1
|
Wang S, Zhao Y, Yao F, Wei P, Ma L, Zhang S. An anti-GD2 aptamer-based bifunctional spherical nucleic acid nanoplatform for synergistic therapy targeting MDM2 for retinoblastoma. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 174:116437. [PMID: 38522240 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (RB) is a type of pediatric solid tumor in the fundus. The lack of precision therapies combined with the difficulty of delivering small interfering RNA (siRNA) into the eyes means that there is currently no nucleic acid-based therapy for RB in clinical practice. Here, we reported on anti-GD2 and glutathione-responsive spherical nucleic acids (SNAs), loaded with siRNA and the inhibitor NVP-CGM097, which jointly blocked the oncogenic factor n in RB cells (Y79 and WERI-RB-1). The SNAs were formed through the self-assembly of bifunctional cholesterol amphiphiles containing aptamers that specifically targeted GD2-positive RB cells, allowing for the formation of an SNA with a dense DNA shell. The aptamer/siRNA component functioned both as a carrier and a payload, enhancing the specific recognition and delivery of both components and constituting an active agent for MDM2 regulation. Following SNA endocytosis by RB cells, siRNA and NVP-CGM097 were released from the SNA particles by glutathione, which synergistically blocked the MDM2-p53 pathway, increasing p53 protein content and inducing cell apoptosis. This study showed a potent antitumor effect following intravitreal injection of SNAs in Y79 tumor-bearing mice through clinical manifestation and tumor pathological analysis. In hematological analysis and hepatotoxicity assays, SNAs were safer for mice than melphalan, the favored drug for treating RB in clinical practice. Our results illustrated the potential of intravitreally injected SNAs as a precision medicine for treating RB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shijing Wang
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen Eye Institute, 18 Zetian Road, Futian District, Shenzhen 518040, China; Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, University Town of Shenzhen, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Institute of Biomedical Health Technology and Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Guangqiao Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Fei Yao
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen Eye Institute, 18 Zetian Road, Futian District, Shenzhen 518040, China; Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, University Town of Shenzhen, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Pengxue Wei
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen Eye Institute, 18 Zetian Road, Futian District, Shenzhen 518040, China
| | - Lan Ma
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, University Town of Shenzhen, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, China; Institute of Biomedical Health Technology and Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Guangqiao Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen 518107, China.
| | - Shaochong Zhang
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen Eye Institute, 18 Zetian Road, Futian District, Shenzhen 518040, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Philippova J, Shevchenko J, Sennikov S. GD2-targeting therapy: a comparative analysis of approaches and promising directions. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1371345. [PMID: 38558810 PMCID: PMC10979305 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1371345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Disialoganglioside GD2 is a promising target for immunotherapy with expression primarily restricted to neuroectodermal and epithelial tumor cells. Although its role in the maintenance and repair of neural tissue is well-established, its functions during normal organism development remain understudied. Meanwhile, studies have shown that GD2 plays an important role in tumorigenesis. Its functions include proliferation, invasion, motility, and metastasis, and its high expression and ability to transform the tumor microenvironment may be associated with a malignant phenotype. Structurally, GD2 is a glycosphingolipid that is stably expressed on the surface of tumor cells, making it a suitable candidate for targeting by antibodies or chimeric antigen receptors. Based on mouse monoclonal antibodies, chimeric and humanized antibodies and their combinations with cytokines, toxins, drugs, radionuclides, nanoparticles as well as chimeric antigen receptor have been developed. Furthermore, vaccines and photoimmunotherapy are being used to treat GD2-positive tumors, and GD2 aptamers can be used for targeting. In the field of cell therapy, allogeneic immunocompetent cells are also being utilized to enhance GD2 therapy. Efforts are currently being made to optimize the chimeric antigen receptor by modifying its design or by transducing not only αβ T cells, but also γδ T cells, NK cells, NKT cells, and macrophages. In addition, immunotherapy can combine both diagnostic and therapeutic methods, allowing for early detection of disease and minimal residual disease. This review discusses each immunotherapy method and strategy, its advantages and disadvantages, and highlights future directions for GD2 therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sergey Sennikov
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology, Novosibirsk, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kinoshita S, Ishii M, Ando J, Kimura T, Yamaguchi T, Harada S, Takahashi F, Nakashima K, Nakazawa Y, Yamazaki S, Ohshima K, Takahashi K, Nakauchi H, Ando M. Rejuvenated iPSC-derived GD2-directed CART Cells Harbor Robust Cytotoxicity Against Small Cell Lung Cancer. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 4:723-737. [PMID: 38380966 PMCID: PMC10926899 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-23-0259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is exceptionally aggressive, with limited treatment options. Disialoganglioside (GD2) is highly expressed on SCLC and is considered a good target for chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells (CART). Although GD2-directed CARTs (GD2-CART) exhibit cytotoxicity against various GD2-expressing tumors, they lack significant cytotoxicity against SCLC. To enhance cytotoxicity of GD2-CARTs against SCLC, we introduced GD2-CAR into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC)-derived rejuvenated cytotoxic T lymphocytes (GD2-CARrejT). GD2-CARrejTs acted much more strongly against SCLC cells than did GD2-CARTs both in vitro and in vivo. Single-cell RNA sequencing elucidated that levels of expression of TIGIT were significantly lower and levels of expression of genes associated with cytotoxicity were significantly higher in GD2-CARrejTs than those in GD2-CARTs. Dual blockade of TIGIT and programmed death-1 (PD-1) increased the cytotoxicity of GD2-CARTs to some extent, suggesting that low TIGIT and PD-1 expression by GD2-CARrejTs is a major factor required for robust cytotoxicity against SCLC. Not only for robust cytotoxicity but also for availability as "off-the-shelf" T-cell therapy, iPSC-derived GD2-CARrejTs are a promising novel treatment for SCLC. SIGNIFICANCE This research introduces iPSC-derived rejuvenated GD2-CARTs (GD2-CARrejT) as a novel approach to combat SCLC. Compared with conventional GD2-CARTs, GD2-CARrejTs with reduced TIGIT and PD-1 expression demonstrate robust cytotoxicity against SCLC and would be a promising therapy for SCLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Kinoshita
- Department of Hematology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Midori Ishii
- Department of Hematology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Ando
- Department of Hematology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Cell Therapy and Blood Transfusion Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takaharu Kimura
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sakiko Harada
- Department of Hematology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumiyuki Takahashi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Nakashima
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yozo Nakazawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Shinsyu University School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Koichi Ohshima
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Takahashi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Nakauchi
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
- Stem Cell Therapy Laboratory, Advanced Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miki Ando
- Department of Hematology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rajput S, Malviya R, Uniyal P. Advancements in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of retinoblastoma. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2024:S0008-4182(24)00031-0. [PMID: 38369298 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2024.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (RB) is a prevalent primitive intraocular malignancy in children, particularly in those younger than age 3 years. RB is caused by mutations in the RB1 gene. In developing countries, mortality rates for this type of cancer are still high, whereas industrialized countries have achieved a survival rate of >95%-98%. Untreated, the condition can be fatal, underscoring the importance of early diagnosis. The existing treatments primarily consist of surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. The detrimental effects of radiation and chemotherapeutic drugs have been documented as factors that contribute to increased mortality rates and negatively affect the quality of life for patients. MicroRNA (miRNA), a type of noncoding RNA, exerts a substantial influence on RB development and the emergence of treatment resistance by regulating diverse cellular processes. This review highlights recent developments in the involvement of miRNAs in RB. This encompasses the clinical significance of miRNAs in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of RB. Additionally, this paper examines the regulatory mechanisms of miRNAs in RB and explores potential therapeutic interventions. This paper provides an overview of the current and emerging treatment options for RB, focusing on recent studies investigating the application of different types of nanoparticles for the diagnosis and treatment of this condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shivam Rajput
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rishabha Malviya
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Prerna Uniyal
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Eichholz T, Heubach F, Arendt AM, Seitz C, Brecht IB, Ebinger M, Flaadt T, Süsskind D, Richter L, Hülsenbeck I, Zerweck L, Göricke S, Paulsen F, Dombrowski F, Flotho C, Schönberger S, Ketteler P, Schulte J, Lang P. Targeted therapies in retinoblastoma: GD2-directed immunotherapy following autologous stem cell transplantation and evaluation of alternative target B7-H3. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2024; 73:19. [PMID: 38240863 PMCID: PMC10798927 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-023-03587-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND GD2-directed immunotherapy is highly effective in the treatment of high-risk neuroblastoma (NB), and might be an interesting target also in other high-risk tumors. METHODS The German-Austrian Retinoblastoma Registry, Essen, was searched for patients, who were treated with anti-GD2 monoclonal antibody (mAb) dinutuximab beta (Db) in order to evaluate toxicity, response and outcome in these patients. Additionally, we evaluated anti-GD2 antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) in retinoblastoma cell lines in vitro. Furthermore, in vitro cytotoxicity assays directed against B7-H3 (CD276), a new identified potential target in RB, were performed. RESULTS We identified four patients with relapsed stage IV retinoblastoma, who were treated with Db following autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT). Two out of two evaluable patients with detectable tumors responded to immunotherapy. One of these and another patient who received immunotherapy without residual disease relapsed 10 and 12 months after start of Db. The other patients remained in remission until last follow-up 26 and 45 months, respectively. In vitro, significant lysis of RB cell lines by ADCC and CDC with samples from patients and healthy donors and anti-GD2 and anti-CD276-mAbs were demonstrated. CONCLUSION Anti-GD2-directed immunotherapy represents an additional therapeutic option in high-risk metastasized RB. Moreover, CD276 is another target of interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Eichholz
- University Children's Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, Abteilung I, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 1, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Florian Heubach
- University Children's Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, Abteilung I, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 1, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Anne-Marie Arendt
- University Children's Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, Abteilung I, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 1, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Christian Seitz
- University Children's Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, Abteilung I, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 1, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ines B Brecht
- University Children's Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, Abteilung I, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 1, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Martin Ebinger
- University Children's Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, Abteilung I, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 1, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Tim Flaadt
- University Children's Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, Abteilung I, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 1, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Daniela Süsskind
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Lisa Richter
- Department of Pediatrics III, University Children's Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Isabel Hülsenbeck
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Leonie Zerweck
- Department of Radiology, Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Sophia Göricke
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Frank Paulsen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Frank Dombrowski
- Institute of Pathology, University Medicine of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christian Flotho
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Schönberger
- Department of Pediatrics III, University Children's Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- RB-Registry, University Children's Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Petra Ketteler
- Department of Pediatrics III, University Children's Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- RB-Registry, University Children's Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Johannes Schulte
- University Children's Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, Abteilung I, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 1, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Peter Lang
- University Children's Hospital, Eberhard Karls University, Abteilung I, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 1, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Partner Site Tübingen, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ansari M, Kulkarni YA, Singh K. Advanced Technologies of Drug Delivery to the Posterior Eye Segment Targeting Angiogenesis and Ocular Cancer. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst 2024; 41:85-124. [PMID: 37824419 DOI: 10.1615/critrevtherdrugcarriersyst.2023045298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (RB), a childhood retinal cancer is caused due to RB1 gene mutation which affects the child below 5 years of age. Angiogenesis has been proven its role in RB metastasis due to the presence of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in RB cells. Therefore, exploring angiogenic pathway by inhibiting VEGF in treating RB would pave the way for future treatment. In preclinical studies, anti-VEGF molecule have shown their efficacy in treating RB. However, treatment requires recurrent intra-vitreal injections causing various side effects along with patient nonadherence. As a result, delivery of anti-VEGF agent to retina requires an ocular delivery system that can transport it in a non-invasive manner to achieve patient compliance. Moreover, development of these type of systems are challenging due to the complicated physiological barriers of eye. Adopting a non-invasive or minimally invasive approach for delivery of anti-VEGF agents would not only address the bioavailability issues but also improve patient adherence to therapy overcoming the side effects associated with invasive approach. The present review focuses on the eye cancer, angiogenesis and various novel ocular drug delivery systems that can facilitate inhibition of VEGF in the posterior eye segment by overcoming the eye barriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mudassir Ansari
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, Mumbai 400056, India
| | - Yogesh A Kulkarni
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, Mumbai 400056, India
| | - Kavita Singh
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, Mumbai 400056, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Reincke SM, von Wardenburg N, Homeyer MA, Kornau HC, Spagni G, Li LY, Kreye J, Sánchez-Sendín E, Blumenau S, Stappert D, Radbruch H, Hauser AE, Künkele A, Edes I, Schmitz D, Prüss H. Chimeric autoantibody receptor T cells deplete NMDA receptor-specific B cells. Cell 2023; 186:5084-5097.e18. [PMID: 37918394 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Anti-NMDA receptor (NMDAR) autoantibodies cause NMDAR encephalitis, the most common autoimmune encephalitis, leading to psychosis, seizures, and autonomic dysfunction. Current treatments comprise broad immunosuppression or non-selective antibody removal. We developed NMDAR-specific chimeric autoantibody receptor (NMDAR-CAAR) T cells to selectively eliminate anti-NMDAR B cells and disease-causing autoantibodies. NMDAR-CAARs consist of an extracellular multi-subunit NMDAR autoantigen fused to intracellular 4-1BB/CD3ζ domains. NMDAR-CAAR T cells recognize a large panel of human patient-derived autoantibodies, release effector molecules, proliferate, and selectively kill antigen-specific target cell lines even in the presence of high autoantibody concentrations. In a passive transfer mouse model, NMDAR-CAAR T cells led to depletion of an anti-NMDAR B cell line and sustained reduction of autoantibody levels without notable off-target toxicity. Treatment of patients may reduce side effects, prevent relapses, and improve long-term prognosis. Our preclinical work paves the way for CAAR T cell phase I/II trials in NMDAR encephalitis and further autoantibody-mediated diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Momsen Reincke
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Niels von Wardenburg
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie A Homeyer
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Christian Kornau
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Neuroscience Research Center (NWFZ), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gregorio Spagni
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Neuroscience, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucie Y Li
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jakob Kreye
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Pediatric Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Center for Chronically Sick Children, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elisa Sánchez-Sendín
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sonja Blumenau
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominik Stappert
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), CRFS, LAT, Bonn, Germany
| | - Helena Radbruch
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja E Hauser
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, a Leibniz Institute, Immune Dynamics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Annette Künkele
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Inan Edes
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Dietmar Schmitz
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Neuroscience Research Center (NWFZ), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Harald Prüss
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nayak V, Patra S, Singh KR, Ganguly B, Kumar DN, Panda D, Maurya GK, Singh J, Majhi S, Sharma R, Pandey SS, Singh RP, Kerry RG. Advancement in precision diagnosis and therapeutic for triple-negative breast cancer: Harnessing diagnostic potential of CRISPR-cas & engineered CAR T-cells mediated therapeutics. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 235:116573. [PMID: 37437865 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled cell growth, disrupted regulatory pathways, and the accumulation of genetic mutations. These mutations across different types of cancer lead to disruptions in signaling pathways and alterations in protein expression related to cellular growth and proliferation. This review highlights the AKT signaling cascade and the retinoblastoma protein (pRb) regulating cascade as promising for novel nanotheranostic interventions. Through synergizing state-of-the-art gene editing tools like the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)-Cas system with nanomaterials and targeting AKT, there is potential to enhance cancer diagnostics significantly. Furthermore, the integration of modified CAR-T cells into multifunctional nanodelivery systems offers a promising approach for targeted cancer inhibition, including the eradication of cancer stem cells (CSCs). Within the context of highly aggressive and metastatic Triple-negative Breast Cancer (TNBC), this review specifically focuses on devising innovative nanotheranostics. For both pre-clinical and post-clinical TNBC detection, the utilization of the CRISPR-Cas system, guided by RNA (gRNA) and coupled with a fluorescent reporter specifically designed to detect TNBC's mutated sequence, could be promising. Additionally, a cutting-edge approach involving the engineering of TNBC-specific iCAR and syn-Notch CAR T-cells, combined with the co-delivery of a hybrid polymeric nano-liposome encapsulating a conditionally replicative adenoviral vector (CRAdV) against CSCs, could present an intriguing intervention strategy. This review thus paves the way for exciting advancements in the field of nanotheranostics for the treatment of TNBC and beyond.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinayak Nayak
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research- National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease- International Center for Foot and Mouth Disease, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Sushmita Patra
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi-Mumbai 410210, India
| | - Kshitij Rb Singh
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, Japan.
| | - Bristy Ganguly
- Fish Health Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Das Nishant Kumar
- PG Department of Biotechnology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Deepak Panda
- PG Department of Biotechnology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Ganesh Kumar Maurya
- Zoology Section, Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jay Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sanatan Majhi
- PG Department of Biotechnology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shyam S Pandey
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, Japan.
| | - Ravindra Pratap Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Amarkantak, Madhya Pradesh, India.
| | - Rout George Kerry
- PG Department of Biotechnology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Onugwu AL, Ugorji OL, Ufondu CA, Ihim SA, Echezona AC, Nwagwu CS, Onugwu SO, Uzondu SW, Agbo CP, Ogbonna JD, Attama AA. Nanoparticle-based delivery systems as emerging therapy in retinoblastoma: recent advances, challenges and prospects. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:4628-4648. [PMID: 37705787 PMCID: PMC10496918 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00462g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Retinoblastoma is the most common intraocular malignancy in children. The treatment of this rare disease is still challenging in developing countries due to delayed diagnosis. The current therapies comprise mainly surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The adverse effects of radiation and chemotherapeutic drugs have been reported to contribute to the high mortality rate and affect patients' quality of life. The systemic side effects resulting from the distribution of chemotherapeutic drugs to non-cancerous cells are enormous and have been recognized as one of the reasons why most potent anticancer compounds fail in clinical trials. Nanoparticulate delivery systems have the potential to revolutionize cancer treatment by offering targeted delivery, enhanced penetration and retention effects, increased bioavailability, and an improved toxicity profile. Notwithstanding the plethora of evidence on the beneficial effects of nanoparticles in retinoblastoma, the clinical translation of this carrier is yet to be given the needed attention. This paper reviews the current and emerging treatment options for retinoblastoma, with emphasis on recent investigations on the use of various classes of nanoparticles in diagnosing and treating retinoblastoma. It also presents the use of ligand-conjugated and smart nanoparticles in the active targeting of anticancer and imaging agents to the tumour cells. In addition, this review discusses the prospects and challenges in translating this nanocarrier into clinical use for retinoblastoma therapy. This review may provide new insight for formulation scientists to explore in order to facilitate the development of more effective and safer medicines for children suffering from retinoblastoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adaeze Linda Onugwu
- Drug Delivery and Nanomedicines Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria Nsukka Enugu State Nigeria
| | - Onyinyechi Lydia Ugorji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Industrial Pharmacy, University of Nigeria Nsukka Enugu State Nigeria
| | - Chinasa A Ufondu
- Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities USA
| | - Stella Amarachi Ihim
- Department of Science Laboratory Technology (Physiology and Pharmacology Unit), University of Nigeria Nsukka Enugu State Nigeria
| | - Adaeze Chidiebere Echezona
- Drug Delivery and Nanomedicines Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria Nsukka Enugu State Nigeria
| | - Chinekwu Sherridan Nwagwu
- Drug Delivery and Nanomedicines Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria Nsukka Enugu State Nigeria
| | - Sabastine Obinna Onugwu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Enugu State University of Science and Technology Enugu State Nigeria
| | - Samuel WisdomofGod Uzondu
- NanoMalaria Research Unit, Drug Delivery and Nanomedicines Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria Nsukka Enugu State Nigeria
| | - Chinazom Precious Agbo
- Drug Delivery and Nanomedicines Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria Nsukka Enugu State Nigeria
| | - John Dike Ogbonna
- Drug Delivery and Nanomedicines Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria Nsukka Enugu State Nigeria
| | - Anthony Amaechi Attama
- Drug Delivery and Nanomedicines Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria Nsukka Enugu State Nigeria
- Institute for Drug-Herbal Medicine-Excipient Research and Development, University of Nigeria Nsukka Enugu State Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Effer B, Perez I, Ulloa D, Mayer C, Muñoz F, Bustos D, Rojas C, Manterola C, Vergara-Gómez L, Dappolonnio C, Weber H, Leal P. Therapeutic Targets of Monoclonal Antibodies Used in the Treatment of Cancer: Current and Emerging. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2086. [PMID: 37509725 PMCID: PMC10377242 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11072086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading global causes of death and disease, and treatment options are constantly evolving. In this sense, the use of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in immunotherapy has been considered a fundamental aspect of modern cancer therapy. In order to avoid collateral damage, it is indispensable to identify specific molecular targets or biomarkers of therapy and/or diagnosis (theragnostic) when designing an appropriate immunotherapeutic regimen for any type of cancer. Furthermore, it is important to understand the currently employed mAbs in immunotherapy and their mechanisms of action in combating cancer. To achieve this, a comprehensive understanding of the biology of cancer cell antigens, domains, and functions is necessary, including both those presently utilized and those emerging as potential targets for the design of new mAbs in cancer treatment. This review aims to provide a description of the therapeutic targets utilized in cancer immunotherapy over the past 5 years, as well as emerging targets that hold promise as potential therapeutic options in the application of mAbs for immunotherapy. Additionally, the review explores the mechanisms of actin of the currently employed mAbs in immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Effer
- Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine (CEMT) and Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Isabela Perez
- Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine (CEMT) and Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Daniel Ulloa
- Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine (CEMT) and Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Carolyn Mayer
- Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine (CEMT) and Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Francisca Muñoz
- Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine (CEMT) and Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Diego Bustos
- Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine (CEMT) and Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Claudio Rojas
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de la Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
- Centro de Estudios Morfológicos y Quirúrgicos de La, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Carlos Manterola
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de la Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
- Centro de Estudios Morfológicos y Quirúrgicos de La, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Luis Vergara-Gómez
- Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine (CEMT) and Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Camila Dappolonnio
- Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine (CEMT) and Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Helga Weber
- Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine (CEMT) and Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Pamela Leal
- Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine (CEMT) and Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
- Department of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Faculty of Agricultural and Forestry Science, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4810296, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Rathore S, Verma A, Ratna R, Marwa N, Ghiya Y, Honavar SG, Tiwari A, Das S, Varshney A. Retinoblastoma: A review of the molecular basis of tumor development and its clinical correlation in shaping future targeted treatment strategies. Indian J Ophthalmol 2023; 71:2662-2676. [PMID: 37417104 PMCID: PMC10491038 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_3172_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma is a retinal cancer that affects children and is the most prevalent intraocular tumor worldwide. Despite tremendous breakthroughs in our understanding of the fundamental mechanisms that regulate progression of retinoblastoma, the development of targeted therapeutics for retinoblastoma has lagged. Our review highlights the current developments in the genetic, epigenetic, transcriptomic, and proteomic landscapes of retinoblastoma. We also discuss their clinical relevance and potential implications for future therapeutic development, with the aim to create a frontline multimodal therapy for retinoblastoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Rathore
- Ocular Oncology Services, Dr. Shroff’s Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Aman Verma
- Ocular Oncology Services, Dr. Shroff’s Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Ria Ratna
- Ocular Genetics Services, Dr. Shroff’s Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Navjot Marwa
- Ocular Oncology Services, Dr. Shroff’s Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Yagya Ghiya
- Ocular Oncology Services, Dr. Shroff’s Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Santosh G Honavar
- Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery, Orbit and Ocular Oncology, Centre for Sight, Hyderbad, Telangana, India
| | - Anil Tiwari
- Ocular Oncology Services, Dr. Shroff’s Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Sima Das
- Ocular Oncology Services, Dr. Shroff’s Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Akhil Varshney
- Ocular Oncology Services, Dr. Shroff’s Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
CAR T-Cell Therapy in Children with Solid Tumors. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12062326. [PMID: 36983330 PMCID: PMC10051963 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12062326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The limited efficacy of traditional cancer treatments, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery, emphasize the significance of employing innovative methods. CAR (Chimeric Antigen Receptor) T-cell therapy remains the most revolutionizing treatment of pediatric hematological malignancies and solid tumors. Patient’s own lymphocytes are modified ex-vivo using gene transfer techniques and programmed to recognize and destroy specific tumor cells regardless of MHC receptor, which probably makes CAR-T the most personalized therapy for the patient. With continued refinement and optimization, CAR-T cell therapy has the potential to significantly improve outcomes and quality of life for children with limited treatment options. It has shown remarkable success in treating hematological malignancies, such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). However, its effectiveness in treating solid tumors is still being investigated and remains an area of active research. In this review we focus on solid tumors and explain the concept of CAR modified T cells, and discuss some novel CAR designs that are being considered to enhance the safety of CAR T-cell therapy in under-mentioned cancers. Furthermore, we summarize the most crucial recent reports concerning the solid tumors treatment in children. In the end we provide a short summary of many challenges that limit the therapeutic efficacy of CAR-T in solid tumors, such as antigen escape, immunosuppressive microenvironment, poor trafficking, and tumor infiltration, on-target off-tumor effects and general toxicity.
Collapse
|
13
|
Ash S, Askenasy N. Immunotherapy for neuroblastoma by hematopoietic cell transplantation and post-transplant immunomodulation. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2023; 185:103956. [PMID: 36893946 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2023.103956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma represents a relatively common childhood tumor that imposes therapeutic difficulties. High risk neuroblastoma patients have poor prognosis, display limited response to radiochemotherapy and may be treated by hematopoietic cell transplantation. Allogeneic and haploidentical transplants have the distinct advantage of reinstitution of immune surveillance, reinforced by antigenic barriers. The key factors favorable to ignition of potent anti-tumor reactions are transition to adaptive immunity, recovery from lymphopenia and removal of inhibitory signals that inactivate immune cells at the local and systemic levels. Post-transplant immunomodulation may further foster anti-tumor reactivity, with positive but transient impact of infusions of lymphocytes and natural killer cells both from the donor, the recipient or third party. The most promising approaches include introduction of antigen-presenting cells in early post-transplant stages and neutralization of inhibitory signals. Further studies will likely shed light on the nature and actions of suppressor factors within tumor stroma and at the systemic level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shifra Ash
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel; Frankel Laboratory of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel.
| | - Nadir Askenasy
- Frankel Laboratory of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zang B, Ding L, Liu L, Arun Kumar S, Liu W, Zhou C, Duan Y. The immunotherapy advancement targeting malignant blastomas in early childhood. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1015115. [PMID: 36874100 PMCID: PMC9978522 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1015115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant blastomas develop relentlessly in all functional body organs inflicting severe health ailments in younger children. Malignant blastomas exhibit diverse clinical characteristics in compliance with their emergence in functional body organs. Surprisingly, neither of these preferred treatment types (surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy) showed promise or were effective in treating malignant blastomas among child patients. N ew, innovative immunotherapeutic procedures including monoclonal antibodies and chimeric-antigen based receptor (CAR) cell therapy, coupled with the clinical study of reliable therapeutic targets and immune regulatory pathways targeting malignant blastomas, have attracted the attention of clinicians recently.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bolun Zang
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Luyue Ding
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Linlin Liu
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Senthil Arun Kumar
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chongchen Zhou
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yongtao Duan
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Azimi F, Mirshahi R, Naseripour M. Review: New horizons in retinoblastoma treatment: an updated review article. Mol Vis 2022; 28:130-146. [PMID: 36034735 PMCID: PMC9352364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (Rb) is a rare childhood intraocular malignancy with an incidence rate of approximately 9000 children per year worldwide. The management of Rb is inherently complex and depends on several factors. The orders of priorities in the treatment of Rb are saving life, globe salvage and vision salvage. Rarity and the young age at diagnosis impede conducting randomized clinical trials (RCTs) for new therapeutic options, and therefore pre-RCTs studies are needed. This review provides an overview of advances in Rb treatment options, focusing on the emergence of new small molecules to treat Rb. Articles related to the management and treatments of Rb were searched in different databases. Several studies and animal models discussing recent advances in the treatment of Rb were included to have a better grasp of the biological mechanisms of Rb. Over the years, the principles of management and treatment of Rb have changed significantly. Innovations in targeted therapies and molecular biology have led to improved patient and ocular survival. However, there is still a need for further evaluation of the long-term effects of these new treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Azimi
- Eye Research Center, the Five Senses Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Mirshahi
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masood Naseripour
- Eye Research Center, the Five Senses Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bukhari I, Khan MR, Hussain MA, Thorne RF, Yu Y, Zhang B, Zheng P, Mi Y. PINTology: A short history of the lncRNA LINC-PINT in different diseases. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. RNA 2022; 13:e1705. [PMID: 35019222 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
LINC-PINT is a p53-induced long intergenic noncoding transcript that plays a crucial role in many diseases, especially cancer. This long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) gene produces in total 102 (LNCipedia) alternatively spliced variants (LINC-PINT:1 to LINC-PINT:102). The functions of known variants include RNA transcripts, host transcripts for circular RNA (circRNA) generation and as sources for the translation of short peptides. In most human tumors, LINC-PINT is down-regulated where it serves as a tumor suppressor. However, the diversity of its functions in other maladies signifies its general clinical importance. Current LINC-PINT molecular functions include RNA-protein interactions, miRNA sponging and epigenetic modulation with these mechanisms operating in different cellular contexts to exert effects on biological processes ranging from DNA damage responses, cell cycle and growth arrest, senescence, cell migration and invasion, and apoptosis. Genetic polymorphisms in LINC-PINT have also been functionally associated with cancer and other pathologies including the autoimmune diseases pemphigus foliaceus and arthritis. Hence, LINC-PINT shows great potential as a clinical biomarker, especially for the diagnosis and prognosis of cancer. In this review, we explore the current knowledge highlighting the distinctive molecular functions of LINC-PINT in specific cancers and other disease states. This article is categorized under: RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ihtisham Bukhari
- Henan Key Laboratory of Helicobacter pylori, Microbiota and Gastrointestinal Cancer, Marshall Medical Research Center, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Fifth Affiliated hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Muhammad Riaz Khan
- Research Center on Aging, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et Services Sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Functional Genomics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mohammed Amir Hussain
- Department of Biochemistry and Functional Genomics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rick Francis Thorne
- Translational Research Institute, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, Zhengzhou, China.,School of Environmental & Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yong Yu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Helicobacter pylori, Microbiota and Gastrointestinal Cancer, Marshall Medical Research Center, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Fifth Affiliated hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bingyong Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Pengyuan Zheng
- Henan Key Laboratory of Helicobacter pylori, Microbiota and Gastrointestinal Cancer, Marshall Medical Research Center, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Fifth Affiliated hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yang Mi
- Henan Key Laboratory of Helicobacter pylori, Microbiota and Gastrointestinal Cancer, Marshall Medical Research Center, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Fifth Affiliated hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Pherez-Farah A, López-Sánchez RDC, Villela-Martínez LM, Ortiz-López R, Beltrán BE, Hernández-Hernández JA. Sphingolipids and Lymphomas: A Double-Edged Sword. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:2051. [PMID: 35565181 PMCID: PMC9104519 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14092051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphomas are a highly heterogeneous group of hematological neoplasms. Given their ethiopathogenic complexity, their classification and management can become difficult tasks; therefore, new approaches are continuously being sought. Metabolic reprogramming at the lipid level is a hot topic in cancer research, and sphingolipidomics has gained particular focus in this area due to the bioactive nature of molecules such as sphingoid bases, sphingosine-1-phosphate, ceramides, sphingomyelin, cerebrosides, globosides, and gangliosides. Sphingolipid metabolism has become especially exciting because they are involved in virtually every cellular process through an extremely intricate metabolic web; in fact, no two sphingolipids share the same fate. Unsurprisingly, a disruption at this level is a recurrent mechanism in lymphomagenesis, dissemination, and chemoresistance, which means potential biomarkers and therapeutical targets might be hiding within these pathways. Many comprehensive reviews describing their role in cancer exist, but because most research has been conducted in solid malignancies, evidence in lymphomagenesis is somewhat limited. In this review, we summarize key aspects of sphingolipid biochemistry and discuss their known impact in cancer biology, with a particular focus on lymphomas and possible therapeutical strategies against them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Pherez-Farah
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey 64710, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | | | - Luis Mario Villela-Martínez
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán Rosales 80030, Sinaloa, Mexico
- Hospital Fernando Ocaranza, ISSSTE, Hermosillo 83190, Sonora, Mexico
- Centro Médico Dr. Ignacio Chávez, ISSSTESON, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Rocío Ortiz-López
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey 64710, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Brady E Beltrán
- Hospital Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Lima 15072, Peru
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Ricardo Palma, Lima 1801, Peru
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Schaiquevich P, Francis JH, Cancela MB, Carcaboso AM, Chantada GL, Abramson DH. Treatment of Retinoblastoma: What Is the Latest and What Is the Future. Front Oncol 2022; 12:822330. [PMID: 35433448 PMCID: PMC9010858 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.822330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The management of retinoblastoma, the most common intraocular malignancy in children, has changed drastically over the last decade. Landmark developments in local drug delivery, namely, safer techniques for intravitreal chemotherapy injection and ophthalmic artery chemosurgery, have resulted in eye globe salvages that were not previously attainable using systemic chemotherapy or external beam irradiation. Novel drugs, oncolytic viruses, and immunotherapy are promising approaches in the treatment of intraocular retinoblastoma. Importantly, emerging studies of the pattern of tumor dissemination and local drug delivery may provide the first steps toward new treatments for metastatic disease. Here, we review recent advances in retinoblastoma treatment, especially with regard to local drug delivery, that have enabled successful conservative management of intraocular retinoblastoma. We also review emerging data from preclinical and clinical studies on innovative approaches that promise to lead to further improvement in outcomes, namely, the mechanisms and potential uses of new and repurposed drugs and non-chemotherapy treatments, and discuss future directions for therapeutic development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Schaiquevich
- Unit of Innovative Treatments, Hospital de Pediatría JP Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina,National Scientific and Technological Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jasmine H. Francis
- Ophthalmic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States,Department of Ophthalmology, Weill/Cornell Medical School, New York, NY, United States
| | - María Belén Cancela
- Unit of Innovative Treatments, Hospital de Pediatría JP Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina,National Scientific and Technological Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Angel Montero Carcaboso
- Hemato-Oncology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain,Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guillermo L. Chantada
- National Scientific and Technological Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina,Hemato-Oncology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain,Institute for Translational Research, Universidad Austral, Buenos Aires, Argentina,Research Department, Fundacion Perez-Scremini, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - David H. Abramson
- Ophthalmic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States,Department of Ophthalmology, Weill/Cornell Medical School, New York, NY, United States,*Correspondence: David H. Abramson,
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Glienke W, Dragon AC, Zimmermann K, Martyniszyn-Eiben A, Mertens M, Abken H, Rossig C, Altvater B, Aleksandrova K, Arseniev L, Kloth C, Stamopoulou A, Moritz T, Lode HN, Siebert N, Blasczyk R, Goudeva L, Schambach A, Köhl U, Eiz-Vesper B, Esser R. GMP-Compliant Manufacturing of TRUCKs: CAR T Cells targeting GD2 and Releasing Inducible IL-18. Front Immunol 2022; 13:839783. [PMID: 35401506 PMCID: PMC8988144 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.839783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered T cells can be highly effective in the treatment of hematological malignancies, but mostly fail in the treatment of solid tumors. Thus, approaches using 4th advanced CAR T cells secreting immunomodulatory cytokines upon CAR signaling, known as TRUCKs (“T cells redirected for universal cytokine-mediated killing”), are currently under investigation. Based on our previous development and validation of automated and closed processing for GMP-compliant manufacturing of CAR T cells, we here present the proof of feasibility for translation of this method to TRUCKs. We generated IL-18-secreting TRUCKs targeting the tumor antigen GD2 using the CliniMACS Prodigy® system using a recently described “all-in-one” lentiviral vector combining constitutive anti-GD2 CAR expression and inducible IL-18. Starting with 0.84 x 108 and 0.91 x 108 T cells after enrichment of CD4+ and CD8+ we reached 68.3-fold and 71.4-fold T cell expansion rates, respectively, in two independent runs. Transduction efficiencies of 77.7% and 55.1% was obtained, and yields of 4.5 x 109 and 3.6 x 109 engineered T cells from the two donors, respectively, within 12 days. Preclinical characterization demonstrated antigen-specific GD2-CAR mediated activation after co-cultivation with GD2-expressing target cells. The functional capacities of the clinical-scale manufactured TRUCKs were similar to TRUCKs generated in laboratory-scale and were not impeded by cryopreservation. IL-18 TRUCKs were activated in an antigen-specific manner by co-cultivation with GD2-expressing target cells indicated by an increased expression of activation markers (e.g. CD25, CD69) on both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and an enhanced release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and cytolytic mediators (e.g. IL-2, granzyme B, IFN-γ, perforin, TNF-α). Manufactured TRUCKs showed a specific cytotoxicity towards GD2-expressing target cells indicated by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, a decrease of target cell numbers, microscopic detection of cytotoxic clusters and detachment of target cells in real-time impedance measurements (xCELLigence). Following antigen-specific CAR activation of TRUCKs, CAR-triggered release IL-18 was induced, and the cytokine was biologically active, as demonstrated in migration assays revealing specific attraction of monocytes and NK cells by supernatants of TRUCKs co-cultured with GD2-expressing target cells. In conclusion, GMP-compliant manufacturing of TRUCKs is feasible and delivers high quality T cell products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Glienke
- ATMP-GMP Development Unit, Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Integrated Research and Treatment Center for Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- *Correspondence: Wolfgang Glienke, ; Axel Schambach,
| | - Anna Christina Dragon
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Katharina Zimmermann
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexandra Martyniszyn-Eiben
- ATMP-GMP Development Unit, Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Integrated Research and Treatment Center for Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mira Mertens
- ATMP-GMP Development Unit, Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Integrated Research and Treatment Center for Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hinrich Abken
- Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy, Div Genetic Immunotherapy, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Rossig
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children’s Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Bianca Altvater
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children’s Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Krasimira Aleksandrova
- Cellular Therapy Center, Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lubomir Arseniev
- Cellular Therapy Center, Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christina Kloth
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andriana Stamopoulou
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Moritz
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Holger N. Lode
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nikolai Siebert
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Rainer Blasczyk
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lilia Goudeva
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Axel Schambach
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Wolfgang Glienke, ; Axel Schambach,
| | - Ulrike Köhl
- ATMP-GMP Development Unit, Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Integrated Research and Treatment Center for Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Cellular Therapy Center, Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Leipzig, Germany
- Clinical Immunology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Britta Eiz-Vesper
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ruth Esser
- ATMP-GMP Development Unit, Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Integrated Research and Treatment Center for Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Karmakar A, Ahamad Khan MM, Kumari N, Devarajan N, Ganesan SK. Identification of Epigenetically Modified Hub Genes and Altered Pathways Associated With Retinoblastoma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:743224. [PMID: 35359459 PMCID: PMC8960645 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.743224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (Rb) is the most common childhood malignancy initiated by biallelic mutation in RB1 gene and driven by various epigenetic events including DNA methylation and microRNA dysregulation. Hence, understanding the key genes that are critically modulated by epigenetic modifications in RB1−/− cells is very important to identify prominent biomarkers and therapeutic targets of Rb. In this study, we for the first time have integrated various Rb microarray NCBI-GEO datasets including DNA Methylation (GSE57362), miRNA (GSE7072) and mRNA (GSE110811) to comprehensively investigate the epigenetic consequences of RB loss in retinoblastoma tumors and identify genes with the potential to serve as early diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for Rb. Interestingly, the GEO2R and co-expression network analysis have identified three genes namely E2F3, ESR1, and UNC5D that are significantly deregulated by modified DNA methylation, mRNA and microRNA expression in Rb tumors. Due to their recognition in all epigenetic, transcriptomic, and miRNA datasets, we have termed these genes as “common genes”. The results of our integrative bioinformatics analysis were validated in vitro by studying the gene and protein expression of these common genes in Y79, WERI-Rb-1, Rb cell lines and non-tumorigenic retinal pigment epithelial cell line (hTERT-RPE). The expression of E2F3 and UNC5D were up-regulated and that of ESR1 was down-regulated in Rb tumor cells when compared to that in non-tumorigenic hTERT-RPE cells. More importantly, UNC5D, a potent tumor suppressor gene in most cancers is significantly up-regulated in Y79 and Weri Rb1 cells, which, in turn, questions its anti-cancer properties. Together, our study shows that E2F3, ESR1, and UNC5D may be crucially involved in Rb tumorigenesis and possess the potential to act as early diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets of Rb.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Karmakar
- Department of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
- CSIR-IICB Translational Research Unit of Excellence (TRUE), Kolkata, India
| | - Md. Maqsood Ahamad Khan
- Centre of Bioinformatics, Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - Nidhi Kumari
- Department of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
- CSIR-IICB Translational Research Unit of Excellence (TRUE), Kolkata, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Nalini Devarajan
- Central Research Laboratory, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
- *Correspondence: Nalini Devarajan, ; Senthil Kumar Ganesan,
| | - Senthil Kumar Ganesan
- Department of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
- CSIR-IICB Translational Research Unit of Excellence (TRUE), Kolkata, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
- *Correspondence: Nalini Devarajan, ; Senthil Kumar Ganesan,
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
McEachron TA, Helman LJ. Recent Advances in Pediatric Cancer Research. Cancer Res 2021; 81:5783-5799. [PMID: 34561271 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-1191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few years, the field of pediatric cancer has experienced a shift in momentum, and this has led to new and exciting findings that have relevance beyond pediatric malignancies. Here we present the current status of key aspects of pediatric cancer research. We have focused on genetic and epigenetic drivers of disease, cellular origins of different pediatric cancers, disease models, the tumor microenvironment, and cellular immunotherapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lee J Helman
- Osteosarcoma Institute, Dallas, Texas
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sulejmani O, Grunewald L, Andersch L, Schwiebert S, Klaus A, Winkler A, Astrahantseff K, Eggert A, Henssen AG, Schulte JH, Anders K, Künkele A. Inhibiting Lysine Demethylase 1A Improves L1CAM-Specific CAR T Cell Therapy by Unleashing Antigen-Independent Killing via the FAS-FASL Axis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215489. [PMID: 34771652 PMCID: PMC8583435 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Solid tumor cells can lose or heterogeneously express antigens to become resistant to chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy. Here, we explore whether epigenetic manipulation to unleash antigen-independent killing mechanisms can overcome this hurdle. KDM1A is overexpressed in many cancers and removes lysine methylation on histones that keeps the DNA firmly packed to selectively activate or repress gene activity, depending on the specific lysine target. KDM1A also regulates the expression of nonhistone proteins. We inhibited KDM1A in the childhood tumor, neuroblastoma, to increase FAS expression on tumor cells. The FAS receptor can be triggered to induce cell death when bound by the FAS ligand on CAR and other activated T cells present in the tumor environment, even if the tumor cells lack the target antigen. FAS upregulation via KDM1A inhibition sensitized neuroblastoma cells to FAS-FASL-mediated killing and augmented CAR T cell therapy against antigen-poor or even antigen-negative neuroblastoma. Abstract Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has emerged as a promising treatment strategy, however, therapeutic success against solid tumors such as neuroblastoma remains modest. Recurrence of antigen-poor tumor variants often ultimately results in treatment failure. Using antigen-independent killing mechanisms such as the FAS receptor (FAS)-FAS ligand (FASL) axis through epigenetic manipulation may be a way to counteract the escape achieved by antigen downregulation. Analysis of public RNA-sequencing data from primary neuroblastomas revealed that a particular epigenetic modifier, the histone lysine demethylase 1A (KDM1A), correlated negatively with FAS expression. KDM1A is known to interact with TP53 to repress TP53-mediated transcriptional activation of genes, including FAS. We showed that pharmacologically blocking KDM1A activity in neuroblastoma cells with the small molecule inhibitor, SP-2509, increased FAS cell-surface expression in a strictly TP53-dependent manner. FAS upregulation sensitized neuroblastoma cells to FAS-FASL-dependent killing and augmented L1CAM-directed CAR T cell therapy against antigen-poor or even antigen-negative tumor cells in vitro. The improved therapeutic response was abrogated when the FAS-FASL interaction was abolished with an antagonistic FAS antibody. Our results show that KDM1A inhibition unleashes an antigen-independent killing mechanism via the FAS-FASL axis to make tumor cell variants that partially or totally suppress antigen expression susceptible to CAR T cell therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ornela Sulejmani
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universiät zu Berlin, 10353 Berlin, Germany; (O.S.); (L.G.); (L.A.); (S.S.); (A.K.); (A.W.); (K.A.); (A.E.); (A.G.H.); (J.H.S.)
| | - Laura Grunewald
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universiät zu Berlin, 10353 Berlin, Germany; (O.S.); (L.G.); (L.A.); (S.S.); (A.K.); (A.W.); (K.A.); (A.E.); (A.G.H.); (J.H.S.)
| | - Lena Andersch
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universiät zu Berlin, 10353 Berlin, Germany; (O.S.); (L.G.); (L.A.); (S.S.); (A.K.); (A.W.); (K.A.); (A.E.); (A.G.H.); (J.H.S.)
| | - Silke Schwiebert
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universiät zu Berlin, 10353 Berlin, Germany; (O.S.); (L.G.); (L.A.); (S.S.); (A.K.); (A.W.); (K.A.); (A.E.); (A.G.H.); (J.H.S.)
| | - Anika Klaus
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universiät zu Berlin, 10353 Berlin, Germany; (O.S.); (L.G.); (L.A.); (S.S.); (A.K.); (A.W.); (K.A.); (A.E.); (A.G.H.); (J.H.S.)
| | - Annika Winkler
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universiät zu Berlin, 10353 Berlin, Germany; (O.S.); (L.G.); (L.A.); (S.S.); (A.K.); (A.W.); (K.A.); (A.E.); (A.G.H.); (J.H.S.)
| | - Kathy Astrahantseff
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universiät zu Berlin, 10353 Berlin, Germany; (O.S.); (L.G.); (L.A.); (S.S.); (A.K.); (A.W.); (K.A.); (A.E.); (A.G.H.); (J.H.S.)
| | - Angelika Eggert
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universiät zu Berlin, 10353 Berlin, Germany; (O.S.); (L.G.); (L.A.); (S.S.); (A.K.); (A.W.); (K.A.); (A.E.); (A.G.H.); (J.H.S.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 10117 Berlin, Germany;
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anton G. Henssen
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universiät zu Berlin, 10353 Berlin, Germany; (O.S.); (L.G.); (L.A.); (S.S.); (A.K.); (A.W.); (K.A.); (A.E.); (A.G.H.); (J.H.S.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 10117 Berlin, Germany;
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Lindenberger Weg 80, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes H. Schulte
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universiät zu Berlin, 10353 Berlin, Germany; (O.S.); (L.G.); (L.A.); (S.S.); (A.K.); (A.W.); (K.A.); (A.E.); (A.G.H.); (J.H.S.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 10117 Berlin, Germany;
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kathleen Anders
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 10117 Berlin, Germany;
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Annette Künkele
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universiät zu Berlin, 10353 Berlin, Germany; (O.S.); (L.G.); (L.A.); (S.S.); (A.K.); (A.W.); (K.A.); (A.E.); (A.G.H.); (J.H.S.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 10117 Berlin, Germany;
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)30-450-616178
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Effective methods for treating retinoblastoma while preserving vision are an unmet clinical need. Subretinal delivery of a hydrogel containing T cells that secrete the cytokine IL-15 and express a chimeric antigen receptor directed at the ganglioside protein GD2 completely controls retinoblastoma in immunocompromised mice, with no obvious damage to the surrounding retina.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anandani Nellan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.,Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Terry J Fry
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.,Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell immunotherapy involves the genetic modification of the patient's own T cells so that they specifically recognize and destroy tumour cells. Considerable clinical success has been achieved using this technique in patients with lymphoid malignancies, but clinical studies that investigated treating solid tumours using this emerging technology have been disappointing. A number of developments might be able to increase the efficacy of CAR T cell therapy for treatment of prostate cancer, including improved trafficking to the tumour, techniques to overcome the immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment, as well as methods to enhance CAR T cell persistence, specificity and safety. Furthermore, CAR T cell therapy has the potential to be combined with other treatment modalities, such as androgen deprivation therapy, radiotherapy or chemotherapy, and could be applied as focal CAR T cell therapy for prostate cancer.
Collapse
|
25
|
Lentiviral Vectors for T Cell Engineering: Clinical Applications, Bioprocessing and Future Perspectives. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081528. [PMID: 34452392 PMCID: PMC8402758 DOI: 10.3390/v13081528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lentiviral vectors have played a critical role in the emergence of gene-modified cell therapies, specifically T cell therapies. Tisagenlecleucel (Kymriah), axicabtagene ciloleucel (Yescarta) and most recently brexucabtagene autoleucel (Tecartus) are examples of T cell therapies which are now commercially available for distribution after successfully obtaining EMA and FDA approval for the treatment of blood cancers. All three therapies rely on retroviral vectors to transduce the therapeutic chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) into T lymphocytes. Although these innovations represent promising new therapeutic avenues, major obstacles remain in making them readily available tools for medical care. This article reviews the biological principles as well as the bioprocessing of lentiviral (LV) vectors and adoptive T cell therapy. Clinical and engineering successes, shortcomings and future opportunities are also discussed. The development of Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)-compliant instruments, technologies and protocols will play an essential role in the development of LV-engineered T cell therapies.
Collapse
|
26
|
Miracco C, Toti P, Gelmi MC, Aversa S, Baldino G, Galluzzi P, De Francesco S, Petrelli F, Sorrentino E, Belmonte G, Galimberti D, Bracco S, Hadjistilianou T. Retinoblastoma Is Characterized by a Cold, CD8+ Cell Poor, PD-L1- Microenvironment, Which Turns Into Hot, CD8+ Cell Rich, PD-L1+ After Chemotherapy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:6. [PMID: 33538768 PMCID: PMC7862737 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.2.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the impact of chemotherapy (CHT) on human retinoblastoma (RB) tumor microenvironment (TME). Cases and Methods Ninety-four RBs were studied, including 44 primary RBs treated by upfront surgery (Group 1) and 50 primary RBs enucleated after CHT (CHT), either intra-arterial (IAC; Group 2, 33 cases) or systemic (S-CHT; Group 3, 17 cases). Conventional and multiplexed immunohistochemistry were performed to make quantitative comparisons among the three groups, for the following parameters: tumor-infiltrating inflammatory cells (TI-ICs); programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) positive TI-ICs; Ki67 proliferation index; gliosis; PD-1 ligand (PD-L1) protein expression; vessel number. We also correlated these TME factors with the presence of histological high-risk factors (HHRF+) and RB anaplasia grade (AG). Results After CHT, a decrease in both RB burden and Ki67 positivity was observed. In parallel, most subsets of TI-ICs, PD-1+ TI-ICs, gliosis, and PD-L1 protein expression significantly increased (P < 0.001, P = 0.02, P < 0.001, respectively). Vessel number did not significantly vary. Age, HHRFs+ and AG were significantly different between primary and chemoreduced RBs (P < 0.001, P = 0.006, P = 0.001, respectively) and were correlated with most TME factors. Conclusions CHT modulates host antitumor immunity by reorienting the RB TME from anergic into an active, CD8+, PD-L1+ hot state. Furthermore, some clinicopathological characteristics of RB correlate with several factors of TME. Our study adds data in favor of the possibility of a new therapeutic scenario in human RB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clelia Miracco
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Pathological Anatomy Section, University Hospital of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Paolo Toti
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Pathological Anatomy Section, University Hospital of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Gelmi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Ophthalmology Unit, University Hospital of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Sara Aversa
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Pathological Anatomy Section, University Hospital of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Gennaro Baldino
- Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Paolo Galluzzi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Unit of Neuroimaging and Neurointervention, University Hospital of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Sonia De Francesco
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Ophthalmology Unit, University Hospital of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Federica Petrelli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Pathological Anatomy Section, University Hospital of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Ester Sorrentino
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Pathological Anatomy Section, University Hospital of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Belmonte
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Pathological Anatomy Section, University Hospital of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- Department of Maternal, Newborn and Child Health, Unit of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Sandra Bracco
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Unit of Neuroimaging and Neurointervention, University Hospital of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Theodora Hadjistilianou
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Ophthalmology Unit, University Hospital of Siena, Siena, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Vitanza NA, Johnson AJ, Wilson AL, Brown C, Yokoyama JK, Künkele A, Chang CA, Rawlings-Rhea S, Huang W, Seidel K, Albert CM, Pinto N, Gust J, Finn LS, Ojemann JG, Wright J, Orentas RJ, Baldwin M, Gardner RA, Jensen MC, Park JR. Locoregional infusion of HER2-specific CAR T cells in children and young adults with recurrent or refractory CNS tumors: an interim analysis. Nat Med 2021; 27:1544-1552. [PMID: 34253928 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01404-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Locoregional delivery of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells has resulted in objective responses in adults with glioblastoma, but the feasibility and tolerability of this approach is yet to be evaluated for pediatric central nervous system (CNS) tumors. Here we show that engineering of a medium-length CAR spacer enhances the therapeutic efficacy of human erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2 (HER2)-specific CAR T cells in an orthotopic xenograft medulloblastoma model. We translated these findings into BrainChild-01 ( NCT03500991 ), an ongoing phase 1 clinical trial at Seattle Children's evaluating repetitive locoregional dosing of these HER2-specific CAR T cells to children and young adults with recurrent/refractory CNS tumors, including diffuse midline glioma. Primary objectives are assessing feasibility, safety and tolerability; secondary objectives include assessing CAR T cell distribution and disease response. In the outpatient setting, patients receive infusions via CNS catheter into either the tumor cavity or the ventricular system. The initial three patients experienced no dose-limiting toxicity and exhibited clinical, as well as correlative laboratory, evidence of local CNS immune activation, including high concentrations of CXCL10 and CCL2 in the cerebrospinal fluid. This interim report supports the feasibility of generating HER2-specific CAR T cells for repeated dosing regimens and suggests that their repeated intra-CNS delivery might be well tolerated and activate a localized immune response in pediatric and young adult patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Vitanza
- The Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Adam J Johnson
- The Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,Seattle Children's Therapeutics, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ashley L Wilson
- The Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,Seattle Children's Therapeutics, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christopher Brown
- Seattle Children's Therapeutics, Seattle, WA, USA.,Therapeutic Cell Production Core, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jason K Yokoyama
- The Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,Seattle Children's Therapeutics, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Annette Künkele
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Cindy A Chang
- Office of Animal Care, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stephanie Rawlings-Rhea
- The Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,Seattle Children's Therapeutics, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Wenjun Huang
- The Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,Seattle Children's Therapeutics, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Catherine M Albert
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Navin Pinto
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Juliane Gust
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Laura S Finn
- Department of Laboratories, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jeffrey G Ojemann
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurological Surgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jason Wright
- Department of Radiology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rimas J Orentas
- The Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael Baldwin
- The Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rebecca A Gardner
- The Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Seattle Children's Therapeutics, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael C Jensen
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Seattle Children's Therapeutics, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Julie R Park
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Seattle Children's Therapeutics, Seattle, WA, USA.,Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Dräger O, Metz K, Busch M, Dünker N. Role of L1CAM in retinoblastoma tumorigenesis: identification of novel therapeutic targets. Mol Oncol 2021; 16:957-981. [PMID: 34228897 PMCID: PMC8847994 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The study presented focuses on the role of the neuronal cell adhesion molecule L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM) in retinoblastoma (RB), the most common malignant intraocular childhood tumor. L1CAM is differentially expressed in a variety of human cancers and has been suggested as a promising therapeutic target. We likewise observed differential expression patterns for L1CAM in RB cell lines and patient samples. The two proteases involved in ectodomain shedding of L1CAM (L1CAM sheddases: ADAM10 and ADAM17) were likewise differentially expressed in the RB cell lines investigated, and an involvement in L1CAM processing in RB cells could be verified. We also identified ezrin, galectin-3, and fibroblast growth factor basic as L1CAM signaling target genes in RB cells. Lentiviral L1CAM knockdown induced apoptosis and reduced cell viability, proliferation, growth, and colony formation capacity of RB cells, whereas L1CAM-overexpressing RB cells displayed the opposite effects. Chicken chorioallantoic membrane assays revealed that L1CAM depletion decreases the tumorigenic and migration potential of RB cells in vivo. Moreover, L1CAM depletion decreased viability and tumor growth of etoposide-resistant RB cell lines upon etoposide treatment in vitro and in vivo. Thus, L1CAM and its processing sheddases are potential novel targets for future therapeutic RB approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Dräger
- Institute of Anatomy II, Department of Neuroanatomy, University of Duisburg-Essen, Medical Faculty, Germany
| | - Klaus Metz
- Institute of Pathology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Medical Faculty, Germany
| | - Maike Busch
- Institute of Anatomy II, Department of Neuroanatomy, University of Duisburg-Essen, Medical Faculty, Germany
| | - Nicole Dünker
- Institute of Anatomy II, Department of Neuroanatomy, University of Duisburg-Essen, Medical Faculty, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Van De Vyver AJ, Marrer-Berger E, Wang K, Lehr T, Walz AC. Cytokine Release Syndrome By T-cell-Redirecting Therapies: Can We Predict and Modulate Patient Risk? Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:6083-6094. [PMID: 34162679 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-0470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
T-cell-redirecting therapies are promising new therapeutic options in the field of cancer immunotherapy, but the development of these modalities is challenging. A commonly observed adverse event in patients treated with T-cell-redirecting therapies is cytokine release syndrome (CRS). Its clinical manifestation is a burden on patients, and continues to be a big hurdle in the clinical development of this class of therapeutics. We review different T-cell-redirecting therapies, discuss key factors related to cytokine release and potentially leading to CRS, and present clinical mitigation strategies applied for those modalities. We propose to dissect those risk factors into drug-target-disease-related factors and individual patient risk factors. Aiming to optimize the therapeutic intervention of these modalities, we illustrate how the knowledge on drug-target-disease-related factors, such as target expression, binding affinity, and target accessibility, can be leveraged in a model-based framework and highlight with case examples how modeling and simulation is applied to guide drug discovery and development. We draw attention to the current gaps in predicting the individual patient's risk towards a high-grade CRS, which requires further considerations of risk factors related, but not limited to, the patient's demographics, genetics, underlying pathologies, treatment history, and environmental exposures. The drug-target-disease-related factors together with the individual patient's risk factors can be regarded as the patient's propensity for developing CRS in response to therapy. As an outlook, we suggest implementing a risk scoring system combined with mechanistic modeling to enable the prediction of an individual patient's risk of CRS for a given therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur J Van De Vyver
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland. .,Saarland University, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Estelle Marrer-Berger
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ken Wang
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thorsten Lehr
- Saarland University, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Antje-Christine Walz
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Giussani P, Prinetti A, Tringali C. The Role of Sphingolipids in Cancer Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126492. [PMID: 34204326 PMCID: PMC8234743 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is now considered an innovative and strong strategy to beat metastatic, drug-resistant, or relapsing tumours. It is based on the manipulation of several mechanisms involved in the complex interplay between cancer cells and immune system that culminates in a form of immune-tolerance of tumour cells, favouring their expansion. Current immunotherapies are devoted enforcing the immune response against cancer cells and are represented by approaches employing vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, interleukins, checkpoint inhibitors, and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells. Despite the undoubted potency of these treatments in some malignancies, many issues are being investigated to amplify the potential of application and to avoid side effects. In this review, we discuss how sphingolipids are involved in interactions between cancer cells and the immune system and how knowledge in this topic could be employed to enhance the efficacy of different immunotherapy approaches. In particular, we explore the following aspects: how sphingolipids are pivotal components of plasma membranes and could modulate the functionality of surface receptors expressed also by immune cells and thus their functionality; how sphingolipids are related to the release of bioactive mediators, sphingosine 1-phosphate, and ceramide that could significantly affect lymphocyte egress and migration toward the tumour milieu, in addition regulating key pathways needed to activate immune cells; given the renowned capability of altering sphingolipid expression and metabolism shown by cancer cells, how it is possible to employ sphingolipids as antigen targets.
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is a revolutionary addition to the burgeoning field of immunotherapy. CAR T-cells are engineered by combining a T-cell receptor with the antigen-binding site of an immunoglobulin that allows the hybrid cell to target antigens of interest. CAR T-cell therapy has been approved to treat various hematologic malignancies, including relapsed or refractory B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. While the treatment efficacy is exciting, challenges remain in understanding the unique spectrum of adverse effects of CAR T-cell therapy, including cytokine release syndrome and neurotoxicity. Innovative research is underway to expand this therapy into solid tumors and fields beyond hematology and oncology. To date, there has been limited research into ophthalmic uses and considerations of CAR T-cell therapy. This review focuses on preclinical investigations into CAR T-cell therapy for retinoblastoma and uveal melanoma, as well as ophthalmic complications of CAR T-cell therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Chodnicki
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sashank Prasad
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Neurology, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Sujjitjoon J, Sayour E, Tsao ST, Uiprasertkul M, Sanpakit K, Buaboonnam J, Yenchitsomanus PT, Atchaneeyasakul LO, Chang LJ. GD2-specific chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells targeting retinoblastoma - assessing tumor and T cell interaction. Transl Oncol 2021; 14:100971. [PMID: 33321428 PMCID: PMC7745061 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2020.100971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel disialoganglioside 2 (GD2)-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cell therapy against retinoblastoma (RB) were generated. GD2-CAR consists of a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) derived from a monoclonal antibody, hu3F8, that is linked with the cytoplasmic signaling domains of CD28, 41BB, a CD3ζ, and an inducible caspase 9 death fusion partner. GD2 antigen is highly expressed in Y79RB cell line and in several surgical RB tumor specimens. In vitro co-culture experiments revealed the effective killing of Y79RB cells by GD2-CAR T cells, but not by control CD19-CAR T cells. The killing activities of GD2-CAR T cells were diminished when repeatedly exposed to the tumor, due to an attenuated expression of GD2 antigen on tumor cells and upregulation of inhibitory molecules of the PD1 and PD-L1 axis in the CAR T cells and RB tumor cells respectively. This is the first report to describe the potential of GD2-CAR T cells as a promising therapeutic strategy for RB with the indication of potential benefit of combination therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jatuporn Sujjitjoon
- Siriraj Center of Research Excellence for Cancer Immunotherapy (SiCORE-CIT), Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 2 Wanglang Road, Bangkok 10700, Thailand; Division of Molecular Medicine, Research Department, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Elias Sayour
- University of Florida Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Preston A. Wells, Jr. Center for Brain Tumor Therapy, McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Shih-Ting Tsao
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States; Shenzhen Geno-Immune Medical Institute, 2nd FL. 6 Yuexing 2nd Rd., Nanshan Dist., Shenzhen, China
| | - Mongkol Uiprasertkul
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kleebsabai Sanpakit
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jassada Buaboonnam
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pa-Thai Yenchitsomanus
- Siriraj Center of Research Excellence for Cancer Immunotherapy (SiCORE-CIT), Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 2 Wanglang Road, Bangkok 10700, Thailand; Division of Molecular Medicine, Research Department, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - La-Ongsri Atchaneeyasakul
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Lung-Ji Chang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States; Shenzhen Geno-Immune Medical Institute, 2nd FL. 6 Yuexing 2nd Rd., Nanshan Dist., Shenzhen, China; School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Moon J, Choi SH, Lee MJ, Jo DH, Park UC, Yoon SO, Woo SJ, Oh JY. Ocular surface complications of local anticancer drugs for treatment of ocular tumors. Ocul Surf 2020; 19:16-30. [PMID: 33238207 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Local chemotherapy is increasingly used, either in combination with surgery or as monotherapy, for management of ocular tumors. Yet many of the local chemotherapeutic agents used for ocular tumors are cytotoxic drugs that are frequently associated with toxicities in normal ocular tissues. Understanding and managing these side effects are important because they affect treatment tolerability, outcome and quality of vision. Herein, we review local anticancer drugs administered for the treatment of ocular tumors, with an emphasis on their toxicities to the ocular surface, adnexa and lacrimal drainage system. We provide the underlying mechanisms and management strategies for the ocular side effects. Recent innovations in anticancer immunotherapy and ocular drug delivery systems also are discussed as new potential therapeutic modalities for alleviation of side effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jayoon Moon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea; Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Se Hyun Choi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, 22, Gwanpyeong-ro 170 Beon-gil, Dongan-gu, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14068, South Korea
| | - Min Joung Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, 22, Gwanpyeong-ro 170 Beon-gil, Dongan-gu, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 14068, South Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Jo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Un Chul Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Sun-Ok Yoon
- R & D Lab, Eutilex Co., Ltd, Gasan Digital 1-ro 25, Geumcheon-gu, Seoul, 08594, South Korea
| | - Se Joon Woo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea; Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 82, Gumi-ro 173 Beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13620, South Korea
| | - Joo Youn Oh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea; Laboratory of Ocular Regenerative Medicine and Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Wagner J, Wickman E, DeRenzo C, Gottschalk S. CAR T Cell Therapy for Solid Tumors: Bright Future or Dark Reality? Mol Ther 2020; 28:2320-2339. [PMID: 32979309 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has garnered significant excitement due to its success for hematological malignancies in clinical studies leading to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of three CD19-targeted CAR T cell products. In contrast, the clinical experience with CAR T cell therapy for solid tumors and brain tumors has been less encouraging, with only a few patients achieving complete responses. Clinical and preclinical studies have identified multiple "roadblocks," including (1) a limited array of targetable antigens and heterogeneous antigen expression, (2) limited T cell fitness and survival before reaching tumor sites, (3) an inability of T cells to efficiently traffic to tumor sites and penetrate physical barriers, and (4) an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Herein, we review these challenges and discuss strategies that investigators have taken to improve the effector function of CAR T cells for the adoptive immunotherapy of solid tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Wagner
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Elizabeth Wickman
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Christopher DeRenzo
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Stephen Gottschalk
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Li Y, Su R, Chen J. Co-culture Systems of Drug-Treated Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells and T Cells for In Vitro and In Vivo Study. STAR Protoc 2020; 1. [PMID: 32995754 PMCID: PMC7521668 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2020.100097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A combination of immunotherapy and chemotherapy strategies could strengthen antitumor effects. This protocol elucidates a robust method via co-culturing drug pre-treated acute myeloid leukemia cells with CD3+ T cells, derived from leukoreduction system chambers, for in vitro and in vivo study. We optimized several aspects of the procedures, including timing of drug treatment, quantification of tumor cells, and approach of combination of CD3+ T cells with drug treatment in vivo. This enables the readouts of the interplay between drugs and T cells. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Su et al. (2020). Generate CD3+ T cells from leukoreduction system chambers using magnetic separation Co-culture T cells with drug-pretreated fluorescently labeled tumor cells Determine T cell toxicity in the co-culture system via absolute counting beads Combine T cells and drug treatment in the xenograft mouse with luciferase-labeled AML cells
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yangchan Li
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China.,These authors contributed equally
| | - Rui Su
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA.,These authors contributed equally.,Technical Contact
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Department of Systems Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA.,Lead Contact
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Zhou X, Wang Y, Li Q, Ma D, Nie A, Shen X. LncRNA Linc-PINT inhibits miR-523-3p to hamper retinoblastoma progression by upregulating Dickkopf-1 (DKK1). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 530:47-53. [PMID: 32828314 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.06.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidences indicated that long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) regulated the pathogenesis of retinoblastoma (RB). However, up until now, the role of LncRNA Linc-PINT in the regulation of RB progression is still largely unknown. The present study identified LncRNA Linc-PINT as a tumor suppressor to hinder RB development by regulating miR-523-3p/Dickkopf-1 (DKK1) axis. Mechanistically, Linc-PINT was low-expressed, while miR-523-3p was high-expressed in RB cells, compared to the normal retinal epithelial cells (ARPE-19). Further gain- and loss-function experiments verified that both upregulation of Linc-PINT and miR-523-3p downregulation slowed down cell growth, invasion and migration, and promoted cell apoptosis in RB cells, but Linc-PINT ablation and miR-523-3p overexpression promoted malignant phenotypes in RB cells. In addition, the dual-luciferase reporter gene system and RNA pull-down assay validated that Linc-PINT positively regulated DKK1 expressions by sponging miR-523-3p, and Linc-PINT inhibited RB progression by regulating miR-523-3p/DKK1 axis. Functionally, we found that both miR-523-3p overexpression and DKK1 silence abrogated the anti-cancer effects of overexpressed Linc-PINT on RB cells. Finally, Linc-PINT inhibited tumorigenicity of RB cells in xenograft mice models. In general, analysis of the data suggested that Linc-PINT inhibited miR-523-3p to upregulate DKK1, resulting in the inhibition of RB, and we demonstrated that Linc-PINT and miR-523-3p could be utilized as potential diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers for RB in clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Youth Avenue No.8, Chenzhou, 423000, Hunan, China
| | - Yongping Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Zhongshan Road No.222, Dalian, 116011, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shenzhen People's Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University, Dongmen North Road No. 1017, Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Dahui Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen Eye Institute, School of Optometry, Shenzhen University Department of Ophthalmology, Zetian Road No. 18, Shenzhen, 518040, Guangdong, China
| | - Aiqing Nie
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shenzhen People's Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University, Dongmen North Road No. 1017, Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoli Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen Eye Institute, School of Optometry, Shenzhen University Department of Ophthalmology, Zetian Road No. 18, Shenzhen, 518040, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Nazha B, Inal C, Owonikoko TK. Disialoganglioside GD2 Expression in Solid Tumors and Role as a Target for Cancer Therapy. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1000. [PMID: 32733795 PMCID: PMC7358363 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gangliosides are carbohydrate-containing sphingolipids that are widely expressed in normal tissues, making most subtypes unsuitable as targets for cancer therapy. However, the disialoganglioside GD2 subtype has limited expression in normal tissues but is overexpressed across a wide range of tumors. Disialoganglioside GD2 can be considered a tumor-associated antigen and well-suited as a target for cancer therapy. Disialoganglioside GD2 is implicated in tumor development and malignant phenotypes through enhanced cell proliferation, motility, migration, adhesion, and invasion, depending on the tumor type. This provides a rationale for targeting disialoganglioside GD2 in cancer therapy with the development of anti-GD2 monoclonal antibodies and other therapeutic approaches. Anti-GD2 monoclonal antibodies target GD2-expressing tumor cells, leading to phagocytosis and destruction by means of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, lysis by complement-dependent cytotoxicity, and apoptosis and necrosis through direct induction of cell death. Anti-GD2 monoclonal antibodies may also prevent homing and adhesion of circulating malignant cells to the extracellular matrix. Disialoganglioside GD2 is highly expressed by almost all neuroblastomas, by most melanomas and retinoblastomas, and by many Ewing sarcomas and, to a more variable degree, by small cell lung cancer, gliomas, osteosarcomas, and soft tissue sarcomas. Successful treatment of disialoganglioside GD2-expressing tumors with anti-GD2 monoclonal antibodies is hindered by pharmacologic factors such as insufficient antibody affinity to mediate antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, inadequate penetration of antibody into the tumor microenvironment, and toxicity related to disialoganglioside GD2 expression by normal tissues such as peripheral sensory nerve fibers. Nonetheless, anti-GD2 monoclonal antibody dinutuximab (ch14.18) has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and dinutuximab beta (ch14.18/CHO) has been approved by the European Medicines Agency for the treatment of high-risk neuroblastoma in pediatric patients. Clinical trials of anti-GD2 therapy are currently ongoing in patients with other types of disialoganglioside GD2-expressing tumors as well as neuroblastoma. In addition to anti-GD2 monoclonal antibodies, anti-GD2 therapeutic approaches include chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy, disialoganglioside GD2 vaccines, immunocytokines, immunotoxins, antibody-drug conjugates, radiolabeled antibodies, targeted nanoparticles, and T-cell engaging bispecific antibodies. Clinical trials should clarify further the potential of anti-GD2 therapy for disialoganglioside GD2-expressing malignant tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bassel Nazha
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Cengiz Inal
- Salem Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salem, VA, United States
| | - Taofeek K. Owonikoko
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Giordano M, Cavallaro U. Different Shades of L1CAM in the Pathophysiology of Cancer Stem Cells. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E1502. [PMID: 32429448 PMCID: PMC7291284 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9051502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM) is aberrantly expressed in several tumor types where it is causally linked to malignancy and therapy resistance, acting also as a poor prognosis factor. Accordingly, several approaches have been developed to interfere with L1CAM function or to deliver cytotoxic agents to L1CAM-expressing tumors. Metastatic dissemination, tumor relapse and drug resistance can be fueled by a subpopulation of neoplastic cells endowed with peculiar biological properties that include self-renewal, efficient DNA repair, drug efflux machineries, quiescence, and immune evasion. These cells, known as cancer stem cells (CSC) or tumor-initiating cells, represent, therefore, an ideal target for tumor eradication. However, the molecular and functional traits of CSC have been unveiled only to a limited extent. In this context, it appears that L1CAM is expressed in the CSC compartment of certain tumors, where it plays a causal role in stemness itself and/or in biological processes intimately associated with CSC (e.g., epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and chemoresistance). This review summarizes the role of L1CAM in cancer focusing on its functional contribution to CSC pathophysiology. We also discuss the clinical usefulness of therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting L1CAM in the context of anti-CSC treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ugo Cavallaro
- Unit of Gynaecological Oncology Research, European Institute of Oncology IRCSS, 20128 Milan, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
The capacity of single-agent therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors to control solid cancers by unleashing preexisting local antitumor T cell responses has renewed interest in the broader use of T cells as anticancer therapeutics. At the same time, durable responses of refractory B-lineage malignancies to chimeric-receptor engineered T cells illustrate that T cells can be effectively redirected to cancers that lack preexisting tumor antigen-specific T cells, as most typical childhood cancers. This review summarizes strategies by which T cells can be modified to recognize defined antigens, with a focus on chimeric-receptor engineering. We provide an overview of candidate target antigens currently investigated in advanced preclinical and early clinical trials in pediatric malignancies and discuss the prerequisites for an adequate in vivo function of engineered T cells in the microenvironment of solid tumors and intrinsic and extrinsic limitations of current redirected T cell therapies. We further address innovative solutions to recruit therapeutic T cells to tumors, overcome the unreliable and heterogenous expression of most known tumor-associated antigens, and prevent functional inactivation of T cells in the hostile microenvironment of solid childhood tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin K Rauwolf
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Albert-Schweitzer Campus 1, University Children's Hospital Muenster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Claudia Rossig
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Albert-Schweitzer Campus 1, University Children's Hospital Muenster, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|