1
|
Napolitano M, Potestio L, Nocerino M, Patruno C. Considerations for managing elderly patients with atopic dermatitis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2024; 20:501-511. [PMID: 38193289 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2024.2301967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Atopic dermatitis (AD) diagnosis in elderly is challenging, due to its clinical polymorphism and the lack of diagnostic biomarkers. Moreover, the chronicity of the disease and the complex pathogenetic mechanism, make elderly AD management challenging. AREAS COVERED A narrative review of the current literature was performed using the PubMed, Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Skin databases, by researching the following terms: 'atopic dermatitis,' 'clinical phenotypes,' 'eczema,' 'elderly patients,' 'elderly type atopic dermatitis,' 'eczema clinical presentation.' The aim was to report the current knowledge on pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and treatment options of elderly AD. EXPERT OPINION Elderly type AD has recently been identified as a separate entity, with an increasing prevalence. With aging, both immunosenescence and barrier alterations can cause or modify AD presentation. Moreover, a chronic proinflammatory state (so-called 'inflammaging') is often present in elderly subjects. Older patients with AD may present with peculiar immunophenotypic profile, making AD diagnosis challenging. Similarly, the chronicity of the disease and the complex pathogenetic mechanism, make AD management a challenge. Indeed, systemic therapies for AD are often contraindicated or not tolerated and the management of elderly type AD is often burdened with numerous difficulties, leading to undertreated disease. Even if dupilumab and tralokinumab represent a valuable therapeutic weapon, more data on safety of JAK inhibitors are required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Napolitano
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Luca Potestio
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Mariateresa Nocerino
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Cataldo Patruno
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cai L, Lv Y, Yan Q, Guo W. Cytokines: The links between bone and the immune system. Injury 2024; 55:111203. [PMID: 38043143 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2023.111203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis results from an imbalance in a highly balanced physiological process called bone remodeling, in which osteoclast-mediated bone resorption and osteoblast-mediated bone formation play important roles. Osteoimmunology is a newly discovered interdisciplinary research field that focuses on the relationship between bone and the immune system. Specifically, bone and the immune system interact through cytokines, immune cells secrete cytokines, and cytokines finely regulate bone metabolism by mediating the differentiation and activity of osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Therefore, understanding the influence of cytokines on bone metabolism is conducive for the development of novel targeted drugs against immune-related bone diseases. This review summarizes the pathophysiological functions of various common cytokines in bone and discusses the potential clinical value of multiple cytokines in immune-mediated bone diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liping Cai
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China; Department of Endocrinology, Rheumatology and Immunology, Anyang People's Hospital, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - You Lv
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Qihui Yan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Weiying Guo
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kazakov AS, Deryusheva EI, Rastrygina VA, Sokolov AS, Permyakova ME, Litus EA, Uversky VN, Permyakov EA, Permyakov SE. Interaction of S100A6 Protein with the Four-Helical Cytokines. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1345. [PMID: 37759746 PMCID: PMC10526228 DOI: 10.3390/biom13091345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
S100 is a family of over 20 structurally homologous, but functionally diverse regulatory (calcium/zinc)-binding proteins of vertebrates. The involvement of S100 proteins in numerous vital (patho)physiological processes is mediated by their interaction with various (intra/extra)cellular protein partners, including cell surface receptors. Furthermore, recent studies have revealed the ability of specific S100 proteins to modulate cell signaling via direct interaction with cytokines. Previously, we revealed the binding of ca. 71% of the four-helical cytokines via the S100P protein, due to the presence in its molecule of a cytokine-binding site overlapping with the binding site for the S100P receptor. Here, we show that another S100 protein, S100A6 (that has a pairwise sequence identity with S100P of 35%), specifically binds numerous four-helical cytokines. We have studied the affinity of the recombinant forms of 35 human four-helical cytokines from all structural families of this fold to Ca2+-loaded recombinant human S100A6, using surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy. S100A6 recognizes 26 of the cytokines from all families of this fold, with equilibrium dissociation constants from 0.3 nM to 12 µM. Overall, S100A6 interacts with ca. 73% of the four-helical cytokines studied to date, with a selectivity equivalent to that for the S100P protein, with the differences limited to the binding of interleukin-2 and oncostatin M. The molecular docking study evidences the presence in the S100A6 molecule of a cytokine-binding site, analogous to that found in S100P. The findings argue the presence in some of the promiscuous members of the S100 family of a site specific to a wide range of four-helical cytokines. This unique feature of the S100 proteins potentially allows them to modulate the activity of the numerous four-helical cytokines in the disorders accompanied by an excessive release of the cytokines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey S. Kazakov
- Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Institutskaya str., 7, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia; (A.S.K.); (E.I.D.); (V.A.R.); (A.S.S.); (M.E.P.); (E.A.L.); (E.A.P.)
| | - Evgenia I. Deryusheva
- Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Institutskaya str., 7, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia; (A.S.K.); (E.I.D.); (V.A.R.); (A.S.S.); (M.E.P.); (E.A.L.); (E.A.P.)
| | - Victoria A. Rastrygina
- Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Institutskaya str., 7, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia; (A.S.K.); (E.I.D.); (V.A.R.); (A.S.S.); (M.E.P.); (E.A.L.); (E.A.P.)
| | - Andrey S. Sokolov
- Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Institutskaya str., 7, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia; (A.S.K.); (E.I.D.); (V.A.R.); (A.S.S.); (M.E.P.); (E.A.L.); (E.A.P.)
| | - Maria E. Permyakova
- Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Institutskaya str., 7, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia; (A.S.K.); (E.I.D.); (V.A.R.); (A.S.S.); (M.E.P.); (E.A.L.); (E.A.P.)
| | - Ekaterina A. Litus
- Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Institutskaya str., 7, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia; (A.S.K.); (E.I.D.); (V.A.R.); (A.S.S.); (M.E.P.); (E.A.L.); (E.A.P.)
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Institutskaya str., 7, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia; (A.S.K.); (E.I.D.); (V.A.R.); (A.S.S.); (M.E.P.); (E.A.L.); (E.A.P.)
- Department of Molecular, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Eugene A. Permyakov
- Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Institutskaya str., 7, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia; (A.S.K.); (E.I.D.); (V.A.R.); (A.S.S.); (M.E.P.); (E.A.L.); (E.A.P.)
| | - Sergei E. Permyakov
- Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Institutskaya str., 7, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia; (A.S.K.); (E.I.D.); (V.A.R.); (A.S.S.); (M.E.P.); (E.A.L.); (E.A.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Osteoporosis: Molecular Mechanisms Involved and the Relationship with microRNAs. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043772. [PMID: 36835184 PMCID: PMC9963528 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is characterized by the alteration of bone homeostasis due to an imbalance between osteoclastic bone resorption and osteoblastic bone formation. Estrogen deficiency causes bone loss and postmenopausal osteoporosis, the pathogenesis of which also involves oxidative stress, inflammatory processes, and the dysregulation of the expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) that control gene expression at post-transcriptional levels. Oxidative stress, due to an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS), proinflammatory mediators and altered levels of miRNAs enhance osteoclastogenesis and reduce osteoblastogenesis through mechanisms involving the activation of MAPK and transcription factors. The present review summarizes the principal molecular mechanisms involved in the role of ROS and proinflammatory cytokines on osteoporosis. Moreover, it highlights the interplay among altered miRNA levels, oxidative stress, and an inflammatory state. In fact, ROS, by activating the transcriptional factors, can affect miRNA expression, and miRNAs can regulate ROS production and inflammatory processes. Therefore, the present review should help in identifying targets for the development of new therapeutic approaches to osteoporotic treatment and improve the quality of life of patients.
Collapse
|
5
|
Kroll KW, Woolley G, Terry K, Premeaux TA, Shikuma CM, Corley MJ, Bowler S, Ndhlovu LC, Reeves RK. Multiplex analysis of cytokines and chemokines in persons aging with or without HIV. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.30.526135. [PMID: 36778301 PMCID: PMC9915515 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.30.526135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
People with HIV (PWH) on combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) are living longer lives due to modern cART advances and increased routine medical care. The full landscape of aging with HIV is unclear; given that HIV emerged relatively recently in human history and initially had a high mortality rate, there has not been a substantially aged population to evaluate. In the present study, we set out to perform high throughput plasma analyte profiling by multiplex analysis, focusing on various T helper (Th)-related cytokines, chemokines, and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. The primary goals being to provide reference ranges of these analytes for aging PWH cohorts, as well as testing the utility of high throughput multiplex plasma assays. The cohort used in this study was comprised of age-matched healthy donors (aged 32.6-73.5), PWH on cART (aged 26.7-60.2), and viremic PWH (aged 27.5-59.4). The patients in each group were then stratified across the age span to examine age-related impacts of these plasma biomarkers. Our results largely indicate feasibility of plasma analyte monitoring by multiplex and demonstrate a high degree of person-to-person variability regardless of age and HIV status. Nonetheless, we find multiple associations with age, duration of known infection, and viral load, all of which appear to be driven by either prolonged HIV disease progression or long-term use of cART.
Collapse
|
6
|
Mast Cells and Vitamin D Status: A Clinical and Biological Link in the Onset of Allergy and Bone Diseases. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081877. [PMID: 36009422 PMCID: PMC9405764 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system is made up by an extremely composite group of cells, whose regulated and harmonious activity is fundamental to maintain health. The mast cells are an essential effector of inflammatory response which is characterized by a massive release of mediators accumulated in cytoplasmic secretory granules. However, beyond the effects on immune response, mast cells can modify bone metabolism and are capable of intervening in the genesis of pathologies such as osteoporosis and osteopenia. Vitamin D is recognized to induce changes in bone metabolism, but it is also able to influence immune response, suppressing mast cell activation and IgE synthesis from B cells and increasing the number of dendritic cells and IL-10-generating regulatory T cells. Vitamin D deficit has been reported to worsen sensitization and allergic manifestations in several different experimental models. However, in clinical situations, contradictory findings have been described concerning the correlation between allergy and vitamin D deficit. The aim of this review was to analyze the close relationships between mast cells and vitamin D, which contribute, through the activation of different molecular or cellular activation pathways, to the determination of bone pathologies and the onset of allergic diseases.
Collapse
|
7
|
Interleukin-31 and soluble CD40L: new candidate serum biomarkers that predict therapeutic response in multiple sclerosis. Neurol Sci 2022; 43:6271-6278. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-022-06276-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
8
|
Yan C, Xu H, Rong C, Cao M, Miao Z, Zhou H. IL-31 expression in HIV-infected patients with different routes of disease transmission. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e29509. [PMID: 35758393 PMCID: PMC9276414 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000029509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). AIDS is characterized by an impaired immune system and low cellular immunity. The main manifestation of AIDS is a reduction in the number of CD4+ T cells and alteration in cytokine concentration. The present work aimed to explore the expression of IL-31 in HIV infection and disease progression.Serum samples were collected from HIV-infected patients with different routes of disease transmission. The subjects included 24 patients who were infected with HIV upon blood transmission and 36 patients who had acquired the disease through sexual transmission (21 cases of homosexual transmission and 15 cases of heterosexual transmission). In addition, 20 normal healthy individuals were included to serve as the control group. The levels of IL-31 in the collected serum samples were estimated using the human IL-31 Platinum ELISA kit.The serum analysis results revealed that the concentration of IL-31 in the serum samples for the blood transmission, sexually transmission, and normal group patients was 4.07 ± 1.63 pg/L, 7.43 ± 1.15 pg/L, and 2.87 ± 1.04 pg/L, respectively. The statistical analysis revealed that the concentration of IL-31 in HIV-1 infection was higher than that in the normal control. In addition, the expression of IL-31 was significantly higher in the sexual transmission group compared to the blood transmission group (P < .05).IL-31 could have an important role in HIV infection, although the role of IL-31 in disease progression in HIV-infected individuals requires further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changxin Yan
- Department of Laboratory Diagnosis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
| | - Huafeng Xu
- Department of Radio-immunity, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Chunli Rong
- Department of Laboratory Diagnosis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
| | - Meilin Cao
- Department of Laboratory Diagnosis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
| | - Zhuo Miao
- Department of Laboratory Diagnosis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
| | - Haizhou Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Diagnosis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Srivastava RK, Sapra L. The Rising Era of “Immunoporosis”: Role of Immune System in the Pathophysiology of Osteoporosis. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:1667-1698. [PMID: 35282271 PMCID: PMC8906861 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s351918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Discoveries in the last few years have emphasized the existence of an enormous breadth of communication between bone and the immune system in maintaining skeletal homeostasis. Originally, the discovery of various factors was assigned to the immune system viz. interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, IL-17, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL), nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFATc1), etc., but now these factors have also been shown to have a significant impact on osteoblasts (OBs) and osteoclasts (OCs) biology. These discoveries led to an alteration in the approach for the treatment of several bone pathologies including osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is an inflammatory bone anomaly affecting more than 500 million people globally. In 2018, to highlight the importance of the immune system in the pathophysiology of osteoporosis, our group coined the term “immunoporosis”. In the present review, we exhaustively revisit the characteristics, mechanism of action, and function of both innate and adaptive immune cells with the goal of understanding the potential of immune cells in osteoporosis. We also highlight the Immunoporotic role of gut microbiota (GM) for the treatment and management of osteoporosis. Importantly, we further discuss whether an immune cell-based strategy to treat and manage osteoporosis is feasible and relevant in clinical settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rupesh K Srivastava
- Immunoporosis Lab, Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, 110029, India
- Correspondence: Rupesh K Srivastava, Tel +91 11-26593548, Email ;
| | - Leena Sapra
- Immunoporosis Lab, Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, 110029, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Saxena Y, Routh S, Mukhopadhaya A. Immunoporosis: Role of Innate Immune Cells in Osteoporosis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:687037. [PMID: 34421899 PMCID: PMC8374941 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.687037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis or porous bone disorder is the result of an imbalance in an otherwise highly balanced physiological process known as 'bone remodeling'. The immune system is intricately involved in bone physiology as well as pathologies. Inflammatory diseases are often correlated with osteoporosis. Inflammatory mediators such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), and pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines directly or indirectly act on the bone cells and play a role in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. Recently, Srivastava et al. (Srivastava RK, Dar HY, Mishra PK. Immunoporosis: Immunology of Osteoporosis-Role of T Cells. Frontiers in immunology. 2018;9:657) have coined the term "immunoporosis" to emphasize the role of immune cells in the pathology of osteoporosis. Accumulated pieces of evidence suggest both innate and adaptive immune cells contribute to osteoporosis. However, innate cells are the major effectors of inflammation. They sense various triggers to inflammation such as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), cellular stress, etc., thus producing pro-inflammatory mediators that play a critical role in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. In this review, we have discussed the role of the innate immune cells in great detail and divided these cells into different sections in a systemic manner. In the beginning, we talked about cells of the myeloid lineage, including macrophages, monocytes, and dendritic cells. This group of cells explicitly influences the skeletal system by the action of production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and can transdifferentiate into osteoclast. Other cells of the myeloid lineage, such as neutrophils, eosinophils, and mast cells, largely impact osteoporosis via the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Further, we talked about the cells of the lymphoid lineage, including natural killer cells and innate lymphoid cells, which share innate-like properties and play a role in osteoporosis. In addition to various innate immune cells, we also discussed the impact of classical pro-inflammatory cytokines on osteoporosis. We also highlighted the studies regarding the impact of physiological and metabolic changes in the body, which results in chronic inflammatory conditions such as ageing, ultimately triggering osteoporosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Saxena
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali, India
| | - Sanjeev Routh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali, India
| | - Arunika Mukhopadhaya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali, India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Govindasamy V, Rajendran A, Lee ZX, Ooi GC, Then KY, Then KL, Gayathri M, Kumar Das A, Cheong SK. The potential role of mesenchymal stem cells in modulating antiageing process. Cell Biol Int 2021; 45:1999-2016. [PMID: 34245637 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ageing and age-related diseases share some basic origin that largely converges on inflammation. Precisely, it boils down to a common pathway characterised by the appearance of a fair amount of proinflammatory cytokines known as inflammageing. Among the proposed treatment for antiageing, MSCs gained attention in recent years. Since mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can differentiate itself into a myriad of terminal cells, previously it was believed that these cells migrate to the site of injury and perform their therapeutic effect. However, with the more recent discovery of huge amounts of paracrine factors secreted by MSCs, it is now widely accepted that these cells do not engraft upon transplantation but rather unveil their benefits through excretion of bioactive molecules namely those involved in inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities. Conversely, the true function of these paracrine changes has not been thoroughly investigated all these years. Hence, this review will describe in detail on ways MSCs may capitalize its paracrine properties in modulating antiageing process. Through a comprehensive literature search various elements in the antiageing process, we aim to provide a novel treatment perspective of MSCs in antiageing related clinical conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vijayendran Govindasamy
- Research and Development Department, CryoCord Sdn Bhd, Bio-X Centre, Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abilashini Rajendran
- Research and Development Department, CryoCord Sdn Bhd, Bio-X Centre, Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zhi-Xin Lee
- Research and Development Department, CryoCord Sdn Bhd, Bio-X Centre, Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ghee-Chien Ooi
- Research and Development Department, CryoCord Sdn Bhd, Bio-X Centre, Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kong-Yong Then
- Research and Development Department, CryoCord Sdn Bhd, Bio-X Centre, Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia.,Brighton Healthcare (Bio-X Healthcare Sdn Bhd), Bio-X Centre, Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Khong-Lek Then
- Research and Development Department, CryoCord Sdn Bhd, Bio-X Centre, Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Merilynn Gayathri
- Brighton Healthcare (Bio-X Healthcare Sdn Bhd), Bio-X Centre, Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Anjan Kumar Das
- Deparment of Surgery, IQ City Medical College, Durgapur, West Bengal, India
| | - Soon-Keng Cheong
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR), Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wu D, Cline-Smith A, Shashkova E, Perla A, Katyal A, Aurora R. T-Cell Mediated Inflammation in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:687551. [PMID: 34276675 PMCID: PMC8278518 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.687551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is the most prevalent metabolic bone disease that affects half the women in the sixth and seventh decade of life. Osteoporosis is characterized by uncoupled bone resorption that leads to low bone mass, compromised microarchitecture and structural deterioration that increases the likelihood of fracture with minimal trauma, known as fragility fractures. Several factors contribute to osteoporosis in men and women. In women, menopause - the cessation of ovarian function, is one of the leading causes of primary osteoporosis. Over the past three decades there has been growing appreciation that the adaptive immune system plays a fundamental role in the development of postmenopausal osteoporosis, both in humans and in mouse models. In this review, we highlight recent data on the interactions between T cells and the skeletal system in the context of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Finally, we review recent studies on the interventions to ameliorate osteoporosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Rajeev Aurora
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Fischer V, Haffner-Luntzer M. Interaction between bone and immune cells: Implications for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 123:14-21. [PMID: 34024716 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Postmenopausal osteoporosis is a systemic disease characterized by the loss of bone mass and increased bone fracture risk largely resulting from significantly reduced levels of the hormone estrogen after menopause. Besides the direct negative effects of estrogen-deficiency on bone, indirect effects of altered immune status in postmenopausal women might contribute to ongoing bone destruction, as postmenopausal women often display a chronic low-grade inflammatory phenotype with altered cytokine expression and immune cell profile. In this context, it was previously shown that various immune cells interact with osteoblasts and osteoclasts either via direct cell-cell contact, or more likely via paracrine mechanisms. For example, specific subtypes of T lymphocytes express TNFα, which was shown to increase osteoblast apoptosis and to indirectly stimulate osteoclastogenesis via B cell-produced receptor-activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL), thereby triggering bone loss during postmenopausal osteoporosis. Th17 cells release interleukin-17 (IL-17), which directs mesenchymal stem cell differentiation towards the osteogenic lineage, but also indirectly increases osteoclast differentiation. B lymphocytes are a major regulator of osteoclast formation via granulocyte colony-stimulating factor secretion and the RANKL/osteoprotegerin system under estrogen-deficient conditions. Macrophages might act differently on bone cells dependent on their polarization profile and their secreted paracrine factors, which might have implications for the development of postmenopausal osteoporosis, because macrophage polarization is altered during disease progression. Likewise, neutrophils play an important role during bone homeostasis, but their over-activation under estrogen-deficient conditions contributes to osteoblast apoptosis via the release of reactive oxygen species and increased osteoclastogenesis via RANKL signaling. Furthermore, mast cells might be involved in the development of postmenopausal osteoporosis, because they store high levels of osteoclastic mediators, including IL-6 and RANKL, in their granules and their numbers are greatly increased in osteoporotic bone. Additionally, bone fracture healing is altered under estrogen-deficient conditions with the increased presence of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6 and Midkine, which might contribute to healing disturbances. Consequently, in addition to the direct negative influence of estrogen-deficiency on bone, immune cell alterations contribute to the pathogenesis of postmenopausal osteoporosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Verena Fischer
- Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Ulm, Helmholtzstraße 14, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Melanie Haffner-Luntzer
- Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Ulm, Helmholtzstraße 14, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kabashima K, Irie H. Interleukin-31 as a Clinical Target for Pruritus Treatment. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:638325. [PMID: 33644103 PMCID: PMC7906974 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.638325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the published literature has suggested the key involvement of the cytokine interleukin-31 (IL-31) in the symptomatology of pruritus, and both IL-31 and its receptor have become potential therapeutic targets for a range of pruritic diseases. Elevated levels of IL-31 or its receptor have been reported in the tissue or serum of patients with pruritic skin diseases, such as atopic dermatitis, prurigo nodularis, and psoriasis. Pruritus places a heavy burden on patients, and can have a negative impact on daily life, sleep, and mental health. Since current anti-pruritic treatments are often ineffective, affected patients are in urgent need of new therapies. As a result, drug development targeting the IL-31 pathway is evolving rapidly. To date, only nemolizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting the IL-31 receptor, has successfully completed late-stage clinical studies. This article will highlight our current clinical understanding of the role of IL-31 in pruritic disease, and explore recent progress in drug development as well as the anticipated future advances in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Irie
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Jia X, Zhu H, Li G, Lan M, Li X, Huang M, Xu W, Wu S. Anti-osteoporotic effects of alisol C 23-acetate via osteoclastogenesis inhibition. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 137:111321. [PMID: 33524783 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alismatis rhizoma (AR) is the dried rhizome of Alisma orientale (Sam.) Juz. (Alismataceae). This traditional Chinese formula is diuretic, hypoglycemic, and hypolipidemic. Alisol C 23-acetate (AC23A) from AR is anti-inflammatory and ameliorates certain metabolic diseases. However, the mechanism by which AC23A mitigates osteoporosis is unknown. The present study investigated the anti-osteoporotic effects of AC23A in vivo and in vitro. In an ovariectomized (OVX) rat model, AC23A ameliorated OVX-induced organ coefficients and trabecular bone loss. In OVX rats, AC23A treatment lowered serum TRAP5b, CTK, β-CTX, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, raised serum E2, and did not significantly change serum OCN or BALP. AC23A inhibited osteoclast formation in a rat co-culture system without affecting osteoblast activity. RANK (receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB) signaling channels are vital osteoclastogenesis transcription elements. AC23A inhibited RANK ligand (RANKL)-induced TRAP, c-Fos, MMP9, NFATc1, and CTK expression and JNK phosphorylation. Therefore, AC23A is anti-osteoclastogenic in vitro and in vivo by inhibiting RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation and function. Moreover, AC23A could help prevent or limit osteoclast-mediated bone diseases by inhibiting osteoclastogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokang Jia
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China; Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China; Centre of Biomedical Research & Development, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China.
| | - Huaichang Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China.
| | - Gaopan Li
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China.
| | - Mengliu Lan
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China.
| | - Mingqing Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China; Centre of Biomedical Research & Development, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China.
| | - Wen Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China; Centre of Biomedical Research & Development, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China.
| | - Shuisheng Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China; Centre of Biomedical Research & Development, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
De Martinis M, Sirufo MM, Ginaldi L. Osteoporosis: Current and Emerging Therapies Targeted to Immunological Checkpoints. Curr Med Chem 2021; 27:6356-6372. [PMID: 31362684 PMCID: PMC8206194 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190730113123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a skeletal pathology characterized by compromised bone strength leading to increased risk of fracture, mainly the spine and hip fractures. Osteoporosis affects more than 200 million people worldwide and because of the skeletal fractures it causes, represents a major cause of morbidity, disability and mortality in older people. Recently, the new discoveries of osteoimmunology have clarified many of the pathogenetic mechanisms of osteoporosis, helping to identify new immunological targets for its treatment opening the way for new and effective therapies with biological drugs. Currently, there are basically two monoclonal antibodies for osteoporosis therapy: denosumab and romosozumab. Here, we focus on the modern approach to the osteoporosis management and in particular, on current and developing biologic drugs targeted to new immunological checkpoints, in the landscape of osteoimmunology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo De Martinis
- Department of Life, Health, & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Maria Maddalena Sirufo
- Department of Life, Health, & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Lia Ginaldi
- Department of Life, Health, & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
De Martinis M, Ginaldi L, Sirufo MM, Bassino EM, De Pietro F, Pioggia G, Gangemi S. IL-33/Vitamin D Crosstalk in Psoriasis-Associated Osteoporosis. Front Immunol 2021; 11:604055. [PMID: 33488605 PMCID: PMC7819870 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.604055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with psoriasis (Pso) and, in particular, psoriatic arthritis (PsoA) have an increased risk of developing osteoporosis (OP). It has been shown that OP is among the more common pathologies associated with Pso, mainly due to the well-known osteopenizing conditions coexisting in these patients. Pso and OP share common risk factors, such as vitamin D deficiency and chronic inflammation. Interestingly, the interleukin (IL)-33/ST2 axis, together with vitamin D, is closely related to both Pso and OP. Vitamin D and the IL-33/ST2 signaling pathways are closely involved in bone remodeling, as well as in skin barrier pathophysiology. The production of anti-osteoclastogenic cytokines, e.g., IL-4 and IL-10, is promoted by IL-33 and vitamin D, which are stimulators of both regulatory and Th2 cells. IL-33, together with other Th2 cytokines, shifts osteoclast precursor differentiation towards macrophage and dendritic cells and inhibits receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis by regulating the expression of anti-osteoclastic genes. However, while the vitamin D protective functions in OP and Pso have been definitively ascertained, the overall effect of IL-33 on bone and skin homeostasis, because of its pleiotropic action, is still controversial. Emerging evidence suggests a functional link between vitamin D and the IL-33/ST2 axis, which acts through hormonal influences and immune-mediated effects, as well as cellular and metabolic functions. Based on the actions of vitamin D and IL-33 in Pso and OP, here, we hypothesize the role of their crosstalk in the pathogenesis of both these pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo De Martinis
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Lia Ginaldi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Maria Maddalena Sirufo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Enrica Maria Bassino
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Francesca De Pietro
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pioggia
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Messina, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Gangemi
- School and Operative Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wu D, Wu XD, Zhou X, Huang W, Luo C, Liu Y. Bone mineral density, osteopenia, osteoporosis, and fracture risk in patients with atopic dermatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:40. [PMID: 33553333 PMCID: PMC7859773 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-4708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between atopic dermatitis (AD) and abnormal bone metabolism remains unclear. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine whether patients with AD were associated with increased risks of low bone mineral density (BMD), osteopenia, osteoporosis, and related fractures. METHODS We searched PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library through December 2019 to identify studies that investigated the association between AD and abnormal bone metabolism (including BMD, osteopenia, osteoporosis, and related fractures). The predefined primary outcome was related fractures; secondary outcomes included osteoporosis, osteopenia, and BMD. We calculated the summary odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using a random-effects model. RESULTS Ten studies were included in this systematic review. In children and adolescents, four studies investigated the association between AD and BMD; three studies indicated that children and adolescents with AD were associated with an increased risk of low BMD; one study found similar BMD between AD and control groups. In adults, three studies assessed the risk of fracture and were included in the meta-analysis, comprising 562,405 AD patients among 3,171,268 participants. Adults with AD were associated with an increased risk of fracture (OR 1.13; 95% CI, 1.05-1.22; P=0.001). Three studies investigated the association between AD and osteoporosis, which suggested that patients with AD were associated with an increased risk of osteoporosis (OR 1.95; 95% CI, 1.18-3.23; P=0.009). Further, patients with AD were associated with increased risks of osteopenia (OR 1.90; 95% CI, 1.51-2.38; P<0.001) and low BMD at the femur and spine. CONCLUSIONS Patients with AD were associated with increased risks of low BMD, osteopenia, osteoporosis, and related fractures. Both clinical studies and basic research are needed to clarify the mechanisms of association between AD and abnormal bone metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang-Dong Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Changqi Luo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second People’s Hospital of Yibin, Yibin, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
De Martinis M, Ginaldi L, Allegra A, Sirufo MM, Pioggia G, Tonacci A, Gangemi S. The Osteoporosis/Microbiota Linkage: The Role of miRNA. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8887. [PMID: 33255179 PMCID: PMC7727697 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21238887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hundreds of trillions of bacteria are present in the human body in a mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship with the host. A stable dynamic equilibrium exists in healthy individuals between the microbiota, host organism, and environment. Imbalances of the intestinal microbiota contribute to the determinism of various diseases. Recent research suggests that the microbiota is also involved in the regulation of the bone metabolism, and its alteration may induce osteoporosis. Due to modern molecular biotechnology, various mechanisms regulating the relationship between bone and microbiota are emerging. Understanding the role of microbiota imbalances in the development of osteoporosis is essential for the development of potential osteoporosis prevention and treatment strategies through microbiota targeting. A relevant complementary mechanism could be also constituted by the permanent relationships occurring between microbiota and microRNAs (miRNAs). miRNAs are a set of small non-coding RNAs able to regulate gene expression. In this review, we recapitulate the physiological and pathological meanings of the microbiota on osteoporosis onset by governing miRNA production. An improved comprehension of the relations between microbiota and miRNAs could furnish novel markers for the identification and monitoring of osteoporosis, and this appears to be an encouraging method for antagomir-guided tactics as therapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo De Martinis
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (L.G.); (M.M.S.)
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Osteoporosis, AUSL 04 Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Lia Ginaldi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (L.G.); (M.M.S.)
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Osteoporosis, AUSL 04 Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Alessandro Allegra
- Division of Hematology, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood “Gaetano Barresi”, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy;
| | - Maria Maddalena Sirufo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (L.G.); (M.M.S.)
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Osteoporosis, AUSL 04 Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pioggia
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 98164 Messina, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Tonacci
- Clinical Physiology Institute, National Research Council of Italy (IFC-CNR), 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Sebastiano Gangemi
- School and Operative Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
A balanced inflammatory response is important for successful fracture healing. The response of osteoporotic fracture healing is deranged and an altered inflammatory response can be one underlying cause. The objectives of this review were to compare the inflammatory responses between normal and osteoporotic fractures and to examine the potential effects on different healing outcomes. A systematic literature search was conducted with relevant keywords in PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science independently. Original preclinical studies and clinical studies involving the investigation of inflammatory response in fracture healing in ovariectomized (OVX) animals or osteoporotic/elderly patients with available full text and written in English were included. In total, 14 articles were selected. Various inflammatory factors were reported; of those tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6 are two commonly studied markers. Preclinical studies showed that OVX animals generally demonstrated higher systemic inflammatory response and poorer healing outcomes compared to normal controls (SHAM). However, it is inconclusive if the local inflammatory response is higher or lower in OVX animals. As for clinical studies, they mainly examine the temporal changes of the inflammatory stage or perform comparison between osteoporotic/fragility fracture patients and normal subjects without fracture. Our review of these studies emphasizes the lack of understanding that inflammation plays in the altered fracture healing response of osteoporotic/elderly patients. Taken together, it is clear that additional studies, preclinical and clinical, are required to dissect the regulatory role of inflammatory response in osteoporotic fracture healing. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2020;9(7):368–385.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon K-H Chow
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,The CUHK-ACC Space Medicine Centre on Health Maintenance of Musculoskeletal System, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yu-Ning Chim
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jin-Yu Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ronald M-Y Wong
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Victoria M-H Choy
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Wing-Hoi Cheung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,The CUHK-ACC Space Medicine Centre on Health Maintenance of Musculoskeletal System, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sirufo MM, De Pietro F, Bassino EM, Ginaldi L, De Martinis M. Osteoporosis in Skin Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4749. [PMID: 32635380 PMCID: PMC7370296 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis (OP) is defined as a generalized skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and an alteration of the microarchitecture that lead to an increase in bone fragility and, therefore, an increased risk of fractures. It must be considered today as a true public health problem and the most widespread metabolic bone disease that affects more than 200 million people worldwide. Under physiological conditions, there is a balance between bone formation and bone resorption necessary for skeletal homeostasis. In pathological situations, this balance is altered in favor of osteoclast (OC)-mediated bone resorption. During chronic inflammation, the balance between bone formation and bone resorption may be considerably affected, contributing to a net prevalence of osteoclastogenesis. Skin diseases are the fourth cause of human disease in the world, affecting approximately one third of the world's population with a prevalence in elderly men. Inflammation and the various associated cytokine patterns are the basis of both osteoporosis and most skin pathologies. Moreover, dermatological patients also undergo local or systemic treatments with glucocorticoids and immunosuppressants that could increase the risk of osteoporosis. Therefore, particular attention should be paid to bone health in these patients. The purpose of the present review is to take stock of the knowledge in this still quite unexplored field, despite the frequency of such conditions in clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Maddalena Sirufo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.M.S.); (F.D.P.); (E.M.B.); (L.G.)
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Osteoporosis, AUSL 04 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Francesca De Pietro
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.M.S.); (F.D.P.); (E.M.B.); (L.G.)
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Osteoporosis, AUSL 04 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Enrica Maria Bassino
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.M.S.); (F.D.P.); (E.M.B.); (L.G.)
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Osteoporosis, AUSL 04 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Lia Ginaldi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.M.S.); (F.D.P.); (E.M.B.); (L.G.)
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Osteoporosis, AUSL 04 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Massimo De Martinis
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.M.S.); (F.D.P.); (E.M.B.); (L.G.)
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Osteoporosis, AUSL 04 64100 Teramo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
De Martinis M, Sirufo MM, Nocelli C, Fontanella L, Ginaldi L. Hyperhomocysteinemia is Associated with Inflammation, Bone Resorption, Vitamin B12 and Folate Deficiency and MTHFR C677T Polymorphism in Postmenopausal Women with Decreased Bone Mineral Density. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E4260. [PMID: 32549258 PMCID: PMC7345373 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17124260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is an age-related bone disease, affecting mainly postmenopausal women, characterized by decreased bone mineral density (BMD) and consequent risk of fractures. Homocysteine (Hcy), a sulfur-aminoacid whose serum level is regulated by methylenetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) activity and vitamin B12 and folate as cofactors, is a risk factor for inflammatory diseases. Literature data concerning the link between Hcy and osteoporosis are still debated. The aim of our study was to assess the relationship among Hcy and BMD, inflammation, vitamin status and bone turnover in postmenopausal osteoporosis. In 252 postmenopausal women, BMD was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). In addition to serum Hcy, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP) and bone turnover markers (bone alkaline phosphatase-BAP, osteocalcin-OC, C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX), vitamin deficiencies and MTHFR-C677T polymorphism were evaluated. Hcy, inflammation, bone resorption markers and prevalence of C677T polymorphism were higher, whereas vitamin D, B12, folate, and bone formation markers were lower in women with decreased BMD compared to those with normal BMD. Our results suggest a significant association between Hcy, BMD and inflammation in postmenopausal osteoporosis. The regulation of Hcy overproduction and the modulation of the inflammatory substrate could represent additional therapeutic approaches for osteoporosis prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo De Martinis
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.M.S.); (L.G.)
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Center for the diagnosis and treatment of Osteoporosis, AUSL 04, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Maria Maddalena Sirufo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.M.S.); (L.G.)
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Center for the diagnosis and treatment of Osteoporosis, AUSL 04, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | | | - Lara Fontanella
- Department of Legal and Social Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, 65127 Pescara, Italy;
| | - Lia Ginaldi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.M.S.); (L.G.)
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Center for the diagnosis and treatment of Osteoporosis, AUSL 04, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Winter EM, Ireland A, Butterfield NC, Haffner-Luntzer M, Horcajada MN, Veldhuis-Vlug AG, Oei L, Colaianni G, Bonnet N. Pregnancy and lactation, a challenge for the skeleton. Endocr Connect 2020; 9:R143-R157. [PMID: 32438342 PMCID: PMC7354730 DOI: 10.1530/ec-20-0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this review we discuss skeletal adaptations to the demanding situation of pregnancy and lactation. Calcium demands are increased during pregnancy and lactation, and this is effectuated by a complex series of hormonal changes. The changes in bone structure at the tissue and whole bone level observed during pregnancy and lactation appear to largely recover over time. The magnitude of the changes observed during lactation may relate to the volume and duration of breastfeeding and return to regular menses. Studies examining long-term consequences of pregnancy and lactation suggest that there are small, site-specific benefits to bone density and that bone geometry may also be affected. Pregnancy- and lactation-induced osteoporosis (PLO) is a rare disease for which the pathophysiological mechanism is as yet incompletely known; here, we discuss and speculate on the possible roles of genetics, oxytocin, sympathetic tone and bone marrow fat. Finally, we discuss fracture healing during pregnancy and lactation and the effects of estrogen on this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E M Winter
- Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Center for Bone Quality, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Correspondence should be addressed to E M Winter:
| | - A Ireland
- Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine Research Centre, Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - N C Butterfield
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, Commonwealth Building, DuCane Road, London, United Kingdom
| | - M Haffner-Luntzer
- Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - M-N Horcajada
- Nestlé Research, Department of Musculoskeletal Health, Innovation EPFL Park, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - A G Veldhuis-Vlug
- Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Center for Bone Quality, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Jan van Goyen Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - L Oei
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G Colaianni
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - N Bonnet
- Nestlé Research, Department of Musculoskeletal Health, Innovation EPFL Park, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
De Martinis M, Sirufo MM, Viscido A, Ginaldi L. Food Allergy Insights: A Changing Landscape. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2020; 68:8. [PMID: 32239297 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-020-00574-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The panorama of food allergies (FA) has changed profoundly in recent years. In light of recent advances in knowledge of pathogenetic mechanisms and a greater attention to the multifaceted range of possible clinical manifestations, there is a need for a critical review of past classifications. Changes in nutrition, environment and lifestyles around the world are modifying the global FA epidemiology and new FA phenotypes are also emerging. Furthermore, both biotechnological advances in this field and recent personalized therapies have improved the diagnostic and therapeutic approach to FA. Consequently, both the prevention and clinical management of FA are rapidly changing and new therapeutic strategies are emerging, even revolutionizing the current medical practice. Given the significant increase in the prevalence of FA in recent years, the objective of this review is to provide an updated and complete overview of current knowledge in its etiopathogenesis, diagnostics and therapy, useful not only for a better understanding of this frequent and complex pathology but also for practical guidance in its clinical management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo De Martinis
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy. .,Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, AUSL 04, Teramo, Italy.
| | - Maria Maddalena Sirufo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.,Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, AUSL 04, Teramo, Italy
| | - Angelo Viscido
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Lia Ginaldi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.,Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, AUSL 04, Teramo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
De Martinis M, Ginaldi L, Sirufo MM, Pioggia G, Calapai G, Gangemi S, Mannucci C. Alarmins in Osteoporosis, RAGE, IL-1, and IL-33 Pathways: A Literature Review. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2020; 56:medicina56030138. [PMID: 32204562 PMCID: PMC7142770 DOI: 10.3390/medicina56030138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alarmins are endogenous mediators released by cells following insults or cell death to alert the host’s innate immune system of a situation of danger or harm. Many of these, such as high-mobility group box-1 and 2 (HMGB1, HMGB2) and S100 (calgranulin proteins), act through RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation end products), whereas the IL-1 and IL-33 cytokines bind the IL-1 receptors type I and II, and the cellular receptor ST2, respectively. The alarmin family and their signal pathways share many similarities of cellular and tissue localization, functions, and involvement in various physiological processes and inflammatory diseases including osteoporosis. The aim of the review was to evaluate the role of alarmins in osteoporosis. A bibliographic search of the published scientific literature regarding the role of alarmins in osteoporosis was organized independently by two researchers in the following scientific databases: Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The keywords used were combined as follows: “alarmins and osteoporosis”, “RAGE and osteoporosis”, “HMGB1 and osteoporosis”, “IL-1 and osteoporosis”, “IL 33 and osteopororsis”, “S100s protein and osteoporosis”. The information was summarized and organized in the present review. We highlight the emerging roles of alarmins in various bone remodeling processes involved in the onset and development of osteoporosis, as well as their potential role as biomarkers of osteoporosis severity and progression. Findings of the research suggest a potential use of alarmins as pharmacological targets in future therapeutic strategies aimed at preventing bone loss and fragility fractures induced by aging and inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo De Martinis
- Department of Life, Health, & Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 6700 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.D.M.); (L.G.); (M.M.S.)
| | - Lia Ginaldi
- Department of Life, Health, & Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 6700 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.D.M.); (L.G.); (M.M.S.)
| | - Maria Maddalena Sirufo
- Department of Life, Health, & Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 6700 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.D.M.); (L.G.); (M.M.S.)
| | - Giovanni Pioggia
- National Research Council of Italy (CNR)-Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), 98164 Messina, Italy;
| | - Gioacchino Calapai
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy;
| | - Sebastiano Gangemi
- School and Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy;
| | - Carmen Mannucci
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-090-22-12-697
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Role of Secreted Frizzled-Related Protein 1 and Tumor Necrosis Factor- α (TNF- α) in Bone Loss of Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Int J Rheumatol 2020; 2020:9149762. [PMID: 32190056 PMCID: PMC7068142 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9149762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone loss is one of the emerging extra-articular manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis. TNF-α is the main inflammatory cytokine that can directly increase bone resorption. However, its role in bone formation is still unknown, especially related to secreted frizzled-related protein 1 (SFRP-1), an osteoblast inhibitor. This study examines the correlation between TNF-α and SFRP-1, with a bone turn over marker (CTX and P1NP). This is a cross-sectional study with 38 subjects of premenopausal female patients with RA. This study found that 60.6% of the patients were in remission or low disease activity. The median of TNF-α was 10.6 pg/mL, mean of SFRP-1 was 9.29 ng/mL, mean of CTX was 2.74 ng/mL, and the median of P1NP was 34.04 pg/ml. There is positive correlation between TNF-α and P1NP (r = 0.363, p = 0.026), also between SFRP-1 and P1NP (r = 0.341; p = 0.036). A low level of TNF-𝛼, high level of SFRP-1, high level of CTX, and low level of P1NP in this study indicate a high bone turn over process, with dominant resorption activity in premenopausal female patients with RA.
Collapse
|
27
|
De Martinis M, Sirufo MM, Suppa M, Ginaldi L. New Perspectives in Food Allergy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1474. [PMID: 32098244 PMCID: PMC7073187 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The improvement of the knowledge of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the tolerance and sensitization to food antigens has recently led to a radical change in the clinical approach to food allergies. Epidemiological studies show a global increase in the prevalence of food allergy all over the world and manifestations of food allergy appear increasingly frequent also in elderly subjects. Environmental and nutritional changes have partly changed the epidemiology of allergic reactions to foods and new food allergic syndromes have emerged in recent years. The deepening of the study of the intestinal microbiota has highlighted important mechanisms of immunological adaptation of the mucosal immune system to food antigens, leading to a revolution in the concept of immunological tolerance. As a consequence, new prevention models and innovative therapeutic strategies aimed at a personalized approach to the patient affected by food allergy are emerging. This review focuses on these new perspectives and their practical implications in the management of food allergy, providing an updated view of this complex pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo De Martinis
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.M.S.); (L.G.)
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Center for the diagnosis and treatment of Osteoporosis, AUSL 04 Teramo, Italy
| | - Maria Maddalena Sirufo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.M.S.); (L.G.)
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Center for the diagnosis and treatment of Osteoporosis, AUSL 04 Teramo, Italy
| | - Mariano Suppa
- Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Lia Ginaldi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.M.S.); (L.G.)
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Center for the diagnosis and treatment of Osteoporosis, AUSL 04 Teramo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
De Martinis M, Sirufo MM, Suppa M, Ginaldi L. IL-33/IL-31 Axis in Osteoporosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1239. [PMID: 32069819 PMCID: PMC7072890 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of the immunoskeletal interface has led to the discovery of numerous cytokines involved in the regulation of bone remodeling, providing valuable information on the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. The role of inflammatory cytokines of the Th1 and Th17 profile in osteoporosis is well known. Here we focus on two newly discovered Th2 cytokines, IL-31 and IL-33, whose implications in osteoporosis are recently emerging. Clinical and experimental observations suggest an important role of the IL-33/IL-31 axis in osteoporosis. IL-33 induces IL-31 secretion by Th2 cells and inhibits RANKL-dependent osteoclastogenesis, thus counteracting bone loss. IL-31 influences Th1/Th17 osteoclastogenetic inflammation and limits Th2 osteoprotective processes, thus favoring osteoporosis. Better knowledge of the role of IL-31 and IL-33 and their receptor complexes in osteoporosis could provide an interesting perspective for the development of new and more effective therapies, possibly with less side effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo De Martinis
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.M.S.); (L.G.)
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Osteoporosis, AUSL 04 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Maria Maddalena Sirufo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.M.S.); (L.G.)
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Osteoporosis, AUSL 04 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Mariano Suppa
- Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Lia Ginaldi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.M.S.); (L.G.)
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Osteoporosis, AUSL 04 64100 Teramo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Sirufo MM, Suppa M, Ginaldi L, De Martinis M. Does Allergy Break Bones? Osteoporosis and Its Connection to Allergy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E712. [PMID: 31973226 PMCID: PMC7037724 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
: Osteoporosis and allergic diseases are important causes of morbidity, and traditionally their coexistence has been attributed to causality, to independent processes, and they were considered unrelated. However, the increasing knowledge in the field of osteoimmunology and an increasing number of epidemiological and biological studies have provided support to a correlation between bone and allergy that share pathways, cells, cytokines and mediators. If the link between allergic pathology and bone alterations appears more subtle, there are conditions such as mastocytosis and hypereosinophilic or hyper-IgE syndromes characterized by the proliferation of cells or hyper-production of molecules that play a key role in allergies, in which this link is at least clinically more evident, and the diseases are accompanied by frank skeletal involvement, offering multiple speculation cues. The pathophysiological connection of allergy and osteoporosis is currently an intriguing area of research. The aim of this review is to summarize and bring together the current knowledge and pursue an opportunity to stimulate further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Maddalena Sirufo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.M.S.); (L.G.)
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Center for the diagnosis and treatment of Osteoporosis, AUSL 04 Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Mariano Suppa
- Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Lia Ginaldi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.M.S.); (L.G.)
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Center for the diagnosis and treatment of Osteoporosis, AUSL 04 Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Massimo De Martinis
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.M.S.); (L.G.)
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Center for the diagnosis and treatment of Osteoporosis, AUSL 04 Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Irelli A, Sirufo MM, Scipioni T, De Pietro F, Pancotti A, Ginaldi L, De Martinis M. mTOR Links Tumor Immunity and Bone Metabolism: What are the Clinical Implications? Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20235841. [PMID: 31766386 PMCID: PMC6928935 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) plays a crucial role in the control of cellular growth, proliferation, survival, metabolism, angiogenesis, transcription, and translation. In most human cancers, alterations to this pathway are common and cause activation of other downstream signaling pathways linked with oncogenesis. The mTOR pathway modulates the interactions between the stroma and the tumor, thereby affecting both tumor immunity and angiogenesis. Inflammation is a hallmark of cancer, playing a central role in the tumor dynamics, and immune cells can exert antitumor functions or promote the growth of cancer cells. In this context, mTOR may regulate the activity of macrophages and T cells by regulating the expression of cytokines/chemokines, such as interleukin (IL)-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF-β), and/or membrane receptors, such as cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte protein 4 (CTLA-4) and Programmed Death 1 (PD-1). Furthermore, inhibitors of mammalian target of rapamycin are demonstrated to actively modulate osteoclastogenesis, exert antiapoptotic and pro-differentiative activities in osteoclasts, and reduce the number of lytic bone metastases, increasing bone mass in tumor-bearing mice. With regard to the many actions in which mTOR is involved, the aim of this review is to describe its role in the immune system and bone metabolism in an attempt to identify the best strategy for therapeutic opportunities in the metastatic phase of solid tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azzurra Irelli
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology, AUSL 04 Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (A.I.); (T.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Maria Maddalena Sirufo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.M.S.); (F.D.P.); (L.G.)
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Center for the diagnosis and treatment of Osteoporosis, AUSL 04 Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Teresa Scipioni
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology, AUSL 04 Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (A.I.); (T.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Francesca De Pietro
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.M.S.); (F.D.P.); (L.G.)
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Center for the diagnosis and treatment of Osteoporosis, AUSL 04 Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Amedeo Pancotti
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology, AUSL 04 Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (A.I.); (T.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Lia Ginaldi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.M.S.); (F.D.P.); (L.G.)
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Center for the diagnosis and treatment of Osteoporosis, AUSL 04 Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Massimo De Martinis
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.M.S.); (F.D.P.); (L.G.)
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Center for the diagnosis and treatment of Osteoporosis, AUSL 04 Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-08-6142-9548; Fax: +39-08-6121-1395
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Mannucci C, Calapai G, Gangemi S. Commentary: Circulatory pattern of cytokines, adipokines and bone markers in postmenopausal women with low BMD. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2666. [PMID: 31798591 PMCID: PMC6868060 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Mannucci
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Gioacchino Calapai
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Gangemi
- School and Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
De Martinis M, Sirufo MM, Viscido A, Ginaldi L. Food Allergies and Ageing. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5580. [PMID: 31717303 PMCID: PMC6888073 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
All over the world, there is an increase in the overall survival of the population and the number of elderly people. The incidence of allergic reactions is also rising worldwide. Until recently, allergies, and in particular food allergies (FAs), was regarded as a pediatric problem, since some of them start in early childhood and may spontaneously disappear in adulthood. It is being discovered that, on the contrary, these problems are increasingly affecting even the elderly. Along with other diseases that are considered characteristics of advanced age, such as cardiovascular, dysmetabolic, autoimmune, neurodegenerative, and oncological diseases, even FAs are increasingly frequent in the elderly. An FA is a pleiomorphic and multifactorial disease, characterized by an abnormal immune response and an impaired gut barrier function. The elderly exhibit distinct FA phenotypes, and diagnosis is difficult due to frequent co-morbidities and uncertainty in the interpretation of in vitro and in vivo tests. Several factors render the elderly susceptible to FAs, including the physiological changes of aging, a decline in gut barrier function, the skewing of adaptive immunity to a Th2 response, dysregulation of innate immune cells, and age-related changes of gut microbiota. Aging is accompanied by a progressive remodeling of immune system functions, leading to an increased pro-inflammatory status where type 1 cytokines are quantitatively dominant. However, serum Immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels and T helper type 2 (Th2 cytokine production have also been found to be increased in the elderly, suggesting that the type 2 cytokine pattern is not necessarily defective in older age. Dysfunctional dendritic cells in the gut, defects in secretory IgA, and decreased T regulatory function in the elderly also play important roles in FA development. We address herein the main immunologic aspects of aging according to the presence of FAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo De Martinis
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.M.S.); (L.G.)
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, AUSL 04 Teramo, Italy
| | - Maria Maddalena Sirufo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.M.S.); (L.G.)
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, AUSL 04 Teramo, Italy
| | - Angelo Viscido
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy;
| | - Lia Ginaldi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (M.M.S.); (L.G.)
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, AUSL 04 Teramo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Chan CY, Subramaniam S, Chin KY, Ima-Nirwana S, Muhammad N, Fairus A, Ng PY, Jamil NA, Abd Aziz N, Mohamed N. Levels of Knowledge, Beliefs, and Practices Regarding Osteoporosis and the Associations with Bone Mineral Density among Populations More Than 40 Years Old in Malaysia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E4115. [PMID: 31731507 PMCID: PMC6861980 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16214115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder commonly found among the elderly, in which the bones become weak, brittle, and more susceptible to fracture. Adequate knowledge and positive attitude towards the disease and osteoprotective activities may prevent osteoporosis, but comprehensive studies to verify this hypothesis are limited in Malaysia. This study aims to bridge the research gap by determining the levels of knowledge, beliefs, and practices regarding osteoporosis and their associations with bone mineral density (BMD) among men and women ≥ 40 years in Klang Valley, Malaysia. In this cross-sectional study, 786 Malaysians (382 men, 404 women) completed a questionnaire on knowledge, beliefs, and osteoprotective practices, and underwent BMD scan using a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry device. The current study found moderate levels of knowledge and beliefs regarding osteoporosis but poor osteoprotective practices. Osteoporosis knowledge, beliefs, and practices were significantly different based on subjects' demographic characteristics (p < 0.05). Osteoporosis knowledge and beliefs were correlated significantly with osteoprotective practices (p < 0.05). Bone health status of the subjects was associated positively with calcium supplement intake, and negatively with exercise barriers and smoking status of the subjects (p < 0.05). However, no significant correlation was noted between osteoporosis knowledge and bone health (p > 0.05). Conclusively, despite some correlations between individual components, the detachment between bone health knowledge and beliefs, and osteoprotective practices among Malaysians is apparent. Integrating all three components into a comprehensive osteoporosis prevention program is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chin Yi Chan
- Department of Pharmacology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Cheras 56000, Malaysia; (C.Y.C.); (S.S.); (K.-Y.C.); (S.I.-N.); (N.M.)
| | - Shaanthana Subramaniam
- Department of Pharmacology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Cheras 56000, Malaysia; (C.Y.C.); (S.S.); (K.-Y.C.); (S.I.-N.); (N.M.)
| | - Kok-Yong Chin
- Department of Pharmacology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Cheras 56000, Malaysia; (C.Y.C.); (S.S.); (K.-Y.C.); (S.I.-N.); (N.M.)
| | - Soelaiman Ima-Nirwana
- Department of Pharmacology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Cheras 56000, Malaysia; (C.Y.C.); (S.S.); (K.-Y.C.); (S.I.-N.); (N.M.)
| | - Norliza Muhammad
- Department of Pharmacology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Cheras 56000, Malaysia; (C.Y.C.); (S.S.); (K.-Y.C.); (S.I.-N.); (N.M.)
| | - Ahmad Fairus
- Department of Anatomy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Cheras 56000, Malaysia;
| | - Pei Yuen Ng
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Campus, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia;
| | - Nor Aini Jamil
- Faculty of Health Science, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Campus, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia;
| | - Noorazah Abd Aziz
- Department of Family Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Cheras 56000, Malaysia;
| | - Norazlina Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Cheras 56000, Malaysia; (C.Y.C.); (S.S.); (K.-Y.C.); (S.I.-N.); (N.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Cannarella R, Barbagallo F, Condorelli RA, Aversa A, La Vignera S, Calogero AE. Osteoporosis from an Endocrine Perspective: The Role of Hormonal Changes in the Elderly. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8101564. [PMID: 31581477 PMCID: PMC6832998 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8101564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Osteoporosis is increasingly prevalent in the elderly, with fractures mostly occurring in women and men who are older than 55 and 65 years of age, respectively. The aim of this review was to examine the evidence regarding the influence of hormones on bone metabolism, followed by clinical data of hormonal changes in the elderly, in the attempt to provide possible poorly explored diagnostic and therapeutic candidate targets for the management of primary osteoporosis in the aging population. Material and methods: An extensive Medline search using PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library was performed. Results: While the rise in Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels has a protective role on bone mass, the decline of estrogen, testosterone, Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), and vitamin D and the rise of cortisol, parathyroid hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) favor bone loss in the elderly. Particularly, the AA rs6166 FSH receptor (FSHR) genotype, encoding for a more sensitive FSHR than that encoded by the GG one, is associated with low total body mass density (BMD), independently of circulating estrogen. A polyclonal antibody with a FSHR-binding sequence against the β-subunit of murine FSH seems to be effective in ameliorating bone loss in ovariectomized mice. Conclusions: A complete hormonal assessment should be completed for both women and men during bone loss evaluation. Novel possible diagnostic and therapeutic tools might be developed for the management of male and female osteoporosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Cannarella
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - Federica Barbagallo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - Rosita A Condorelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - Antonio Aversa
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Sandro La Vignera
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - Aldo E Calogero
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Williamson S, Merritt J, De Benedetto A. Atopic dermatitis in the elderly: a review of clinical and pathophysiological hallmarks. Br J Dermatol 2019; 182:47-54. [PMID: 30895603 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.17896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a multifactorial and complex disease, characterized by an impaired skin barrier function and abnormal immune response. Many elderly patients present with pruritus and xerosis to dermatology, allergy and primary care clinics, and there is a lack of information available to clinicians regarding the proper diagnosis and management of these patients. Although the elderly are described as having a distinct presentation of AD and important comorbidities, most investigations and clinical care guidelines pertaining to AD do not include patients aged 60 years and older as a separate group from younger adults. OBJECTIVES To summarize current information on pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of AD in the elderly population and identify areas of insufficient information to be explored in future investigations. METHODS We carried out a systematic review of published literature, which assessed changes in the skin barrier and immune function with ageing and current information available for physicians to use in the diagnosis and treatment of AD in elderly patients. RESULTS Many age-related changes overlap with key hallmarks observed in AD, most notably a decline in skin barrier function, dysregulation of the innate immune system, and skewing of adaptive immunity to a type-2 T helper cell response, in addition to increased Staphylococcus aureus infection. CONCLUSIONS While general physiological alterations with ageing overlap with key features of AD, a research gap exists regarding specific ageing-related changes in AD disease development. More knowledge about AD in the elderly is needed to establish firm diagnostic and treatment methodologies. What's already known about this topic? Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common inflammatory skin disease that causes significant burden worldwide. Recently, elderly patients have been considered a subgroup of patients with distinct AD manifestation. Limited studies have characterized the clinical presentation and role of IgE-mediated allergy in elderly patients with AD. What does this study add? This review offers a summary of age-related skin and immune alterations that correspond to pathogenic changes noted in patients with AD. The role of itch, environmental factors and skin microbiota in AD disease presentation in ageing patients is explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Williamson
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A
| | - J Merritt
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A
| | - A De Benedetto
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ilesanmi-Oyelere BL, Schollum L, Kuhn-Sherlock B, McConnell M, Mros S, Coad J, Roy NC, Kruger MC. Inflammatory markers and bone health in postmenopausal women: a cross-sectional overview. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2019; 16:15. [PMID: 31333751 PMCID: PMC6621960 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-019-0155-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Cytokines, chemokines, C-reactive proteins (CRP) and ferritin are known inflammatory markers. However, cytokines such as interleukin (IL-1β), (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α) have been reported to interfere with both the bone resorption and bone formation processes. Similarly, immune cell cytokines are known to contribute to inflammation of the adipose tissue especially with obesity. IL-10 but not IL-33 has been linked to lower ferritin levels and anemia. In this study, we hypothesized that specific cytokine levels in the plasma of women with low bone mineral density (BMD) would be higher than those in the plasma of healthy women due to the actions of elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in inducing osteoclast formation and differentiation during senescence. Results Levels of cytokines (IFNα2, IFN-γ, IL-12p70, IL-33) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) were significantly higher in the plasma of the osteoporotic group compared to the osteopenic and/or healthy groups. Meanwhile CRP levels were significantly lower in women with osteoporosis (P = 0.040) than the osteopenic and healthy groups. Hip BMD values were significantly lower in women with high/detectable values of IL-1β (P = 0.020) and IL-6 (P = 0.030) compared to women where these were not detected. Similarly, women with high/detectable values of IL-1β had significantly lower spine BMD than those where IL-1β was not detected (P = 0.030). Participants’ CRP levels were significantly positively correlated with BMI, fat mass and fat percentage (P < 0.001). In addition, ferritin levels of women with high/detectable values of anti-osteoclastogenic IL-10 (P = 0.012) and IL-33 (P = 0.017) were significantly lower than those where these were not detected. There was no statistically significant association between TNF-α and BMD of the hip and lumbar spine. Conclusions High levels of cytokines (IFNα2, IFN-γ, IL-12p70, IL-33) and MCP-1 in apparently healthy postmenopausal women are associated with bone health issues. In addition, an increase in levels of IL-10 and IL-33 may be associated with low ferritin levels in this age group. Trial registration ANZCTR, ACTRN12617000802303. Registered May 31st, 2017, https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=373020
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bolaji Lilian Ilesanmi-Oyelere
- 1Department of Nutritional Science, School of Food and Advanced Technology, College of Sciences, Massey University, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North, 4442 New Zealand.,2Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, 4442 New Zealand.,3Food Nutrition & Health Team, AgResearch Grasslands, Palmerston North, 4442 New Zealand
| | - Linda Schollum
- Fonterra Research and Development Centre, Palmerston North, 4472 New Zealand
| | | | - Michelle McConnell
- 6Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054 New Zealand
| | - Sonya Mros
- 6Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054 New Zealand
| | - Jane Coad
- 1Department of Nutritional Science, School of Food and Advanced Technology, College of Sciences, Massey University, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North, 4442 New Zealand
| | - Nicole C Roy
- 2Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, 4442 New Zealand.,3Food Nutrition & Health Team, AgResearch Grasslands, Palmerston North, 4442 New Zealand.,High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Marlena Cathorina Kruger
- 1Department of Nutritional Science, School of Food and Advanced Technology, College of Sciences, Massey University, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North, 4442 New Zealand.,2Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, 4442 New Zealand.,8School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4442 New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Zou B, Yu Z, Huang J, Tan C, Wang H, Fu J, Li X, Wang X, Cui S, Tang T. Association of Interleukin-31 gene polymorphisms with risk of cryptorchidism in a Chinese population. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e15861. [PMID: 31145337 PMCID: PMC6709342 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000015861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the possible association between Interleukin-31 (IL-31) gene polymorphisms and cryptorchidism risk.Two single nucleotide polymorphisms of IL-31, rs7977932 (C/G) and rs4758680 (C/A), were selected to be investigated in this study. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism methods were used to discriminate the selected single nucleotide polymorphisms of IL-31 gene. A hospital-based case-control study of 112 cryptorchidism patients and 425 healthy controls was conducted.The frequencies of the C allele of rs4758680 in the patients with cryptorchidism were significantly higher compared with those in controls (89% vs 83%, P = .02, OR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0. 37-0.92). Compared with CC genotype in dominant model, notable decreased frequencies of A carriers (CA/AA genotypes) were observed in cryptorchidism patients (P = . 03, OR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.35-0.96).Results demonstrated that IL-31 gene polymorphisms were associated with the genetic susceptibility to cryptorchidism in a Chinese population. Compared with CC genotype, the A carriers (CA/AA genotypes) of rs4758680 were protect factors in cryptorchidism susceptibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zou
- Department of Urology
- Urogenital Diseases Lab, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong
| | - Zhihai Yu
- Department of Urology, Chongqing Three Gorges Central Hospital, Wanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Urology
- Urogenital Diseases Lab, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong
| | - Chunlin Tan
- Department of Urology
- Urogenital Diseases Lab, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong
| | - Haiyun Wang
- Department of Urology
- Urogenital Diseases Lab, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong
| | - Jian Fu
- Department of Urology
- Urogenital Diseases Lab, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Urology
- Urogenital Diseases Lab, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong
| | - Xiaojun Wang
- Department of Urology
- Urogenital Diseases Lab, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong
| | - Shu Cui
- Department of Urology
- Urogenital Diseases Lab, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong
| | - Tielong Tang
- Department of Urology
- Urogenital Diseases Lab, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Saribal D, Hocaoglu-Emre FS, Erdogan S, Bahtiyar N, Caglar Okur S, Mert M. Inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α in patients with hip fracture. Osteoporos Int 2019; 30:1025-1031. [PMID: 30701344 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-019-04874-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Mortality and remaining bedridden following the hip fracture surgery are not rare. We tried to measure the levels of inflammatory markers tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) following the hip fracture surgery and compare their levels with controls. We aimed to show a relationship between the levels of these markers and post-operative mortality and walking capability. INTRODUCTION Osteoporosis is a condition, causing the hip fractures in the elderly. Hip fractures have a high rate of overall mortality up to 30% following the incident. Cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF-α are suggested to play a role in bone resorption and, thus, in the etiology of osteoporosis. METHODS Plasma levels of IL-6 and TNF-α were measured pre-operatively and on the first and second days after the surgery in 40 Turkish hip fracture patients. The levels of these cytokines were compared with 40 Turkish age-matched healthy controls. The levels of these cytokines were compared between the deceased and surviving patients, as well as the existence of walking capability following the surgery. RESULTS Significantly higher IL-6 levels were shown on the first and second days after the surgery (p = 0.005; p = 0.01, respectively). The overall death rate of our study group within the 2-year follow-up time was found to be 35%. No statistical significance was found in the means of 2-year follow-up mortality between the patients. Presence of walking capability did not differ between the patients, as well. CONCLUSION We demonstrated an association between IL-6 levels and hip fracture in our study group following the surgery. We also suggest that TNF-α and IL-6 levels are not related to the occurrence of death and walking capability after the surgery. However, these findings need further functional and clinical confirmation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Saribal
- Department of Biophysics, Istanbul University Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - F S Hocaoglu-Emre
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Beykent University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - S Erdogan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Istanbul Metin Sabanci Baltalimanı Training and Research Hospital for Bone Diseases, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - N Bahtiyar
- Department of Biophysics, Istanbul University Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - S Caglar Okur
- Department of Physical Treatment and Rehabilitation, Bakirkoy Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - M Mert
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yeniyuzyil University Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Maksymowych WP. Biomarkers for Diagnosis of Axial Spondyloarthritis, Disease Activity, Prognosis, and Prediction of Response to Therapy. Front Immunol 2019; 10:305. [PMID: 30899255 PMCID: PMC6416369 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There exists a major unmet need for biomarkers that can identify axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) early after disease onset because of the availability of highly effective therapies. Several recent reports have examined the autoantibody response in patients with axSpA through the use of protein microarrays and protein-protein interactions although diagnostic performance of biomarkers identified to date has been inadequate. An example of such a biomarker is protein phosphatase magnesium-dependent 1A. Antibodies to the human leukocyte antigen class II-associated invariant chain peptide (anti-CD74) are candidate diagnostic biomarkers but sensitivity declines with increasing duration of disease. Metabolomic studies have employed nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometry to identify disease-specific metabolites related to fat metabolism and intestinal microbial metabolism. A second major unmet need exists for biomarkers of disease activity that have superiority over standard C-reactive protein assessment and reflect MRI inflammation in the axial spine. Several biomarkers reflecting inflammation (calprotectin), angiogenesis (vasoactive endothelial growth factor), and connective tissue turnover (C2M, C3M, and citrullinated metalloproteinase degraded fragment of vimentin) have recently been shown to reflect disease activity when compared with clinical outcomes but comparisons with MRI inflammation are very limited. With increasing availability of highly effective but costly therapies, a third unmet need is biomarkers that can predict response to therapies with different mechanisms of action and are superior to C-reactive protein. Calprotectin is currently the only candidate. Although there are as yet no proven therapies for preventing progression of disease there is an unmet need for biomarkers of prognosis that are more responsive than radiography. Aside from CRP no consistent candidates have emerged. Future studies will need to be prospective, include consecutive patients presenting with undiagnosed back pain, and use more reliable and objective endpoints such as MRI inflammation. Moreover, it has become evident that targeted biomarker studies have not been successful in identifying clinically useful biomarkers and technologies that can simultaneously assess “multiomic” markers will need to be analyzed for future advances. These include more sophisticated metabolomic profiling and universal metabolome-standard (UMS) methodology, next generation RNA sequencing, and affinity-based quantitative proteomics based on the use of nucleic acid binders such as the aptamer-based SOMAscan assay.
Collapse
|
40
|
Ginaldi L, De Martinis M, Saitta S, Sirufo MM, Mannucci C, Casciaro M, Ciccarelli F, Gangemi S. Interleukin-33 serum levels in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3786. [PMID: 30846811 PMCID: PMC6405990 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40212-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
There are many cytokines involved in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. So far IL-33 involvement in osteoporotic patients has not yet been studied. IL-33 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine which mediates several immune functions; its involvement in a wide range of diseases, such as atopic dermatitis, asthma, and rheumatoid arthritis, is now emerging. In view of the crucial role of this cytokine in inflammation and bone remodeling, we measured IL-33 levels in the serum of postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. In 50 postmenopausal osteoporotic patients and 28 healthy postmenopausal control women, serum IL-33 levels were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. In both patients and controls the bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by double-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Vitamin D, calcium, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), parathyroid hormone (PTH) serum levels, as well as bone turnover markers, such as C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen (CTX) and N-terminal propeptide of type 1 procollagen (P1NP) were also evaluated. In postmenopausal osteoporotic women IL-33 levels were significantly lower compared to healthy controls (3.53 ± 2.45 vs. 13.72 ± 5.39 pg/ml; P = 0.009) and positively correlated respectively with serum PTH (rho = 0.314; P = 0.026) and P1NP (rho = 0.373; P = 0.011) levels, while a statistically significant inverse correlation was observed between serum IL-33 and CTX levels (rho = -0.455; P = 0.002). Our results thus suggest that IL-33 represents an important bone-protecting cytokine which may be of therapeutic benefit in treating bone resorption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lia Ginaldi
- School of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila and Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit "Mazzini" Hospital AUSL4, Teramo, Italy
| | - Massimo De Martinis
- School of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila and Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit "Mazzini" Hospital AUSL4, Teramo, Italy.
| | - Salvatore Saitta
- School and Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Maddalena Sirufo
- School of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila and Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit "Mazzini" Hospital AUSL4, Teramo, Italy
| | - Carmen Mannucci
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Marco Casciaro
- School and Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Fedra Ciccarelli
- School of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila and Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit "Mazzini" Hospital AUSL4, Teramo, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Gangemi
- School and Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Khera A, Kanta P, Kalra J, Dumir D, M T. Resveratrol restores the level of key inflammatory cytokines and RANKL/OPG ratio in the femur of rat osteoporosis model. J Women Aging 2018; 31:540-552. [PMID: 30239309 DOI: 10.1080/08952841.2018.1522126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Resveratrol's effect on bone mineral density (BMD) and expression of cytokines in ovariectomized rats (postmenopausal osteoporosis model) was studied. The study was conducted on 3-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats that were (a) sham-operated, (b) ovariectomized, (c) ovariectomized and treated with β-estradiol (487.5 µg/kg weight/day), and (d) ovariectomized and treated with resveratrol (625 µg/Kg body weight/day). The treatment was for 4 weeks. After sacrifice BMD and gene expression (RANKL, OPG, IL-23, and IL-17A, IL-1β, and TNFα) were measured in tibia and femur respectively. Resveratrol could restore RANKL/OPG ratio, slightly increase BMD, and moderately but significantly reduce IL-23, IL-17A, IL-1β, and TNF-α cytokine expression levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alka Khera
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Poonam Kanta
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Jaswinder Kalra
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Dheeraj Dumir
- Max Super Specialty Hospital, Max Institute of Cardiology, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Thungapathra M
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Influence of Menopause on Inflammatory Cytokines during Murine and Human Bone Fracture Healing. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19072070. [PMID: 30013010 PMCID: PMC6073246 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Postmenopausal females display a chronic inflammatory phenotype with higher levels of circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, the inflammatory response to injury may be altered under estrogen-deficiency, because it was shown previously that estrogen-deficient mice displayed increased levels of the inflammatory cytokines Midkine (Mdk) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the early fracture hematoma. Because a balanced immune response to fracture is required for successful bone regeneration, this might contribute to the delayed fracture healing frequently observed in osteoporotic, postmenopausal fracture patients. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether further cytokines in addition to Mdk and IL-6 might be affected by estrogen-deficiency after fracture in mice and whether these cytokines are also relevant during human fracture healing. Additionally, we aimed to investigate whether serum from male vs. female fracture patients affects osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). To address these questions, female mice were either sham-operated or ovariectomized (OVX) and subjected to standardized femur osteotomy. A broad panel of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines was determined systemically and locally in the fracture hematoma. In a translational approach, serum was collected from healthy controls and patients with an isolated fracture. Mdk and IL-6 serum levels were determined at day 0, day 14 and day 42 after fracture. Subgroup analysis was performed to investigate differences between male and female fracture patients after menopause. In an in vitro approach, human MSCs were cultured with the collected patient serum and osteogenic differentiation was assessed by qPCR and alkaline-phosphatase staining. Our results suggest an important role for the pro-inflammatory cytokines Mdk and IL-6 in the response to fracture in estrogen-deficient mice among all of the measured inflammatory mediators. Notably, both cytokines were also significantly increased in the serum of patients after fracture. However, only Mdk serum levels differed significantly between male and female fracture patients after menopause. MSCs cultivated with serum from female fracture patients displayed significantly reduced osteogenic differentiation, which was attenuated by Mdk-antibody treatment. In conclusion, our study demonstrated increased Mdk levels after fracture in OVX mice and female fracture patients after menopause. Because Mdk is a negative regulator of bone formation, this might contribute to impaired osteoporotic fracture healing.
Collapse
|
43
|
Increase In Il-31 Serum Levels Is Associated With Reduced Structural Damage In Early Axial Spondyloarthritis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7731. [PMID: 29769586 PMCID: PMC5956108 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25722-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In spondyloarthritis, little is known about the relation between circulating cytokines and patient phenotype. We have quantified serum levels of T helper type 1 cell (Th1), Th2 and Th17 cytokines in patients with recent-onset axial spondyloarthritis (AxSpA) from the DESIR cohort, a prospective, multicenter French cohort consisting of 708 patients with recent-onset inflammatory back pain (duration >3 months but <3 years) suggestive of AxSpA. Serum levels of Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokines were assessed at baseline in patients from the DESIR cohort fulfilling the ASAS criteria (ASAS+) and were compared with age- and sex-matched healthy controls. At baseline, ASAS+ patients (n = 443) and healthy controls (n = 79) did not differ in levels of most of the Th1, Th2 and Th17 cytokines except for IL-31, and sCD40L, which were significantly higher for ASAS+ patients than controls (p < 0.001 and p = 0.012, respectively). On multivariable analysis of ASAS+ patients, IL-31 level was associated with sCD40L level (p < 0.0001), modified Stoke AS Spine Score (mSASSS) < 1 (p = 0.035). The multivariable analyses showed that IL-31 was an independent factor associated with mSASSS < 1 (p = 0.001) and low bone mineral density (p = 0.01). Increased level of IL-31 might protect against structural damage but is also related to low BMD.
Collapse
|
44
|
Bağci IS, Ruzicka T. IL-31: A new key player in dermatology and beyond. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 141:858-866. [PMID: 29366565 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
IL-31 is a novel cytokine expressed in many human tissues and involved mainly in TH2-weighted inflammation. IL-31 signals through a receptor complex consisting of IL-31 receptor α and oncostatin M receptor β. The available data show that IL-31 is strongly linked with chronic pruritic skin disorders, such as atopic eczema, and represents a novel target for directed drug therapy. Regulation of immune responses and cellular differentiation and proliferation are recently elucidated effects of IL-31, suggesting a more complex and diverse area of effect for this novel cytokine. This review summarizes the current knowledge on IL-31 and its receptors and the involvement of IL-31 in diseases both in human subjects and mouse models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Işın Sinem Bağci
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität, Munich, Germany.
| | - Thomas Ruzicka
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Saul D, Ninkovic M, Komrakova M, Wolff L, Simka P, Gasimov T, Menger B, Hoffmann DB, Rohde V, Sehmisch S. Effect of zileuton on osteoporotic bone and its healing, expression of bone, and brain genes in rats. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 124:118-130. [PMID: 28860177 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01126.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogen deficiency and aging are associated with osteoporosis, impaired bone healing, and lower cognitive performance. Close functional and physical connections occur between bone and the central nervous system. An anti-inflammatory drug, zileuton (which is an inhibitor of arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase), is known to have a positive effect on bone tissue repair and brain ischemia. We studied the effect of zileuton on osteopenic bone and its healing and on the genes considered to be crucial for the cross talks between bone and brain. Three-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats were ovariectomized or left untreated. After 8 wk, bilateral metaphyseal tibia osteotomy with plate osteosynthesis was performed in all rats. Ovariectomized rats were fed with food containing zileuton (1, 10, or 100 mg/kg body wt) for 5 wk. In tibiae, bone volume, callus and cortical volume, and gene expression of osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase were enhanced by zileuton (10 or 100 mg); biomechanical properties and bone density were not changed. In femur, zileuton enlarged cortical volume distal and trabecular volume proximal, decreasing their density. The expression level of brain Sema3a, known to regulate bone mass positively, was downregulated after ovariectomy. In contrast, bone Sema4d, a negative regulator of bone mass, was upregulated in the tibia callus after ovariectomy, whereas zileuton treatment (10 or 100 mg) resulted in reverse effects. Here, we describe for the first time the expression of Rbbp4 mRNA and its increase in tibia after ovariectomy. Zileuton caused downregulation of Rbbp4 in the hippocampus and had an effect on bone healing, changed the expression of genes involved in cross talk between bones and brain, and may be a potent drug for further examination in estrogen deficiency-related dysfunction(s). NEW & NOTEWORTHY Zileuton, a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, increased bone volume, callus and cortical volume in osteotomized tibia, and trabecular and cortical volume in femur. Although the expression of Sema3a (positively regulating bone mass) in brain was downregulated and Sema4d (negatively regulating bone mass) was upregulated in tibia callus after ovariectomy, zileuton could counteract these effects. Rbbp4 (involved in age-related memory loss) was increased in tibia callus after ovariectomy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Saul
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen , Göttingen , Germany
| | - M Ninkovic
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Göttingen , Göttingen , Germany
| | - M Komrakova
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen , Göttingen , Germany
| | - L Wolff
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen , Göttingen , Germany
| | - P Simka
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen , Göttingen , Germany
| | - T Gasimov
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Göttingen , Göttingen , Germany
| | - B Menger
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen , Göttingen , Germany
| | - D B Hoffmann
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen , Göttingen , Germany
| | - V Rohde
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Göttingen , Göttingen , Germany
| | - S Sehmisch
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen , Göttingen , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Haffner-Luntzer M, Fischer V, Prystaz K, Liedert A, Ignatius A. The inflammatory phase of fracture healing is influenced by oestrogen status in mice. Eur J Med Res 2017; 22:23. [PMID: 28683813 PMCID: PMC5501454 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-017-0264-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fracture healing is known to be delayed in postmenopausal, osteoporotic females under oestrogen-deficient conditions. Confirming this, experimental studies demonstrated impaired callus formation in ovariectomised animals. Oestrogen-deficiency is known to affect the immune system and the inflammatory response during wound healing. Because a balanced immune response is required for proper bone healing, we were interested to ascertain whether the early immune response after facture is affected by oestrogen depletion. Methods To address the above question, female mice received either a bilateral ovariectomy (OVX) or were sham-operated, and femur osteotomy was performed 8 weeks after OVX/sham operation. The effects of OVX on the presence of immune cells and pro-inflammatory cytokines were evaluated by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry of the fracture calli on days 1 and 3 after fracture. Results One day after fracture, immune cell numbers and populations in the fracture haematoma did not differ between OVX- and sham-mice. However, on day 3 after fracture, OVX-mice displayed significantly greater numbers of neutrophils. Local expression of the oestrogen-responsive and pro-inflammatory cytokine midkine (Mdk) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression in the fracture callus were increased in OVX-mice on day 3 after fracture compared with sham-mice, indicating that both factors might be involved in the increased presence of neutrophils. Confirming this, Mdk-antibody treatment decreased the number of neutrophils in the fracture callus and reduced local IL-6 expression in OVX-mice. Conclusions These data indicate that oestrogen-deficiency influences the early inflammatory phase after fracture. This may contribute to delayed fracture healing after oestrogen depletion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Haffner-Luntzer
- Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Centre Ulm, Helmholtzstraße 9, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Verena Fischer
- Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Centre Ulm, Helmholtzstraße 9, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Katja Prystaz
- Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Centre Ulm, Helmholtzstraße 9, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Astrid Liedert
- Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Centre Ulm, Helmholtzstraße 9, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anita Ignatius
- Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Centre Ulm, Helmholtzstraße 9, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Ginaldi L, De Martinis M. Osteoimmunology and Beyond. Curr Med Chem 2017; 23:3754-3774. [PMID: 27604089 PMCID: PMC5204071 DOI: 10.2174/0929867323666160907162546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Abstract: Objective Osteoimmunology investigates interactions between skeleton and immune system. In the light of recent discoveries in this field, a new reading register of osteoporosis is actually emerging, in which bone and immune cells are strictly interconnected. Osteoporosis could therefore be considered a chronic immune mediated disease which shares with other age related disorders a common inflammatory background. Here, we highlight these recent discoveries and the new landscape that is emerging. Method Extensive literature search in PubMed central. Results While the inflammatory nature of osteoporosis has been clearly recognized, other interesting aspects of osteoimmunology are currently emerging. In addition, mounting evidence indicates that the immunoskeletal interface is involved in the regulation of important body functions beyond bone remodeling. Bone cells take part with cells of the immune system in various immunological functions, configuring a real expanded immune system, and are therefore variously involved not only as target but also as main actors in various pathological conditions affecting primarily the immune system, such as autoimmunity and immune deficiencies, as well as in aging, menopause and other diseases sharing an inflammatory background. Conclusion The review highlights the complexity of interwoven pathways and shared mechanisms of the crosstalk between the immune and bone systems. More interestingly, the interdisciplinary field of osteoimmunology is now expanding beyond bone and immune cells, defining new homeostatic networks in which other organs and systems are functionally interconnected. Therefore, the correct skeletal integrity maintenance may be also relevant to other functions outside its involvement in bone mineral homeostasis, hemopoiesis and immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lia Ginaldi
- School and Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Life, Health, & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy.
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Sharma J, Bhar S, Devi CS. A review on interleukins: The key manipulators in rheumatoid arthritis. Mod Rheumatol 2017; 27:723-746. [DOI: 10.1080/14397595.2016.1266071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jatin Sharma
- School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, India
| | - Sutonuka Bhar
- School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, India
| | - C. Subathra Devi
- School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, India
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Sheu SL, Wang KC. Pruritus and Dermatitis in the Elderly. CURRENT GERIATRICS REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13670-016-0189-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|