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Curel CJM, Nobeli I, Thornton C. Leflunomide Treatment Does Not Protect Neural Cells following Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation (OGD) In Vitro. Cells 2024; 13:631. [PMID: 38607070 PMCID: PMC11011260 DOI: 10.3390/cells13070631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) affects 2-3 per 1000 live births in developed countries and up to 26 per 1000 live births in developing countries. It is estimated that of the 750,000 infants experiencing a hypoxic-ischemic event during birth per year, more than 400,000 will be severely affected. As treatment options are limited, rapidly identifying new therapeutic avenues is critical, and repurposing drugs already in clinical use offers a fast-track route to clinic. One emerging avenue for therapeutic intervention in neonatal HI is to target mitochondrial dysfunction, which occurs early in the development of brain injury. Mitochondrial dynamics are particularly affected, with mitochondrial fragmentation occurring at the expense of the pro-fusion protein Optic Atrophy (OPA)1. OPA1, together with mitofusins (MFN)1/2, are required for membrane fusion, and therefore, protecting their function may also safeguard mitochondrial dynamics. Leflunomide, an FDA-approved immunosuppressant, was recently identified as an activator of MFN2 with partial effects on OPA1 expression. We, therefore, treated C17.2 cells with Leflunomide before or after oxygen-glucose deprivation, an in vitro mimic of HI, to determine its efficacy as a neuroprotection and inhibitor of mitochondrial dysfunction. Leflunomide increased baseline OPA1 but not MFN2 expression in C17.2 cells. However, Leflunomide was unable to promote cell survival following OGD. Equally, there was no obvious effect on mitochondrial morphology or bioenergetics. These data align with studies suggesting that the tissue and mitochondrial protein profile of the target cell/tissue are critical for taking advantage of the therapeutic actions of Leflunomide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire J. M. Curel
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Irene Nobeli
- School of Natural Sciences, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Claire Thornton
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London NW1 0TU, UK
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2
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Gadkari M, Sun J, Carcamo A, Fraser I, Franco LM, Pegoraro G. hcHCR: High-Throughput Single-Cell Imaging of RNA in Human Primary Immune Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2784:113-132. [PMID: 38502482 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3766-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Functional genomics and chemical screens can identify and characterize novel cellular factors regulating signaling networks and chemical tools to modulate their function for the treatment of disease. Screening methods have relied primarily on immortalized and/or transformed cancer cell lines, which can limit the generalization of results to more physiologically relevant systems. Most have also relied on immunofluorescence, or on stably expressed recombinant fluorescent proteins, to detect specific protein markers using high-content imaging readouts. In comparison, high-throughput methods to visualize and measure RNA species have been less explored. To address this, we have adapted an isothermal signal amplification chemistry for RNA FISH known as hybridization chain reaction (HCR) to an automated, high-content imaging assay format. We present a detailed protocol for this technique, which we have named high-content HCR (hcHCR). The protocol focuses on the measurement of changes in mRNA abundance at the single-cell level in human primary cells, but it can be applied to a variety of primary cell types and perturbing agents. We anticipate that hcHCR will be most suitable for low- to medium-throughput screening experiments in which changes in transcript abundance are the desired output measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasi Gadkari
- Functional Immunogenomics Section, NIAMS/NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jing Sun
- Signaling Systems Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Adrian Carcamo
- High-Throughput Imaging Facility (HiTIF), Center for Cancer Research (CCR), NCI/NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Iain Fraser
- Signaling Systems Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Luis M Franco
- Functional Immunogenomics Section, NIAMS/NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Gianluca Pegoraro
- High-Throughput Imaging Facility (HiTIF), Center for Cancer Research (CCR), NCI/NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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3
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Caven L, Carabeo R. Chlamydial YAP activation in host endocervical epithelial cells mediates pro-fibrotic paracrine stimulation of fibroblasts. mSystems 2023; 8:e0090423. [PMID: 37874141 PMCID: PMC10734534 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00904-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Chronic or repeated infection of the female upper genital tract by C. trachomatis can lead to severe fibrotic sequelae, including tubal factor infertility and ectopic pregnancy. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this effect are unclear. In this report, we define a transcriptional program specific to C. trachomatis infection of the upper genital tract, identifying tissue-specific induction of host YAP-a pro-fibrotic transcriptional cofactor-as a potential driver of infection-mediated fibrotic gene expression. Furthermore, we show that infected endocervical epithelial cells stimulate collagen production by fibroblasts and implicate chlamydial induction of YAP in this effect. Our results define a mechanism by which infection mediates tissue-level fibrotic pathology via paracrine signaling and identify YAP as a potential therapeutic target for the prevention of Chlamydia-associated scarring of the female genital tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Caven
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Rey Carabeo
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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4
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Cero C, Shu W, Reese AL, Douglas D, Maddox M, Singh AP, Ali SL, Zhu AR, Katz JM, Pierce AE, Long KT, Nilubol N, Cypess RH, Jacobs JL, Tian F, Cypess AM. Standardized In Vitro Models of Human Adipose Tissue Reveal Metabolic Flexibility in Brown Adipocyte Thermogenesis. Endocrinology 2023; 164:bqad161. [PMID: 37944134 PMCID: PMC11032247 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqad161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Functional human brown and white adipose tissue (BAT and WAT) are vital for thermoregulation and nutritional homeostasis, while obesity and other stressors lead, respectively, to cold intolerance and metabolic disease. Understanding BAT and WAT physiology and dysfunction necessitates clinical trials complemented by mechanistic experiments at the cellular level. These require standardized in vitro models, currently lacking, that establish references for gene expression and function. We generated and characterized a pair of immortalized, clonal human brown (hBA) and white (hWA) preadipocytes derived from the perirenal and subcutaneous depots, respectively, of a 40-year-old male individual. Cells were immortalized with hTERT and confirmed to be of a mesenchymal, nonhematopoietic lineage based on fluorescence-activated cell sorting and DNA barcoding. Functional assessments showed that the hWA and hBA phenocopied primary adipocytes in terms of adrenergic signaling, lipolysis, and thermogenesis. Compared to hWA, hBA were metabolically distinct, with higher rates of glucose uptake and lactate metabolism, and greater basal, maximal, and nonmitochondrial respiration, providing a mechanistic explanation for the association between obesity and BAT dysfunction. The hBA also responded to the stress of maximal respiration by using both endogenous and exogenous fatty acids. In contrast to certain mouse models, hBA adrenergic thermogenesis was mediated by several mechanisms, not principally via uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). Transcriptomics via RNA-seq were consistent with the functional studies and established a molecular signature for each cell type before and after differentiation. These standardized cells are anticipated to become a common resource for future physiological, pharmacological, and genetic studies of human adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Cero
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Weiguo Shu
- American Type Culture Collection, Cell Biology R&D, 217 Perry Parkway, Gaithersburg, MD 20877, USA
| | - Amy L Reese
- American Type Culture Collection, Sequencing and Bioinformatics Center, 10801 University Blvd, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Diana Douglas
- American Type Culture Collection, Cell Biology R&D, 217 Perry Parkway, Gaithersburg, MD 20877, USA
| | - Michael Maddox
- American Type Culture Collection, Cell Biology R&D, 217 Perry Parkway, Gaithersburg, MD 20877, USA
- Current Affiliation: Vita Therapeutics, 801 W. Baltimore Street, Suite 301, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Ajeet P Singh
- American Type Culture Collection, Sequencing and Bioinformatics Center, 10801 University Blvd, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Sahara L Ali
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alexander R Zhu
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Katz
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anne E Pierce
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kelly T Long
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Naris Nilubol
- Surgical Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, 10 Center Drive, Room 4-5952, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Raymond H Cypess
- American Type Culture Collection, 10801 University Blvd, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Jonathan L Jacobs
- American Type Culture Collection, Sequencing and Bioinformatics Center, 10801 University Blvd, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Fang Tian
- American Type Culture Collection, Cell Biology R&D, 217 Perry Parkway, Gaithersburg, MD 20877, USA
| | - Aaron M Cypess
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Caven L, Carabeo R. Chlamydial YAP activation in host endocervical epithelial cells mediates pro-fibrotic paracrine stimulation of fibroblasts. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.30.542940. [PMID: 37398163 PMCID: PMC10312526 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.30.542940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Infection of the female genital tract by Chlamydia trachomatis can produce severe fibrotic sequelae, including tubal factor infertility and ectopic pregnancy. While infection demonstrably mediates a pro-fibrotic response in host cells, it remains unclear if intrinsic properties of the upper genital tract exacerbate chlamydial fibrosis. The relatively sterile environment of the upper genital tract is primed for a pro-inflammatory response to infection, potentially enhancing fibrosis - however, subclinical C. trachomatis infections still develop fibrosis-related sequelae. Here, we compare infection-associated and steady-state gene expression of primary human cervical and vaginal epithelial cells. In the former, we observe enhanced baseline expression and infection-mediated induction of fibrosis-associated signal factors (e.g. TGFA , IL6 , IL8 , IL20 ), implying predisposition to Chlamydia -associated pro-fibrotic signaling. Transcription factor enrichment analysis identified regulatory targets of YAP, a transcriptional cofactor induced by infection of cervical epithelial cells, but not vaginal epithelial cells. YAP target genes induced by infection include secreted fibroblast-activating signal factors; therefore, we developed an in vitro model involving coculture of infected endocervical epithelial cells with uninfected fibroblasts. Coculture enhanced fibroblast expression of type I collagen, as well as prompting reproducible (albeit statistically insignificant) induction of α-smooth muscle actin. Fibroblast collagen induction was sensitive to siRNA-mediated YAP knockdown in infected epithelial cells, implicating chlamydial YAP activation in this effect. Collectively, our results present a novel mechanism of fibrosis initiated by Chlamydia, wherein infection-mediated induction of host YAP facilitates pro-fibrotic intercellular communication. Chlamydial YAP activation in cervical epithelial cells is thus a determinant of this tissue's susceptibility to fibrosis. Importance Chronic or repeated infection of the female upper genital tract by C. trachomatis can lead to severe fibrotic sequelae, including tubal factor infertility and ectopic pregnancy. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this effect are unclear. In this report, we define a transcriptional program specific to C. trachomatis infection of the upper genital tract, identifying tissue-specific induction of host YAP - a pro-fibrotic transcriptional cofactor - as a potential driver of infection-mediated fibrotic gene expression. Further, we show that infected endocervical epithelial cells stimulate collagen production by fibroblasts, and implicate chlamydial induction of YAP in this effect. Our results define a mechanism by which infection mediates tissue-level fibrotic pathology via paracrine signaling, and identify YAP as a potential therapeutic target for prevention of Chlamydia -associated scarring of the female genital tract.
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Cromer MK, Majeti KR, Rettig GR, Murugan K, Kurgan GL, Bode NM, Hampton JP, Vakulskas CA, Behlke MA, Porteus MH. Comparative analysis of CRISPR off-target discovery tools following ex vivo editing of CD34 + hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Mol Ther 2023; 31:1074-1087. [PMID: 36793210 PMCID: PMC10124080 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
While a number of methods exist to investigate CRISPR off-target (OT) editing, few have been compared head-to-head in primary cells after clinically relevant editing processes. Therefore, we compared in silico tools (COSMID, CCTop, and Cas-OFFinder) and empirical methods (CHANGE-Seq, CIRCLE-Seq, DISCOVER-Seq, GUIDE-Seq, and SITE-Seq) after ex vivo hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) editing. We performed editing using 11 different gRNAs complexed with Cas9 protein (high-fidelity [HiFi] or wild-type versions), then performed targeted next-generation sequencing of nominated OT sites identified by in silico and empirical methods. We identified an average of less than one OT site per guide RNA (gRNA) and all OT sites generated using HiFi Cas9 and a 20-nt gRNA were identified by all OT detection methods with the exception of SITE-seq. This resulted in high sensitivity for the majority of OT nomination tools and COSMID, DISCOVER-Seq, and GUIDE-Seq attained the highest positive predictive value (PPV). We found that empirical methods did not identify OT sites that were not also identified by bioinformatic methods. This study supports that refined bioinformatic algorithms could be developed that maintain both high sensitivity and PPV, thereby enabling more efficient identification of potential OT sites without compromising a thorough examination for any given gRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kyle Cromer
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Kiran R Majeti
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Karthik Murugan
- Integrated DNA Technologies, Inc., Coralville, IA 52241, USA
| | - Gavin L Kurgan
- Integrated DNA Technologies, Inc., Coralville, IA 52241, USA
| | - Nicole M Bode
- Integrated DNA Technologies, Inc., Coralville, IA 52241, USA
| | - Jessica P Hampton
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Mark A Behlke
- Integrated DNA Technologies, Inc., Coralville, IA 52241, USA
| | - Matthew H Porteus
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Wienert B, Cromer MK. CRISPR nuclease off-target activity and mitigation strategies. Front Genome Ed 2022; 4:1050507. [PMID: 36439866 PMCID: PMC9685173 DOI: 10.3389/fgeed.2022.1050507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of CRISPR has allowed site-specific genomic modification to become a reality and this technology is now being applied in a number of human clinical trials. While this technology has demonstrated impressive efficacy in the clinic to date, there remains the potential for unintended on- and off-target effects of CRISPR nuclease activity. A variety of in silico-based prediction tools and empirically derived experimental methods have been developed to identify the most common unintended effect-small insertions and deletions at genomic sites with homology to the guide RNA. However, large-scale aberrations have recently been reported such as translocations, inversions, deletions, and even chromothripsis. These are more difficult to detect using current workflows indicating a major unmet need in the field. In this review we summarize potential sequencing-based solutions that may be able to detect these large-scale effects even at low frequencies of occurrence. In addition, many of the current clinical trials using CRISPR involve ex vivo isolation of a patient's own stem cells, modification, and re-transplantation. However, there is growing interest in direct, in vivo delivery of genome editing tools. While this strategy has the potential to address disease in cell types that are not amenable to ex vivo manipulation, in vivo editing has only one desired outcome-on-target editing in the cell type of interest. CRISPR activity in unintended cell types (both on- and off-target) is therefore a major safety as well as ethical concern in tissues that could enable germline transmission. In this review, we have summarized the strengths and weaknesses of current editing and delivery tools and potential improvements to off-target and off-tissue CRISPR activity detection. We have also outlined potential mitigation strategies that will ensure that the safety of CRISPR keeps pace with efficacy, a necessary requirement if this technology is to realize its full translational potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beeke Wienert
- Graphite Bio, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - M. Kyle Cromer
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States,Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States,Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States,*Correspondence: M. Kyle Cromer,
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8
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Gadkari M, Sun J, Carcamo A, Alessi H, Hu Z, Fraser IDC, Pegoraro G, Franco LM. High-throughput imaging of mRNA at the single-cell level in human primary immune cells. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 28:1263-1278. [PMID: 35764396 PMCID: PMC9380748 DOI: 10.1261/rna.079239.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Measurement of gene expression at the single-cell level has advanced the study of transcriptional regulation programs in healthy and disease states. In particular, single-cell approaches have shed light on the high level of transcriptional heterogeneity of individual cells, both at baseline and in response to experimental or environmental perturbations. We have developed a method for high-content imaging (HCI)-based quantification of relative changes in transcript abundance at the single-cell level in human primary immune cells and have validated its performance under multiple experimental conditions to demonstrate its general applicability. This method, named hcHCR, combines the sensitivity of the hybridization chain reaction (HCR) for the visualization of RNA in single cells, with the speed, scalability, and reproducibility of HCI. We first tested eight cell attachment substrates for short-term culture of primary human B cells, T cells, monocytes, or neutrophils. We then miniaturized HCR in 384-well format and documented the ability of the method to detect changes in transcript abundance at the single-cell level in thousands of cells for each experimental condition by HCI. Furthermore, we demonstrated the feasibility of multiplexing gene expression measurements by simultaneously assaying the abundance of three transcripts per cell at baseline and in response to an experimental stimulus. Finally, we tested the robustness of the assay to technical and biological variation. We anticipate that hcHCR will be suitable for low- to medium-throughput chemical or functional genomics screens in primary human cells, with the possibility of performing screens on cells obtained from patients with a specific disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasi Gadkari
- Functional Immunogenomics Section, Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Jing Sun
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Adrian Carcamo
- High-Throughput Imaging Facility (HiTIF), National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Hugh Alessi
- Functional Immunogenomics Section, Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Zonghui Hu
- Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA
| | - Iain D C Fraser
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Gianluca Pegoraro
- High-Throughput Imaging Facility (HiTIF), National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Luis M Franco
- Functional Immunogenomics Section, Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Cromer MK, Barsan VV, Jaeger E, Wang M, Hampton JP, Chen F, Kennedy D, Xiao J, Khrebtukova I, Granat A, Truong T, Porteus MH. Ultra-deep sequencing validates safety of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing in human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4724. [PMID: 35953477 PMCID: PMC9372057 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32233-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
As CRISPR-based therapies enter the clinic, evaluation of safety remains a critical and active area of study. Here, we employ a clinical next generation sequencing (NGS) workflow to achieve high sequencing depth and detect ultra-low frequency variants across exons of genes associated with cancer, all exons, and genome wide. In three separate primary human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) donors assessed in technical triplicates, we electroporated high-fidelity Cas9 protein targeted to three loci (AAVS1, HBB, and ZFPM2) and harvested genomic DNA at days 4 and 10. Our results demonstrate that clinically relevant delivery of high-fidelity Cas9 to primary HSPCs and ex vivo culture up to 10 days does not introduce or enrich for tumorigenic variants and that even a single SNP in a gRNA spacer sequence is sufficient to eliminate Cas9 off-target activity in primary, repair-competent human HSPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kyle Cromer
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Martínez-Esquivias F, Gutiérrez-Angulo M, Pérez-Larios A, Sánchez-Burgos J, Becerra-Ruiz J, Guzmán-Flores JM. Anticancer Activity of Selenium Nanoparticles In Vitro Studies. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 22:1658-1673. [PMID: 34515010 DOI: 10.2174/1871520621666210910084216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Health systems worldwide consider cancer a disease that causes the highest number of deaths per year. The low efficacy of current cancer therapies has led other areas of science to search for new alternatives, including nanomaterial sciences. Selenium nanoparticles have anticancer activity, as revealed by in vitro tests performed on prostate, breast, cervical, lung, colorectal, and liver cancer cell lines. Studies attribute anticancer activity to the anti-metastatic effect due to the inhibition of migration and invasion processes. The antiproliferative effect is the low expression of molecules such as cyclin D1, cyclin E, and CDK2. In addition to the activation of cell apoptosis by caspase-dependent mechanisms, there is a low expression of anti-apoptotic proteins such as Bcl-2 and a high expression of the apoptotic proteins like Bax and Bad. Other studies attribute anticancer activity to the activation of cell necroptosis, where molecules such as TNF and IRF1 participate. The pharmacological potential of selenium nanoparticles depends primarily on the administered dose, particle size, and chemical composition. Furthermore, several studies have shown that the administration of these nanoparticles is safe due to their low toxicity in non-cancerous cells. In this review, the most relevant antecedents on the anticancer potential of selenium nanoparticles in prostate, breast, cervical, lung, liver, and colorectal cancer cell lines are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Martínez-Esquivias
- Instituto de Investigación en Biociencias, Centro Universitario de Los Altos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Tepatitlán de Morelos, Jalisco. Mexico
| | - Melva Gutiérrez-Angulo
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Centro Universitario de los Altos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Tepatitlán de Morelos, Jalisco. Mexico
| | - Alejandro Pérez-Larios
- Laboratorio de Materiales, Agua y Energía, Centro Universitario de Los Altos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Tepatitlán de Morelos, Jalisco. Mexico
| | | | - Julieta Becerra-Ruiz
- Instituto de Investigación en Biociencias, Centro Universitario de Los Altos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Tepatitlán de Morelos, Jalisco. Mexico
| | - Juan Manuel Guzmán-Flores
- Instituto de Investigación en Biociencias, Centro Universitario de Los Altos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Tepatitlán de Morelos, Jalisco. Mexico
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11
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Wurm MJ, Wurm FM. Naming CHO cells for bio-manufacturing: Genome plasticity and variant phenotypes of cell populations in bioreactors question the relevance of old names. Biotechnol J 2021; 16:e2100165. [PMID: 34050613 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202100165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Chinese Hamster Ovary [CHO] cells are the workhorse for production of modern biopharmaceuticals. They are however immortalized cells with a high propensity for genetic change. Judging from published culture records, CHO cell populations have undergone hundreds of population doublings since their origin in the late 1950s. Different cell populations were established and named from 1 to 3 decades after their generation, such as CHO-Pro-, CHO-K1, CHO-DG44, CHO-S, CHO-DUK, CHO-DXB-11 to indicate origin and certain phenotypic features. These names are commonly used in scientific publications still today. This article discusses the relevance of such names. We argue that they provide a false sense of identity. To substantiate this, we provide the long (and poorly recorded) history of CHO cells as well as their highly complex genetics. Finally, we suggest an alternative naming system for CHO cells which provides more relevant information. While the implementation of a new naming convention will require substantial discussions among members of the relevant community, it should improve interpretation and comparability between laboratories. This, in turn will help scientific communities and industrial users to attain and further the full potential of CHO cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Wurm
- Life Science Faculty, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne [EPFL], Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Florian M Wurm
- Life Science Faculty, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne [EPFL], Lausanne, Switzerland
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12
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STAU2 protein level is controlled by caspases and the CHK1 pathway and regulates cell cycle progression in the non-transformed hTERT-RPE1 cells. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2021; 22:16. [PMID: 33663378 PMCID: PMC7934504 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-021-00352-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Staufen2 (STAU2) is an RNA binding protein involved in the posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression. In neurons, STAU2 is required to maintain the balance between differentiation and proliferation of neural stem cells through asymmetric cell division. However, the importance of controlling STAU2 expression for cell cycle progression is not clear in non-neuronal dividing cells. We recently showed that STAU2 transcription is inhibited in response to DNA-damage due to E2F1 displacement from the STAU2 gene promoter. We now study the regulation of STAU2 steady-state levels in unstressed cells and its consequence for cell proliferation. Results CRISPR/Cas9-mediated and RNAi-dependent STAU2 depletion in the non-transformed hTERT-RPE1 cells both facilitate cell proliferation suggesting that STAU2 expression influences pathway(s) linked to cell cycle controls. Such effects are not observed in the CRISPR STAU2-KO cancer HCT116 cells nor in the STAU2-RNAi-depleted HeLa cells. Interestingly, a physiological decrease in the steady-state level of STAU2 is controlled by caspases. This effect of peptidases is counterbalanced by the activity of the CHK1 pathway suggesting that STAU2 partial degradation/stabilization fines tune cell cycle progression in unstressed cells. A large-scale proteomic analysis using STAU2/biotinylase fusion protein identifies known STAU2 interactors involved in RNA translation, localization, splicing, or decay confirming the role of STAU2 in the posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression. In addition, several proteins found in the nucleolus, including proteins of the ribosome biogenesis pathway and of the DNA damage response, are found in close proximity to STAU2. Strikingly, many of these proteins are linked to the kinase CHK1 pathway, reinforcing the link between STAU2 functions and the CHK1 pathway. Indeed, inhibition of the CHK1 pathway for 4 h dissociates STAU2 from proteins involved in translation and RNA metabolism. Conclusions These results indicate that STAU2 is involved in pathway(s) that control(s) cell proliferation, likely via mechanisms of posttranscriptional regulation, ribonucleoprotein complex assembly, genome integrity and/or checkpoint controls. The mechanism by which STAU2 regulates cell growth likely involves caspases and the kinase CHK1 pathway. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12860-021-00352-y.
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13
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Pande A, Makalowski W, Brosius J, Raabe CA. Enhancer occlusion transcripts regulate the activity of human enhancer domains via transcriptional interference: a computational perspective. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:3435-3454. [PMID: 32133533 PMCID: PMC7144904 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Analysis of ENCODE long RNA-Seq and ChIP-seq (Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing) datasets for HepG2 and HeLa cell lines uncovered 1647 and 1958 transcripts that interfere with transcription factor binding to human enhancer domains. TFBSs (Transcription Factor Binding Sites) intersected by these 'Enhancer Occlusion Transcripts' (EOTrs) displayed significantly lower relative transcription factor (TF) binding affinities compared to TFBSs for the same TF devoid of EOTrs. Expression of most EOTrs was regulated in a cell line specific manner; analysis for the same TFBSs across cell lines, i.e. in the absence or presence of EOTrs, yielded consistently higher relative TF/DNA-binding affinities for TFBSs devoid of EOTrs. Lower activities of EOTr-associated enhancer domains coincided with reduced occupancy levels for histone tail modifications H3K27ac and H3K9ac. Similarly, the analysis of EOTrs with allele-specific expression identified lower activities for alleles associated with EOTrs. ChIA-PET (Chromatin Interaction Analysis by Paired-End Tag Sequencing) and 5C (Carbon Copy Chromosome Conformation Capture) uncovered that enhancer domains associated with EOTrs preferentially interacted with poised gene promoters. Analysis of EOTr regions with GRO-seq (Global run-on) data established the correlation of RNA polymerase pausing and occlusion of TF-binding. Our results implied that EOTr expression regulates human enhancer domains via transcriptional interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Pande
- Institute of Experimental Pathology, Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Strasse 56, D-48149 Münster, Germany.,Brandenburg Medical School (MHB), Fehrbelliner Strasse 38, D-16816 Neuruppin, Germany.,Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Münster, Niels-Stensen-Strasse 14, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Wojciech Makalowski
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Münster, Niels-Stensen-Strasse 14, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jürgen Brosius
- Institute of Experimental Pathology, Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Strasse 56, D-48149 Münster, Germany.,Brandenburg Medical School (MHB), Fehrbelliner Strasse 38, D-16816 Neuruppin, Germany.,Institutes for Systems Genetics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Carsten A Raabe
- Institute of Experimental Pathology, Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Strasse 56, D-48149 Münster, Germany.,Brandenburg Medical School (MHB), Fehrbelliner Strasse 38, D-16816 Neuruppin, Germany.,Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Strasse 56, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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14
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Shende P, Wakade VS. Biointerface: a nano-modulated way for biological transportation. J Drug Target 2020; 28:456-467. [DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2020.1720218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pravin Shende
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM’s NMIMS, Mumbai, India
| | - Varun S. Wakade
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM’s NMIMS, Mumbai, India
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15
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Faris R, Andersen SE, McCullough A, Gourronc F, Klingelhutz AJ, Weber MM. Chlamydia trachomatis Serovars Drive Differential Production of Proinflammatory Cytokines and Chemokines Depending on the Type of Cell Infected. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:399. [PMID: 32039039 PMCID: PMC6988789 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis serovars A-C infect conjunctival epithelial cells and untreated infection can lead to blindness. D-K infect genital tract epithelial cells resulting in pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, and sterility while L1-L3 infect epithelial cells and macrophages, causing an invasive infection. Despite some strains of Chlamydia sharing high nucleotide sequence similarity, the bacterial and host factors that govern tissue and cellular tropism remain largely unknown. Following introduction of C. trachomatis via intercourse, epithelial cells of the vagina, foreskin, and ectocervix are exposed to large numbers of the pathogen, yet their response to infection and the dynamics of chlamydial growth in these cells has not been well-characterized compared to growth in more permissive cell types that harbor C. trachomatis. We compared intracellular replication and inclusion development of representative C. trachomatis serovars in immortalized human conjunctival epithelial, urogenital epithelial, PMA stimulated THP-1 (macrophages), and HeLa cells. We demonstrate that urogenital epithelial cells of the vagina, ectocervix, and foreskin restrict replication of serovar A while promoting robust replication and inclusion development of serovar D and L2. Macrophages restrict serovars D and A while L2 proliferates in these cells. Furthermore, we show that GM-CSF, RANTES, GROα, IL-1α, IL-1β, IP-10, IL-8, and IL-18 are produced in a cell-type and serovar-specific manner. Collectively we have established a series of human cell lines that represent some of the first cell types to encounter C. trachomatis following exposure and show that differential production of key cytokines early during infection could regulate serovar-host cell specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Faris
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Shelby E Andersen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Alix McCullough
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Françoise Gourronc
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Aloysius J Klingelhutz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Mary M Weber
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
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16
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Hung CLK, Maiuri T, Bowie LE, Gotesman R, Son S, Falcone M, Giordano JV, Gillis T, Mattis V, Lau T, Kwan V, Wheeler V, Schertzer J, Singh K, Truant R. A patient-derived cellular model for Huntington's disease reveals phenotypes at clinically relevant CAG lengths. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:2809-2820. [PMID: 30256717 PMCID: PMC6249865 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-09-0590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The huntingtin protein participates in several cellular processes that are disrupted when the polyglutamine tract is expanded beyond a threshold of 37 CAG DNA repeats in Huntington’s disease (HD). Cellular biology approaches to understand these functional disruptions in HD have primarily focused on cell lines with synthetically long CAG length alleles that clinically represent outliers in this disease and a more severe form of HD that lacks age onset. Patient-derived fibroblasts are limited to a finite number of passages before succumbing to cellular senescence. We used human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) to immortalize fibroblasts taken from individuals of varying age, sex, disease onset, and CAG repeat length, which we have termed TruHD cells. TruHD cells display classic HD phenotypes of altered morphology, size and growth rate, increased sensitivity to oxidative stress, aberrant adenosine diphosphate/adenosine triphosphate (ADP/ATP) ratios, and hypophosphorylated huntingtin protein. We additionally observed dysregulated reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent huntingtin localization to nuclear speckles in HD cells. We report the generation and characterization of a human, clinically relevant cellular model for investigating disease mechanisms in HD at the single-cell level, which, unlike transformed cell lines, maintains functions critical for huntingtin transcriptional regulation and genomic integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Lin-Kar Hung
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Tamara Maiuri
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Laura Erin Bowie
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Ryan Gotesman
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Susie Son
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Mina Falcone
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - James Victor Giordano
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Tammy Gillis
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Virginia Mattis
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Trevor Lau
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Vickie Kwan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.,Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Vanessa Wheeler
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Jonathan Schertzer
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Karun Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Ray Truant
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
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Reduced cell size, chromosomal aberration and altered proliferation rates are characteristics and confounding factors in the STHdh cell model of Huntington disease. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16880. [PMID: 29203806 PMCID: PMC5715050 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17275-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntington disease is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the gene encoding the huntingtin protein. Expression of the mutant protein disrupts various intracellular pathways and impairs overall cell function. In particular striatal neurons seem to be most vulnerable to mutant huntingtin-related changes. A well-known and commonly used model to study molecular aspects of Huntington disease are the striatum-derived STHdh cell lines generated from wild type and huntingtin knock-in mouse embryos. However, obvious morphological differences between wild type and mutant cell lines exist, which have rarely been described and might not have always been considered when designing experiments or interpreting results. Here, we demonstrate that STHdh cell lines display differences in cell size, proliferation rate and chromosomal content. While the chromosomal divergence is considered to be a result of the cells’ tumour characteristics, differences in size and proliferation, however, were confirmed in a second non-immortalized Huntington disease cell model. Importantly, our results further suggest that the reported phenotypes can confound other study outcomes and lead to false conclusions. Thus, careful experimental design and data analysis are advised when using these cell models.
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18
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19
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Demetriades C, Plescher M, Teleman AA. Lysosomal recruitment of TSC2 is a universal response to cellular stress. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10662. [PMID: 26868506 PMCID: PMC4754342 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
mTORC1 promotes cell growth and is therefore inactivated upon unfavourable growth conditions. Signalling pathways downstream of most cellular stresses converge on TSC1/2, which serves as an integration point that inhibits mTORC1. The TSC1/2 complex was shown to translocate to lysosomes to inactivate mTORC1 in response to two stresses: amino-acid starvation and growth factor removal. Whether other stresses also regulate TSC2 localization is not known. How TSC2 localization responds to combinations of stresses and other stimuli is also unknown. We show that both amino acids and growth factors are required simultaneously to maintain TSC2 cytoplasmic; when one of the two is missing, TSC2 relocalizes to lysosomes. Furthermore, multiple different stresses that inhibit mTORC1 also drive TSC2 lysosomal accumulation. Our findings indicate that lysosomal recruitment of TSC2 is a universal response to stimuli that inactivate mTORC1, and that the presence of any single stress is sufficient to cause TSC2 lysosomal localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantinos Demetriades
- Division of Signal Transduction in Cancer and Metabolism, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Monika Plescher
- Division of Signal Transduction in Cancer and Metabolism, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Aurelio A. Teleman
- Division of Signal Transduction in Cancer and Metabolism, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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20
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Engineered Nucleases and Trinucleotide Repeat Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3509-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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21
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Glycosphingolipid-functionalized nanoparticles recapitulate CD169-dependent HIV-1 uptake and trafficking in dendritic cells. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4136. [PMID: 24947940 PMCID: PMC4109413 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ganglioside GM3, a host-derived glycosphingolipid incorporated in the membrane of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) viral particles, mediates interactions between HIV-1 and Siglec1/CD169, a protein expressed on dendritic cells (DCs). Such interactions, which seem to be independent of viral envelope glycoprotein gp120, are poorly understood. Here we develop a model system consisting of self-assembled artificial virus nanoparticles (AVNs) that are free of viral glycoproteins or other host-derived glycolipids and glycoproteins. These plasmonic AVNs contain a membrane of defined composition wrapped around a solid metal core. GM3-containing AVNs are captured by CD169-expressing HeLa cells or mature DCs, and are sequestered within non-lysosomal tetraspanin-positive compartments. This distribution is reminiscent of CD169-dependent HIV-1 sequestration in mature DCs. Our results highlight GM3-CD169 binding as a gp120-independent signal for sequestration and preservation of HIV-1 infectivity. They also indicate that plasmonic AVNs offer improved features over liposome-based systems and represent a versatile tool for probing specific virus-cell interactions.
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