cátedra de Patología Especial, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
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18
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Sternberg S, Johnsson A, Aspan A, Bergström K, Kallay TB, Szanto E. Outbreak of Salmonella
Thompson infection in a Swedish dairy herd. Vet Rec 2008; 163:596-9. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.163.20.596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Sternberg
- National Veterinary Institute; SE-751 89 Uppsala Sweden
| | - A. Johnsson
- Flackarp Veterinary Practice; Flackarp 4 SE-245 61 Staffanstorp Sweden
| | - A. Aspan
- National Veterinary Institute; SE-751 89 Uppsala Sweden
| | - K. Bergström
- National Veterinary Institute; SE-751 89 Uppsala Sweden
| | - T. B. Kallay
- AnalyCen Nordic; Box 9024 SE-201 09 Kristianstad Sweden
| | - E. Szanto
- Swedish Board of Agriculture; SE-551 82 Jönköping Sweden
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19
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Brännström S, Morrison DA, Mattsson JG, Chirico J. Genetic differences in internal transcribed spacer 1 between Dermanyssus gallinae from wild birds and domestic chickens. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2008; 22:152-155. [PMID: 18498615 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2915.2008.00722.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the presence of the poultry red mite or the chicken mite, Dermanyssus gallinae De Geer, Acari: Dermanyssidae, in wild bird populations in four different geographical regions of Sweden. The mites identified as D. gallinae were compared genetically with D. gallinae from egg-producing poultry farms in the same regions. The small subunit (SSU) gene, the 5.8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene and the two internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of the rRNA genes were used in the genetic analysis. All D. gallinae mites had identical SSU rRNA, 5.8S rRNA and ITS2 sequences independent of their origin. By contrast, we identified significant differences in the ITS1 sequences. Based on the differences in the ITS1 sequences, the mites could be divided into two genotypes, of wild and domesticated origin, with no variation within the groups. These results imply that wild bird populations are of low importance, if any, as natural reservoirs of D. gallinae in these four geographical regions of Sweden.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Brännström
- Department of Virology, Immunobiology and Parasitology, National Veterinary Institute and Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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20
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Österberg J, Wallgren P. Effects of a challenge dose of Salmonella
Typhimurium or Salmonella
Yoruba on the patterns of excretion and antibody responses of pigs. Vet Rec 2008; 162:580-6. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.162.18.580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Österberg
- National Veterinary Institute; SE-751 89 Uppsala Sweden
| | - P. Wallgren
- National Veterinary Institute; SE-751 89 Uppsala Sweden
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21
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Abstract
Bovine manure is an important source of Escherichia coli O157 contamination of the environment and foods; therefore, effective interventions targeted at reducing the prevalence and magnitude of fecal E. coli O157 excretion by live cattle (preharvest) are desirable. Preharvest intervention methods can be grouped into 3 categories: 1) exposure reduction strategies, 2) exclusion strategies, and 3) direct antipathogen strategies. Exposure reduction involves environmental management targeted at reducing bovine exposure to E. coli O157 through biosecurity and environmental niche management such as feed and drinking water hygiene, reduced exposure to insects or wildlife, and improved cleanliness of the bedding or pen floor. In the category of exclusion, we group vaccination and dietary modifications such as selection of specific feed components; feeding of prebiotics, probiotics, or both; and supplementation with competitive exclusion cultures to limit proliferation of E. coli O157 in or on exposed animals. Direct antipathogen strategies include treatment with sodium chlorate, antibiotics, bacteriophages, in addition to washing of animals before slaughter. Presently, only 1 preharvest control for E. coli O157 in cattle has been effective and has gained widespread adoption-the feeding probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus. More research into the effectiveness of parallel and simultaneous application of 1 or more preharvest control strategies, as well as the identification of new pre-harvest control methods, may provide practical means to substantially reduce the incidence of human E. coli O157-related illness by intervening at the farm level.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T LeJeune
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster 44691, USA.
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22
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Osterberg J, Vågsholm I, Boqvist S, Lewerin SS. Feed-borne outbreak of Salmonella cubana in Swedish pig farms: risk factors and factors affecting the restriction period in infected farms. Acta Vet Scand 2006; 47:13-21. [PMID: 16722302 PMCID: PMC1618960 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-47-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2003, a feed-borne outbreak of Salmonella Cubana occurred in Sweden as a result of contamination in a feed plant. Salmonella Cubana was detected in 49 out of 77 pig farms having received possibly contaminated feed. In this study, potential risk factors for farms being salmonella positive were examined, and a survival analysis was performed to investigate risk factors affecting the restriction period for salmonella positive farms. The median restriction time for all 49 farms was 17 weeks. An increased risk for farms being salmonella infected (positive in feed and/or faeces) was seen for fattening farms and farms feeding soy. The survival analysis showed that herds with a low level of infection and farms with a high hygiene level had shorter restriction times. This study is unique as it investigates a real outbreak of feed-borne salmonella, where the source of infection was reliably identified, the period of exposure could be defined and data were collected from all exposed farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Osterberg
- Department of Disease Control, National Veterinary Institute, SE 751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
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23
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Kocabiyik AL, Cetin C, Dedicova D. Detection of Salmonella spp. in Stray Dogs in Bursa Province, Turkey: First Isolation of Salmonella Corvallis from Dogs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 53:194-6. [PMID: 16629988 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.2006.00932.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence and antimicrobial sensitivity of Salmonella spp. in stray dogs in Bursa province, Turkey were determined from a total of 82 faecal samples by bacteriological methods. Of the dogs, nine (11%) were positive for salmonellae-carrying. All Salmonella isolates were serotyped as S. Corvallis, and were sensitive to amoxycillin/clavulanic acid, ampicillin, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, enrofloxacin, gentamicin, kanamycin, nalidixic acid, neomycin, oxytetracycline and trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole, while 66.7% of them were resistant to streptomycin. It was concluded that stray dogs could be an important carrier of salmonellae as well as a source of human salmonellosis in Turkey. Additional studies are needed to clarify the epidemiological relationship between S. Corvallis isolated from dogs and humans with regard to public health. This is the first report on the isolation of S. Corvallis from dogs in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Kocabiyik
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Uludag University, Gorukle Campus, 16059 Bursa, Turkey.
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24
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Boqvist S, Vågsholm I. Risk factors for hazard of release from Salmonella-control restriction on Swedish cattle farms from 1993 to 2002. Prev Vet Med 2005; 71:35-44. [PMID: 16023233 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2005.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2003] [Revised: 03/21/2005] [Accepted: 05/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In Sweden, only a few cattle farms are infected with salmonella each year and this can be attributed to the Swedish salmonella control programme. All findings of salmonella in animals, feed and food of animal origin are notifiable and restrictions are always put on infected herds until they have been cleaned up from the infection. However, there has been concern about increasing costs for clean-up of salmonella-infected farms as well as increasing length of the restriction periods. Our aim was to investigate potential risk factors associated with the length of restriction periods on Swedish cattle farms between 1993 and late 2002. All 112 cattle farms that were notified to the Swedish Board of Agriculture as infected with salmonella during the study period, were included in this longitudinal and retrospective study. The putative risk factors were analysed using the proportional-hazards model. There was a lower hazard for release from salmonella control restrictions after the European Union (EU) accession in 1995, and/or change of testing from one to two negative herd tests for release of restrictions (hazard ratio (HR)=0.56, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.38, 0.84), for every additional number of 100 cows (HR=0.83; CI=0.7, 0.97), if rodents and/or wild birds were abundant (HR=0.5, CI=0.27, 0.98) and if there was more than one farm site in the company (HR=0.47, CI=0.28, 0.81).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Boqvist
- Swedish Zoonosis Centre, National Veterinary Institute, SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden.
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25
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SALOMONSSON ANNCHRISTINE, ASPAN ANNA, JOHANSSON SARA, HEINO ANJA, HAGGBLOM PER. SALMONELLA DETECTION BY POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION AFTER PRE-ENRICHMENT OF FEED SAMPLES. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4581.2005.00012.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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