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Zhuang ZM, Wang Y, Feng ZX, Lin XY, Wang ZC, Zhong XC, Guo K, Zhong YF, Fang QQ, Wu XJ, Chen J, Tan WQ. Targeting Diverse Wounds and Scars: Recent Innovative Bio-design of Microneedle Patch for Comprehensive Management. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2306565. [PMID: 38037685 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202306565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Wounds and the subsequent formation of scars constitute a unified and complex phased process. Effective treatment is crucial; however, the diverse therapeutic approaches for different wounds and scars, as well as varying treatment needs at different stages, present significant challenges in selecting appropriate interventions. Microneedle patch (MNP), as a novel minimally invasive transdermal drug delivery system, has the potential for integrated and programmed treatment of various diseases and has shown promising applications in different types of wounds and scars. In this comprehensive review, the latest applications and biotechnological innovations of MNPs in these fields are thoroughly explored, summarizing their powerful abilities to accelerate healing, inhibit scar formation, and manage related symptoms. Moreover, potential applications in various scenarios are discussed. Additionally, the side effects, manufacturing processes, and material selection to explore the clinical translational potential are investigated. This groundwork can provide a theoretical basis and serve as a catalyst for future innovations in the pursuit of favorable therapeutic options for skin tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Ming Zhuang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, P. R. China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Xuan Feng
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ying Lin
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, P. R. China
| | - Zheng-Cai Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Cao Zhong
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, P. R. China
| | - Kai Guo
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Fan Zhong
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, P. R. China
| | - Qing-Qing Fang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Jin Wu
- Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, 322000, P. R. China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, 322000, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Qiang Tan
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, P. R. China
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Isshiki T, Naiel S, Vierhout M, Otsubo K, Ali P, Tsubouchi K, Yazdanshenas P, Kumaran V, Dvorkin-Gheva A, Kolb MRJ, Ask K. Therapeutic strategies to target connective tissue growth factor in fibrotic lung diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 253:108578. [PMID: 38103794 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of interstitial lung diseases, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), remains challenging as current available antifibrotic agents are not effective in halting disease progression. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), also known as cellular communication factor 2 (CCN2), is a member of the CCN family of proteins that regulates cell signaling through cell surface receptors such as integrins, the activity of cytokines/growth factors, and the turnover of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Accumulating evidence indicates that CTGF plays a crucial role in promoting lung fibrosis through multiple processes, including inducing transdifferentiation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and cooperating with other fibrotic mediators such as TGF-β. Increased expression of CTGF has been observed in fibrotic lungs and inhibiting CTGF signaling has been shown to suppress lung fibrosis in several animal models. Thus, the CTGF signaling pathway is emerging as a potential therapeutic target in IPF and other pulmonary fibrotic conditions. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current evidence on the pathogenic role of CTGF in pulmonary fibrosis and discusses the current therapeutic agents targeting CTGF using a systematic review approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Isshiki
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, 5o Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Center, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 48L, Canada; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Toho University School of Medicine, 6-11-1 Omori Nisi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8541, Japan
| | - Safaa Naiel
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, 5o Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Center, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 48L, Canada
| | - Megan Vierhout
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, 5o Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Center, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 48L, Canada
| | - Kohei Otsubo
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, 5o Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada; Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Pareesa Ali
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, 5o Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Center, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 48L, Canada
| | - Kazuya Tsubouchi
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, 5o Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada; Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Parichehr Yazdanshenas
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, 5o Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Center, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 48L, Canada
| | - Vaishnavi Kumaran
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, 5o Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Center, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 48L, Canada
| | - Anna Dvorkin-Gheva
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Center, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 48L, Canada
| | - Martin R J Kolb
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, 5o Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Kjetil Ask
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, 5o Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Center, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 48L, Canada.
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Hewitt RJ, Puttur F, Gaboriau DCA, Fercoq F, Fresquet M, Traves WJ, Yates LL, Walker SA, Molyneaux PL, Kemp SV, Nicholson AG, Rice A, Roberts E, Lennon R, Carlin LM, Byrne AJ, Maher TM, Lloyd CM. Lung extracellular matrix modulates KRT5 + basal cell activity in pulmonary fibrosis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6039. [PMID: 37758700 PMCID: PMC10533905 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41621-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant expansion of KRT5+ basal cells in the distal lung accompanies progressive alveolar epithelial cell loss and tissue remodelling during fibrogenesis in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). The mechanisms determining activity of KRT5+ cells in IPF have not been delineated. Here, we reveal a potential mechanism by which KRT5+ cells migrate within the fibrotic lung, navigating regional differences in collagen topography. In vitro, KRT5+ cell migratory characteristics and expression of remodelling genes are modulated by extracellular matrix (ECM) composition and organisation. Mass spectrometry- based proteomics revealed compositional differences in ECM components secreted by primary human lung fibroblasts (HLF) from IPF patients compared to controls. Over-expression of ECM glycoprotein, Secreted Protein Acidic and Cysteine Rich (SPARC) in the IPF HLF matrix restricts KRT5+ cell migration in vitro. Together, our findings demonstrate how changes to the ECM in IPF directly influence KRT5+ cell behaviour and function contributing to remodelling events in the fibrotic niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Hewitt
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, SW3 6NP, UK
| | - Franz Puttur
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - David C A Gaboriau
- Facility for Imaging by Light Microscopy, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | | - Maryline Fresquet
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - William J Traves
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Laura L Yates
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Simone A Walker
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Philip L Molyneaux
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, SW3 6NP, UK
| | - Samuel V Kemp
- Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, SW3 6NP, UK
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, City Campus, Hucknall Road, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Andrew G Nicholson
- Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, SW3 6NP, UK
| | - Alexandra Rice
- Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, SW3 6NP, UK
| | - Edward Roberts
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Rachel Lennon
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Leo M Carlin
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Adam J Byrne
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Toby M Maher
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Keck Medicine of USC, 1510 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Clare M Lloyd
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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Cui HS, Lee YR, Ro YM, Joo SY, Cho YS, Kim JB, Kim DH, Seo CH. Knockdown of CPEB1 and CPEB4 Inhibits Scar Formation via Modulation of TAK1 and SMAD Signaling. Ann Dermatol 2023; 35:293-302. [PMID: 37550230 PMCID: PMC10407338 DOI: 10.5021/ad.22.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding (CPEB) proteins are sequence-specific RNA-binding proteins that control translation via cytoplasmic polyadenylation. We previously reported that CPEB1 or CPEB4 knockdown suppresses TAK1 and SMAD signaling in an in vitro study. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate whether suppression of CPEB1 or CPEB4 expression inhibits scar formation in a mice model of acute dermal wound healing. METHODS CPEB1 and CPEB4 expression levels were suppressed by siRNA treatment. Skin wounds were created by pressure-induced ulcers in mice. Images of the wound healing were obtained using a digital camera and contraction was measured by ImageJ. mRNA and protein expression was analyzed using quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting, respectively. RESULTS Wound contraction was significantly decreased by pre-treatment with CPEB1 or CPEB4 siRNA compared to the control. Suppression of CPEB1 or CPEB4 expression decreased TAK1 signaling by reducing the levels of TLR4 and TNF-α, phosphorylated TAK1, p38, ERK, JNK, and NF-κB-p65. Decreased levels of phosphorylated SMAD2 and SMAD3 indicated a reduction in SMAD signaling as well. Consequently, the expression of α-SMA, fibronectin, and type I collagen decreased. CONCLUSION CPEB1 siRNA or CPEB4 siRNA inhibit scar formation by modulating the TAK1 and SMAD signaling pathways. Our study highlights CPEB1 and CPEB4 as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of scar formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Song Cui
- Burn Institute, Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul, Korea
| | - You Ra Lee
- Burn Institute, Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yu Mi Ro
- Burn Institute, Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul, Korea
| | - So Young Joo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon Soo Cho
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul, Korea
| | - June-Bum Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Uijeongbu Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University College of Medicine, Uijeongbu, Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Cheong Hoon Seo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul, Korea.
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Jiang S, Sun HF, Li S, Zhang N, Chen JS, Liu JX. SPARC: a potential target for functional nanomaterials and drugs. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1235428. [PMID: 37577749 PMCID: PMC10419254 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1235428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), also termed osteonectin or BM-40, is a matricellular protein which regulates cell adhesion, extracellular matrix production, growth factor activity, and cell cycle. Although SPARC does not perform a structural function, it, however, modulates interactions between cells and the surrounding extracellular matrix due to its anti-proliferative and anti-adhesion properties. The overexpression of SPARC at sites, including injury, regeneration, obesity, cancer, and inflammation, reveals its application as a prospective target and therapeutic indicator in the treatment and assessment of disease. This article comprehensively summarizes the mechanism of SPARC overexpression in inflammation and tumors as well as the latest research progress of functional nanomaterials in the therapy of rheumatoid arthritis and tumors by manipulating SPARC as a new target. This article provides ideas for using functional nanomaterials to treat inflammatory diseases through the SPARC target. The purpose of this article is to provide a reference for ongoing disease research based on SPARC-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Rehabilitation and Healthcare, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
| | - Hui-Feng Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Shuang Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Rehabilitation and Healthcare, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
- College Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Rehabilitation and Healthcare, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
| | - Ji-Song Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Rehabilitation and Healthcare, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
| | - Jian-Xin Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Rehabilitation and Healthcare, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- Institute of Innovation and Applied Research in Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
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Hao X, Luan J, Jiao C, Ma C, Feng Z, Zhu L, Zhang Y, Fu J, Lai E, Zhang B, Wang Y, Kopp JB, Pi J, Zhou H. LNA-anti-miR-150 alleviates renal interstitial fibrosis by reducing pro-inflammatory M1/M2 macrophage polarization. Front Immunol 2022; 13:913007. [PMID: 35990680 PMCID: PMC9389080 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.913007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal interstitial fibrosis (RIF) is a common pathological feature contributing to chronic injury and maladaptive repair following acute kidney injury. Currently, there is no effective therapy for RIF. We have reported that locked nuclear acid (LNA)-anti-miR-150 antagonizes pro-fibrotic pathways in human renal tubular cells by regulating the suppressor of cytokine signal 1 (SOCS1)/Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway. In the present study, we aimed to clarify whether LNA-anti-miR-150 attenuates folic acid-induced RIF mice by regulating this pathway and by reducing pro-inflammatory M1/M2 macrophage polarization. We found that renal miR-150 was upregulated in folic acid-induced RIF mice at day 30 after injection. LNA-anti-miR-150 alleviated the degree of RIF, as shown by periodic acid–Schiff and Masson staining and by the expression of pro-fibrotic proteins, including alpha-smooth muscle actin and fibronectin. In RIF mice, SOCS1 was downregulated, and p-JAK1 and p-STAT1 were upregulated. LNA-anti-miR-150 reversed the changes in renal SOCS1, p-JAK1, and p-STAT1 expression. In addition, renal infiltration of total macrophages, pro-inflammatory M1 and M2 macrophages as well as their secreted cytokines were increased in RIF mice compared to control mice. Importantly, in folic acid-induced RIF mice, LNA-anti-miR-150 attenuated the renal infiltration of total macrophages and pro-inflammatory subsets, including M1 macrophages expressing CD11c and M2 macrophages expressing CD206. We conclude that the anti-renal fibrotic role of LNA-anti-miR-150 in folic acid-induced RIF mice may be mediated by reducing pro-inflammatory M1 and M2 macrophage polarization via the SOCS1/JAK1/STAT1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangnan Hao
- Department of Nephrology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Junjun Luan
- Department of Nephrology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Congcong Jiao
- Department of Nephrology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Cong Ma
- Department of Nephrology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zixuan Feng
- Department of Nephrology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lingzi Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yixiao Zhang
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jingqi Fu
- Program of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Enyin Lai
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Beiru Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanqiu Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jeffrey B. Kopp
- Kidney Disease Section, NIDDK/NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jingbo Pi
- Program of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hua Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Hua Zhou,
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Histone deacetylase 3 promotes alveolar epithelial-mesenchymal transition and fibroblast migration under hypoxic conditions. EXPERIMENTAL & MOLECULAR MEDICINE 2022; 54:922-931. [PMID: 35804191 PMCID: PMC9355949 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00796-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process by which epithelial cells undergo a phenotypic conversion that leads to myofibroblast formation, plays a crucial role in the progression of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Recently, it was revealed that hypoxia promotes alveolar EMT and that histone deacetylases (HDACs) are abnormally overexpressed in the lung tissues of IPF patients. In this study, we showed that HDAC3 regulated alveolar EMT markers via the AKT pathway during hypoxia and that inhibition of HDAC3 expression by small interfering RNA (siRNA) decreased the migration ability and invasiveness of diseased human lung fibroblasts. Furthermore, we found that HDAC3 enhanced the migratory and invasive properties of fibroblasts by positively affecting the EMT process, which in turn was affected by the increased and decreased levels of microRNA (miR)-224 and Forkhead Box A1 (FOXA1), respectively. Lastly, we found this mechanism to be valid in an in vivo system; HDAC3 siRNA administration inhibited bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. Thus, it is reasonable to suggest that HDAC3 may accelerate pulmonary fibrosis progression under hypoxic conditions by enhancing EMT in alveolar cells through the regulation of miR-224 and FOXA1. This entire process, we believe, offers a novel therapeutic approach for pulmonary fibrosis. Inhibiting an enzyme that boosts the invasiveness of fibrosis-related cells could prove to be a novel therapeutic strategy for treating idiopathic lung fibrosis. Lung fibrosis progresses via the transition of epithelial cells into myofibroblasts, which are migratory invasive cell types that secrete collagen and deposit excessive extracellular material. Low oxygen conditions (hypoxia) accelerate this transition process. Scientists recently identified a group of histone deacetylases (HDACs) that are significantly overexpressed in the lung tissues of patients with fibrosis. In experiments on mice and human cell lines, Jeong-Woong Park and Se-Hee Kim at Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, South Korea, and co-workers demonstrated that under hypoxic conditions, HDAC3 increases the cellular transition to myofibroblasts by regulating the expression of a key microRNA and its target gene. Inhibiting HDAC3 suppresses the migration and invasiveness of lung myofibroblasts.
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Sawamura S, Makino K, Ide M, Shimada S, Kajihara I, Makino T, Jinnin M, Fukushima S. Elevated Alpha 1(I) to Alpha 2(I) Collagen Ratio in Dermal Fibroblasts Possibly Contributes to Fibrosis in Systemic Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126811. [PMID: 35743254 PMCID: PMC9224560 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is characterized by excessive collagen deposition in the skin and internal organs. Activated fibroblasts are the key effector cells for the overproduction of type I collagen, which comprises the α1(I) and α2(I) chains encoded by COL1A1 and COL1A2, respectively. In this study, we examined the expression patterns of α1(I) and α2(I) collagen in SSc fibroblasts, as well as their co-regulation with each other. The relative expression ratio of COL1A1 to COL1A2 in SSc fibroblasts was significantly higher than that in control fibroblasts. The same result was observed for type I collagen protein levels, indicating that α2(I) collagen is more elevated than α2(I) collagen. Inhibition or overexpression of α1(I) collagen in control fibroblasts affected the α2(I) collagen levels, suggesting that α1(I) collagen might act as an upstream regulator of α2(I) collagen. The local injection of COL1A1 small interfering RNA in a bleomycin-induced SSc mouse model was found to attenuate skin fibrosis. Overall, our data indicate that α2(I) collagen is a potent regulator of type I collagen in SSc; further investigations of the overall regulatory mechanisms of type I collagen may help understand the aberrant collagen metabolism in SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichiro Sawamura
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan; (S.S.); (M.I.); (S.S.); (I.K.); (T.M.); (S.F.)
| | - Katsunari Makino
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan; (S.S.); (M.I.); (S.S.); (I.K.); (T.M.); (S.F.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Maho Ide
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan; (S.S.); (M.I.); (S.S.); (I.K.); (T.M.); (S.F.)
| | - Shuichi Shimada
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan; (S.S.); (M.I.); (S.S.); (I.K.); (T.M.); (S.F.)
| | - Ikko Kajihara
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan; (S.S.); (M.I.); (S.S.); (I.K.); (T.M.); (S.F.)
| | - Takamitsu Makino
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan; (S.S.); (M.I.); (S.S.); (I.K.); (T.M.); (S.F.)
| | - Masatoshi Jinnin
- Department of Dermatology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-0012, Japan;
| | - Satoshi Fukushima
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan; (S.S.); (M.I.); (S.S.); (I.K.); (T.M.); (S.F.)
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9
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Connective Tissue Growth Factor in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Breaking the Bridge. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116064. [PMID: 35682743 PMCID: PMC9181498 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
CTGF is upregulated in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), characterized by the deposition of a pathological extracellular matrix (ECM). Additionally, many omics studies confirmed that aberrant cellular senescence-associated mitochondria dysfunction and metabolic reprogramming had been identified in different IPF lung cells (alveolar epithelial cells, alveolar endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and macrophages). Here, we reviewed the role of the CTGF in IPF lung cells to mediate anomalous senescence-related metabolic mechanisms that support the fibrotic environment in IPF.
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10
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Liu Y, Cheng L, Zhan H, Li H, Li X, Huang Y, Li Y. The Roles of Noncoding RNAs in Systemic Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:856036. [PMID: 35464474 PMCID: PMC9024074 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.856036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) constitute more than 90% of the RNAs in the human genome. In the past decades, studies have changed our perception of ncRNAs from “junk” transcriptional products to functional regulatory molecules that mediate critical processes, including chromosomal modifications, mRNA splicing and stability, and translation, as well as key signaling pathways. Emerging evidence suggests that ncRNAs are abnormally expressed in not only cancer but also autoimmune diseases, such as systemic sclerosis (SSc), and may serve as novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for the diagnosis and treatment of SSc. However, the functions and underlying mechanisms of ncRNAs in SSc remain incompletely understood. In this review, we discuss the current findings on the biogenetic processes and functions of ncRNAs, including microRNAs and long noncoding RNAs, as well as explore emerging ncRNA-based diagnostics and therapies for SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongmei Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex, Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Linlin Cheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex, Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Haoting Zhan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex, Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Haolong Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex, Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomeng Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex, Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex, Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yongzhe Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex, Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yongzhe Li,
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11
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Treating Pulmonary Fibrosis with Non-Viral Gene Therapy: From Bench to Bedside. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14040813. [PMID: 35456646 PMCID: PMC9027953 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14040813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive lung disease characterized by irreversible lung scarring, which achieves almost 80% five-year mortality rate. Undeniably, commercially available pharmaceuticals, such as pirfenidone and nintedanib, exhibit certain effects on improving the well-being of IPF patients, but the stubbornly high mortality still indicates a great urgency of developing superior therapeutics against this devastating disease. As an emerging strategy, gene therapy brings hope for the treatment of IPF by precisely regulating the expression of specific genes. However, traditional administration approaches based on viruses severely restrict the clinical application of gene therapy. Nowadays, non-viral vectors are raised as potential strategies for in vivo gene delivery, attributed to their low immunogenicity and excellent biocompatibility. Herein, we highlight a variety of non-viral vectors, such as liposomes, polymers, and proteins/peptides, which are employed in the treatment of IPF. By respectively clarifying the strengths and weaknesses of the above candidates, we would like to summarize the requisite features of vectors for PF gene therapy and provide novel perspectives on design-decisions of the subsequent vectors, hoping to accelerate the bench-to-bedside pace of non-viral gene therapy for IPF in clinical setting.
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12
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Cao Y, Tan YF, Wong YS, Aminuddin M, Ramya B, Liew MWJ, Liu J, Venkatraman SS. Designing siRNA/chitosan-methacrylate complex nanolipogel for prolonged gene silencing effects. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3527. [PMID: 35241750 PMCID: PMC8894398 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07554-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite immense revolutionary therapeutics potential, sustaining release of active small interfering RNA (siRNA) remains an arduous challenge. The development of nanoparticles with siRNA sustained release capabilities provides an avenue to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of gene-based therapy. Herein, we present a new system based on the encapsulation of siRNA/chitosan-methacrylate (CMA) complexes into liposomes to form UV crosslinkable Nanolipogels (NLGs) with sustained siRNA-release properties in vitro. We demonstrated that the CMA nanogel in NLGs can enhance the encapsulation efficiency of siRNA and provide sustained release of siRNA up to 28 days. To understand the particle mechanism of cellular entry, multiple endocytic inhibitors have been used to investigate its endocytosis pathways. The study saw positively charged NLGs entering cells via multiple endocytosis pathways, facilitating endosomal escape and slowly releasing siRNA into the cytoplasm. Transfection experiments confirmed that the crosslinked NLG delivery system provides effective transfection and prolonged silencing effect up to 14 days in cell cultures. We expect that this sustained-release siRNA NLG platform would be of interest in both fundamental biological studies and in clinical applications to extend the use of siRNA-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Cao
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, China.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yang Fei Tan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yee Shan Wong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Muhammad Aminuddin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bhuthalingam Ramya
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Melvin Wen Jie Liew
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Subbu S Venkatraman
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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13
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Jasso GJ, Jaiswal A, Varma M, Laszewski T, Grauel A, Omar A, Silva N, Dranoff G, Porter JA, Mansfield K, Cremasco V, Regev A, Xavier RJ, Graham DB. Colon stroma mediates an inflammation-driven fibroblastic response controlling matrix remodeling and healing. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001532. [PMID: 35085231 PMCID: PMC8824371 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is often associated with the development of tissue fibrosis, but how mesenchymal cell responses dictate pathological fibrosis versus resolution and healing remains unclear. Defining stromal heterogeneity and identifying molecular circuits driving extracellular matrix deposition and remodeling stands to illuminate the relationship between inflammation, fibrosis, and healing. We performed single-cell RNA-sequencing of colon-derived stromal cells and identified distinct classes of fibroblasts with gene signatures that are differentially regulated by chronic inflammation, including IL-11-producing inflammatory fibroblasts. We further identify a transcriptional program associated with trans-differentiation of mucosa-associated fibroblasts and define a functional gene signature associated with matrix deposition and remodeling in the inflamed colon. Our analysis supports a critical role for the metalloprotease Adamdec1 at the interface between tissue remodeling and healing during colitis, demonstrating its requirement for colon epithelial integrity. These findings provide mechanistic insight into how inflammation perturbs stromal cell behaviors to drive fibroblastic responses controlling mucosal matrix remodeling and healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe J. Jasso
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alok Jaiswal
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mukund Varma
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tyler Laszewski
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Angelo Grauel
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Abdifatah Omar
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nilsa Silva
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Glenn Dranoff
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey A. Porter
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Keith Mansfield
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Viviana Cremasco
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Aviv Regev
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ramnik J. Xavier
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Microbiome Informatics and Therapeutics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RJX); (DBG)
| | - Daniel B. Graham
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Microbiome Informatics and Therapeutics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RJX); (DBG)
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14
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Fan J, Zhang X, Jiang Y, Chen L, Sheng M, Chen Y. SPARC knockdown attenuated TGF-β1-induced fibrotic effects through Smad2/3 pathways in human pterygium fibroblasts. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 713:109049. [PMID: 34624278 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.109049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), a matricellular glycoprotein, has been found to regulate processes involved in fibrotic diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-fibrotic effects of SPARC in primary human pterygium fibroblasts (HPFs) and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. METHODS The expression of SPARC in HPFs was knocked down by RNA interference-based approach. Subsequently, we examined the expression of profibrotic markers induced by transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), including type 1 collagen (COL1), α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and fibronectin (FN). The changes in signaling pathways and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were also detected by western blotting. The cellular migration ability, proliferation ability, apoptosis, and contractile phenotype were detected using the wound healing assay, Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, flow cytometry, and collagen gel contraction assay, respectively. The interaction between SPARC and TGF-β RII was detected by Co-IP RESULTS: Silencing of SPARC inhibited the basal and TGF-β1-induced expression of COL1, α-SMA, and FN in HPFs, and suppressed the expression of p-Smad2, p-Smad3, Smad4 and MMP2, MMP9. The downregulation of SPARC also attenuated the cell migration and contractile phenotype of HPFs. SPARC could bind to TGF-βRII under TGF-β1 treatment. However, knockdown of SPARC did not affect the proliferation and apoptosis of HPFs. CONCLUSION SPARC knockdown attenuated the fibrotic effect induced by TGF-β1 at least in part by inactivating the Smad2/3 pathways in HPFs. Therefore, SPARC may be a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of pterygium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwu Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200090, China; Center for Clinical Research and Translational Medicine, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Yaping Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Minjie Sheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200090, China.
| | - Yihui Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200090, China.
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15
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Zhang X, Xie J, Sun H, Wei Q, Nong G. miR‑29a‑3p regulates the epithelial‑mesenchymal transition via the SPARC/ERK signaling pathway in human bronchial epithelial cells. Int J Mol Med 2021; 48:171. [PMID: 34278471 PMCID: PMC8285050 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2021.5004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophilic asthma (NA) is a subtype of asthma that responds poorly to corticosteroid treatment. In certain diseases, microRNA (miR)‑29a‑3p is considered to be a key regulatory molecule for remodeling of the extracellular matrix. However, the effect of miR‑29a‑3p on airway remodeling is unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the role of miR‑29a‑3p in NA. A mouse model of NA was established and these animals were compared to normal controls. Both groups of mice were subjected to lung function tests and histopathological analysis. Human bronchial epithelial cells (16HBE) were grown in culture and incubated with secreted protein acidic rich in cysteine (SPARC) and a miR‑29a‑3p mimic. The expression of miR‑29a‑3p, SPARC and epithelial‑mesenchymal transition (EMT)‑related markers were measured using reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR and western blotting. Luciferase reporter assay was performed to identify the direct regulatory relationship between miR‑29a‑3p and SPARC. miR‑29a‑3p expression was significantly decreased, while SPARC expression was increased in the NA mouse model with a phenotype of EMT. Overexpression of SPARC downregulated the expression of E‑cadherin, while it increased the expression of vimentin in 16HBE cells. miR‑29a‑3p administration reversed the SPARC‑induced effects on E‑cadherin and vimentin expression. Luciferase assays confirmed that SPARC was the target gene for miR‑29a‑3p. Furthermore, SPARC overexpression increased the protein expression of phosphorylated (p)‑ERK, while transfection with miR‑29a‑3p mimics significantly inhibited this increase. The data suggested that EMT in the NA mouse model was associated with decreased levels of miR‑29a‑3p and elevated SPARC. Furthermore, SPARC could induce the formation of EMT in 16HBE cells in vitro and this was directly targeted by miR‑29a‑3p and mediated by p‑ERK, suggesting that miR‑29a‑3p may participate in the airway remodeling of NA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Zhang
- Pediatric Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Jun Xie
- Pediatric Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Hongmei Sun
- Pediatric Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Qin Wei
- Pediatric Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
| | - Guangmin Nong
- Pediatric Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
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16
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Lichtenberger BM, Kasper M. Cellular heterogeneity and microenvironmental control of skin cancer. J Intern Med 2021; 289:614-628. [PMID: 32976658 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Healthy tissues harbour a surprisingly high number of cells that carry well-known cancer-causing mutations without impacting their physiological function. In recent years, strong evidence accumulated that the immediate environment of mutant cells profoundly impact their prospect of malignant progression. In this review, focusing on the skin, we investigate potential key mechanisms that ensure tissue homeostasis despite the presence of mutant cells, as well as critical factors that may nudge the balance from homeostasis to tumour formation. Functional in vivo studies and single-cell transcriptome analyses have revealed a tremendous cellular heterogeneity and plasticity within epidermal (stem) cells and their respective niches, revealing for example wild-type epithelial cells, fibroblasts or immune-cell subsets as critical in preventing cancer formation and malignant progression. It's the same cells, however, that can drive carcinogenesis. Therefore, understanding the abundance and molecular variation of cell types in health and disease, and how they interact and modulate the local signalling environment will thus be key for new therapeutic avenues in our battle against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Lichtenberger
- From the, Skin and Endothelium Research Division, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Kasper
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
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17
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Ruigrok MJ, Frijlink HW, Melgert BN, Olinga P, Hinrichs WL. Gene therapy strategies for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: recent advances, current challenges, and future directions. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2021; 20:483-496. [PMID: 33614824 PMCID: PMC7868939 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic disease in which the lungs become irreversibly scarred, leading to declining lung function. As currently available drugs do not cure IPF, there remains a great medical need for more effective treatments. Perhaps this need could be addressed by gene therapies, which offer powerful and versatile ways to attenuate a wide range of processes involved in fibrosis. Despite the potential benefits of gene therapy, no one has reviewed the current state of knowledge regarding its application for treating IPF. We therefore analyzed publications that reported the use of gene therapies to treat pulmonary fibrosis in animals, as clinical studies have not been published yet. In this review, we first provide an introduction on the pathophysiology of IPF and the most well-established gene therapy approaches. We then present a comprehensive evaluation of published animal studies, after which we provide recommendations for future research to address challenges with respect to the selection and use of animal models as well as the development of delivery vectors and dosage forms. Addressing these considerations will bring gene therapies one step closer to clinical testing and thus closer to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchel J.R. Ruigrok
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Henderik W. Frijlink
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Barbro N. Melgert
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands
- University of Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Olinga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter L.J. Hinrichs
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands
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18
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Jones CE, Sharick JT, Colbert SE, Shukla VC, Zent JM, Ostrowski MC, Ghadiali SN, Sizemore ST, Leight JL. Pten regulates collagen fibrillogenesis by fibroblasts through SPARC. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245653. [PMID: 33534863 PMCID: PMC7857610 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagen deposition contributes to both high mammographic density and breast cancer progression. Low stromal PTEN expression has been observed in as many as half of breast tumors and is associated with increases in collagen deposition, however the mechanism connecting PTEN loss to increased collagen deposition remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that Pten knockout in fibroblasts using an Fsp-Cre;PtenloxP/loxP mouse model increases collagen fiber number and fiber size within the mammary gland. Pten knockout additionally upregulated Sparc transcription in fibroblasts and promoted collagen shuttling out of the cell. Interestingly, SPARC mRNA expression was observed to be significantly elevated in the tumor stroma as compared to the normal breast in several patient cohorts. While SPARC knockdown via shRNA did not affect collagen shuttling, it notably decreased assembly of exogenous collagen. In addition, SPARC knockdown decreased fibronectin assembly and alignment of the extracellular matrix in an in vitro fibroblast-derived matrix model. Overall, these data indicate upregulation of SPARC is a mechanism by which PTEN regulates collagen deposition in the mammary gland stroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E. Jones
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Joe T. Sharick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sheila E. Colbert
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Vasudha C. Shukla
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Joshua M. Zent
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Michael C. Ostrowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Samir N. Ghadiali
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Steven T. Sizemore
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Leight
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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19
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Carvalheiro T, Malvar Fernández B, Ottria A, Giovannone B, Marut W, Reedquist KA, Garcia S, Radstake TR. Extracellular SPARC cooperates with TGF-β signalling to induce pro-fibrotic activation of systemic sclerosis patient dermal fibroblasts. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021; 59:2258-2263. [PMID: 31840182 PMCID: PMC7449812 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kez583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES SSc is an autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation, vascular injury and excessive fibrosis in multiple organs. Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) is a matricellular glycoprotein that regulates processes involved in SSc pathology, such as inflammation and fibrosis. In vivo and in vitro studies have implicated SPARC in SSc, but it is unclear if the pro-fibrotic effects of SPARC on fibroblasts are a result of intracellular signalling or fibroblast interactions with extracellular SPARC hampering further development of SPARC as a potential therapeutic target. This study aimed to analyse the potential role of exogenous SPARC as a regulator of fibrosis in SSc. METHODS Dermal fibroblasts from both healthy controls and SSc patients were stimulated with SPARC alone or in combination with TGF-β1, in the absence or presence of a TGF receptor 1 inhibitor. mRNA and protein expression of extracellular matrix components and other fibrosis-related mediators were measured by quantitative PCR and western blot. RESULTS Exogenous SPARC induced mRNA and protein expression of collagen I, collagen IV, fibronectin 1, TGF-β and SPARC by dermal fibroblasts from SSc patients, but not from healthy controls. Importantly, exogenous SPARC induced the activation of the tyrosine kinase SMAD2 and pro-fibrotic gene expression induced by SPARC in SSc fibroblasts was abrogated by inhibition of TGF-β signalling. CONCLUSION These results indicate that exogenous SPARC is an important pro-fibrotic mediator contributing to the pathology driving SSc but in a TGF-β dependent manner. Therefore, SPARC could be a promising therapeutic target for reducing fibrosis in SSc patients, even in late states of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Carvalheiro
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology.,Laboratory of Translational Immunology
| | | | - Andrea Ottria
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology.,Laboratory of Translational Immunology
| | - Barbara Giovannone
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wioleta Marut
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology.,Laboratory of Translational Immunology
| | - Kris A Reedquist
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology.,Laboratory of Translational Immunology
| | - Samuel Garcia
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology.,Laboratory of Translational Immunology
| | - Timothy R Radstake
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology.,Laboratory of Translational Immunology
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20
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McQuitty CE, Williams R, Chokshi S, Urbani L. Immunomodulatory Role of the Extracellular Matrix Within the Liver Disease Microenvironment. Front Immunol 2020; 11:574276. [PMID: 33262757 PMCID: PMC7686550 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.574276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic liver disease when accompanied by underlying fibrosis, is characterized by an accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and chronic inflammation. Although traditionally considered as a passive and largely architectural structure, the ECM is now being recognized as a source of potent damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP)s with immune-active peptides and domains. In parallel, the ECM anchors a range of cytokines, chemokines and growth factors, all of which are capable of modulating immune responses. A growing body of evidence shows that ECM proteins themselves are capable of modulating immunity either directly via ligation with immune cell receptors including integrins and TLRs, or indirectly through release of immunoactive molecules such as cytokines which are stored within the ECM structure. Notably, ECM deposition and remodeling during injury and fibrosis can result in release or formation of ECM-DAMPs within the tissue, which can promote local inflammatory immune response and chemotactic immune cell recruitment and inflammation. It is well described that the ECM and immune response are interlinked and mutually participate in driving fibrosis, although their precise interactions in the context of chronic liver disease are poorly understood. This review aims to describe the known pro-/anti-inflammatory and fibrogenic properties of ECM proteins and DAMPs, with particular reference to the immunomodulatory properties of the ECM in the context of chronic liver disease. Finally, we discuss the importance of developing novel biotechnological platforms based on decellularized ECM-scaffolds, which provide opportunities to directly explore liver ECM-immune cell interactions in greater detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E. McQuitty
- Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Roger Williams
- Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shilpa Chokshi
- Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Luca Urbani
- Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
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21
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Conforti F, Ridley R, Brereton C, Alzetani A, Johnson B, Marshall BG, Fletcher SV, Ottensmeier CH, Richeldi L, Skipp P, Wang Y, Jones MG, Davies DE. Paracrine SPARC signaling dysregulates alveolar epithelial barrier integrity and function in lung fibrosis. Cell Death Discov 2020; 6:54. [PMID: 32637156 PMCID: PMC7327077 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-020-0289-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic scarring disease in which aging, environmental exposure(s) and genetic susceptibility have been implicated in disease pathogenesis, however, the causes and mechanisms of the progressive fibrotic cascade are still poorly understood. As epithelial-mesenchymal interactions are essential for normal wound healing, through human 2D and 3D in vitro studies, we tested the hypothesis that IPF fibroblasts (IPFFs) dysregulate alveolar epithelial homeostasis. Conditioned media from IPFFs exaggerated the wound-healing response of primary human Type II alveolar epithelial cells (AECs). Furthermore, AECs co-cultured with IPFFs exhibited irregular epithelialization compared with those co-cultured with control fibroblasts (NHLFs) or AECs alone, suggesting that epithelial homeostasis is dysregulated in IPF as a consequence of the abnormal secretory phenotype of IPFFs. Secretome analysis of IPFF conditioned media and functional studies identified the matricellular protein, SPARC, as a key mediator in the epithelial-mesenchymal paracrine signaling, with increased secretion of SPARC by IPFFs promoting persistent activation of alveolar epithelium via an integrin/focal adhesion/cellular-junction axis resulting in disruption of epithelial barrier integrity and increased macromolecular permeability. These findings suggest that in IPF fibroblast paracrine signaling promotes persistent alveolar epithelial activation, so preventing normal epithelial repair responses and restoration of tissue homeostasis. Furthermore, they identify SPARC-mediated paracrine signaling as a potential therapeutic target to promote the restoration of lung epithelial homoestasis in IPF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Conforti
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
| | - Robert Ridley
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
| | - Christopher Brereton
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
| | - Aiman Alzetani
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
- University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
| | - Benjamin Johnson
- Cancer Sciences & NIHR and CRUK Experimental Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
| | - Ben G. Marshall
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
- University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
| | - Sophie V. Fletcher
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
- University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
| | - Christian H. Ottensmeier
- University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
- Cancer Sciences & NIHR and CRUK Experimental Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
| | - Luca Richeldi
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
- Unità Operativa Complessa di Pneumologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli, Rome, Italy
| | - Paul Skipp
- Centre for Proteomic Research, Institute for Life Sciences University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Yihua Wang
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
- Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Mark G. Jones
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
- University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
| | - Donna E. Davies
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
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22
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Huang Y, Kyriakides TR. The role of extracellular matrix in the pathophysiology of diabetic wounds. Matrix Biol Plus 2020; 6-7:100037. [PMID: 33543031 PMCID: PMC7852307 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2020.100037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired healing leading to the formation of ulcerated wounds is a critical concern in patients with diabetes. Abnormalities in extracellular matrix (ECM) production and remodeling contribute to tissue dysfunction and delayed healing. Specifically, diabetes-induced changes in the expression and/or activity of structural proteins, ECM-modifying enzymes, proteoglycans, and matricellular proteins have been reported. In this review, we provide a summary of the key ECM molecules and associated changes in skin and diabetic wounds. Such information should allow for new insights in the understanding of impaired wound healing and lead to the development of ECM-based therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqing Huang
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519, USA.,Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Themis R Kyriakides
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519, USA.,Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
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23
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Joost S, Annusver K, Jacob T, Sun X, Dalessandri T, Sivan U, Sequeira I, Sandberg R, Kasper M. The Molecular Anatomy of Mouse Skin during Hair Growth and Rest. Cell Stem Cell 2020; 26:441-457.e7. [PMID: 32109378 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Skin homeostasis is orchestrated by dozens of cell types that together direct stem cell renewal, lineage commitment, and differentiation. Here, we use single-cell RNA sequencing and single-molecule RNA FISH to provide a systematic molecular atlas of full-thickness skin, determining gene expression profiles and spatial locations that define 56 cell types and states during hair growth and rest. These findings reveal how the outer root sheath (ORS) and inner hair follicle layers coordinate hair production. We found that the ORS is composed of two intermingling but transcriptionally distinct cell types with differing capacities for interactions with stromal cell types. Inner layer cells branch from transcriptionally uncommitted progenitors, and each lineage differentiation passes through an intermediate state. We also provide an online tool to explore this comprehensive skin cell atlas, including epithelial and stromal cells such as fibroblasts, vascular, and immune cells, to spur further discoveries in skin biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Joost
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Karl Annusver
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Tina Jacob
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Xiaoyan Sun
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Tim Dalessandri
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Unnikrishnan Sivan
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Inês Sequeira
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Rickard Sandberg
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Kasper
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.
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24
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Oligonucleotide therapy: An emerging focus area for drug delivery in chronic inflammatory respiratory diseases. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 308:206-215. [PMID: 31136735 PMCID: PMC7094617 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oligonucleotide-based therapies are advanced novel interventions used in the management of various respiratory diseases such as asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). These agents primarily act by gene silencing or RNA interference. Better methodologies and techniques are the need of the hour that can deliver these agents to tissues and cells in a target specific manner by which their maximum potential can be reached in the management of chronic inflammatory diseases. Nanoparticles play an important role in the target-specific delivery of drugs. In addition, oligonucleotides also are extensively used for gene transfer in the form of polymeric, liposomal and inorganic carrier materials. Therefore, the current review focuses on various novel dosage forms like nanoparticles, liposomes that can be used efficiently for the delivery of various oligonucleotides such as siRNA and miRNA. We also discuss the future perspectives and targets for oligonucleotides in the management of respiratory diseases.
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25
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Theocharis AD, Manou D, Karamanos NK. The extracellular matrix as a multitasking player in disease. FEBS J 2019; 286:2830-2869. [PMID: 30908868 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrices (ECMs) are highly specialized and dynamic three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds into which cells reside in tissues. ECM is composed of a variety of fibrillar components, such as collagens, fibronectin, and elastin, and non-fibrillar molecules as proteoglycans, hyaluronan, and glycoproteins including matricellular proteins. These macromolecular components are interconnected forming complex networks that actively communicate with cells through binding to cell surface receptors and/or matrix effectors. ECMs exert diverse roles, either providing tissues with structural integrity and mechanical properties essential for tissue functions or regulating cell phenotype and functions to maintain tissue homeostasis. ECM molecular composition and structure vary among tissues, and is markedly modified during normal tissue repair as well as during the progression of various diseases. Actually, abnormal ECM remodeling occurring in pathologic circumstances drives disease progression by regulating cell-matrix interactions. The importance of matrix molecules to normal tissue functions is also highlighted by mutations in matrix genes that give rise to genetic disorders with diverse clinical phenotypes. In this review, we present critical and emerging issues related to matrix assembly in tissues and the multitasking roles for ECM in diseases such as osteoarthritis, fibrosis, cancer, and genetic diseases. The mechanisms underlying the various matrix-based diseases are also discussed. Research focused on the highly dynamic 3D ECM networks will help to discover matrix-related causative abnormalities of diseases as well as novel diagnostic tools and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achilleas D Theocharis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiochemistry Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece
| | - Dimitra Manou
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiochemistry Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece
| | - Nikos K Karamanos
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiochemistry Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece
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26
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Sivakumar P, Kitson C, Jarai G. Modeling and measuring extracellular matrix alterations in fibrosis: challenges and perspectives for antifibrotic drug discovery. Connect Tissue Res 2019; 60:62-70. [PMID: 30071759 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2018.1500557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
An imbalance of extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and turnover is a hallmark of fibrotic pathologies as opposed to normal repair response to injury across several organs. Antifibrotic approaches to date have targeted multiple mechanisms and pathways involved in inflammation, angiogenesis, injury, wound repair, ECM biosynthesis, assembly, crosslinking and degradation. Many of these approaches have been unsuccessful which may in part be due to suboptimal models and the lack of validated functional ECM end points relevant to fibrosis. In addition, drug discovery and development for fibrotic diseases has been challenging due to the lack of translatability from in vivo models to the clinic. Targeting growth factor signaling pathways such as transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) are possible in simple recombinant cell models and the approval of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor, nintedanib (Ofev) is testament to the approach. However, drug targets directly impacting ECM synthesis, assembly or degradation have proven clinically intractable to date. The reasons for a lack of progress are many and include; non-traditional drug targets, lack of suitable high throughput screening assays and translational models, incomplete understanding of the role of the target. Here, we review the role of ECM in fibrosis, the challenges of ECM-targeted antifibrotic approaches, progress in the development of functional and biomarker-related ECM assays and where new translational models of fibrotic ECM remodeling could support drug discovery for fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pitchumani Sivakumar
- a Fibrosis Translational Research and Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , Pennington , NJ , USA
| | - Christopher Kitson
- b Fibrosis Discovery Biology , Bristol-Myers Squibb , Pennington , NJ , USA
| | - Gabor Jarai
- a Fibrosis Translational Research and Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , Pennington , NJ , USA
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27
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Meng XM, Mak TSK, Lan HY. Macrophages in Renal Fibrosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1165:285-303. [PMID: 31399970 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-8871-2_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Monocytes/macrophages are highly involved in the process of renal injury, repair and fibrosis in many aspects of experimental and human renal diseases. Monocyte-derived macrophages, characterized by high heterogeneity and plasticity, are recruited, activated, and polarized in the whole process of renal fibrotic diseases in response to local microenvironment. As classically activated M1 or CD11b+/Ly6Chigh macrophages accelerate renal injury by producing pro-inflammatory factors like tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) and interleukins, alternatively activated M2 or CD11b+/Ly6Cintermediate macrophages may contribute to kidney repair by exerting anti-inflammation and wound healing functions. However, uncontrolled M2 macrophages or CD11b+/Ly6Clow macrophages promote renal fibrosis via paracrine effects or direct transition to myofibroblast-like cells via the process of macrophage-to-myofibroblast transition (MMT). In this regard, therapeutic strategies targeting monocyte/macrophage recruitment, activation, and polarization should be emphasized in the treatment of renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ming Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Thomas Shiu-Kwong Mak
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, and Lui Chi Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hui-Yao Lan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, and Lui Chi Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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28
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Ding W, Pu W, Jiang S, Ma Y, Liu Q, Wu W, Chu H, Zou H, Jin L, Wang J, Zhou X. Evaluation of the antifibrotic potency by knocking down SPARC, CCR2 and SMAD3. EBioMedicine 2018; 38:238-247. [PMID: 30470612 PMCID: PMC6306344 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genes of SPARC, CCR2, and SMAD3 are implicated in orchestrating inflammatory response that leads to fibrosis in scleroderma and other fibrotic disorders. The aim of the studies is to evaluate synergistic anti-fibrotic potency of the siRNAs of these genes. METHODS The efficacy of the siRNA-combination was evaluated in bleomycin-induced mouse fibrosis. The pathological changes of skin and lungs of the mice were assessed by hematoxylin and eosin and Masson's trichrome stains. The expression of inflammation and fibrosis associated genes and proteins in the tissues were assessed by real-time RT-PCR, RNA sequencing, Western blots and ELISA. Non-crosslinked fibrillar collagen was measured by the Sircol colorimetric assay. FINDINGS The applications of the combined siRNAs in bleomycin-induced mice achieved favorable anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects. Activation of fibroblasts was suppressed in parallel with inhibition of inflammation evidenced by reduced inflammatory cells and proinflammatory cytokines in the BALF and/or the tissues by the treatment. Aberrant expression of the genes normally expressed in fibroblasts, monocytes/ macrophage, endothelial and epithelial cells were significantly restrained after the treatment. In addition, transcriptome profiles indicated that some bleomycin-induced alterations of multiple biological pathways were recovered to varying degrees by the treatment. INTERPRETATION The application of the combined siRNAs of SPARC, CCR2, and SMAD3 genes ameliorated inflammation and fibrosis in bleomycin-induced mice. It systemically reinstated multiple biopathways, probably through controlling on different cell types including fibroblasts, monocytes/macrophages, endothelial cells and others. The multi-target-combined therapeutic approach examined herein may represent a novel and effective therapy for fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China; University of Texas-McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Weilin Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingmei Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenyu Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyan Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hejian Zou
- Division of Rheumatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Institute of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiucun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Institute of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiaodong Zhou
- University of Texas-McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA.
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29
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Walraven M, Hinz B. Therapeutic approaches to control tissue repair and fibrosis: Extracellular matrix as a game changer. Matrix Biol 2018; 71-72:205-224. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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30
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Shi X, Liu Q, Li N, Tu W, Luo R, Mei X, Ma Y, Xu W, Chu H, Jiang S, Du Z, Zhao H, Zhao L, Jin L, Wu W, Wang J. MiR-3606-3p inhibits systemic sclerosis through targeting TGF-β type II receptor. Cell Cycle 2018; 17:1967-1978. [PMID: 30145936 PMCID: PMC6224271 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2018.1509621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a multisystemic fibrotic disease characterized by excessive collagen deposition and extracellular matrix synthesis. Though transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) plays a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of SSc, the mechanism by which TGF-β signaling acts in SSc remains largely unclear. Here, we showed that TGF-β type II receptor (TGFBR2) was significantly upregulated in both human SSc dermal tissues and primary fibroblasts. In fibroblasts, siRNA-induced knockdown of TGFBR2 resulted in a reduction of p-SMAD2/3 levels and reduced production of type I collagen. Additionally, functional experiments revealed that downregulation of TGFBR2 yielded an anti-growth effect on fibroblasts through inhibiting cell cycle progression. Further studies showed that miR-3606-3p could directly target the 3'-UTR of TGFBR2 and significantly decrease the levels of both TGFBR2 mRNA and protein. Furthermore, SSc dermal tissues and primary fibroblasts contain significantly reduced amounts of miR-3606-3p, and the overexpression of miR-3606-3p in fibroblasts replicates the phenotype of TGFBR2 downregulation. Collectively, our findings demonstrated that increased TGFBR2 could be responsible for the hyperactive TGF-β signaling observed in SSc. Moreover, we identified a pivotal role for miR-3606-3p in SSc, which acts, at least partly, through the attenuation of TGF-β signaling via TGFBR2 repression, suggesting that the regulation of miR-3606-3p/TGFBR2 could be a promising therapeutic target that could improve the treatment strategy for fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangguang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingmei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Wenzhen Tu
- Division of Rheumatology, Shanghai TCM-Integrated Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruoyu Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueqian Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yanyun Ma
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Weihong Xu
- The Clinical Laboratory of Shanghai Tongren Hosipital, Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyan Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Zhimin Du
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Han Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Liang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Li Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenyu Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiucun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Kehlet SN, Manon-Jensen T, Sun S, Brix S, Leeming DJ, Karsdal MA, Willumsen N. A fragment of SPARC reflecting increased collagen affinity shows pathological relevance in lung cancer - implications of a new collagen chaperone function of SPARC. Cancer Biol Ther 2018; 19:904-912. [PMID: 30067436 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2018.1480887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The matricellular protein SPARC (secreted proteome acidic and rich in cysteine) is known to bind collagens and regulate fibrillogenesis. Cleavage of SPARC at a single peptide bond, increases the affinity for collagens up to 20-fold. To investigate if this specific cleavage has pathological relevance in fibrotic disorders, we developed a competitive ELISA targeting the generated neo-epitope on the released fragment and quantified it in serum from patients with lung cancer, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and healthy subjects. Furthermore, the ability of SPARC to protect fibrillar collagens from proteolytic degradation was investigated in vitro, potentially adding a new collagen chaperone function to SPARC. The fragment was significantly elevated in lung cancer patients when compared to healthy subjects measured in a discovery cohort (p = 0.0005) and a validation cohort (p < 0.0001). No significant difference was observed for IPF and COPD patients compared to healthy subjects. When recombinant SPARC was incubated with type I or type III collagen and matrix metalloproteinase-9, collagen degradation was completely inhibited. Together, these data suggest that cleavage of SPARC at a specific site, which modulates collagen binding, is a physiological mechanism increased during pathogenesis of lung cancer. Furthermore, inhibition of fibrillar collagen degradation by SPARC adds a new chaperone function to SPARC which may play additional roles in the contribution to increased collagen deposition leading to a pro-fibrotic and tumorigenic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Kehlet
- a Biomarkers and Research, Nordic Bioscience A/S , Herlev , Denmark.,b Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine , Technical University of Denmark , Kongens Lyngby , Denmark
| | - T Manon-Jensen
- a Biomarkers and Research, Nordic Bioscience A/S , Herlev , Denmark
| | - S Sun
- a Biomarkers and Research, Nordic Bioscience A/S , Herlev , Denmark
| | - S Brix
- b Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine , Technical University of Denmark , Kongens Lyngby , Denmark
| | - D J Leeming
- a Biomarkers and Research, Nordic Bioscience A/S , Herlev , Denmark
| | - M A Karsdal
- a Biomarkers and Research, Nordic Bioscience A/S , Herlev , Denmark
| | - N Willumsen
- a Biomarkers and Research, Nordic Bioscience A/S , Herlev , Denmark
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Piperigkou Z, Götte M, Theocharis AD, Karamanos NK. Insights into the key roles of epigenetics in matrix macromolecules-associated wound healing. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 129:16-36. [PMID: 29079535 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) is a dynamic network of macromolecules, playing a regulatory role in cell functions, tissue regeneration and remodeling. Wound healing is a tissue repair process necessary for the maintenance of the functionality of tissues and organs. This highly orchestrated process is divided into four temporally overlapping phases, including hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation and tissue remodeling. The dynamic interplay between ECM and resident cells exerts its critical role in many aspects of wound healing, including cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, survival, matrix degradation and biosynthesis. Several epigenetic regulatory factors, such as the endogenous non-coding microRNAs (miRNAs), are the drivers of the wound healing response. microRNAs have pivotal roles in regulating ECM composition during wound healing and dermal regeneration. Their expression is associated with the distinct phases of wound healing and they serve as target biomarkers and targets for systematic regulation of wound repair. In this article we critically present the importance of epigenetics with particular emphasis on miRNAs regulating ECM components (i.e. glycoproteins, proteoglycans and matrix proteases) that are key players in wound healing. The clinical relevance of miRNA targeting as well as the delivery strategies designed for clinical applications are also presented and discussed.
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Sirt1 ameliorates systemic sclerosis by targeting the mTOR pathway. J Dermatol Sci 2017; 87:149-158. [PMID: 28532580 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation and fibrosis. Our previous research has indicated that Sirtuin1 (Sirt1) plays a role in the regulation of TNF-α-induced inflammation; however, whether Sirt1 may inhibit the progress of SSc by blocking inflammation remains unknown. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the function of Sirt1 in SSc. METHODS The function and its mechanism of Sirt1 were evaluated in fibroblasts or scleroderma mice. The expression of Sirt1 and cytokines was analyzed using real-time PCR, western blot, ELISA and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS We determined that fibroblasts of SSc patients were activated to exhibit inflammation. Sirt1, activated by resveratrol (Res), ameliorated cutaneous inflammation and fibrosis in bleomycin (BLM)-induced scleroderma mice. An improvement in mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) was identified in the fibroblasts of SSc patients and the skin lesions of BLM mice. Rapamycin, an mTOR specific inhibitor, substantially inhibited the induced inflammation and fibrosis. The enhancement of mTOR expression in the skin lesions of the BLM-treated mice was significantly inhibited by Sirt1 activation. However, in both the BLM-treated cells and mice, Res exerted an inhibitory function on the expression of inflammatory factors, and collagen was diminished following mTOR knockdown. These findings suggest that Res may inhibit inflammation and fibrosis via mTOR. CONCLUSION The modulation of Sirt1 activity may represent a potential therapeutic method for SSc. The mechanism may involve the inhibition of mTOR phosphorylation, whereas mTOR activity was shown to be a pathogenic culprit of SSc.
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Lu J, Liu Q, Wang L, Tu W, Chu H, Ding W, Jiang S, Ma Y, Shi X, Pu W, Zhou X, Jin L, Wang J, Wu W. Increased expression of latent TGF-β-binding protein 4 affects the fibrotic process in scleroderma by TGF-β/SMAD signaling. J Transl Med 2017; 97:591-601. [PMID: 28263294 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2017.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Scleroderma is a fibrosis-related disorder characterized by cutaneous and internal organ fibrosis, and excessive collagen deposition in extracellular matrix (ECM) is a major cause of fibrosis. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/SMAD signaling has a central role in the pathogenesis of fibrosis by inducing abnormal collagen accumulation in ECM, and latent TGF-β-binding protein 4 (LTBP-4) affects the secretion of latent TGF-β to ECM. A previous study indicated that bleomycin (BLM) treatment increased LTBP-4 expression in lung fibroblasts of Thy-1 knockout mice with lung fibrosis, and LTBP-4 further promoted TGF-β bioavailability as well as SMAD3 phosphorylation. However, the expression and function of LTBP-4 in human scleroderma remain unclear. We aimed to investigate the potential role of LTBP-4 in scleroderma through clinical, in vivo and in vitro studies. LTBP-4 and TGF-β expressions were significantly upregulated in systemic scleroderma (SSc) patients' plasma compared with normal controls (LTBP-4, 1,215±100.2 vs 542.8±41.7 ng/ml, P<0.0001; TGF-β, 1.5±0.2 vs 0.7±0.1 ng/ml, P=0.0031), while no significant difference was found between localized scleroderma (LSc) and normal controls. The plasma concentrations of LTBP-4 and TGF-β were even higher in SSc patients with lung fibrosis (LTBP-4, 1462± 137.3 vs 892.8±113.4 ng/ml, P=0.0037; TGF-β, 2.0±0.4 vs 0.9±0.2 ng/ml, P=0.0212) and esophagus involvement (1390±134.4 vs 940.7±127.0 ng/ml, P=0.0269; TGF-β, 1.9±0.3 vs 0.9±0.2 ng/ml, P=0.0426). The area under receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve of LTBP-4 was 0.86. Immunohistochemistry measurement also demonstrated a higher LTBP-4 expression in sclerotic skin tissue of LSc and SSc compared with normal controls. More positive fibroblasts were also found in BLM-induced scleroderma mouse model than the saline-treated group. In in vitro studies, knockdown of LTBP-4 in SSc skin fibroblasts prominently reduced downstream COL1A1, COL1A2, and COL3A1 mRNA level by 84%, 82%, and 43%, respectively, and other fibrosis-related genes' expression were also decreased. Furthermore, extracellular TGF-β level and the SMAD2/3 phosphorylation were inhibited through LTBP-4 knockdown treatment, suggesting that the knockdown of LTBP-4 reduced the collagen expression through TGF-β/SMAD signaling pathway. Taken together, these data suggest that LTBP-4 affects fibrotic process in scleroderma, and the high expression of LTBP-4 in SSc plasma may serve as a clinical biomarker in diagnosing this disease. In addition, this study also lays the theoretical foundation for targeting LTBP-4 as treatment of scleroderma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingmei Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Division of Rheumatology, Shanghai TCM-integrated Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenzhen Tu
- Division of Rheumatology, Shanghai TCM-integrated Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyan Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weifeng Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangguang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weilin Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhou
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Li Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiucun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenyu Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Delivery of RNAi Therapeutics to the Airways-From Bench to Bedside. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21091249. [PMID: 27657028 PMCID: PMC6272875 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21091249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a potent and specific post-transcriptional gene silencing process. Since its discovery, tremendous efforts have been made to translate RNAi technology into therapeutic applications for the treatment of different human diseases including respiratory diseases, by manipulating the expression of disease-associated gene(s). Similar to other nucleic acid-based therapeutics, the major hurdle of RNAi therapy is delivery. Pulmonary delivery is a promising approach of delivering RNAi therapeutics directly to the airways for treating local conditions and minimizing systemic side effects. It is a non-invasive route of administration that is generally well accepted by patients. However, pulmonary drug delivery is a challenge as the lungs pose a series of anatomical, physiological and immunological barriers to drug delivery. Understanding these barriers is essential for the development an effective RNA delivery system. In this review, the different barriers to pulmonary drug delivery are introduced. The potential of RNAi molecules as new class of therapeutics, and the latest preclinical and clinical studies of using RNAi therapeutics in different respiratory conditions are discussed in details. We hope this review can provide some useful insights for moving inhaled RNAi therapeutics from bench to bedside.
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Youngren-Ortiz SR, Gandhi NS, España-Serrano L, Chougule MB. Aerosol Delivery of siRNA to the Lungs. Part 2: Nanocarrier-based Delivery Systems. KONA : POWDER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN JAPAN 2016; 34:44-69. [PMID: 28392618 PMCID: PMC5381822 DOI: 10.14356/kona.2017005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In this article, applications of engineered nanoparticles containing siRNA for inhalation delivery are reviewed and discussed. Diseases with identified protein malfunctions may be mitigated through the use of well-designed siRNA therapeutics. The inhalation route of administration provides local delivery of siRNA therapeutics to the lungs for various pulmonary diseases. A siRNA delivery system can be used to overcome the barriers of pulmonary delivery, such as anatomical barriers, mucociliary clearance, cough clearance, and alveolar macrophage clearance. Apart from naked siRNA aerosol delivery, previously studied siRNA carrier systems include those of lipidic, polymeric, peptide, or inorganic origin. These delivery systems can achieve pulmonary delivery through the generation of an aerosol via an inhaler or nebulizer. The preparation methodologies for these siRNA nanocarrier systems will be discussed herein. The use of inhalable nanocarrier siRNA delivery systems have barriers to their effective delivery, but overcoming these constraints while formulating a safe and effective delivery system will offer unique advances to the field of inhaled medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne R. Youngren-Ortiz
- Translational Drug Delivery Research (TransDDR) Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 200 West Kawili Street, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, USA
| | - Nishant S. Gandhi
- Translational Drug Delivery Research (TransDDR) Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 200 West Kawili Street, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, USA
| | - Laura España-Serrano
- Translational Drug Delivery Research (TransDDR) Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 200 West Kawili Street, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, USA
| | - Mahavir B. Chougule
- Translational Drug Delivery Research (TransDDR) Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 200 West Kawili Street, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, USA
- Natural Products and Experimental Therapeutics Program, The Cancer Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA
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Tracy LE, Minasian RA, Caterson E. Extracellular Matrix and Dermal Fibroblast Function in the Healing Wound. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2016; 5:119-136. [PMID: 26989578 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2014.0561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 512] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Significance: Fibroblasts play a critical role in normal wound healing. Various extracellular matrix (ECM) components, including collagens, fibrin, fibronectin, proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, and matricellular proteins, can be considered potent protagonists of fibroblast survival, migration, and metabolism. Recent Advances: Advances in tissue culture, tissue engineering, and ex vivo models have made the examination and precise measurements of ECM components in wound healing possible. Likewise, the development of specific transgenic animal models has created the opportunity to characterize the role of various ECM molecules in healing wounds. In addition, the recent characterization of new ECM molecules, including matricellular proteins, dermatopontin, and FACIT collagens (Fibril-Associated Collagens with Interrupted Triple helices), further demonstrates our cursory knowledge of the ECM in coordinated wound healing. Critical Issues: The manipulation and augmentation of ECM components in the healing wound is emerging in patient care, as demonstrated by the use of acellular dermal matrices, tissue scaffolds, and wound dressings or topical products bearing ECM proteins such as collagen, hyaluronan (HA), or elastin. Once thought of as neutral structural proteins, these molecules are now known to directly influence many aspects of cellular wound healing. Future Directions: The role that ECM molecules, such as CCN2, osteopontin, and secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine, play in signaling homing of fibroblast progenitor cells to sites of injury invites future research as we continue investigating the heterotopic origin of certain populations of fibroblasts in a healing wound. Likewise, research into differently sized fragments of the same polymeric ECM molecule is warranted as we learn that fragments of molecules such as HA and tenascin-C can have opposing effects on dermal fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E. Tracy
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Raquel A. Minasian
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - E.J. Caterson
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Youngren-Ortiz SR, Gandhi NS, España-Serrano L, Chougule MB. Aerosol Delivery of siRNA to the Lungs. Part 1: Rationale for Gene Delivery Systems. KONA : POWDER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN JAPAN 2016; 33:63-85. [PMID: 27081214 PMCID: PMC4829385 DOI: 10.14356/kona.2016014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews the pulmonary route of administration, aerosol delivery devices, characterization of pulmonary drug delivery systems, and discusses the rationale for inhaled delivery of siRNA. Diseases with known protein malfunctions may be mitigated through the use of siRNA therapeutics. The inhalation route of administration provides local delivery of siRNA therapeutics for the treatment of various pulmonary diseases, however barriers to pulmonary delivery and intracellular delivery of siRNA exists. siRNA loaded nanocarriers can be used to overcome the barriers associated with the pulmonary route, such as anatomical barriers, mucociliary clearance, and alveolar macrophage clearance. Apart from naked siRNA aerosol delivery, previously studied siRNA carrier systems comprise of lipidic, polymeric, peptide, or inorganic origin. Such siRNA delivery systems formulated as aerosols can be successfully delivered via an inhaler or nebulizer to the pulmonary region. Preclinical animal investigations of inhaled siRNA therapeutics rely on intratracheal and intranasal siRNA and siRNA nanocarrier delivery. Aerosolized siRNA delivery systems may be characterized using in vitro techniques, such as dissolution test, inertial cascade impaction, delivered dose uniformity assay, laser diffraction, and laser Doppler velocimetry. The ex vivo techniques used to characterize pulmonary administered formulations include the isolated perfused lung model. In vivo techniques like gamma scintigraphy, 3D SPECT, PET, MRI, fluorescence imaging and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamics analysis may be used for evaluation of aerosolized siRNA delivery systems. The use of inhalable siRNA delivery systems encounters barriers to their delivery, however overcoming the barriers while formulating a safe and effective delivery system will offer unique advances to the field of inhaled medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne R. Youngren-Ortiz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 200 West Kawili Street, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, USA
| | - Nishant S. Gandhi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 200 West Kawili Street, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, USA
| | - Laura España-Serrano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 200 West Kawili Street, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, USA
| | - Mahavir B. Chougule
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 200 West Kawili Street, Hilo, Hawaii 96720, USA
- Natural Products and Experimental Therapeutics Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA
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Sawyer AJ, Kyriakides TR. Matricellular proteins in drug delivery: Therapeutic targets, active agents, and therapeutic localization. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 97:56-68. [PMID: 26763408 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix is composed of a complex array of molecules that together provide structural and functional support to cells. These properties are mainly mediated by the activity of collagenous and elastic fibers, proteoglycans, and proteins such as fibronectin and laminin. ECM composition is tissue-specific and could include matricellular proteins whose primary role is to modulate cell-matrix interactions. In adults, matricellular proteins are primarily expressed during injury, inflammation and disease. Particularly, they are closely associated with the progression and prognosis of cardiovascular and fibrotic diseases, and cancer. This review aims to provide an overview of the potential use of matricellular proteins in drug delivery including the generation of therapeutic agents based on the properties and structures of these proteins as well as their utility as biomarkers for specific diseases.
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Kozdon K, Fitchett C, Rose GE, Ezra DG, Bailly M. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Like Properties of Orbital Fibroblasts in Graves' Orbitopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015; 56:5743-50. [PMID: 26325413 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-16580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Graves' orbitopathy (GO) is a sight-threatening autoimmune disorder causing extraocular muscle fibrosis, upper lid retraction and eye bulging due to orbital fat expansion. These clinical features are mediated by aspects of orbital fibroblasts differentiation, including adipogenesis and fibrosis. Our previous work suggested that this dual phenotype might be a manifestation of mixed cell populations, partially linked to the expression of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) marker CD90. Thus, we set out to determine whether GO orbital fibroblasts displayed MSC properties. METHODS Control and GO orbital fibroblasts previously characterized for CD90 and CD45 expression were analyzed by flow cytometry for classical MSC positive (CD73, CD105) and negative (CD14, CD19, HLA-DR, and CD34) markers. Graves' orbitopathy fibroblasts were tested further for their ability to undergo lineage specific differentiation following standard protocols. RESULTS Control and GO fibroblasts strongly expressed CD73 and CD105, with a higher percentage of positive cells and stronger expression levels in GO. Neither cell type expresses CD14, CD19, and HLA-DR. Protein CD34 was expressed at low levels by 45% to 70% of the cells, with its expression significantly lower in GO cells. Graves' orbitopathy fibroblasts displayed features of osteogenesis (calcium deposits, and osteocalcin [BGLAP] and osteonectin [SPARC] expression), chondrogenesis (glycosaminoglycan production; SOX9 and aggrecan [ACAN] expression), myogenesis (α-smooth muscle actin expression), and neurogenesis (β-III tubulin expression) upon differentiation. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that orbital fibroblasts contain a population of cells that fulfil the criteria defining MSC. This subpopulation may be increased in GO, possibly underlying the complex differentiation phenotype of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kozdon
- Department of Cell Biology UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Fitchett
- Department of Cell Biology UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Geoffrey E Rose
- Orbital clinic, Moorfields Eye Hospital and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel G Ezra
- Department of Cell Biology UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom 2Orbital clinic, Moorfields Eye Hospital and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and
| | - Maryse Bailly
- Department of Cell Biology UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
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Ihara D, Hattori N, Horimasu Y, Masuda T, Nakashima T, Senoo T, Iwamoto H, Fujitaka K, Okamoto H, Kohno N. Histological Quantification of Gene Silencing by Intratracheal Administration of Dry Powdered Small-Interfering RNA/Chitosan Complexes in the Murine Lung. Pharm Res 2015; 32:3877-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-015-1747-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Chu H, Wu T, Wu W, Tu W, Jiang S, Chen S, Ma Y, Liu Q, Zhou X, Jin L, Wang J. Involvement of collagen-binding heat shock protein 47 in scleroderma-associated fibrosis. Protein Cell 2015; 6:589-598. [PMID: 26091621 PMCID: PMC4506285 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-015-0171-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Uncontrolled fibrosis of skin and internal organs is the main characteristic of scleroderma, and collagen is a major extracellular matrix protein that deposits in the fibrotic organs. As the chaperone of collagen, heat shock protein 47 (HSP47) is closely related with the development of fibrosis. To explore the potential function of HSP47 in the pathogenesis of scleroderma, the clinical, in vivo and in vitro studies were performed. In clinical, the increased mRNA level of HSP47 was observed in the skin fibroblasts and PBMC from scleroderma patients, and the enhanced protein level of HSP47 was also detected in the skin biopsy and plasma of the above patients. Unexpectedly, the enhanced levels of HSP47 were positively correlated with the presence of anti-centromere antibody in scleroderma patients. Moreover, a high expression of HSP47 was found in the skin lesion of BLM-induced scleroderma mouse model. Further in vitro studies demonstrated that HSP47 knockdown could block the intracellular and extracellular collagen over-productions induced by exogenous TGF-β. Therefore, the results in this study provide direct evidence that HSP47 is involved in the pathogenesis of scleroderma. The high expression of HSP47 can be detected in the circulatory system of scleroderma patients, indicating that HSP47 may become a pathological marker to assess the progression of scleroderma, and also explain the systemic fibrosis of scleroderma. Meanwhile, collagen over-expression is blocked by HSP47 knockdown, suggesting the possibility that HSP47 can be a potential therapeutic target for scleroderma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Chu
- />Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Ting Wu
- />Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Wenyu Wu
- />Division of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040 China
- />Institute of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 20080 China
| | - Wenzhen Tu
- />Division of Rheumatology, Shanghai TCM-Integrated Hospital, Shanghai, 200082 China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- />Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Sidi Chen
- />Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Yanyun Ma
- />Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Qingmei Liu
- />Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Xiaodong Zhou
- />Division of Rheumatology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Li Jin
- />Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Jiucun Wang
- />Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
- />Institute of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 20080 China
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Clements M, Gershenovich M, Chaber C, Campos-Rivera J, Du P, Zhang M, Ledbetter S, Zuk A. Differential Ly6C Expression after Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Identifies Unique Macrophage Populations. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 27:159-70. [PMID: 26015452 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2014111138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are a heterogeneous cell type implicated in injury, repair, and fibrosis after AKI, but the macrophage population associated with each phase is unclear. In this study, we used a renal bilateral ischemia-reperfusion injury mouse model to identify unique monocyte/macrophage populations by differential expression of Ly6C in CD11b(+) cells and to define the function of these cells in the pathophysiology of disease on the basis of microarray gene signatures and reduction strategies. Macrophage populations were isolated from kidney homogenates by fluorescence-activated cell sorting for whole genome microarray analysis. The CD11b(+)/Ly6C(high) population associated with the onset of renal injury and increase in proinflammatory cytokines, whereas the CD11b(+)/Ly6C(intermediate) population peaked during kidney repair. The CD11b(+)/Ly6C(low) population emerged with developing renal fibrosis. Principal component and hierarchical cluster analyses identified gene signatures unique to each population. The CD11b(+)/Ly6C(intermediate) population had a distinct phenotype of wound healing, confirmed by results of studies inhibiting the macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor,whereas the CD11b(+)/Ly6C(low) population had a profibrotic phenotype. All populations, including the CD11b(+)/Ly6C(high) population, carried differential inflammatory signatures. The expression of M2-specific markers was detected in both the CD11b(+)/Ly6C(intermediate) and CD11b(+)/Ly6C(low) populations, suggesting these in vivo populations do not fit into the traditional classifications defined by in vitro systems. Results of this study in a renal ischemia-reperfusion injury model allow phenotype and function to be assigned to CD11b(+)/Ly6C(+) monocyte/macrophage populations in the pathophysiology of disease after AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Pan Du
- Functional Genomics, Genzyme R&D Center, Genzyme, a Sanofi Company, Framingham, Massachusetts
| | - Mindy Zhang
- Functional Genomics, Genzyme R&D Center, Genzyme, a Sanofi Company, Framingham, Massachusetts
| | | | - Anna Zuk
- Tissue Protection and Repair Unit, Renal Science,
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Ballarín-González B, Thomsen TB, Howard KA. Clinical translation of RNAi-based treatments for respiratory diseases. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2015; 3:84-99. [PMID: 25787868 PMCID: PMC7097609 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-012-0098-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The ability to harness the RNA interference (RNAi) mechanism as a potential potent therapeutic has attracted great interest from academia and industry. Numerous preclinical and recent clinical trials have demonstrated the effectiveness of RNAi triggers such as synthetic small interfering RNA (siRNA). Chemical modification and delivery technologies can be utilized to avoid immune stimulation and improve the bioactivity and pharmacokinetics. Local application to the respiratory epithelia allows direct access to the site of respiratory pathogens that include influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). This review outlines the essential steps required for the clinical translation of RNAi-based respiratory therapies including disease and RNA target selection, siRNA design, respiratory barriers, and delivery solutions. Attention is given to antiviral therapies and preclinical evaluation with focus on the current status of anti-RSV clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja Ballarín-González
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Aarhus, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Troels Bo Thomsen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Aarhus, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kenneth Alan Howard
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Aarhus, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Borna H, Imani S, Iman M, Azimzadeh Jamalkandi S. Therapeutic face of RNAi: in vivo challenges. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2014; 15:269-85. [PMID: 25399911 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2015.983070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION RNA interference is a sequence-specific gene silencing phenomenon in which small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) can trigger gene transcriptional and post-transcriptional silencing. This phenomenon represents an emerging therapeutic approach for in vivo studies by efficient delivery of specific synthetic siRNAs against diseases. Therefore, simultaneous development of synthetic siRNAs along with novel delivery techniques is considered as novel and interesting therapeutic challenges. AREAS COVERED This review provides a basic explanation to siRNA signaling pathways and their therapeutic challenges. Here, we provide a comprehensive explanation to failed and successful trials and their in vivo challenges. EXPERT OPINION Specific, efficient and targeted delivery of siRNAs is the major concern for their in vivo administrations. Also, anatomical barriers, drug stability and availability, immunoreactivity and existence of various delivery routes, different genetic backgrounds are major clinical challenges. However, successful administration of siRNA-based drugs is expected during foreseeable features. But, their systemic applications will depend on strong targeted drug delivery strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojat Borna
- Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Chemical Injuries Research Center , Tehran , Iran
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Liang M, Lv J, Chu H, Wang J, Chen X, Zhu X, Xue Y, Guan M, Zou H. Vertical inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling demonstrates in vitro and in vivo anti-fibrotic activity. J Dermatol Sci 2014; 76:104-11. [PMID: 25258031 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) regulates cellular activity in many diseases, but the complex interplay with PI3K/Akt pathway may hampers its function. OBJECTIVE This study was undertaken to determine the activity of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling in the fibroblasts from systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients, and compare the effects of vertical inhibiting PI3K/Akt/mTOR by BEZ235 and inhibiting mTOR alone by rapamycin in fibroblast activation and in two complementary established mouse model of SSc. METHODS Pharmaceutical specific inhibitors BEZ235 and rapamycin were used to vertical inhibit PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling and mTOR signaling alone in cultured fibroblasts and in mice. SSc mouse model was established by daily injecting bleomycin subcutaneously or by overexpression of constitutively active type I TGF-β receptor (TβRI(ca)). To delineate the mechanisms underlying the antifibrotic effects of BEZ235 and rapamycin, activity of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling was analyzed by determining the expressions of phosphorylated Akt, GSK-3β, mTOR and S6 ribosomal protein (S6). RESULTS Primary dermal fibroblasts demonstrated hyperactivity of PI3K/Akt and mTOR signaling. mTOR inhibitor rapamycin failed to inhibit dermal fibrosis in an established SSc mouse model. However, administration of a dual inhibitor for PI3K/Akt and mTOR signaling BEZ235 attenuated dermal fibrosis by reversing increased dermal thickness and collagen deposition in two SSc mouse models. Furthermore, BEZ235 showed superior inhibitory effect on fibroblast activation relative to rapamycin in vitro. Also both BEZ235 and rapamycin could prevent the phosphorylation of mTOR and S6 completely. BEZ235 also blocked the activation of Akt and GSK-3β dramatically, whereas rapamycin has been shown to increase further upregulation of phosphorylated Akt on Ser473 both in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSION These data show that blocking PI3K/Akt/mTOR with BEZ235 leads to superior inhibitory effect for dermal fibrosis, suggesting that vertical inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling may have therapeutic potential for SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minrui Liang
- Division of Rheumatology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai 200040, China; Institute of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Jiaoyan Lv
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Haiyan Chu
- Institute of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jiucun Wang
- Institute of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiangjun Chen
- Institute of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Xiaoxia Zhu
- Division of Rheumatology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai 200040, China; Institute of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yu Xue
- Division of Rheumatology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai 200040, China; Institute of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Ming Guan
- Institute of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Hejian Zou
- Division of Rheumatology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai 200040, China; Institute of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
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Wang T, Yang J, Han R, Ji X, Wu B, Han L, Luo C, Fan J, Zhu B, Ni C. Polymorphisms in SPARC and coal workers' pneumoconiosis risk in a Chinese population. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105226. [PMID: 25126876 PMCID: PMC4134282 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The SPARC is a crucial matricellular protein and may influence the course of various diseases like tumor metastasis and fibrosis. In the present study, we investigated the association between the potential functional polymorphisms in SPARC and coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP) risk in a Chinese population. Methods Five potentially functional polymorphisms (rs1059279, rs1059829, rs1053411, rs2304052 and rs4958281) in SPARC were genotyped and analyzed in a case-control study including 697 CWP cases and 694 controls. The genotyping was used by the TaqMan method with the ABI 7900HT Real Time PCR system. Results Our results revealed that three SNPs (rs1059279, rs1059829, rs1053411) were significantly associated with increased risk of CWP under an additive model (OR = 1.35, 95%CI = 1.06–1.71, P = 0.015 for rs1059279; OR = 1.20, 95%CI = 1.03–1.39, P = 0.021 for rs1059829; OR = 1.31, 95%CI = 1.03–1.65, P = 0.025 for rs1053411). In the stratification analysis, significant associations were observed between each of these three SNPs and patients with 0–20 pack-years of smoking (OR = 1.73, 95%CI = 1.21–2.45 for rs1059279; OR = 1.48, 95%CI = 1.07–2.05 for rs105982; OR = 1.58, 95%CI = 1.13–2.22 for rs1053411). Furthermore, the association between rs1059279 and CWP risk remained significant among subjects with over 27 years of exposure (OR = 1.27, 95%CI = 1.03–1.56, P = 0.023). In the combined analysis of these five polymorphisms, individuals with multiple risk alleles had a higher risk of CWP (Ptrend = 0.015). Conclusion Our results indicate that three functional SPARC SNPs are associated with an increased risk of CWP in a Chinese population. Further functional research and validation studies with diverse populations are warranted to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingjin Yang
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruhui Han
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoming Ji
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Baiqun Wu
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Han
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen Luo
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingjing Fan
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Baoli Zhu
- Institute of Occupational Disease Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunhui Ni
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail:
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Serve KM, Black B, Szeinuk J, Pfau JC. Asbestos-associated mesothelial cell autoantibodies promote collagen deposition in vitro. Inhal Toxicol 2014; 25:774-84. [PMID: 24304304 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2013.848249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis, characterized by excessive collagen protein deposition, is a progressive disease that can fatally inhibit organ function. Prolonged exposure to pathogens or environmental toxicants such as asbestos can lead to chronic inflammatory responses associated with fibrosis. Significant exposure to amphibole asbestos has been reported in and around Libby, Montana due to local mining of asbestos-contaminated vermiculite. These exposures have been implicated in a unique disease etiology characterized predominantly by pleural disorders, including fibrosis. We recently reported the discovery of mesothelial cell autoantibodies (MCAAs) in the sera of Libby residents and demonstrated a positive and significant correlation with pleural disease; however, a mechanistic link was not determined. Here we demonstrate that MCAAs induce pleural mesothelial cells to produce a collagen matrix but do not affect production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor growth factor-β. While autoantibodies commonly induce a pro-fibrotic state by inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of target cells, we found no evidence supporting EMT in cells exposed to MCAA positive human sera. Although implicated in other models of pulmonary fibrosis, activity of the protein SPARC (secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine) did not affect MCAA-induced collagen deposition. However, matrix formation was dependent on matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity, and we noted increased expression of MMP-8 and -9 in supernatants of mesothelial cells incubated with MCAA positive sera compared to control. These data suggest a mechanism by which MCAA binding leads to increased collagen deposition through altering MMP expression and provides an important mechanistic link between MCAAs and asbestos-related, autoimmune-induced pleural fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinta M Serve
- Department of Biological Sciences, Idaho State University , Pocatello, ID , USA
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Wu T, Chu H, Tu W, Song M, Chen D, Yuan J, Yu L, Ma Y, Liu Q, Jin L, Zhou X, Zou H, Wu W, Wang J. Dissection of the mechanism of traditional Chinese medical prescription-Yiqihuoxue formula as an effective anti-fibrotic treatment for systemic sclerosis. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 14:224. [PMID: 24998426 PMCID: PMC4226964 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a connective tissue fibrotic disease for which there is no effective treatment. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), such as the Yiqihuoxue formula used in Shanghai TCM-integrated Hospital, has shown the efficacy of anti-fibrosis in clinical applications. This study was aiming to dissect the anti-fibrotic mechanism of Yiqihuoxue treatment for SSc. Methods Bleomycin-induced mice and SSc dermal fibroblasts were treated with Yiqihuoxue decoction; NIH-3T3 fibroblasts were exposed to exogenous TGF-β1, and then cultured with or without Yiqihuoxue decoction. Luciferase reporter gene assay was used to determine the activity of Smad binding element (SBE). Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to examine the mRNA levels of extracellular matrix (ECM) genes. The protein levels of type I collagen, Smad3 and phosphorylated-Smad3 (p-Smad3) were detected by western blotting. Student’s t-tests were used to determine the significance of the results. Results Bleomycin-induced mice, SSc dermal fibroblasts and TGF-β1-induced NIH/3T3 fibroblasts showed higher levels of ECM gene transcriptions and collagen production. In addition, the phosphorylation level of Smad3 and activity of SBE were significantly increased after exogenous TGF-β1 induction. Whereas, Yiqihuoxue treatment could obviously attenuate fibrosis in bleomycin-induced mice, down regulate ECM gene expressions and collagen production in SSc dermal fibroblasts and TGF-β1-induced NIH/3T3 fibroblasts. Furthermore, the aberrantly high phosphorylation level of Smad3 and activity of SBE in the TGF-β1-induced NIH/3T3 fibroblasts were also dramatically decreased by Yiqihuoxue treatment. Conclusions Yiqihuoxue treatment could effectively reduce collagen production via down-regulating the phosphorylation of Smad3 and then the activity of SBE, which are involved in the TGF-β pathway and constitutively activated in the progression of SSc.
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