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Armendariz I, López de Heredia U, Soler M, Puigdemont A, Ruiz MM, Jové P, Soto Á, Serra O, Figueras M. Rhytidome- and cork-type barks of holm oak, cork oak and their hybrids highlight processes leading to cork formation. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:488. [PMID: 38825683 PMCID: PMC11145776 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05192-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The periderm is basic for land plants due to its protective role during radial growth, which is achieved by the polymers deposited in the cell walls. In most trees, like holm oak, the first periderm is frequently replaced by subsequent internal periderms yielding a heterogeneous outer bark made of a mixture of periderms and phloem tissues, known as rhytidome. Exceptionally, cork oak forms a persistent or long-lived periderm which results in a homogeneous outer bark of thick phellem cell layers known as cork. Cork oak and holm oak distribution ranges overlap to a great extent, and they often share stands, where they can hybridize and produce offspring showing a rhytidome-type bark. RESULTS Here we use the outer bark of cork oak, holm oak, and their natural hybrids to analyse the chemical composition, the anatomy and the transcriptome, and further understand the mechanisms underlying periderm development. We also include a unique natural hybrid individual corresponding to a backcross with cork oak that, interestingly, shows a cork-type bark. The inclusion of hybrid samples showing rhytidome-type and cork-type barks is valuable to approach cork and rhytidome development, allowing an accurate identification of candidate genes and processes. The present study underscores that abiotic stress and cell death are enhanced in rhytidome-type barks whereas lipid metabolism and cell cycle are enriched in cork-type barks. Development-related DEGs showing the highest expression, highlight cell division, cell expansion, and cell differentiation as key processes leading to cork or rhytidome-type barks. CONCLUSION Transcriptome results, in agreement with anatomical and chemical analyses, show that rhytidome and cork-type barks are active in periderm development, and suberin and lignin deposition. Development and cell wall-related DEGs suggest that cell division and expansion are upregulated in cork-type barks whereas cell differentiation is enhanced in rhytidome-type barks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iker Armendariz
- Laboratori del suro, Departament de Biologia, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Carrer Maria Aurèlia Campmany 40, Girona, 17003, Spain
| | - Unai López de Heredia
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales. ETSI Montes, Forestal y del Medio Natural, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, José Antonio Novais 10, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Marçal Soler
- Laboratori del suro, Departament de Biologia, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Carrer Maria Aurèlia Campmany 40, Girona, 17003, Spain
| | - Adrià Puigdemont
- Laboratori del suro, Departament de Biologia, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Carrer Maria Aurèlia Campmany 40, Girona, 17003, Spain
| | - Maria Mercè Ruiz
- Institut Català del Suro. Carrer Miquel Vincke i Meyer 13, Palafrugell, 17200, Spain
| | - Patricia Jové
- Institut Català del Suro. Carrer Miquel Vincke i Meyer 13, Palafrugell, 17200, Spain
| | - Álvaro Soto
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales. ETSI Montes, Forestal y del Medio Natural, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, José Antonio Novais 10, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Olga Serra
- Laboratori del suro, Departament de Biologia, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Carrer Maria Aurèlia Campmany 40, Girona, 17003, Spain
| | - Mercè Figueras
- Laboratori del suro, Departament de Biologia, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Carrer Maria Aurèlia Campmany 40, Girona, 17003, Spain.
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Sun N, Wang Y, Kang J, Hao H, Liu X, Yang Y, Jiang X, Gai Y. Exploring the role of the LkABCG36 transporter in lignin accumulation. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 343:112059. [PMID: 38458573 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.112059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Lignin is a complex biopolymer formed through the condensation of three monomeric precursors known as monolignols. However, the mechanism underlying lignin precursor transport remains elusive, with uncertainty over whether it occurs through passive diffusion or an active energized process. ATP-binding cassette 36 (ABCG36) plays important roles in abiotic stress resistance. In this study, we investigated the transport functions of LkABCG36 (Larix kaempferi) for lignin precursors and the potential effects of LkABCG36 overexpression in plants. LkABCG36 enhanced the ability of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) bright yellow-2 (BY-2) cells to resist monolignol alcohol stress. Furthermore, LkABCG36 overexpression promoted lignin deposition in tobacco plant stem tissue. To understand the underlying mechanism, we measured the BY-2 cell ability to export lignin monomers and the uptake of monolignol precursors in inside-out (inverted) plasma membrane vesicles. We found that the transport of coniferyl and sinapyl alcohols is an ATP-dependent process. Our data suggest that LkABCG36 contributes to lignin accumulation in tobacco stem tissues through a mechanism involving the active transport of lignin precursors to the cell wall. These findings shed light on the lignin biosynthesis process, with important implications for enhancing lignin deposition in plants, potentially leading to improved stress tolerance and biomass production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yuqian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jiaqi Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Haifei Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yongqing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiangning Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of Chinese Forestry Administration, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ying Gai
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of Chinese Forestry Administration, Beijing 100083, China.
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3
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Villarino G, Dahlberg-Wright S, Zhang L, Schaedel M, Wang L, Miller K, Bartlett J, Vu AMD, Busch W. PAT (Periderm Assessment Toolkit): A Quantitative and Large-Scale Screening Method for Periderm Measurements. PLANT PHENOMICS (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2024; 6:0156. [PMID: 38560381 PMCID: PMC10981931 DOI: 10.34133/plantphenomics.0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The periderm is a vital protective tissue found in the roots, stems, and woody elements of diverse plant species. It plays an important function in these plants by assuming the role of the epidermis as the outermost layer. Despite its critical role for protecting plants from environmental stresses and pathogens, research on root periderm development has been limited due to its late formation during root development, its presence only in mature root regions, and its impermeability. One of the most straightforward measurements for comparing periderm formation between different genotypes and treatments is periderm (phellem) length. We have developed PAT (Periderm Assessment Toolkit), a high-throughput user-friendly pipeline that integrates an efficient staining protocol, automated imaging, and a deep-learning-based image analysis approach to accurately detect and measure periderm length in the roots of Arabidopsis thaliana. The reliability and reproducibility of our method was evaluated using a diverse set of 20 Arabidopsis natural accessions. Our automated measurements exhibited a strong correlation with human-expert-generated measurements, achieving a 94% efficiency in periderm length quantification. This robust PAT pipeline streamlines large-scale periderm measurements, thereby being able to facilitate comprehensive genetic studies and screens. Although PAT proves highly effective with automated digital microscopes in Arabidopsis roots, its application may pose challenges with nonautomated microscopy. Although the workflow and principles could be adapted for other plant species, additional optimization would be necessary. While we show that periderm length can be used to distinguish a mutant impaired in periderm development from wild type, we also find it is a plastic trait. Therefore, care must be taken to include sufficient repeats and controls, to minimize variation, and to ensure comparability of periderm length measurements between different genotypes and growth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Villarino
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory,
Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Signe Dahlberg-Wright
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory,
Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ling Zhang
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory,
Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Marianne Schaedel
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory,
Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lin Wang
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory,
Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Karyssa Miller
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory,
Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jack Bartlett
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory,
Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Albert Martin Dang Vu
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory,
Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Wolfgang Busch
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory,
Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Chang E, Guo W, Chen J, Zhang J, Jia Z, Tschaplinski TJ, Yang X, Jiang Z, Liu J. Chromosome-level genome assembly of Quercus variabilis provides insights into the molecular mechanism of cork thickness. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 337:111874. [PMID: 37742724 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Quercus variabilis is a deciduous woody species with high ecological and economic value, and is a major source of cork in East Asia. Cork from thick softwood sheets have higher commercial value than those from thin sheets. It is extremely difficult to genetically improve Q. variabilis to produce high quality softwood due to the lack of genomic information. Here, we present a high-quality chromosomal genome assembly for Q. variabilis with length of 791,89 Mb and 54,606 predicted genes. Comparative analysis of protein sequences of Q. variabilis with 11 other species revealed that specific and expanded gene families were significantly enriched in the "fatty acid biosynthesis" pathway in Q. variabilis, which may contribute to the formation of its unique cork. Based on weighted correlation network analysis of time-course (i.e., five important developmental ages) gene expression data in thick-cork versus thin-cork genotypes of Q. variabilis, we identified one co-expression gene module associated with the thick-cork trait. Within this co-expression gene module, 10 hub genes were associated with suberin biosynthesis. Furthermore, we identified a total of 198 suberin biosynthesis-related new candidate genes that were up-regulated in trees with a thick cork layer relative to those with a thin cork layer. Also, we found that some genes related to cell expansion and cell division were highly expressed in trees with a thick cork layer. Collectively, our results revealed that two metabolic pathways (i.e., suberin biosynthesis, fatty acid biosynthesis), along with other genes involved in cell expansion, cell division, and transcriptional regulation, were associated with the thick-cork trait in Q. variabilis, providing insights into the molecular basis of cork development and knowledge for informing genetic improvement of cork thickness in Q. variabilis and closely related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ermei Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 10091, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Taishan Academy of Forestry Sciences, Taian, Shandong 271000, China
| | - Jiahui Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Zirui Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 10091, China
| | - Timothy J Tschaplinski
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA; The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Xiaohan Yang
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA; The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Zeping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Environment and Protection, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China.
| | - Jianfeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 10091, China.
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Grünhofer P, Schreiber L. Cutinized and suberized barriers in leaves and roots: Similarities and differences. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 282:153921. [PMID: 36780757 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.153921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Anatomical, histochemical, chemical, and biosynthetic similarities and differences of cutinized and suberized plant cell walls are presented and reviewed in brief. Based on this, the functional properties of cutinized and suberized plant cell walls acting as transport barriers are compared and discussed in more detail. This is of general importance because fundamental misconceptions about relationships in plant-environment water relations are commonly encountered in the scientific literature. It will be shown here, that cuticles represent highly efficient apoplastic transport barriers significantly reducing the diffusion of water and dissolved compounds. The transport barrier of cuticles is mainly established by the deposition of cuticular waxes. Upon wax extraction, with the cutin polymer remaining, cuticular permeability for water and dissolved non-ionized and lipophilic solutes are increasing by 2-3 orders of magnitude, whereas polar and charged substances (e.g., nutrient ions) are only weakly affected (2- to 3-fold increases in permeability). Suberized apoplastic barriers without the deposition of wax are at least as permeable as the cutin polymer matrix without waxes and hardly offer any resistance to the free movement of water. Only upon the deposition of significant amounts of wax, as it is the case with suberized periderms exposed to the atmosphere, an efficient transport barrier for water can be established by suberized cell walls. Comparing the driving forces (gradients between water potentials inside leaves and roots and the surrounding environment) for water loss acting on leaves and roots, it is shown that leaves must have a genetically pre-defined highly efficient transpiration barrier fairly independent from rapidly changing environmental influences. Roots, in most conditions facing a soil environment with relative humidities very close to 100%, are orders of magnitude more permeable to water than leaf cuticles. Upon desiccation, the permanent wilting point of plants is defined as -1.5 MPa, which still corresponds to nearly 99% relative humidity in soil. Thus, the main reason for plant water stress leading to dehydration is the inability of root tissues to decrease their internal water potential to values more negative than -1.5 MPa and not the lack of a transport barrier for water in roots and leaves. Taken together, the commonly mentioned concepts that a drought-induced increase of cuticular wax or root suberin considerably strengthens the apoplastic leaf or root transport barriers and thus aids in water conservation appears highly questionable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Grünhofer
- Department of Ecophysiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Lukas Schreiber
- Department of Ecophysiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
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Gallardo A, Morcuende D, Rodríguez-Romero M, Igeño MI, Pulido F, Quesada A. The D165H Polymorphism of QiMYB-like-1 Is Linked to Interactions between Tannin Accumulation, Herbivory and Biogeographical Determinants of Quercus ilex. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010151. [PMID: 36613593 PMCID: PMC9820640 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation in the leaves and young stems of phenolic compounds, such as hydrolyzable and condensed tannins, constitutes a defense mechanism of plants against herbivores. Among other stressing factors, chronic herbivory endangers Quercus ilex, a tree playing a central role in Mediterranean forests. This work addressed the connections between the chemical defenses of Q. ilex leaves and their susceptibility to herbivory, quantitative traits whose relationships are modulated by environmental and genetic factors that could be useful as molecular markers for the selection of plants with improved fitness. A search for natural variants detected the polymorphism D165H in the effector domain of QiMYB-like-1, a TT2-like transcription factor whose family includes members that control the late steps of condensed tannins biosynthesis in different plant species. QiMYB-like-1 D165H polymorphism was screened by PCR-RFLP in trees from six national parks in Spain where Q. ilex has a relevant presence, revealing that, unlike most regions that match the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, homozygous plants are over-represented in "Monfragüe" and "Cabañeros", among the best examples to represent the continental Mediterranean (cM) ecosystem. Accordingly, the averages of two stress-related quantitative traits measured in leaves, herbivory index and accumulation of condensed tannins, showed asymmetric distributions depending on the clustering of trees based on ecological and genetic factors. Thus, the impact of herbivory was greater in managed forests with a low density of trees from the cM region, among which QiMYB-like-1 D165 homozygotes stand out, whereas condensed tannins accumulation was higher in leaves of QiMYB-like-1 H165 homozygotes from low-density forests, mainly in the Pyrenean (Py) region. Besides, the correlation between the contents of condensed tannins and total tannins vanished after clustering by the same factors: the cM region singularity, forest tree density, and QiMYB-like-1 genotype, among which homozygous shared the lowest link. The biogeographical and genetic constraints that modulate the contribution of condensed tannins to chemical defenses also mediated their interactions with the herbivory index, which was found positively correlated with total phenolics or tannins, suggesting an induction signal by this biotic stress. In contrast, a negative correlation was observed with condensed tannins after tree clustering by genetics factors where associations between tannins were lost. Therefore, condensed tannins might protect Q. ilex from defoliation in parks belonging to the cM ecosystem and carrying genetic factor(s) linked to the QiMYB-like-1 D165H polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Gallardo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida De La Universidad, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - David Morcuende
- IPROCAR Research Institute, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
- TECAL Research Group, University of Extremadura, Avenida De La Universidad, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Manuela Rodríguez-Romero
- Indehesa Research Institute, Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida Virgen del Puerto 2, 10600 Plasencia, Spain
- Dirección General de Política Forestal, Junta de Extremadura, Avenida Luis Ramallo, 06800 Mérida, Spain
| | - María Isabel Igeño
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida De La Universidad, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
- IPROCAR Research Institute, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Fernando Pulido
- Indehesa Research Institute, Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida Virgen del Puerto 2, 10600 Plasencia, Spain
| | - Alberto Quesada
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida De La Universidad, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
- InBio G+C Research Institute, University of Extremadura, Avenida De La Universidad, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Wang YZ, Dai MS, Cai DY, Shi ZB. Solving the regulation puzzle of periderm development using advances in fruit skin. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1006153. [PMID: 36247566 PMCID: PMC9558172 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1006153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Periderm protects enlarged organs of most dicots and gymnosperms as a barrier to water loss and disease invasion during their secondary growth. Its development undergoes a complex process with genetically controlled and environmental stress-induced characters. Different development of periderm makes the full and partial russet of fruit skin, which diverges in inheritance with qualitative and quantitative characters, respectively, in pear pome. In addition to its specific genetics, fruit periderm has similar development and structure as that of stem and other organs, making it an appropriate material for periderm research. Recently, progress in histochemical as well as transcriptome and proteome analyses, and quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping have revealed the regulatory molecular mechanism in the periderm based on the identification of switch genes. In this review, we concentrate on the periderm development, propose the conservation of periderm regulation between fruit and other plant organs based on their morphological and molecular characteristics, and summarize a regulatory network with the elicitors and repressors for the tissue development. Spontaneous programmed-cell death (PCD) or environmental stress produces the original signal that triggers the development of periderm. Spatio-temporal specific PCD produced by PyPPCD1 gene and its homologs can play a key role in the coordinated regulation of cell death related tissue development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ze-bin Shi
- *Correspondence: Yue-zhi Wang, ; Ze-bin Shi,
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Xu H, Liu P, Wang C, Wu S, Dong C, Lin Q, Sun W, Huang B, Xu M, Tauqeer A, Wu S. Transcriptional networks regulating suberin and lignin in endodermis link development and ABA response. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:1165-1181. [PMID: 35781829 PMCID: PMC9516719 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Vascular tissues are surrounded by an apoplastic barrier formed by endodermis that is vital for selective absorption of water and nutrients. Lignification and suberization of endodermal cell walls are fundamental processes in establishing the apoplastic barrier. Endodermal suberization in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) roots is presumed to be the integration of developmental regulation and stress responses. In root endodermis, the suberization level is enhanced when the Casparian strip, the lignified structure, is defective. However, it is not entirely clear how lignification and suberization interplay and how they interact with stress signaling. Here, in Arabidopsis, we constructed a hierarchical network mediated by SHORT-ROOT (SHR), a master regulator of endodermal development, and identified 13 key MYB transcription factors (TFs) that form multiple sub-networks. Combined with functional analyses, we further uncovered MYB TFs that mediate feedback or feed-forward loops, thus balancing lignification and suberization in Arabidopsis roots. In addition, sub-networks comprising nine MYB TFs were identified that interact with abscisic acid signaling to integrate stress response and root development. Our data provide insights into the mechanisms that enhance plant adaptation to changing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shasha Wu
- College of Life Sciences, College of Horticulture, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Chaoqun Dong
- College of Life Sciences, College of Horticulture, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Qingyun Lin
- College of Life Sciences, College of Horticulture, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Wenru Sun
- College of Life Sciences, College of Horticulture, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Benben Huang
- College of Life Sciences, College of Horticulture, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Meizhi Xu
- College of Life Sciences, College of Horticulture, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Arfa Tauqeer
- College of Life Sciences, College of Horticulture, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
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Grünhofer P, Stöcker T, Guo Y, Li R, Lin J, Ranathunge K, Schoof H, Schreiber L. Populus × canescens root suberization in reaction to osmotic and salt stress is limited to the developing younger root tip region. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13765. [PMID: 36281836 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Populus is a valuable and fast-growing tree species commonly cultivated for economic and scientific purposes. But most of the poplar species are sensitive to drought and salt stress. Thus, we compared the physiological effects of osmotic stress (PEG8000) and salt treatment (NaCl) on poplar roots to identify potential strategies for future breeding or genetic engineering approaches. We investigated root anatomy using epifluorescence microscopy, changes in root suberin composition and amount using gas chromatography, transcriptional reprogramming using RNA sequencing, and modifications of root transport physiology using a pressure chamber. Poplar roots reacted to the imposed stress conditions, especially in the developing younger root tip region, with remarkable differences between both types of stress. Overall, the increase in suberin content was surprisingly small, but the expression of key suberin biosynthesis genes was strongly induced. Significant reductions of the radial water transport in roots were only observed for the osmotic and not the hydrostatic hydraulic conductivity. Our data indicate that the genetic enhancement of root suberization processes in poplar might be a promising target to convey increased tolerance, especially against toxic sodium chloride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Grünhofer
- Department of Ecophysiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tyll Stöcker
- Department of Crop Bioinformatics, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Yayu Guo
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruili Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinxing Lin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Kosala Ranathunge
- UWA School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Heiko Schoof
- Department of Crop Bioinformatics, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lukas Schreiber
- Department of Ecophysiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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10
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Han Y, Yang R, Wang Q, Wang B, Prusky D. Sodium silicate promotes wound healing by inducing the deposition of suberin polyphenolic and lignin in potato tubers. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:942022. [PMID: 36092440 PMCID: PMC9453558 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.942022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Wound healing is a postharvest characteristic of potato tubers through accumulating suberin and lignin, which could reduce decay and water loss during storage. This study aimed to explore the impact and mechanisms of sodium silicate on wound healing of potatoes. After being wounded, "Atlantic" potato tubers were treated with water or 50 mM sodium silicate. The results showed that sodium silicate treatment accelerated the formation of wound healing structures and significantly reduced the weight loss and disease index of tubers. Furthermore, sodium silicate induced the genes expression and enzyme activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), 4-coumarate: coenzyme A ligase (4CL), and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) involved in the phenylpropane metabolism, enhancing the synthesis of the main precursors of suberin polyphenolic (SPP) and lignin, such as coniferyl alcohol, sinapyl alcohol, and cinnamyl alcohol. Meanwhile, the gene expression of StPOD and StNOX was activated, and the production of O2- and H2O2 was promoted, which could be used for injury signal transmission and oxidative crosslinking of SPP monomers and lignin precursors. Besides, antimicrobial compounds, total phenolics, and flavonoids were also induced. We suggest that sodium silicate could promote wound healing by inducing the deposition of SPP, lignin, and antimicrobial compounds in potato tubers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Han
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ruirui Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qihui Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bin Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dov Prusky
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
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11
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Serra O, Mähönen AP, Hetherington AJ, Ragni L. The Making of Plant Armor: The Periderm. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 73:405-432. [PMID: 34985930 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-102720-031405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The periderm acts as armor protecting the plant's inner tissues from biotic and abiotic stress. It forms during the radial thickening of plant organs such as stems and roots and replaces the function of primary protective tissues such as the epidermis and the endodermis. A wound periderm also forms to heal and protect injured tissues. The periderm comprises a meristematic tissue called the phellogen, or cork cambium, and its derivatives: the lignosuberized phellem and the phelloderm. Research on the periderm has mainly focused on the chemical composition of the phellem due to its relevance as a raw material for industrial processes. Today, there is increasing interest in the regulatory network underlying periderm development as a novel breeding trait to improve plant resilience and to sequester CO2. Here, we discuss our current understanding of periderm formation, focusing on aspects of periderm evolution, mechanisms of periderm ontogenesis, regulatory networks underlying phellogen initiation and cork differentiation, and future challenges of periderm research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Serra
- University of Girona, Department of Biology, Girona, Spain;
| | - Ari Pekka Mähönen
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland;
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Laura Ragni
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany;
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12
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Leal AR, Barros PM, Parizot B, Sapeta H, Vangheluwe N, Andersen TG, Beeckman T, Oliveira MM. Translational profile of developing phellem cells in Arabidopsis thaliana roots. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 110:899-915. [PMID: 35106861 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The phellem is a specialized boundary tissue providing the first line of defense against abiotic and biotic stresses in organs undergoing secondary growth. Phellem cells undergo several differentiation steps, which include cell wall suberization, cell expansion, and programmed cell death. Yet, the molecular players acting particularly in phellem cell differentiation remain poorly described, particularly in the widely used model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Using specific marker lines we followed the onset and progression of phellem differentiation in A. thaliana roots and further targeted the translatome of newly developed phellem cells using translating ribosome affinity purification followed by mRNA sequencing (TRAP-SEQ). We showed that phellem suberization is initiated early after phellogen (cork cambium) division. The specific translational landscape was organized in three main domains related to energy production, synthesis and transport of cell wall components, and response to stimulus. Novel players in phellem differentiation related to suberin monomer transport and assembly as well as novel transcription regulators were identified. This strategy provided an unprecedented resolution of the translatome of developing phellem cells, giving a detailed and specific view on the molecular mechanisms acting on cell differentiation in periderm tissues of the model plant Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Leal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), GPlantS, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pedro Miguel Barros
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), GPlantS, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Boris Parizot
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Helena Sapeta
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), GPlantS, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Nick Vangheluwe
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tonni Grube Andersen
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore, University of Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tom Beeckman
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - M Margarida Oliveira
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), GPlantS, Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
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13
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Woolfson KN, Esfandiari M, Bernards MA. Suberin Biosynthesis, Assembly, and Regulation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11040555. [PMID: 35214889 PMCID: PMC8875741 DOI: 10.3390/plants11040555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Suberin is a specialized cell wall modifying polymer comprising both phenolic-derived and fatty acid-derived monomers, which is deposited in below-ground dermal tissues (epidermis, endodermis, periderm) and above-ground periderm (i.e., bark). Suberized cells are largely impermeable to water and provide a critical protective layer preventing water loss and pathogen infection. The deposition of suberin is part of the skin maturation process of important tuber crops such as potato and can affect storage longevity. Historically, the term "suberin" has been used to describe a polyester of largely aliphatic monomers (fatty acids, ω-hydroxy fatty acids, α,ω-dioic acids, 1-alkanols), hydroxycinnamic acids, and glycerol. However, exhaustive alkaline hydrolysis, which removes esterified aliphatics and phenolics from suberized tissue, reveals a core poly(phenolic) macromolecule, the depolymerization of which yields phenolics not found in the aliphatic polyester. Time course analysis of suberin deposition, at both the transcriptional and metabolite levels, supports a temporal regulation of suberin deposition, with phenolics being polymerized into a poly(phenolic) domain in advance of the bulk of the poly(aliphatics) that characterize suberized cells. In the present review, we summarize the literature describing suberin monomer biosynthesis and speculate on aspects of suberin assembly. In addition, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of how suberization may be regulated, including at the phytohormone, transcription factor, and protein scaffold levels.
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14
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Nomberg G, Marinov O, Arya GC, Manasherova E, Cohen H. The Key Enzymes in the Suberin Biosynthetic Pathway in Plants: An Update. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11030392. [PMID: 35161373 PMCID: PMC8839845 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Suberin is a natural biopolymer found in a variety of specialized tissues, including seed coat integuments, root endodermis, tree bark, potato tuber skin and the russeted and reticulated skin of fruits. The suberin polymer consists of polyaliphatic and polyphenolic domains. The former is made of very long chain fatty acids, primary alcohols and a glycerol backbone, while the latter consists of p-hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, which originate from the core phenylpropanoid pathway. In the current review, we survey the current knowledge on genes/enzymes associated with the suberin biosynthetic pathway in plants, reflecting the outcomes of considerable research efforts in the last two decades. We discuss the function of these genes/enzymes with respect to suberin aromatic and aliphatic monomer biosynthesis, suberin monomer transport, and suberin pathway regulation. We also delineate the consequences of the altered expression/accumulation of these genes/enzymes in transgenic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gal Nomberg
- Volcani Center, Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Rishon Lezion 7505101, Israel; (G.N.); (O.M.); (G.C.A.); (E.M.)
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Ofir Marinov
- Volcani Center, Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Rishon Lezion 7505101, Israel; (G.N.); (O.M.); (G.C.A.); (E.M.)
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Gulab Chand Arya
- Volcani Center, Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Rishon Lezion 7505101, Israel; (G.N.); (O.M.); (G.C.A.); (E.M.)
| | - Ekaterina Manasherova
- Volcani Center, Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Rishon Lezion 7505101, Israel; (G.N.); (O.M.); (G.C.A.); (E.M.)
| | - Hagai Cohen
- Volcani Center, Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Rishon Lezion 7505101, Israel; (G.N.); (O.M.); (G.C.A.); (E.M.)
- Correspondence:
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15
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Han X, Wei X, Lu W, Wu Q, Mao L, Luo Z. Transcriptional regulation of KCS gene by bZIP29 and MYB70 transcription factors during ABA-stimulated wound suberization of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:23. [PMID: 34998386 PMCID: PMC8742354 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03407-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our previous study has demonstrated that the transcription of AchnKCS involved in suberin biosynthesis was up-regulated by exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) during the wound suberization of kiwifruit, but the regulatory mechanism has not been fully elucidated. RESULTS Through subcellular localization analysis in this work, AchnbZIP29 and AchnMYB70 transcription factors were observed to be localized in the nucleus. Yeast one-hybrid and dual-luciferase assay proved the transcriptional activation of AchnMYB70 and transcriptional suppression of AchnbZIP29 on AchnKCS promoter. Furthermore, the transcription level of AchnMYB70 was enhanced by ABA during wound suberization of kiwifruit, but AchnbZIP29 transcription was reduced by ABA. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, it was believed that ABA enhanced the transcriptional activation of AchnMYB70 on AchnKCS by increasing AchnMYB70 expression. On the contrary, ABA relieved the inhibitory effect of AchnbZIP29 on transcription of AchnKCS by inhibiting AchnbZIP29 expression. These results gave further insight into the molecular regulatory network of ABA in wound suberization of kiwifruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyuan Han
- School of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang Province, China
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Agro-Food Processing, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiaopeng Wei
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Agro-Food Processing, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Wenjing Lu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Agro-Food Processing, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Linchun Mao
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Agro-Food Processing, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, 315100, China.
| | - Zisheng Luo
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Agro-Food Processing, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, 315100, China
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16
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Artur MAS, Kajala K. Convergent evolution of gene regulatory networks underlying plant adaptations to dry environments. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:3211-3222. [PMID: 34196969 PMCID: PMC8518057 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plants transitioned from an aquatic to a terrestrial lifestyle during their evolution. On land, fluctuations on water availability in the environment became one of the major problems they encountered. The appearance of morpho-physiological adaptations to cope with and tolerate water loss from the cells was undeniably useful to survive on dry land. Some of these adaptations, such as carbon concentrating mechanisms (CCMs), desiccation tolerance (DT) and root impermeabilization, appeared in multiple plant lineages. Despite being crucial for evolution on land, it has been unclear how these adaptations convergently evolved in the various plant lineages. Recent advances on whole genome and transcriptome sequencing are revealing that co-option of genes and gene regulatory networks (GRNs) is a common feature underlying the convergent evolution of these adaptations. In this review, we address how the study of CCMs and DT has provided insight into convergent evolution of GRNs underlying plant adaptation to dry environments, and how these insights could be applied to currently emerging understanding of evolution of root impermeabilization through different barrier cell types. We discuss examples of co-option, conservation and innovation of genes and GRNs at the cell, tissue and organ levels revealed by recent phylogenomic (comparative genomic) and comparative transcriptomic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana A. S. Artur
- Laboratory of Plant PhysiologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental BiologyUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Kaisa Kajala
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental BiologyUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
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17
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Inácio V, Lobato C, Graça J, Morais-Cecílio L. Cork cells in cork oak periderms undergo programmed cell death and proanthocyanidin deposition. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:1701-1713. [PMID: 33611604 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Vascular plants with secondary growth develop a periderm mostly composed of dead suberized cork cells to face environmental hostile conditions. Cork oak has a highly active and long-living phellogen forming a remarkably thick periderm that is periodically debarked for industrial purposes. This wounding originates the quick formation of a new traumatic periderm, making cork oak an exceptional model to study the first periderm differentiation during normal development in young sprigs and traumatic (wound) periderm formation after debarking. Here, we studied the poorly known first periderm differentiation steps that involve cell wall suberization, polyphenolic accumulation and programmed cell death (PCD) by combining transmission electron microscopy, histochemical and molecular methods in periderms from young sprigs. These processes were further compared with traumatic periderms formed after wounding using molecular and histochemical techniques, such as the polyphenolic accumulation. In the first periderms from young sprigs, four distinct differentiation stages were defined according to the presence of PCD morphological features. First young and traumatic periderms showed an upregulation of genes related to suberin biosynthesis, proanthocyanidins biosynthesis and transport, autophagy, and PCD. Traumatic periderms revealed an overall upregulation of these genes, likely resulting from ontogeny differences and distinct phellogen origin associated with a faster metabolism, highlighting the impact of wounding on phellogen activity after debarking. First periderms from young sprigs showed gradual accumulation of proanthocyanidins in the vacuoles throughout PCD stages until total filled lumens, whereas in traumatic periderms, these compounds were found cell wall linked in already empty cells. This work enabled a comprehensive overview of the cork cells differentiation processes contributing to deepening the knowledge of the fundamental ontogenic program of this protective tissue, which is also a unique forest product, constituting the basis of a sustainable and profitable industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Inácio
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), Institute of Agronomy, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
- BioISI-Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande 016, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carolina Lobato
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), Institute of Agronomy, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology (UBT), Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/I, 8010 Graz, Styria, Austria
| | - José Graça
- Forest Research Center (CEF), Institute of Agronomy, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Leonor Morais-Cecílio
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF), Institute of Agronomy, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
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18
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Boher P, Soler M, Fernández-Piñán S, Torrent X, Müller SY, Kelly KA, Serra O, Figueras M. Silencing of StRIK in potato suggests a role in periderm related to RNA processing and stress. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:409. [PMID: 34493224 PMCID: PMC8424952 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03141-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The periderm is a protective barrier crucial for land plant survival, but little is known about genetic factors involved in its development and regulation. Using a transcriptomic approach in the cork oak (Q. suber) periderm, we previously identified an RS2-INTERACTING KH PROTEIN (RIK) homologue of unknown function containing a K homology (KH)-domain RNA-binding protein, as a regulatory candidate gene in the periderm. RESULTS To gain insight into the function of RIK in the periderm, potato (S. tuberosum) tuber periderm was used as a model: the full-length coding sequence of RIK, hereafter referred to as StRIK, was isolated, the transcript profile analyzed and gene silencing in potato performed to analyze the silencing effects on periderm anatomy and transcriptome. The StRIK transcript accumulated in all vegetative tissues studied, including periderm and other suberized tissues such as root and also in wounded tissues. Downregulation of StRIK in potato by RNA interference (StRIK-RNAi) did not show any obvious effects on tuber periderm anatomy but, unlike Wild type, transgenic plants flowered. Global transcript profiling of the StRIK-RNAi periderm did show altered expression of genes associated with RNA metabolism, stress and signaling, mirroring the biological processes found enriched within the in silico co-expression network of the Arabidopsis orthologue. CONCLUSIONS The ubiquitous expression of StRIK transcript, the flower associated phenotype and the differential expression of StRIK-RNAi periderm point out to a general regulatory role of StRIK in diverse plant developmental processes. The transcriptome analysis suggests that StRIK might play roles in RNA maturation and stress response in the periderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau Boher
- Laboratori del Suro, Biology Department, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, E-17071 Girona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Marçal Soler
- Laboratori del Suro, Biology Department, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, E-17071 Girona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Sandra Fernández-Piñán
- Laboratori del Suro, Biology Department, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, E-17071 Girona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Xènia Torrent
- Laboratori del Suro, Biology Department, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, E-17071 Girona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Sebastian Y. Müller
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA UK
| | - Krystyna A. Kelly
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA UK
| | - Olga Serra
- Laboratori del Suro, Biology Department, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, E-17071 Girona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Mercè Figueras
- Laboratori del Suro, Biology Department, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, E-17071 Girona, Catalonia Spain
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19
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Wang Y, Xu J, He Z, Hu N, Luo W, Liu X, Shi X, Liu T, Jiang Q, An P, Liu L, Sun Y, Jetter R, Li C, Wang Z. BdFAR4, a root-specific fatty acyl-coenzyme A reductase, is involved in fatty alcohol synthesis of root suberin polyester in Brachypodium distachyon. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:1468-1483. [PMID: 33768632 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Suberin is a complex hydrophobic polymer of aliphatic and phenolic compounds which controls the movement of gases, water, and solutes and protects plants from environmental stresses and pathogenic infection. The synthesis and regulatory pathways of suberin remain unknown in Brachypodium distachyon. Here we describe the identification of a B. distachyon gene, BdFAR4, encoding a fatty acyl-coenzyme A reductase (FAR) by a reverse genetic approach, and investigate the molecular relevance of BdFAR4 in the root suberin synthesis of B. distachyon. BdFAR4 is specifically expressed throughout root development. Heterologous expression of BdFAR4 in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) afforded the production of C20:0 and C22:0 fatty alcohols. The loss-of-function knockout of BdFAR4 by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing significantly reduced the content of C20:0 and C22:0 fatty alcohols associated with root suberin. In contrast, overexpression of BdFAR4 in B. distachyon and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) resulted in the accumulation of root suberin-associated C20:0 and C22:0 fatty alcohols, suggesting that BdFAR4 preferentially accepts C20:0 and C22:0 fatty acyl-CoAs as substrates. The BdFAR4 protein was localized to the endoplasmic reticulum in Arabidopsis thaliana protoplasts and Nicotiana benthamiana leaf epidermal cells. BdFAR4 transcript levels can be increased by abiotic stresses and abscisic acid treatment. Furthermore, yeast one-hybrid, dual-luciferase activity, and electrophoretic mobility shift assays indicated that the R2R3-MYB transcription factor BdMYB41 directly binds to the promoter of BdFAR4. Taken together, these results imply that BdFAR4 is essential for the production of root suberin-associated fatty alcohols, especially under stress conditions, and that its activity is transcriptionally regulated by the BdMYB41 transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiajing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhaofeng He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ning Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenqiao Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xue Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tianxiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qinqin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Peipei An
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Le Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yulin Sun
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Reinhard Jetter
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Chunlian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhonghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
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Harman-Ware AE, Sparks S, Addison B, Kalluri UC. Importance of suberin biopolymer in plant function, contributions to soil organic carbon and in the production of bio-derived energy and materials. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:75. [PMID: 33743797 PMCID: PMC7981814 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-01892-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Suberin is a hydrophobic biopolymer of significance in the production of biomass-derived materials and in biogeochemical cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. Here, we describe suberin structure and biosynthesis, and its importance in biological (i.e., plant bark and roots), ecological (soil organic carbon) and economic (biomass conversion to bioproducts) contexts. Furthermore, we highlight the genomics and analytical approaches currently available and explore opportunities for future technologies to study suberin in quantitative and/or high-throughput platforms in bioenergy crops. A greater understanding of suberin structure and production in lignocellulosic biomass can be leveraged to improve representation in life cycle analysis and techno-economic analysis models and enable performance improvements in plant biosystems as well as informed crop system management to achieve economic and environmental co-benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E Harman-Ware
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, Center for Bioenergy Innovation, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA.
| | - Samuel Sparks
- Biosciences Division and Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Bennett Addison
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, Center for Bioenergy Innovation, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Udaya C Kalluri
- Biosciences Division and Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA.
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21
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Zhang L, Merlin I, Pascal S, Bert P, Domergue F, Gambetta GA. Drought activates MYB41 orthologs and induces suberization of grapevine fine roots. PLANT DIRECT 2020; 4:e00278. [PMID: 33251473 PMCID: PMC7680640 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The permeability of roots to water and nutrients is controlled through a variety of mechanisms and one of the most conspicuous is the presence of the Casparian strips and suberin lamellae. Roots actively regulate the creation of these structures developmentally, along the length of the root, and in response to the environment, including drought. In the current study, we characterized the suberin composition along the length of grapevine fine roots during development and in response to water deficit, and in the same root systems we quantified changes in expression of suberin biosynthesis- and deposition-related gene families (via RNAseq) allowing the identification of drought-responsive suberin-related genes. Grapevine suberin composition did not differ between primary and lateral roots, and was similar to that of other species. Under water deficit there was a global upregulation of suberin biosynthesis which resulted in an increase of suberin specific monomers, but without changes in their relative abundances, and this upregulation took place across all the developmental stages of fine roots. These changes corresponded to the upregulation of numerous suberin biosynthesis- and export-related genes which included orthologs of the previously characterized AtMYB41 transcriptional factor. Functional validation of two grapevine MYB41 orthologs, VriMYB41 and VriMYB41-like, confirmed their ability to globally upregulate suberin biosynthesis, export, and deposition. This study provides a detailed characterization of the developmental and water deficit induced suberization of grapevine fine roots and identifies important orthologs responsible for suberin biosynthesis, export, and its regulation in grape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- EGFVBordeaux‐Sciences AgroINRAUniv. BordeauxISVVVillenave d'OrnonFrance
| | - Isabelle Merlin
- EGFVBordeaux‐Sciences AgroINRAUniv. BordeauxISVVVillenave d'OrnonFrance
| | - Stéphanie Pascal
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse MembranaireCNRS – Univ. Bordeaux ‐ UMR 5200Bâtiment A3 ‐ INRA Bordeaux AquitaineVillenave d'OrnonFrance
| | | | - Frédéric Domergue
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse MembranaireCNRS – Univ. Bordeaux ‐ UMR 5200Bâtiment A3 ‐ INRA Bordeaux AquitaineVillenave d'OrnonFrance
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22
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Figueiredo R, Portilla Llerena JP, Kiyota E, Ferreira SS, Cardeli BR, de Souza SCR, Dos Santos Brito M, Sodek L, Cesarino I, Mazzafera P. The sugarcane ShMYB78 transcription factor activates suberin biosynthesis in Nicotiana benthamiana. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:411-427. [PMID: 32813231 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-020-01048-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE A sugarcane MYB present in the culm induces suberin biosynthesis and is involved both with fatty acid and phenolics metabolism. Few transcription factors have been described as regulators of cell wall polymers deposition in C4 grasses. Particularly, regulation of suberin biosynthesis in this group of plants remains poorly understood. Here, we showed that the sugarcane MYB transcription factor ShMYB78 is an activator of suberin biosynthesis and deposition. ShMYB78 was identified upon screening genes whose expression was upregulated in sugarcane internodes undergoing suberization during culm development or triggered by wounding. Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression of ShMYB78 in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves induced the ectopic deposition of suberin and its aliphatic and aromatic monomers. Further, the expression of suberin-related genes was induced by ShMYB78 heterologous expression in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. ShMYB78 was shown to be a nuclear protein based on its presence in sugarcane internode nuclear protein extracts, and protoplast transactivation assays demonstrated that ShMYB78 activates the promoters of the sugarcane suberin biosynthetic genes β-ketoacyl-CoA synthase (ShKCS20) and caffeic acid-O-methyltransferase (ShCOMT). Our results suggest that ShMYB78 may be involved in the transcriptional regulation of suberin deposition, from fatty acid metabolism to phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, in sugarcane internodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Figueiredo
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083-862, Brazil.
- Department of Biology, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade Do Porto, Rua Do Campo Alegre S/N, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Juan Pablo Portilla Llerena
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Kiyota
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Sávio Siqueira Ferreira
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Rocha Cardeli
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Sarah Caroline Ribeiro de Souza
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083-862, Brazil
- Department of Botany, Federal University of São Carlos, PO Box 676, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Michael Dos Santos Brito
- Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo, Campus São José dos Campos, São José dos Campos, 12231-280, Brazil
| | - Ladaslav Sodek
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Igor Cesarino
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Paulo Mazzafera
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083-862, Brazil
- Department of Crop Science, College of Agriculture Luiz de Queiroz, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, 13418-900, Brazil
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23
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Wang C, Wang H, Li P, Li H, Xu C, Cohen H, Aharoni A, Wu S. Developmental programs interact with abscisic acid to coordinate root suberization in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:241-251. [PMID: 32645747 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Suberin lamellae, which provide a hydrophobic protective barrier against biotic and abiotic stresses, are widely deposited in various cell types during plant development and in response to stress. However, it remains unclear how developmental programs interact with stress responses to direct the precise spatiotemporal pattern of suberin deposition. In this study, we found that SHORT-ROOT (SHR), together with its downstream factor MYB36, guided suberization specifically in the root endodermis. Despite a partial dependence on abscisic acid (ABA), the suberization mediated by SHR and MYB36 appeared to derive from a slow readout of developmental programs, which was in contrast to the rapid but transient suberization induced by ABA. Furthermore, we found the MYB39 transcription factor functioned as a common downstream hub of the SHR/MYB36 pathway and the ABA-triggered response. MYB39 could directly bind to the FAR5 (alcohol-forming fatty acyl-coenzyme A reductase) promoter to activate its expression. In addition, overexpression of MYB39 dramatically increased the amount of suberization in Arabidopsis roots. Our results provide important insights into the interaction between developmental programs and environmental stimuli in root suberization in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Wang
- College of Horticulture & College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Hong Wang
- College of Horticulture & College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Pengxue Li
- College of Horticulture & College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Haiyang Li
- College of Horticulture & College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Chunmiao Xu
- College of Horticulture & College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Hagai Cohen
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Shuang Wu
- College of Horticulture & College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
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24
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Cohen H, Fedyuk V, Wang C, Wu S, Aharoni A. SUBERMAN regulates developmental suberization of the Arabidopsis root endodermis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 102:431-447. [PMID: 32027440 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Root endodermis, the innermost cortical layer surrounding the root vasculature, serves as the foremost barrier to water, solutes, and nutrients taken up from soil. Endodermis barrier functionality is achieved via its hydrophobic coating of lignified Casparian strips and the suberin lamellae; nonetheless the regulatory mechanisms underlying endodermis suberization are still elusive. Here, we discovered that the Arabidopsis SUBERMAN (SUB) transcription factor controls the establishment of the root suberin lamellae. Transient expression of SUB in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves resulted in the induction of heterologous suberin genes, the accumulation of suberin-type monomers, and consequent deposition of suberin-like lamellae. We demonstrate that SUB exerts its regulatory roles by transactivating promoters of suberin genes. In Arabidopsis, SUB is expressed in patchy and continuous suberization root endodermal cells, and thus roots with higher or lower expression of SUB display altered suberin polymer deposition patterns and modified composition. While these changes did not interfere with Casparian strip formation they had a substantial effect on root uptake capacity, resulting in varied root and leaf ionomic phenotypes. Gene expression profiling revealed that SUB function impacts transcriptional networks associated with suberin, phenylpropanoids, lignin, and cuticular lipid biosynthesis, as well as root transport activities, hormone signalling, and cell wall modification. Our findings highlight SUB as a regulator of root endodermis suberization during normal development, and its characterization is thus a key step towards dissecting the molecular mechanisms partaking in root endodermal barrier functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagai Cohen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Vadim Fedyuk
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Chunhua Wang
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Shuang Wu
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
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25
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Lopes ST, Sobral D, Costa B, Perdiguero P, Chaves I, Costa A, Miguel CM. Phellem versus xylem: genome-wide transcriptomic analysis reveals novel regulators of cork formation in cork oak. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 40:129-141. [PMID: 31860724 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cork cambium (or phellogen) is a secondary meristem responsible for the formation of phelloderm and phellem/cork, which together compose the periderm. In Quercus suber L., the phellogen is active throughout the entire life of the tree, producing a continuous and renewable outer bark of cork. To identify specific candidate genes associated with cork cambium activity and phellem differentiation, we performed a comparative transcriptomic study of Q. suber secondary growth tissues (xylem and phellogen/phellem) using RNA-seq. The present work provides a high-resolution map of all the transcripts identified in the phellogen/phellem tissues. A total of 6013 differentially expressed genes were identified, with 2875 of the transcripts being specifically enriched during the cork formation process versus secondary xylem formation. Furthermore, cork samples originating from the original phellogen (`virgin' cork) and from a traumatic phellogen (`amadia' cork) were also compared. Our results point to a shortlist of potentially relevant candidate genes regulating phellogen activity and phellem differentiation, including novel genes involved in the suberization process, as well as genes associated to ethylene and jasmonate signaling and to meristem function. The future functional characterization of some of the identified candidate genes will help to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying cork cambium activity and phellem differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana T Lopes
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Avenida da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Daniel Sobral
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Bruno Costa
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Avenida da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro Perdiguero
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Avenida da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Inês Chaves
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Avenida da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Augusta Costa
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, Avenida da República, Quinta do Marquês 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Célia M Miguel
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Avenida da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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26
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Campilho A, Nieminen K, Ragni L. The development of the periderm: the final frontier between a plant and its environment. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 53:10-14. [PMID: 31593816 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The periderm acts as the first line of defence for a plant, protecting wood and phloem from abiotic and biotic stresses. During secondary growth, through the increase in girth of plant organs, the periderm replaces the epidermis as the outermost tissue. The phellogen, a bifacial post-embryonic meristem, forms the phelloderm inwards (toward the vasculature) and the suberized phellem outwards (toward the environment). These three tissues are collectively referred to as the periderm. Here, we summarize recent findings on the molecular mechanisms of periderm development by describing periderm formation in connection to the fate of the surrounding tissues, by discussing common regulatory hubs between the vascular cambium and the phellogen, and by highlighting transcription factors (TFs) controlling phellem differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Campilho
- CIBIO-Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, Department of Biology of the Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Kaisa Nieminen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Laura Ragni
- ZMBP-Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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27
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Soler M, Verdaguer R, Fernández-Piñán S, Company-Arumí D, Boher P, Góngora-Castillo E, Valls M, Anticó E, Molinas M, Serra O, Figueras M. Silencing against the conserved NAC domain of the potato StNAC103 reveals new NAC candidates to repress the suberin associated waxes in phellem. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 291:110360. [PMID: 31928669 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Both suberin and its associated waxes contribute to the formation of apoplastic barriers that protect plants from the environment. Some transcription factors have emerged as regulators of the suberization process. The potato StNAC103 gene was reported as a repressor of suberin polyester and suberin-associated waxes deposition because its RNAi-mediated downregulation (StNAC103-RNAi) over-accumulated suberin and associated waxes in the tuber phellem concomitantly with the induction of representative biosynthetic genes. Here, to explore if other genes of the large NAC gene family participate to this repressive function, we extended the silencing to other NAC members by targeting the conserved NAC domain of StNAC103 (StNAC103-RNAi-c). Transcript profile of the StNAC103-RNAi-c phellem indicated that StNAC101 gene was an additional potential target. In comparison with StNAC103-RNAi, the silencing with StNAC103-RNAi-c construct resulted in a similar effect in suberin but yielded an increased load of associated waxes in tuber phellem, mainly alkanes and feruloyl esters. Globally, the chemical effects in both silenced lines are supported by the transcript accumulation profile of genes involved in the biosynthesis, transport and regulation of apoplastic lipids. In contrast, the genes of polyamine biosynthesis were downregulated. Altogether these results point out to StNAC101 as a candidate to repress the suberin-associated waxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marçal Soler
- Laboratori del Suro, Biology Department, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, E-17071, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Roger Verdaguer
- Laboratori del Suro, Biology Department, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, E-17071, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sandra Fernández-Piñán
- Laboratori del Suro, Biology Department, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, E-17071, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Dolors Company-Arumí
- Laboratori del Suro, Biology Department, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, E-17071, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Pau Boher
- Laboratori del Suro, Biology Department, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, E-17071, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Elsa Góngora-Castillo
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Marc Valls
- Genetics Department, Universitat de Barcelona and Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB). Edifici CRAG, Campus UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Enriqueta Anticó
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Girona, Campus Montilivi, E-17071, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marisa Molinas
- Laboratori del Suro, Biology Department, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, E-17071, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Olga Serra
- Laboratori del Suro, Biology Department, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, E-17071, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mercè Figueras
- Laboratori del Suro, Biology Department, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, E-17071, Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
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28
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Afamefule C, Raines CA. Insights Into the Regulation of the Expression Pattern of Calvin-Benson-Bassham Cycle Enzymes in C 3 and C 4 Grasses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:570436. [PMID: 33178241 PMCID: PMC7595957 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.570436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
C4 photosynthesis is characterized by the compartmentalization of the processes of atmospheric uptake of CO2 and its conversion into carbohydrate between mesophyll and bundle-sheath cells. As a result, most of the enzymes participating in the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle, including RubisCO, are highly expressed in bundle-sheath cells. There is evidence that changes in the regulatory sequences of RubisCO contribute to its bundle-sheath-specific expression, however, little is known about how the spatial-expression pattern of other CBB cycle enzymes is regulated. In this study, we use a computational approach to scan for transcription factor binding sites in the regulatory regions of the genes encoding CBB cycle enzymes, SBPase, FBPase, PRK, and GAPDH-B, of C3 and C4 grasses. We identified potential cis-regulatory elements present in each of the genes studied here, regardless of the photosynthetic path used by the plant. The trans-acting factors that bind these elements have been validated in A. thaliana and might regulate the expression of the genes encoding CBB cycle enzymes. In addition, we also found C4-specific transcription factor binding sites in the genes encoding CBB cycle enzymes that could potentially contribute to the pathway-specific regulation of gene expression. These results provide a foundation for the functional analysis of the differences in regulation of genes encoding CBB cycle enzymes between C3 and C4 grasses.
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29
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Mahmood K, Zeisler-Diehl VV, Schreiber L, Bi YM, Rothstein SJ, Ranathunge K. Overexpression of ANAC046 Promotes Suberin Biosynthesis in Roots of Arabidopsis thaliana. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246117. [PMID: 31817232 PMCID: PMC6940730 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
NAC (NAM (no apical meristem), ATAF1/2, and CUC2 (cup-shaped cotyledon)) proteins are one of the largest families of plant-specific transcription factors, and this family is present in a wide range of land plants. Here, we have investigated the role of ANAC046 in the regulation of suberin biosynthesis and deposition in Arabidopsis. Subcellular localization and transcriptional activity assays showed that ANAC046 localizes in the nucleus, where it functions as a transcription activator. Analysis of the PANAC046:GUS lines revealed that ANAC046 is mainly expressed in the root endodermis and periderm, and is also induced in leaves by wounding. The transgenic lines overexpressing ANAC046 exhibited defective surfaces on the aerial plant parts compared to the wild-type (WT) as characterized by increased permeability for Toluidine blue stain and greater chlorophyll leaching. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that the expression of suberin biosynthesis genes was significantly higher in the roots and leaves of overexpression lines compared to the WT. The biochemical analysis of leaf cuticular waxes showed that the overexpression lines accumulated 30% more waxes than the WT. Concurrently, overexpression lines also deposited almost twice the amount of suberin content in their roots compared with the WT. Taken together, these results showed that ANAC046 is an important transcription factor that promotes suberin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashif Mahmood
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada; (K.M.); (Y.-M.B.); (S.J.R.)
- Noble Research Institute, Limited Liability Company (LLC), 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | - Viktoria Valeska Zeisler-Diehl
- Department of Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115 Bonn, Germany; (V.V.Z.-D.); (L.S.)
| | - Lukas Schreiber
- Department of Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115 Bonn, Germany; (V.V.Z.-D.); (L.S.)
| | - Yong-Mei Bi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada; (K.M.); (Y.-M.B.); (S.J.R.)
| | - Steven J. Rothstein
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada; (K.M.); (Y.-M.B.); (S.J.R.)
| | - Kosala Ranathunge
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada; (K.M.); (Y.-M.B.); (S.J.R.)
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawly, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-8-6488-2047
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Costa M, Pereira AM, Pinto SC, Silva J, Pereira LG, Coimbra S. In silico and expression analyses of fasciclin-like arabinogalactan proteins reveal functional conservation during embryo and seed development. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2019; 32:353-370. [PMID: 31501923 PMCID: PMC6820600 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-019-00376-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE The fasciclin-like arabinogalactan proteins organization into four groups is conserved and may be related to specific roles in developmental processes across angiosperms. Fasciclin-like arabinogalactan proteins (FLAs) are a subclass of arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs), which contain fasciclin-like domains in addition to typical AGP domains. FLAs are present across all embryophytes, and despite their low overall sequence similarity, conserved regions that define the fasciclin functional domain (FAS) have been identified, suggesting that the cell adhesion property is also conserved. FLAs in Arabidopsis have been organized into four subgroups according to the number and distribution of functional domains. Recent studies associated FLAs with cell wall-related processes where domain organization seemed to be related to functional roles. In Arabidopsis, FLAs containing a single FAS domain were found to be important for the integrity and elasticity of the plant cell wall matrix, and FLAs with two FAS domains and two AGP domains were found to be involved in maintaining proper cell expansion under salt stress conditions. The main purpose of the present work was to elucidate the expression pattern of selected FLA genes during embryo and seed development using RT-qPCR. AtFLA8 and AtFLA10, two Arabidopsis genes that stood out in previous microarray studies of embryo development, were further examined using promoter-driven gene reporter analyses. We also studied the expression of cork oak FLA genes and found that their expression partially parallels the expression patterns of the putative AtFLA orthologs. We propose that the functional organization of FLAs is conserved and may be related to fundamental aspects of embryogenesis and seed development across angiosperms. Phylogenetic studies were performed, and we show that the same basic four-subgroup organization described for Arabidopsis FLA gene classification is valid for most Arabidopsis FLA orthologs of several plant species, namely poplar, corn and cork oak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mário Costa
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- LAQV Requimte, Sustainable Chemistry, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Marta Pereira
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Cristina Pinto
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- LAQV Requimte, Sustainable Chemistry, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jessy Silva
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- LAQV Requimte, Sustainable Chemistry, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Gustavo Pereira
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- GreenUPorto Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Coimbra
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
- LAQV Requimte, Sustainable Chemistry, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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