1
|
Asiama AA. "Pleasure to Pain?" The Impact of the COVID-19 Lockdown on Sexual Violence in Marriages: Experiences of Rural Ghanaian Women. Violence Against Women 2024:10778012241248460. [PMID: 38693843 DOI: 10.1177/10778012241248460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
In many parts of the world, particularly in rural areas, sexual violence remains a serious issue. However, cultural orientations urge women to be submissive and obedient sexual partners in marriages. Hence, during COVID-19 lockdowns, when women were thought to be sexually assaulted most, this study used a chain referral sample technique to recruit 20 married rural Ghanaian women to examine their lived experiences of sexual violence. The study established that rural culture denies women sexual autonomy in marriages and offers husbands unrestricted access to their wives' bodies. Sexual violence becomes predominant and unbearable for rural wives during lockdown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aikins Amoako Asiama
- Department of Sociology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong
- School of Graduate Studies, Lingnan University, Tuen Mun, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sibale JL, Fischer TB. Does Matrilineality Reduce Gender Inequality in Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) Public Participation? Some Evidence from Malawi. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024:10.1007/s00267-024-01971-9. [PMID: 38691163 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-024-01971-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
This paper reports on Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) public participation in Malawi with a focus on the role of women from matrilineal and patrilineal marriage systems. Six rural ESIA projects are explored of which three are in areas of patrilineal and three are in areas of matrilineal systems. Participation space was found to be consistently dominated by men, with no obvious differences between both systems. The key reasons are likely to be lower educational and social status of women in rural areas throughout the country. This is associated with a number of challenges, including chronic poverty and food insecurity. Affirmative action is needed to achieve a better representation of women in ESIA processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juwo Lwesya Sibale
- Environmental Affairs Department, Ministry of Natural Resources and Climate Change, Lilongwe, Malawi.
- University of Liverpool, Environmental Assessment and Management Research Centre, School of Environmental Sciences, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Thomas Bernward Fischer
- University of Liverpool, Environmental Assessment and Management Research Centre, School of Environmental Sciences, Liverpool, UK
- North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Research Unit for Environmental Science and Management, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Anyomih TTK, Mehta A, Wondoh PM, Mehta A, Siokos A, Adjeso T. Bullying among medical students and doctors in Ghana: a cross-sectional survey. Singapore Med J 2024:00077293-990000000-00111. [PMID: 38779930 DOI: 10.4103/singaporemedj.smj-2021-281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Theophilus Teddy Kojo Anyomih
- Department of Surgery, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Surgery, Tamale Teaching Hospital, Tamale, Ghana
- International Student Surgical Network, Ghana
| | - Alok Mehta
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, St Richard's Hospital, Chichester, UK
| | - Paul Mwindekuma Wondoh
- Department of Surgery, Tamale Teaching Hospital, Tamale, Ghana
- International Student Surgical Network, Ghana
- Department of Surgery, University of Witwatersrand, South Africa
| | - Akash Mehta
- Department of Surgery, Croydon University Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Theophilus Adjeso
- Department of Surgery, Tamale Teaching Hospital, Tamale, Ghana
- Department of Ear, Nose and Throat, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ayubi M, Satyen L. Factors Associated with Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration Among Migrant Men: A Systematic Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2024; 25:1365-1381. [PMID: 37300321 PMCID: PMC10913363 DOI: 10.1177/15248380231178758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is the most widespread form of violence against women and the most common perpetrators are male partners. Immigration can involve stressors and barriers that are linked to male IPV perpetration. The objective of this systematic review was to identify the factors associated with IPV perpetration among migrant men. Four electronic databases, MEDLINE Complete, Embase, PsycInfo, and SocINDEX with full text, were searched up to August 2021. Studies were selected that examined factors associated with IPV perpetration among first-generation migrants who identified as men/males and were aged 18 years or older. In all, 18 articles met the eligibility criteria for the review, representing a total of 12,321 male participants, including 4,389 migrant men. A wide range of factors associated with IPV perpetration were found at the individual, relationship, community, and societal levels. Unique risk factors for migrant men's IPV perpetration were exposure to political violence, deportation experiences, and minimal legal sanctions for perpetration in some countries of origin. Societal factors explored among Latino immigrants were traditional gender roles such as machismo and norms of violence. All identified factors should be considered in the cultural contexts of the relevant samples and should not be generalized to all migrant men. The findings of modifiable and culture-specific factors have important implications for strategies aimed at reducing IPV perpetration. Future research should explore factors associated with IPV perpetration within specific cultures rather than across broad cultural groupings.
Collapse
|
5
|
Chattopadhyay A, Kumar Sharma S, Vishwakarma D, Jungari S. Prevalence and risk factors of physical violence against husbands: evidence from India. J Biosoc Sci 2024; 56:391-411. [PMID: 37823273 DOI: 10.1017/s0021932023000196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
As the proportion of women being victims of spousal violence in India is higher than men, laws are usually framed to safeguard women. However, men who have experienced physical spousal violence are not unheard of. The study aims to provide the nationwide prevalence of physical violence against husbands and the risk factors for such violence, using large-scale nationally representative 'National Family Health Survey' (NFHS 4) data. The study used descriptive, bivariate, logistic, and multilevel regression models with a random intercept clustering within states and households to explain the physical violence against husband. Sample size for the analysis was 62,716 currently married women aged 15-49 years. Findings revealed that in most of the states of India, physical spousal violence has increased over time. Behavioural characteristics like marital control, alcoholism, and childhood experience of parental violence have a consistent and strong role in explaining the experience of physical violence across states. With age, experience of violence against husbands increases. Differences in socio-economic characteristics do not have unidirectional effect on violence experienced by husbands across regions of India. Working women who are earning cash and having access to mobile phones perpetrate more physical violence in selected regions. Education shows a gradient on such violence perpetration, indicating that only after achieving a certain level of education, chances of violence reduce. Regionally contrasting social and economic risk factors in explaining violence strengthen the argument that violence is space and culture-specific, and development alone may not resolve violence unless the system is addressing the behavioural aspects. There is a need for supporting men experiencing domestic violence within the existing system facilities. Revisiting the present domestic violence laws and programmes for inclusivity is the need of the hour.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aparajita Chattopadhyay
- Department of Population and Development, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Deepanjali Vishwakarma
- Senior Associate Monitoring & Evaluation, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | - Suresh Jungari
- Department of Public Health & Mortality Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bali S, Sembiah S, Burman J. Gender-based Violence and its Predictors: A Cross-sectional Study Among the Adolescents of Madhya Pradesh, Central India. Indian J Community Med 2024; 49:386-391. [PMID: 38665458 PMCID: PMC11042156 DOI: 10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_931_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Gender-based violence (GBV) is a global public health concern. India's socio-cultural and regional diversity poses challenges for obtaining accurate and comprehensive indicators of gender-based violence. This study aimed to explore the prevalence and predictors of GBV among adolescents. This was a community-based cross-sectional study conducted among adolescents aged 10 to 19 years in six districts of Madhya Pradesh, the central part of India, from December 2017 to 2019. Methods and Material GBV was assessed using a validated questionnaire adapted from a nationwide survey. Data were analyzed using SPSS (version 16.0). Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with GBV. Results The study revealed that 10.4% of adolescents were victims of GBV. The multi-variable logistic regression showed that girls were at higher risk (odds ratio = 5.7) of facing GBV. Other significant factors associated with GBV included older adolescents (15-19 years old), those belonging to scheduled caste/tribal areas, those whose mothers were literate, those who had a boyfriend/girlfriend, and those who justified wife beating. Conclusion GBV is a serious public health problem among adolescents, with one in every 10 adolescents experiencing GBV. It is essential to instil awareness of gender-equal norms from early childhood and within households. Implementing violence prevention policies and strategies in educational and work institutions, as well as at the community level, is crucial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Surya Bali
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sembagamuthu Sembiah
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Jayeeta Burman
- Department of Community Medicine, Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay Government Medical College and Hospital, Uluberia, Howrah, West Bengal, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jalili M, Kohan S, Tarrahi MJ, Torabi F. Correlation Between Intimate Partner Violence During Pregnancy and Parental Acceptance by Primiparous Mothers. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2024; 49:101-109. [PMID: 38356486 PMCID: PMC10862110 DOI: 10.30476/ijms.2023.97325.2903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Background Pregnancy and the transition to parenthood are periods in parents' lives that require tremendous adjustment. The physical and mental health of mothers during these periods is significantly associated with maternal acceptance. The present study aimed to evaluate the correlation between intimate partner violence (IPV) during pregnancy and parental acceptance by primiparous mothers in Isfahan, Iran. Methods A cross-sectional descriptive and correlational study was conducted from September 2021 to February 2022 in Isfahan, Iran. The target population was primiparous mothers in the postpartum period referred to nine different health centers across Isfahan. The participants (n=308) completed three questionnaires, namely demographic, Tabrizi intimate partner violence screening, and parental acceptance questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics with SPSS software (version 22.0). P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The mean score of total IPV was 40.45±28.94. Domestic violence during pregnancy was reported by 59 (19.2%) mothers. The most common types were psychological violence (74.4%), followed by financial abuse (35.1%), sexual violence (17.2%), and physical violence (14.9%). The mean score of parental acceptance was 115.77±12.58. There was a significant inverse correlation between parental acceptance and IPV score (r=-0.15, P=0.005). The number of siblings and birth order had a significant inverse correlation with parental acceptance (r=-0.13, P=0.002; r=-0.13, P=0.002, respectively). Moreover, the age difference between the mothers and their next siblings had a significant direct correlation with parental acceptance (r=0.12, P=0.003). Conclusion Primiparous mothers subjected to IPV during pregnancy had lower parental acceptance after delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masomah Jalili
- Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Reproductive Sciences and Sexual Health Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shahnaz Kohan
- Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Reproductive Sciences and Sexual Health Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Tarrahi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Torabi
- Reproductive Sciences and Sexual Health Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Egenasi CK, Benedict MA, Adefuye AO, Madu LU. Epidemiological pattern of rape cases managed at a regional hospital in South Africa. Health SA 2024; 29:2434. [PMID: 38322366 PMCID: PMC10839233 DOI: 10.4102/hsag.v29i0.2434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Background South Africa has one of the highest incidences of rape globally. Understanding the epidemiological pattern of rape is needed to inform the design of effective intervention programmes for rape prevention and management of alleged rape cases. Aims To investigate important epidemiological patterns associated with rape in Kimberly, Northern Cape Province, South Africa. Setting The Robert Mangaliso Sobukwe Hospital (RMSH) forensic unit. Methods A descriptive, retrospective cross-sectional clinical audit of rape cases. Results The majority (93.3%) of the alleged rape victims were women, with a mean age (SD) of 21.6 years (11.3); the male population made up 6.7% of the cases, with a mean age (SD) of 10.5 years (6.9). The highest incidence of alleged rape in the male population was seen in the age group ≤ 16 years (81.8%) and for women 17-30 years (50.3%). Most of the incidents occurred at the perpetrators' homes (42.7%); on the days Fridays (14.6%), Saturdays (29.9%) and Sundays (23.2%); at night up to midnight 20:00-23:59 (32.9%) (p = 0.01) and involved threats of violence (55.5%). The majority (56.0%) of the perpetrators were known to the victims. Conclusion Important information about the victims and circumstances in which rape occurs as reported herein can be used to inform the design of effective intervention programmes for sexual crime prevention and management in Kimberly, South Africa. Contribution This study helped to advance knowledge and understanding of the epidemiological pattern associated with rape in Kimberley, Northern Cape Province of South Africa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chika K Egenasi
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Mathew A Benedict
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Anthonio O Adefuye
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Kansas City University, Joplin, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Health Sciences Education, Faculty Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Lynda U Madu
- Department Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Closson K, Zharima C, Kuchena M, Dietrich JJ, Gadermann A, Zulu B, Ogilvie G, Beksinska M, Kaida A. " It's a 50/50 Thing You Know": Exploring the Multileveled Intersections of Gender and Power Within the Relationships of Young South African Men and Women. JOURNAL OF SEX RESEARCH 2024; 61:144-159. [PMID: 36260421 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2022.2129561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Efforts to advance sexual health globally require greater understandings of youth intimate relationship dynamics. Among 38 South African youth (21 women/17 men aged 21-30 from Durban and Soweto) we conducted qualitative cognitive interviews to explore how gender and power intersect to shape intimate relationship dynamics (October 2019-March 2021). Participants discussed perceptions and relevance of each of 13 items comprising the Sexual Relationship Power (SRP) scale, a widely used measure of gender equity, and the influence of SRP on youth sexual health. Data analysis was guided by constructivist grounded theory. The findings were organized using the socio-ecological model, revealing how gender and power intersected at multiple levels to influence youth intimate relationships. Key influencing factors included individual-level gender attitudes, male partner expectations, and women's resistance to dominance; intimate relationship-level power dynamics, consent, and intimacy; family-level household configurations and parental monitoring of daughters; and societal-level traditional gender norms. At all levels, women discussed resisting power inequities through communication and rejection of inequitable relationships. While men also displayed resistance to inequitable power structures, most upheld traditional gender norms through institutional affiliation (e.g. church) and deep-rooted socialized beliefs and attitudes. Efforts to improve youth sexual health require multileveled approaches that address inequitable power dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kalysha Closson
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia
| | - Campion Zharima
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit (PHRU), University of the Witwatersrand
- Centre for Health Policy, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand
| | - Michelle Kuchena
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit (PHRU), University of the Witwatersrand
| | - Janan J Dietrich
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit (PHRU), University of the Witwatersrand
| | - Anne Gadermann
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia
| | - Bongiwe Zulu
- MatCH Research Unit (MRU), Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand
| | - Gina Ogilvie
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia
| | - Mags Beksinska
- MatCH Research Unit (MRU), Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand
| | - Angela Kaida
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Morrison AM, Campbell JK, Sharpless L, Martin SL. Intimate Partner Violence and Immigration in the United States: A Systematic Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2024; 25:846-861. [PMID: 37078533 PMCID: PMC10666473 DOI: 10.1177/15248380231165690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This systematic review sought to describe the prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization among immigrants in the United States (U.S.) and the prevalence of IPV perpetration among immigrants in the U.S. PsycInfo, PubMed, Global Health and Scopus databases were searched for peer-reviewed literature that quantitatively examined IPV in relation to immigration. Twenty-four articles were included in the final review. Past-year IPV victimization rates among immigrants ranged from 3.8% to 46.9% and lifetime IPV victimization rates ranged from 13.9% to 93%; past-year IPV perpetration rates ranged from 3.0% to 24.8% and the one lifetime IPV perpetration rate was 12.8%. Estimates varied widely by country of origin, type of violence measured, and measure used to quantify IPV. Reliance on small convenience samples is problematic when trying to determine the true prevalence of IPV among immigrants. Epidemiological research is needed to improve the accuracy and representativeness of findings.
Collapse
|
11
|
Nunbogu AM, Elliott SJ, Walton-Roberts M. 'We are all women here in Canada': Intimate bargains in WASH spaces. Soc Sci Med 2023; 338:116343. [PMID: 37924774 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
In many parts of the world access to adequate water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) is entwined with gender relations. While there is emerging research on how gender relations intersect with socio-cultural practices and norms to produce gender-based violence in WASH, little is known about how these gender relations are intimately produced, reproduced and embodied in place. Drawing insights from feminist political ecology and gendered geographies of power, this paper uses retrospective narratives of Ghanaian migrants in Canada to advance this scholarship in three significant ways. First, the findings demonstrate how gender relations in WASH produce everyday vulnerabilities differently among women and men. Second, they highlight the complex ways women bargain with patriarchal structures to ensure their safety in WASH spaces. Finally, the findings show how gender relations and roles in WASH transform in transnational spaces in which gendered WASH roles and responsibilities are blurred. The findings draw policy attention to the interconnectedness of WASH and gender equality and the need for policy and practice change to advance gender equity in WASH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Marshall Nunbogu
- Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, ON, Canada.
| | - Susan J Elliott
- Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, ON, Canada
| | - Margaret Walton-Roberts
- Department of Geography and Environmental Studies and Balsillie School of International Affairs, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3C5, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dhillon S, Amoak D, Chidimbah Munthali GN, Sano Y, Antabe R, Luginaah I. Polygamy and safe sex negotiation among married women: evidence from Cameroon. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:817. [PMID: 37993765 PMCID: PMC10664310 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08826-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research indicates that women in polygamous relationships may be exposed to unique sexual and reproductive health challenges. However, there are very few studies that examine whether polygamy is associated with safe sex negotiation among married women in sub-Saharan Africa, including Cameroon. METHODS Using the 2018 Cameroon Demographic and Health Survey, we apply logistic regression analysis to compare two indicators of safe sex negotiation (i.e., the ability to ask for condom use and refuse sex against their partner) between polygamous (n = 1,628) and monogamous (n = 5,686) women aged 15-49 years old. RESULTS We find that 67% and 50% of married women can ask for condom use and refuse sex against their partner, respectively. Multivariate analysis further reveals that women in polygamous relationships are less likely to report they can ask for condom use (OR = 0.71, p < 0.001) and refuse sex (OR = 0.64, p < 0.001) in comparison to their monogamous counterparts. CONCLUSIONS Our analysis found that in Cameroon, women in polygamous relationships, Muslim women, married women with inadequate HIV knowledge, those who had never been tested for HIV and women with lower socioeconomic status are less likely to negotiate for safe sex. Based on these findings, we discuss several implications for policymakers, including the establishment of a comprehensive family planning educational program and the deployment of community health workers to disseminate educational initiatives pertaining to safe sex negotiation to community members.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satveer Dhillon
- Department of Geography and Environment, Western University, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON, N6A 5C2, Canada
| | - Daniel Amoak
- Department of Geography and Environment, Western University, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON, N6A 5C2, Canada
| | | | - Yujiro Sano
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Nipissing University, 100 College Dr, North Bay, ON, P1B 8L7, Canada
| | - Roger Antabe
- Department of Health and Society, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Scarborough, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Isaac Luginaah
- Department of Geography and Environment, Western University, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON, N6A 5C2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Dankyi JK, Dankyi LA. Experiences of husbands of student mothers on a distance learning programme: A phenomenological enquiry. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288779. [PMID: 37948387 PMCID: PMC10637649 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Husbands have been the primary support of student mothers in furthering their education. This study aimed to explore the lived experiences of husbands of student mothers (HSM) in a distance education programme of a university in Ghana. Eighteen participants were selected and interviewed. The transcendental phenomenology design was adopted. The sample consisted of all HSM with babies up to 5 years. Coding and content analysis were employed to analyze the data. The study's findings indicated that husbands experience challenges such as stress, guilt, resentment, and work-family conflict in child care. Coping strategies such as using loan facilities, suspending family projects and using older siblings were adopted by the participants. The study recommends that, Counsellors should orient husbands to understand the need to support their wives and the implications of such support. Husbands should also be educated on basic skills of child care to lessen their frustrations and to avoid stress.
Collapse
|
14
|
Ventura-León J, Lino-Cruz C, Caycho-Rodríguez T, Córdova-Robles C. Maintenance in relationships, satisfaction, jealousy, and violence in young couples: a network analysis. BMC Psychol 2023; 11:385. [PMID: 37946264 PMCID: PMC10634140 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-023-01411-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study explores the associations among Relationship Maintenance, Satisfaction, Jealousy, and Violence in young Peruvian couples, particularly in a post-pandemic context, using a network analysis. METHODS Eight hundred thirty-two participants aged 18-30 (M = 20.94, SD = 2.29), with 645 females (77.50%) and 187 males (22.50%), were involved. The study aimed to discern relationships among network nodes, emphasizing the link between Relationship Maintenance dimensions and Jealousy and Violence. The research also sought the central node in the network and examined gender-specific node connections, using the SMOTE algorithm for gender data balance. RESULTS Findings revealed a direct connection between Complementarity and Jealousy, implying intense shared interests can lead to unhealthy dependence. An inverse relationship was seen between Companionship and Violence. Satisfaction was pivotal, showcasing its importance in romantic relationship success. Additionally, the study shows men prioritize Companionship and Sharing, possibly due to cultural norms, while women focus on the Companionship-Complementarity bond, indicating mutual support. CONCLUSIONS The research emphasizes the critical role of maintenance variables in determining Satisfaction, Jealousy, and Violence in relationships. The pandemic's influence on romantic dynamics is evident, emphasizing the importance of Satisfaction. Future studies should focus on gender equity and further explore these relationships.
Collapse
|
15
|
Kalindi AM, Houle B, Smyth BM, Chisumpa VH. Gender inequities in women's access to maternal health care utilisation in Zambia: a qualitative analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2023; 23:755. [PMID: 37884910 PMCID: PMC10601225 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-023-06078-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of gender inequities in women's ability to access maternal health care has mainly been analysed from either women's or men's perspective only. In this article, we explore the role of gender inequities in maternal health care utilisation from both men's and women's perspectives. METHODS Thirty-six interviews were conducted with reproductive age women (n = 24), and men whose wives/partners gave birth within the last three years prior to our study in Zambia (n = 12). Our study sought to improve understanding of the normative environment in which women and men make decisions on maternal health care utilisation in Zambia. RESULTS We found that men and women had different expectations regarding their gender roles in maternal health care utilisation, which created inequities reinforced by societal norms and traditions. Men make most household decisions including those related to reproductive health and they often have the major say in access to maternal health services despite not having holistic maternal health information which creates challenges in maternal health care utilisation. CONCLUSION The study highlights the need for maternal health care utilisation decisions to be made by both men and women and that men should be fully involved in maternal health care from pregnancy until after child birth. Further, there is urgent need for concerted and sustained efforts to change traditional norms that reinforce these inequities and affect maternal health care utilisation if Zambia is to meet Sustainable Development Goal-3.1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Audrey M Kalindi
- School of Demography, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia.
| | - Brian Houle
- School of Demography, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Bruce M Smyth
- Centre for Social Research and Methods, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Vesper H Chisumpa
- Department of Population Studies, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, The University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tie L, Zheng Y. Judgments and Attributions of Intimate Partner Violence in China: The Role of Directionality, Gender Stereotypicality, and Ambivalent Sexism. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:10485-10513. [PMID: 37227018 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231172477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a serious public health problem worldwide. IPV-related perceptions and attitudes are linked to IPV's actual perpetration and related victimization. There is a typical gender paradigm in IPV, wherein women are victims and men are perpetrators, which influences judgments toward IPV. Some socio-cultural norms or unjust notions of gender are also intertwined with this paradigm and influence perceptions of IPV. This study explored judgments and attributions of IPV in the Chinese context while extensively considering directionality, gender stereotypes, and ambivalent sexism by surveying 887 participants online. Participants read 1 of 12 scenarios and made judgments and attributions of responsibility regarding IPV. The results indicate that hostile sexism is negatively correlated with IPV perception but positively correlated with its justification. The direction of perpetration and gender stereotypicality had some main effects on judgments of IPV, and there were some interactions between these factors. The perception level of IPV involving a traditional male partner was higher when the man was the perpetrator or when his female partner was traditional. In the unidirectional IPV scenarios, the perpetrators were judged as significantly more responsible than the victims, while in the bidirectional IPV scenarios, men were judged as significantly more responsible than women. Moreover, the relationship between gender stereotypicality and responsibility attributions to female partners was significantly moderated by benevolent sexism (BS). Participants with a high level of BS tended to attribute less responsibility to traditional women than non-traditional women in bidirectional IPV scenarios. Future studies on IPV should pay attention to the influence of directionality and gender stereotypes. More efforts ought to be made to reduce IPV and overcome gender role stereotypes and sexism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tie
- Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Nartey P, Bahar OS, Nabunya P. A Review of the Cultural Gender Norms Contributing to Gender Inequality in Ghana: An Ecological Systems Perspective. JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL WOMEN'S STUDIES 2023; 25:14. [PMID: 38736590 PMCID: PMC11086636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
While significant progress has been made in improving the wellbeing of women and girls around the world, a gender gap still exists between men and women which is very evident in Ghana. Gender inequalities continue to persist in Ghana because of cultural gender norms that exalt and favor men and put women in subordinate and subservient roles. These cultural gender norms hinder women's development and widen gender inequality between men and women in different system levels of society. Therefore, there is a need to examine the influence of these cultural gender norms on women's lives using a systems framework to capture a full picture of women's experiences at these systemic levels of society. In this paper, we use Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems multilevel approach to examine the impact of these cultural gender norms on women's lives at the different system levels. We conducted a desk review of studies published in sub-Saharan Africa focused on cultural gender norms and gender inequality. The findings showed that the impact of cultural gender norms on gender inequality at the levels of the four social systems (microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, and macrosystem) are interconnected, creating and widening the inequality gap between men and women. Cultural gender norms influence gender role socialization in the home, which then transmits to the school and religious institutions as the mesosystem. At the school level, cultural gender norms act as a mesosystem manifest through discriminatory classroom practices, gender role assignment of school responsibilities, and gender role representations in textbooks. In Christianity and Islam, cultural gender norms create doctrines that enforce men's domination over women, and, in the workplace, cultural gender norms have gendered labor by defining a man's occupation and limiting women to domestic and low-paying occupations. The mass media is the exosystem that displays images of women to fit cultural gender norms of what is defined as acceptable for women. Finally, the macrosystem is the overall sociocultural norms that have been accepted by society that perpetuate discriminatory practices against women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Portia Nartey
- International Center for Child Health and Development (ICHAD), at the Brown School at Washington University in St. Louis
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ilori T, Adewale BA, Obembe TA, Morakinyo OM. Sexual autonomy and the use of modern contraceptives in Nigeria: Evidence from the 2018 demographic and health survey. Ann Afr Med 2023; 22:352-358. [PMID: 37417025 PMCID: PMC10445701 DOI: 10.4103/aam.aam_86_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence and relationship between sexual autonomy and modern contraceptive use among Nigerian women. Methods Secondary data analysis of the 2018 Nigerian Demographic and Health Survey was conducted among Nigerian women aged 15-49 years who were married or had a partner. Analysis was conducted using descriptive analysis and univariate and multivariate logistic regression. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Participants that had never heard or seen a family planning awareness message were 59.6%, whereas 55.9% were capable of deciding whether to refuse their husband/partner's sex or not. The prevalence of modern contraceptive use was 12%, and the likelihood of using modern contraceptives increased with the level of education, wealth status, and the number of living children. Sexual autonomy was also a significant predictor of modern contraceptive use (odds ratio = 1.35, 95% confidence interval: 1.25-1.46). Conclusion There is a very low prevalence of modern contraceptive use among women in Nigeria. Sexual autonomy, poverty, education, and the number of living children play a major role. Thus, women empowerment and girl-child education are critical interventions needed for the best outcomes on contraceptive use in Africa. Male involvement in sexual autonomy is also key since they are major decisionmakers regarding women's issues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Temitope Ilori
- Department of Community Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Department of Family Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | | | - Taiwo A. Obembe
- Department of Health Policy and Management, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Oyewale Mayowa Morakinyo
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Okedare OO. Intimate partner violence among unmarried young women (18-24 years) in urban communities, Ibadan, Nigeria. Int J Adolesc Med Health 2023; 0:ijamh-2023-0035. [PMID: 37347722 DOI: 10.1515/ijamh-2023-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a global health problem that affects more than one-third of women globally. Young women who experience IPV face the same consequences as older women. Previous studies on IPV have not studies young women exclusively, thus, we aimed to report the prevalence of IPV and predictors among young women in Ibadan, Nigeria. METHODS A community-based cross-sectional survey, using multistage cluster technique was conducted to determine the past-year prevalence of IPV among unmarried young women (n=736) from 20 communities in five Local Government Areas in Ibadan, Nigeria. The independent variables were respondents and their partners' background information. Dependent variables were experience of physical, sexual, psychological and any IPV. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression (α0.05). RESULTS Psychological IPV was the most prevalent form of IPV (50.1 %). Prevalence of any IPV was 56.3 %. At the bivariate level, having children, acceptance of IPV, ever had sex, age at first sex, experience at sexual debut, partners being with other women while being with the respondents, partners alcohol use, and partners witness of abuse as a child were significantly associated with IPV. However, only acceptance of IPV, experience at sexual debut, and partners being with other women while being with the respondents remained significant at the multivariate level. CONCLUSIONS IPV is a common occurrence among young women. Both individual and partners characteristics, especially acceptance of IPV contribute significantly to experience of IPV among young women. Hence, interventions targeted at reduction of IPV acceptance will greatly reduce the prevalence of IPV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omowumi O Okedare
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Faculty of Public Health, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Bengesai AV, Khan HTA. Exploring the association between attitudes towards wife beating and intimate partner violence using a dyadic approach in three sub-Saharan African countries. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e062977. [PMID: 37316321 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-062977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study examines the association between attitudes towards wife beating and intimate partner violence (IPV) using a dyadic approach in three sub-Saharan countries. SETTING We use data from the most recent Demographic and Health Survey cross-sectional studies which were conducted between 2015 and 2018 in Malawi, Zambia and Zimbabwe PARTICIPANTS: Our sample comprised 9183 couples who also had completed the information on the domestic violence questions and our variables of interest. RESULTS Our results indicate that women in these three countries are generally comparatively more inclined to justify marital violence than their husbands or partners. In terms of IPV experience, we found that when both partners endorsed wife beating, the risk of experiencing IPV was twice as likely after controlling for other couple-level and individual factors (OR=1.91, 95% CI 1.54-2.50, emotional violence; OR=2.42, 95% CI 1.96-3.00, physical violence; OR=1.97, 95% CI 1.47-2.61, sexual violence). The risk of IPV was also higher when the women alone endorsed IPV (OR=1.59, 95% CI 1.35-1.86, emotional violence; OR=1.85, 95% CI 1.59-2.15, physical violence; OR=1.83, 95% CI 1.51-2.22, sexual violence) than when the men alone were tolerant (OR=1.41, 95% CI 1.13-1.75, physical violence; OR=1.43, 95% CI 1.08-1.90, sexual violence). CONCLUSIONS Our findings confirm that attitudes towards violence are perhaps one of the key indicators of IPV prevalence. Therefore, to break the cycle of violence in the three countries, more attention must be paid to attitudes towards the acceptability of marital violence. Programmes tailored to gender role transformation and promote non-violent gender attitudes are also needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annah V Bengesai
- College of Law and Management Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Hafiz T A Khan
- Public Health Group, College of Nursing, Midwifery and Healthcare, University of West London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Barrow A, Afape AO, Cham D, Azubuike PC. Uptake and determinants of childhood vaccination status among children aged 0-12 months in three West African countries. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1093. [PMID: 37280553 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15863-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccination has long been recognized as one of the most effective ways to reduce child mortality. It has played a significant role, particularly for children, and is considered a major achievement and relevant in preventing childhood diseases worldwide. This study looks at the uptake and determinants of childhood vaccination status among children under the age of one year, for Gambia, Sierra Leon, and Liberia. METHOD Data from 2019 to 20 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data from Gambia, Sierra Leone, and Liberia were pooled for the analysis used in this study. Data were obtained from a total weighted sample of 5,368 children aged 0-12 months through a stratified two-stage cluster sampling approach. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to assess the predictors of childhood vaccination uptake at 95% confidence interval (CIs) with computed adjusted odds ratios (aORs). RESULTS The weighted sample pooled prevalence of full vaccination among children under 12 months of age was 15.1% for males and 15.0% for females. After controlling for confounders in the regression model, factors that were found to be associated with vaccination status include children whose mothers attended postnatal care (PNC) visits had higher odds of being fully vaccinated (aOR = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.03-1.46), while children whose fathers had primary education (aOR = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.48-0.96), children whose households never watched TV (aOR = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.56-0.82) and children whose mothers attended 1-3 antenatal care (ANC) visits (aOR = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.45-0.79) had lower odds of being fully vaccinated. CONCLUSION Childhood vaccination uptake was low among children under 12 months of age in these countries. Hence, there is a need to promote the uptake of vaccination across these three West African countries especially among rural dwellers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amadou Barrow
- Department of Public & Environmental Health, School of Medicine & Allied Health Sciences, University of The Gambia, Kanifing, The Gambia.
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, United States of America.
| | | | - Dalanda Cham
- Department of Public & Environmental Health, School of Medicine & Allied Health Sciences, University of The Gambia, Kanifing, The Gambia
- Epidemiology & Disease Control Unit, Ministry of Health, Kotu, The Gambia
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Compton SD, Darteh EKM, Seidu AA, Omolo T, Munro-Kramer ML. Danger and sexuality: exploring negotiations in romantic and sexual relationships among university students in Ghana. CULTURE, HEALTH & SEXUALITY 2023; 25:428-443. [PMID: 35311488 DOI: 10.1080/13691058.2022.2050425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Gender inequalities and social mores normalise gender-based violence in many settings. The goal of this study was to gain a more in-depth understanding of romantic and sexual relationships, consent, and gender-based violence among university students in Ghana. We used focus group discussions to explore individual factors influencing romantic and sexual relationships among students enrolled at a university in the Central Region of the country to inform the development and tailoring of future interventions. During a series of four focus group discussions comprising students recruited via convenience and snowball sampling, participants were asked to reflect on the nature of their romantic and sexual relationships. Demographic data and experiences of gender-based violence were also collected. The focus groups discussions were recorded and transcribed verbatim and analysed thematically. Five themes were developed from the data: (1) traditional gender roles; (2) self-control; (3) relationship-based consent; (4) cheating; and (5) non-verbal communication. This study suggests negative health and social ramifications of violence will continue until there is a resolution of conflicting social norms that result in different expectations about how men and women can address their sexual needs. Future programming and interventions for gender-based violence prevention should reflect on their impact across all ecological levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah D Compton
- Department of OB/GYN, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Eugene K M Darteh
- Department of Population and Health, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Abdul-Aziz Seidu
- Department of Population and Health, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Services, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Tanya Omolo
- School of Social Work & Public Policy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Mehfooz M, Amir-Ud-Din R, Zafar S. Does Childhood Experience of Interparental Abuse Shape Women's Attitude Toward Intimate Partner Violence in Their Adult Life? Evidence From 31 Developing Countries. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:5490-5518. [PMID: 36112826 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221123293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A significant amount of literature exists on the lasting effects of interparental abuse on children's psychological health as adults. However, evidence on how children's childhood experience of interparental violence shapes their attitude toward partner violence in adult intimate relationships is limited. Given the existing evidence that women's acceptance of partner violence as a social norm increases the risk of partner violence, we analyzed the effect of girls' witnessing interparental abuse (where a father is a perpetrator) on their attitude toward partner violence in their intimate relationships as adults. We used data from the Demographic and Health Surveys for 31 low and middle-income countries in Asia and Africa. Aggregating information about women's attitudes toward partner violence into a binary "intimate partner violence acceptance" variable, we found that a woman who witnessed her father beat her mother was 1.62 times more likely to justify partner violence than a woman who did not experience such interparental abuse (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.62, 95% CI [1.57, 1.66], p < .001). Additionally, using individual components of acceptance as response variables, we found that a woman who witnessed interparental abuse was significantly more likely to justify partner violence if she went out without telling her husband (OR = 1.49, 95% CI [1.45, 1.54], p < .001), neglected children (OR = 1.53, 95% CI [1.49, 1.58], p < .001), argued with the husband (OR = 1.49, 95% CI [1.45, 1.53], p < .001), refused sex with the husband (OR = 1.35, 95% CI [1.31, 1.39], p < .001), or burned food (OR = 1.36, 95% CI [1.31, 1.41], p < .001). This study highlights the need to put in place children-specific social policies to limit the intergenerational transmission of the adverse effects of intimate partner violence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sameen Zafar
- Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), Lahore, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Seidu AA, Ahinkorah BO, Anjorin SS, Tetteh JK, Hagan JE, Zegeye B, Adu-Gyamfi AB, Yaya S. High-risk fertility behaviours among women in sub-Saharan Africa. J Public Health (Oxf) 2023; 45:21-31. [PMID: 34850201 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdab381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-risk fertility behaviours such as too early or advanced age at delivery, shorter birth interval, birth order and a higher number of live births to a woman often lead to adverse maternal and child health outcomes. We assessed high-risk fertility behaviours and their associated factors among women in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). METHODS Data on 200 716 women pooled from the demographic and health surveys of 27 countries conducted between 2010 and 2020 in SSA were analysed. High-risk fertility behaviour from four indicators, mother aged <18 years at the time of delivery; mother aged >34 years at the time of delivery; mother of a child born after a short birth interval (<24 months) and mother of high parity (>3 children), was derived. Multi-level multi-variable logistic regression analyses were carried out and the results were presented as adjusted odds ratios at 95% confidence interval. RESULTS Women who were in polygamous marriages had higher odds of single and multiple high-risk fertility behaviour compared with their counterparts who were in monogamous marriages. Women with middle or high maternal decision-making power had higher odds of single and multiple high-risk fertility behaviours compared with those with low decision-making power. Single and multiple high-risk fertility behaviours were lower among women with access to family planning, those with at least primary education and those whose partners had at least primary education compared with their counterparts who had no access to family planning, those with no formal education and those whose partners had no formal education. CONCLUSION Family structure, women's decision-making power, access to family planning, women's level of education and partners' level of education were identified as predictors of high-risk fertility behaviours in SSA. These findings are crucial in addressing maternal health and fertility challenges. Policy makers, maternal health and fertility stakeholders in countries with high prevalence of high parity and short birth intervals should organize programs that will help to reduce the prevalence of these high-risk factors, taking into consideration the factors that predispose women to high-risk fertility behaviours.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdul-Aziz Seidu
- Department of Population and Health, University of Cape Coast, PBM TF0494; Cape Coast, Ghana.,College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland QLD 4811, Australia.,Department of Estate Management, Takoradi Technical University, Takoradi, Ghana
| | - Bright Opoku Ahinkorah
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, NSW2007, Australia
| | - Seun Stephen Anjorin
- Warwick Centre for Global Health, Division of Health Sciences, University of Warwick, CV47AL, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Justice Kanor Tetteh
- Department of Population and Health, University of Cape Coast, PBM TF0494; Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - John Elvis Hagan
- Department of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation, University of Cape Coast, PMBTF0494 Cape Coast, Ghana.,Neurocognition and Action-Biomechanics-Research Group, Faculty of Psychology and Sport Sciences, Bielefeld University, Postfach 10 01 31, 33501 Bielefeld-Germany
| | - Betregiorgis Zegeye
- HaSET Maternal and Child Health Research Program, Shewarobit Field Office, PMB, Shewarobit, Ethiopia
| | | | - Sanni Yaya
- School of International Development and Global Studies, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.,The George Institute for Global Health, Imperial College London, London, W12OBZ, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Laksono AD, Wulandari RD, Matahari R, Suharmiati. Socioeconomic Differences of Intimate Partner Violence among Married Women in Indonesia: Does Poverty Matter? Indian J Community Med 2023; 48:304-309. [PMID: 37323739 PMCID: PMC10263050 DOI: 10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_254_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Society placed women living in the men's world as inferior. Poverty as a stressor for men has the opportunity to make women victims of violence from their partners. The study aimed to analyze the effects of poverty on the risk of intimate partner violence among married women in Indonesia. Materials and Methods The samples used were married women aged 15-49 years old. The weighted sample size was 34,086 women. Besides intimate partner violence as the dependent variable, other variables analyzed as independent variables were wealth status, residence, age, education, employment, living with in-laws, and recent sexual activity. The study employs binary logistic regression to determine intimate partner violence risk in the final stage. Results The results show the poorest married women were 1.382 times more likely than the richest married women to experience intimate partner violence. Married women with wealthy status in the lower category were 1.320 times more likely than the richest married women to experience intimate partner violence. Married women with a wealthy group in the middle class were 1.262 times more likely than the richest married women to experience intimate partner violence. Married women with wealthy status in the more decadent category were 1.132 times more likely than the richest married women to experience intimate partner violence. Conclusion The study concluded that poverty was a risk factor for intimate partner violence among married women in Indonesia. The lower the socioeconomic status, the greater the risk of intimate partner violence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agung Dwi Laksono
- Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency, Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ratna Dwi Wulandari
- Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency, Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ratu Matahari
- Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Suharmiati
- Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency, Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ohurira T, Iyer HS, Wagman JA, Hahn JA, Bajunirwe F. Proximity to Alcohol Sellers and Dose Response Relationship Between Alcohol Consumption With Intimate Partner Violence in Rural Southwestern Uganda. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:NP1040-NP1059. [PMID: 35438584 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221086648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is associated with several adverse public health outcomes and alcohol use is one of its risk factors. Proximity to alcohol selling points could be linked with problem drinking and IPV. We aimed to determine whether proximal location to alcohol and intensity of alcohol consumption are associated with IPV in rural southwest Uganda.Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study in rural southwest Uganda with structured interviews at household level. We used the alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT) and the Conflict Tactics Scale to measure past year alcohol consumption and IPV (perpetration and victimization). We estimated Euclidean distances between participants' households and nearest alcohol outlets using geographic information systems. We used generalized estimating equation models to calculate adjusted odds ratios (aOR) for the factors associated with IPV.Results: We enrolled 742 participants and median age was 41 years (inter-quartile range or IQR 32-53) and 52.2% of respondents were male. The overall prevalence of IPV in the past year was 52.2%. In a multivariable regression model, women (aOR = 2.24, 95%CI 1.28, 3.91) compared to men, those living proximal to an alcohol selling point (OR = 1.77, 95% CI 1.38, 2.27) were more likely to experience IPV. There was a dose-response relationship between alcohol consumption and IPV. With non-drinkers as the reference category, the aORs were 4.54 (95% CI 2.04, 10.08) for casual drinkers, 10.53 (95% CI 4.15, 26.77) for hazardous drinkers and 15.31 (95% CI 4.73, 49.54) for alcohol dependent drinkers.Conclusion: IPV is very common and has a dose-response relationship with alcohol consumption and drinking outlet proximity. There is an urgent need for IPV and alcohol interventions programs in these rural communities. Policy to restrict proximity of alcohol outlets to residential locations should be examined as an intervention for alcohol consumption and IPV perpetration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tushaba Ohurira
- Community Health Department, 108123Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Hari S Iyer
- 1855Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, USA
| | - Jennifer A Wagman
- Fielding School of Public Health,25808University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA, USA
| | - Judith A Hahn
- Department of Medicine,12224University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Francis Bajunirwe
- Community Health Department, 108123Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Er S, Murat M, Yılmaz S, Buzlu S. Associations between knowledge level and attitudes towards cyber-dating abuse and dating violence in nursing students. NURSE EDUCATION TODAY 2022; 119:105551. [PMID: 36174278 DOI: 10.1016/j.nedt.2022.105551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dating violence is an increasing issue among young people and affects them psychologically. It also includes characteristics like controlling and/or monitoring. Cyber-dating abuse is dating violence characterized as harassing another person in a romantic connection via texting or online emails to control, threaten, or stalk them. OBJECTIVES This study was conducted to investigate nursing students' knowledge of and attitudes towards dating, dating violence, and cyber-dating violence. DESIGN This is a descriptive cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS The sample consisted of 448 nursing students from three universities in Istanbul, Turkey. METHODS Data were collected using a Personal Information Form, the Dating Violence Knowledge Form (DVKF), the Dating Violence Scale (DVS), and the Cyber-Dating Abuse Questionnaire (CDAQ). RESULTS Participants had a mean age of 20.9 ± 1.9 years. Most participants were women (83.7 %). More than a quarter of the participants were involved in romantic relationships (30.6 %). Participants had a mean DVKF score of 82.0 ± 9.1. One in ten participants was subjected to dating violence (11.2 %). Participants had a mean DVS score of 4.69 ± 0.25. There was no significant difference in CDAQ scores between participants who used violence (28.3 ± 11.5) and those subjected to violence (27.0 ± 8.9). There was a negative correlation between participants' DVKF and CDAQ scores (p < 0.05). The results showed that participants had a high DVKF score and disapproved of dating violence. Participants with a higher DVKF score were less likely to use or be exposed to cyber violence. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, we should develop interventions to strengthen young people's mental health because they are subjected to dating violence. Nurse educators and nurses should also plan interventions to protect young people's mental health and raise their awareness of cyber violence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seda Er
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Ataşehir/Istanbul 34758, Turkey.
| | - Merve Murat
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing, Hamidiye Faculty of Nursing, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sevil Yılmaz
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Department of Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing, Sisli-Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sevim Buzlu
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Department of Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing, Sisli-Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
O’Brien C, Leavens L, Ndiaye C, Traoré D. Women’s Empowerment, Income, and Nutrition in a Food Processing Value Chain Development Project in Touba, Senegal. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19159526. [PMID: 35954883 PMCID: PMC9367883 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
To study the impacts of implementing a gender-sensitive value chain development (VCD) initiative in the agri-food sector, we conducted a mixed-methods study of a woman-owned food processing business and its associated value chain in Touba, Senegal. As a result of partnering with a USAID-funded project, the business began producing instant fortified flours, an innovative, higher-value product compared to traditional porridge, using extrusion and fortification techniques. Drawing on Senegalese women’s association networks, the business connected with local women who could work as processors and retailers. Our study’s goal was to explore how the project’s support of this food processing value chain has affected the lives of women processors and retailers, farmers, and medical personnel along the value chain. Particularly relevant to our study is the general lack of opportunities for women to earn their own incomes in the study region, especially outside of the home, and provide for their families. Through surveys, interviews, observations, and novel participatory focus group activities, our study provides qualitative and quantitative evidence of the perceived impacts of value chain development on women’s empowerment, income, and nutrition by key stakeholders in the value chain. We find an often cited barrier to women’s empowerment is the husband’s lack of understanding and limitations placed on women’s mobility, yet we also find perceptions of women’s empowerment in this conservative religious context. Our findings and discussion highlight the need for more research into VCD projects on the complex and, at times, contradictory processes of women’s empowerment. The women in our study expressed a desire for freedom to work outside of the home, and they expressed a need for childcare and contraception. Notably, the women discussed positive community changes, such as infrastructure and the creation of a childcare center, that implicate women’s collective empowerment. We also highlight a promising research opportunity in Senegal to explore the subnational variation in women’s empowerment through VCD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl O’Brien
- Department of Political Science, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Laura Leavens
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
| | - Cheikh Ndiaye
- Institut de Technologie Alimentaire (ITA), Dakar 545, Senegal; (C.N.); (D.T.)
| | - Djibril Traoré
- Institut de Technologie Alimentaire (ITA), Dakar 545, Senegal; (C.N.); (D.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Conceição MMD, Whitaker MCO, Grimaldi MRM, Silva LLPD, Silva LSD, Oliveira MMC, Camargo CLD. Child and adolescent victims of sexual violence: aspects of physical and emotional development. Rev Bras Enferm 2022; 75Suppl 2:e20200584. [PMID: 35858019 DOI: 10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE to identify the multidisciplinary health team's perception on aspects of the physical and emotional development of children and adolescents who have suffered sexual violence. METHODS a qualitative study, carried out with 30 health professionals in a hospital in Bahia, Brazil, between June and July 2019. Data were collected from an interview guided by a semi-structured questionnaire. The results were interpreted according to Symbolic Interactionism. RESULTS some sexually violated children were under five years old and healthy, others had physical/mental disabilities. Victimized adolescents were in the pre-pubertal phase, with fragile body structure, not emotionally mature and unaware of sexuality. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS children's physical and emotional aspects make children vulnerable to sexual victimization, as they facilitate the control and dominion that offenders need to have over them. As a protection strategy, it is recommended using sexual and health education linked to greater surveillance of family members, multidisciplinary team and educators.
Collapse
|
30
|
Wondimu H. Gender-based violence and its socio-cultural implications in South West Ethiopia secondary schools. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10006. [PMID: 35898605 PMCID: PMC9309679 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to examine the determinant factors of school-related gender-based violence and its socio-cultural implications for female academic fulfillment in Wolkite town secondary schools. In terms of the research approach, sequential mixed explanatory methods were used. This study took Wolkite secondary schools students and respondents (n = 215). The study results have shown that the most significant socio-cultural determinant factors for school-related gender-based violence resulted from a lack of societal motives to address the problem and gender discriminatory norms bitterly blamed. From this finding, the researcher concluded that the sociocultural practices of the patriarchal ideology that society entertains have a tremendous impact on female students being victimized by gender-based violence and their educational attainment. Policymakers should therefore have significant involvement in school-related gender-based violence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Habtamu Wondimu
- Sociology Department, Wolkite University, P.O. Box. O7, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kons K, Biney AAE, Sznajder K. Factors Associated with Adolescent Pregnancy in Sub-Saharan Africa during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review of Socioeconomic Influences and Essential Interventions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SEXUAL HEALTH : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR SEXUAL HEALTH 2022; 34:386-396. [PMID: 38596281 PMCID: PMC10903609 DOI: 10.1080/19317611.2022.2084199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Objective: A literature review was conducted to analyze the impact of COVID-19 on documented preexisting determinants of adolescent pregnancy in sub-Saharan Africa such as poverty, inequitable gender norms, low access to education, and reproductive health services. Methods: The terms "sub-Saharan Africa," "Gender Norms," "Poverty," and "Adolescent Pregnancy" were used to search the literature for preexisting determinants of adolescent pregnancy in academic and grey literature. "COVID-19" was added to investigate the potential consequences of the pandemic. The literature revealed similar experiences in adolescent girls during the Ebola outbreak, which lead to the analysis of government and healthcare official responses to previous epidemics. Results: The literature review revealed that the relationship between identified micro (inequitable gender norms, transactional sex, sexual and gender-based violence, early marriage, and menstruation) and macro (poverty, education, and healthcare) factors contributing to adolescent pregnancy were exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusion: Three realistic targets including, expanding and communicating available reproductive health resources, prioritizing the role of women in the economy, and ensuring return to school should be included as part of current COVID-19 mitigation programs. Additionally, these interventions should be incorporated in future public health preparedness plans to reduce the risk of adolescent pregnancy during public health emergencies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Kons
- Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Adriana A E Biney
- Regional Institute for Population Studies, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Kristin Sznajder
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Laksono AD, Wulandari RD. Violence against Pregnant Women in Indonesia. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 51:1265-1273. [PMID: 36447981 PMCID: PMC9659517 DOI: 10.18502/ijph.v51i6.9670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Generally, violence against women, especially during pregnancy, can increase the risk of pregnancy and childbirth complications. Besides, multiple trauma may occur because it affects not only the woman but also the fetus. The present study analyzed the factors associated with violence against pregnant women in Indonesia. METHODS This cross-sectional study involved participants consisted of 2,553 pregnant women (aged 15-49) from the 2017 Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey data. The dependent variable was violence, while the independent variables included the characteristics of the households, respondents, and husbands/partners. In the final stage, the author calculated determinants using binary logistic regression. RESULTS The higher the wealth status of pregnant women, the lower the likelihood of domestic violence. The pregnant women who jointly owned a house with their husbands/partners were more likely to be violated than those who did not. Pregnant women in the high parity category were at greater risk of experiencing violence than those in the primiparous category. A husband/partner at a younger age increased the likelihood of violence among pregnant women. Finally, the pregnant women whose husbands/partners had primary/secondary education were more likely to experience violence than those whose husbands/partners had no education. CONCLUSION The study concluded five variables were statistically and significantly associated with violence against women in Indonesia: wealth status, homeownership, parity, husband/partner' age, and the education level of the husbands/partners.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ratna Dwi Wulandari
- Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Campus C Mulyosari, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Sikweyiya Y, Nkosi S, Langa M, Operario D, Lurie MN. "You see this thing is hard… ey, this thing is painful": The burden of the provider role and construction of masculinities amongst Black male mineworkers in Marikana, South Africa. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268227. [PMID: 35604897 PMCID: PMC9126392 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper we examine men's insights on how migration and minework affect their perceptions and performances of masculinity in the settings of minework and in their "real home" communities and explore the potential consequences of masculinity constructions for their own and their family's health. This study used qualitative methodology. Findings are based on 13 in-depth interviews conducted over two phases of data collection with adult men who were either working or seeking work in the mines in North-West province, South Africa. Data suggest that for these men, migration to and working in the mines meant they must straddle the temporal space of work and the rural home space. For these men, the role of provider was an inescapable demand and, resulting from migration for work, their experience of fatherhood was solely centred on material provision with little or no emotional involvement with their children. Findings further illustrate the impact of minework on men's health and livelihoods-resulting in some men reimagining and seeking to create alternative career paths for their children. There is pressing need for labour reforms on the employment conditions of low-paid mine workers to enable them to reinforce their livelihoods and secure better futures for their families. Gender-transformative interventions which aim to transform ideas of masculinity that emphasize providing rather than emotional involvement with children are also needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yandisa Sikweyiya
- Gender and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | - Sebenzile Nkosi
- Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drug Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Malose Langa
- School of Community and Human Development, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Don Operario
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, United States of America
| | - Mark N. Lurie
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Mahlangu P, Gibbs A, Shai N, Machisa M, Nunze N, Sikweyiya Y. Impact of COVID-19 lockdown and link to women and children's experiences of violence in the home in South Africa. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1029. [PMID: 35597933 PMCID: PMC9123923 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13422-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Evidence on the impact of COVID-19 and lockdown remains at an early stage. There is limited research about the impact of hard lockdown restrictions on families, specifically how these restrictions impact on women and children’s experiences of domestic violence, including intimate partner violence (IPV) and child abuse in South Africa. We conducted research among men and women in Gauteng province, South Africa to understand their experiences of the COVID-19 national lockdown and its impact and link to women and children’s experiences of domestic violence. Methods We conducted a qualitative study, using social media to recruit men and women who were 18 years and older, living with a spouse and/or children in Gauteng province, South Africa during the lockdown. To collect the data, we conducted telephone interviews, and analyzed data using the thematic approach. Results The lockdown had unprecedented negative economic impacts on families, and exacerbated some of the risk factors for violence against women and children in the home in South Africa. Some women reported experiences of emotional violence. Experiences of physical violence were mostly amongst children. The risk factors for women and children’s experiences of violence in the home differed by socio-economic class. Job losses and reduction in earnings resulted to food insecurity which was a key driver of violence in most low socio-economic status (SES) families. Confinement in the home with spouses was an unfamiliar and difficult experience, associated with conflict and perpetration of violence by men in high SES families. Participants across socio-economic groups reported high levels of stress with limited psychosocial support available during the lockdown. Conclusions Our finding showing a link between low-socio-economic status and increased risk for domestic violence during the lockdown in South Africa suggests the need for socio-economic interventions to mitigate these risks. Structural and social relief measures need to be strengthened to reduce the loss of jobs and income and to address food insecurity during pandemics. Psychosocial support should be provided to men and women to mitigate the mental health impacts of the pandemics and lockdown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Mahlangu
- Gender & Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Private Bag X385, 0001, Pretoria, South Africa. .,School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - A Gibbs
- Gender & Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Private Bag X385, 0001, Pretoria, South Africa.,Centre for Rural Health, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - N Shai
- Gender & Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Private Bag X385, 0001, Pretoria, South Africa.,School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - M Machisa
- Gender & Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Private Bag X385, 0001, Pretoria, South Africa.,School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - N Nunze
- Gender & Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Private Bag X385, 0001, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Y Sikweyiya
- Gender & Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Private Bag X385, 0001, Pretoria, South Africa.,School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Sikweyiya Y, Stern E, Hanass-Hancock J, van der Heijden I, Myrttinen H, Addo-Lartey AA, Dunkle K. Intersections between disability, masculinities, and violence: experiences and insights from men with physical disabilities from three African countries. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:705. [PMID: 35399064 PMCID: PMC8994917 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13137-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gender-transformative work in the Global South often focuses on transforming ‘toxic masculinities’ to prevent intimate partner violence (IPV), but there has been little research on whether and how constructions of masculinities by men with disabilities shape their experiences and perpetration of violence. Methods We used repeated in-depth interviews and content analysis to understand whether and how physical disability intersects with the construction of masculinities and experience/perpetration of violence among 15 adult men with physical disabilities participating in interventions to prevent IPV in Ghana, Rwanda, and South Africa. Results Societal expectations and participants’ aspirations around masculinity impacted their vulnerability to violence mainly by men without disabilities. Participants reported experiences of disrespect and social exclusion in their communities and felt incapable of protecting themselves when being violated. Most participants felt they were not providing for their families and perceived themselves as having lost decision-making and positions of power in their homes. They expressed their disappointment with having reduced stamina, virility, and sexual prowess in intimate partnerships as a result of their disability. While participants reported that they could not attain key markers of idealized masculinity, placed upon and often internalized by themselves, they longed to achieve these markers to facilitate their inclusion and acceptance in their communities. Conclusions Programmers addressing violence need to engage with men with physical disabilities and consider the intersectionality of masculinities and disability, how these reinforce patriarchal norms and how men with disabilities can be included and enabled to overcome their conflict between disability and masculinities.
Collapse
|
36
|
Irene-López L, Kalmakis KA. The experience of IPV among older women in Puerto Rico; a hermeneutic phenomenological study. J Adv Nurs 2022; 79:1342-1352. [PMID: 35301745 DOI: 10.1111/jan.15228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Irene-López
- School of Nursing, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA
| | - Karen A Kalmakis
- College of Nursing, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Association between Sociodemographic Factors and Abuse by a Parent or Intimate Partner Violence among Haitian Women: A Population-Based Study. WOMEN 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/women2010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
One in three Haitian women, and two in three Haitian children, experience physical abuse. This study aims to assess characteristics of abused Haitian women and identify effective sources of support. This cross-sectional study used multiple logistic regression models to analyze sociodemographic characteristics of Haitian women, associations with abuse-exposure from a parent/intimate partner (IPV)/any perpetrator, and impacts of seeking help for abuse, from police/doctors/family. About 9.1% experienced abuse by a parent, 8.6% from IPV. Women abused by a parent were less likely to be employed (OR = 0.74, [95% CI = 0.59–0.93]) and more likely to have an often-drunk partner (2.10, [1.54–2.87]). IPV-exposed women were more likely to have primary education (1.56, [1.12–2.16]), an often-drunk partner (3.07, [2.24–4.22]) and less likely to live rurally (0.65, [0.47–0.89]). Seeking help from own family for IPV exposure was strongly associated with having a job (2.00, [1.04–3.89]) (P for interaction = 0.039) and seeking help from partner’s family for IPV was strongly associated with having an often-drunk husband (8.80, [3.07–25.23]) (p for interaction <0.001). We recommend family-based interventions targeting men’s perceptions about abuse and their alcohol consumption, introducing programs/policies integrating women into the workforce, and havens for abuse victims to confidentially receive individualized support.
Collapse
|
38
|
Community leaders' perceptions of and responses to intimate partner violence in Northwestern Ghana. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262870. [PMID: 35231044 PMCID: PMC8887772 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Calls to engage community leaders in preventing gender-based violence against women have gained global prominence in recent years. Situated within the growing calls for greater community leaders' engagement, this article problematizes the assumptions that efforts to mobilize community gatekeepers in violence prevention are likely to yield better results. Drawing inspiration from decolonial African feminist perspectives coupled with five focus group discussions conducted with 30 community leaders in the patriarchal setting of Northwestern Ghana, this article highlights the potential limitations of these assumptions by paying attention to the multiple ways; albeit subtly, in which community leaders as cultural gatekeepers may individually or collectively reproduce and sustain dominant cultural tropes that normalize violence against women. Our findings show that cultural gatekeepers' perspectives on and their approaches to addressing violence against women risk normalizing and perpetuating it. If policy makers, development practitioners, and researchers are to adequately address the violence of men, a useful starting point is to build on community leaders' perspectives, attitudes, and responses to violence as a collective issue. By building on these, we will be able to challenge and deconstruct the multiple ways in which community leaders' approaches to addressing violence are reinforcing gendered subordination.
Collapse
|
39
|
Hornuvo R, Addo-Lartey A, Alangea DO, Dako-Gyeke P. Using the Theoretical Framework of Acceptability for qualitative assessment of the "COMBAT" VAW intervention in Ghana. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 2:e0000269. [PMID: 36962327 PMCID: PMC10021998 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0000269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Violence against women (VAW) is a global health problem, which leads to negative sexual, reproductive, mental and physical health outcomes, as well as death in extreme cases. Globally, over 35% of women are reported to have experienced some form of violence, while in Ghana, 37% of women have ever experienced physical violence. Considering that the sustainability of community-based VAW interventions is largely dependent on ownership, this study used the Theoretical Framework of Acceptability (TFA) to assess the COMBAT (Community Based Action Teams) intervention (for example, ethicality, self-efficacy, and intervention coherence) which was implemented to prevent violence against women in Ghana. This qualitative research study was conducted at baseline and end-line of the intervention, which used COMBAT as a vehicle to change social norms on gender and violence in the Central region, Ghana. Participants comprised of adult (women and men) who reside in the Agona District. We analyzed the transcripts from eight (8) Focus Group Discussions conducted within one of the two intervention recipient sites (4 female community FGDs and 4 male community FGDs). Data was analyzed thematically using the Nvivo software version 12. Through the application of the TFA, the findings show that community members perceive VAW as inappropriate at the individual and community levels (ethicality), have good knowledge of the COMBAT intervention and how it works (intervention coherence). Also, the study shows that participants have a positive attitude towards the intervention and its components (positive affective attitude), and could take up components of the intervention, by reporting and seeking for VAW support (positive self-efficacy). There was a perceived reduction in VAW practices in the various communities, as well as a reduction in the abuse of women, thereby improving their well-being (intervention effectiveness). The COMBAT strategy was accepted by the community members hence could be sustained as a culturally appropriate intervention for preventing VAW.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruby Hornuvo
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Adolphina Addo-Lartey
- Department of Epidemiology and Disease Control, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Deda Ogum Alangea
- Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Phyllis Dako-Gyeke
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Poix S, Ibrahim N, Scriver S, Raghavendra S, Duvvury N, Elmusharaf K. Community cohesion and violence against women in Ghana, Pakistan, and South Sudan: A secondary data analysis. WOMEN'S HEALTH 2022; 18:17455057221123998. [PMID: 36148965 PMCID: PMC9511548 DOI: 10.1177/17455057221123998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: Much knowledge has been accumulated on individual-level risks and protective factors of violence against women. However, the influence of factors operating at the community level, such as community cohesion, remains unclear, especially in low- and middle-income countries. This study examined whether community cohesion, a combined measure of mutual trust and tolerance, affects women’s likelihood of experiencing intimate partner violence, violence perpetrated by a family member, and violence occurring in public spaces. Methods: Data on 4785 women aged between 18 and 60 years in Ghana, Pakistan, and South Sudan, initially collected by the ‘What Works to Prevent Violence Against Women and Girls’ Research and Innovation Programme, were used for this study. Binary logistic regression analyses were used to assess the association between a composite measure of community cohesion and recent experience of physical, sexual, and psychological violence while controlling for different individual-, community-, and state-level variables. Results: Multivariate analyses revealed that community cohesion was associated with lower risks of public spaces violence (adjusted odds ratio = 0.396, 95% confidence interval = 0.312–0.503, P < 0.001) and family member violence (adjusted odds ratio = 0.839, 95% confidence interval = 0.754–0.934, P < 0.001). There was no statistically significant association between intimate partner violence and community cohesion, but adjusted models showed that women with more developed social networks were at higher risks of experiencing intimate partner violence (adjusted odds ratio = 1.104, 95% confidence interval = 1.062–1.148, P < 0.001). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that community cohesion may have a protective effect against the most visible forms of violence against women. However, this effect may be attenuated or even eliminated by other individual- or household-level mechanisms in the case of violence between intimates or family members.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Poix
- School of Medicine, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Nuha Ibrahim
- School of Medicine, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Stacey Scriver
- Centre for Global Women’s Studies, School of Political Science and Sociology, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Srinivas Raghavendra
- Discipline of Economics, J.E. Cairnes School of Business and Economics, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Nata Duvvury
- Centre for Global Women’s Studies, School of Political Science and Sociology, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Conceição MMD, Whitaker MCO, Grimaldi MRM, Silva LLPD, Silva LSD, Oliveira MMC, Camargo CLD. Crianças e adolescentes vítimas de violência sexual: aspectos do desenvolvimento físico e emocional. Rev Bras Enferm 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0584pt] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO Objetivo: identificar a percepção da equipe multiprofissional de saúde sobre os aspectos do desenvolvimento físico e emocional de crianças e adolescentes que sofreram violência sexual. Métodos: estudo qualitativo, realizado com 30 profissionais de saúde em hospital da Bahia, Brasil, entre junho e julho de 2019. Os dados foram coletados a partir de entrevista norteada por questionário semiestruturado. Os resultados foram interpretados conforme o Interacionismo Simbólico. Resultados: algumas crianças violadas sexualmente tinham menos de cinco anos e aspecto saudável, outras portavam deficiências físicas/mentais. Adolescentes vitimizadas estavam em fase pré-púbere, com estrutura corporal frágil, pouco amadurecidas emocionalmente e desconheciam sobre sexualidade. Considerações finais: aspectos físicos e emocionais infantojuvenis vulnerabilizam crianças para a vitimização sexual, pois facilitam o controle e domínio que o agressor necessita ter sobre elas. Como estratégia de proteção, recomenda-se o uso da educação sexual e em saúde atreladas a maior vigilância de familiares, da equipe multiprofissional e educadores.
Collapse
|
42
|
Okedo-Alex IN, Akamike IC, Uneke CJ, Abateneh DD. Community Attitudes Towards Violence Against Women, and Lived Experiences of Family Violence and Abuse During Childhood in Rural Eastern Nigeria: Implications for Policy and Programming. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2021; 14:4983-4990. [PMID: 34934373 PMCID: PMC8684412 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s342584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Violence against women (VAW) has remained an increasingly significant public health problem globally. This study explored childhood experiences of abuse and attitude towards violence against women among adults in a rural community in South-east Nigeria. Methods This was a cross-sectional study conducted in a rural community in Ebonyi, Nigeria. Data were collected from 280 respondents using interviewer-administered questionnaires. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 25. Results The mean age of the male participants was 46.5±16.8, while that for the female participants was 43.3±16.9. Most were females (203/280, 72.5%), out of which (83/203, 40.9%) had secondary school as the highest level of education attained. Most participants were females (203/280, 72.5%), married (225/280, 80.4%) with secondary school education (124/280, 44.3%). More than one-tenth (33/280, 11.8%) had ever witnessed parental violence, while 46.4% had been physically abused in childhood. Forced touching and penetrative sex was experienced sometimes by 11.4% (32/280) and 21.8% (61/289), respectively. Overall, the majority (258/280, 92.8%) had a disapproving attitude towards gender-based violence. Most participants disagreed that hitting or insulting woman was not wrong (246/280, 87.9%). The majority of the respondents agreed that women were inferior to men from a cultural perspective (175/280, 62.5%). Almost half strongly agreed (125/2280, 44.6%) and agreed (118/280, 42.1%) that a woman is a man’s possession. The predictors of attitude were secondary school education (AOR = 7.74, 95% CI = 1.69–35.54) and monogamous marital setting (AOR = 2.83, 95% CI = 1.08–7.42). Conclusion This study showed that Nigerian adults had high levels of childhood exposures to family violence, physical and sexual abuse. Overall, the majority disapproved of VAW; however, there were gaps that endorsed patriarchal ideologies. Interventions to address VAW should include components targeted at children exposed to violence and de-bunking patriarchal ideologies that encourage VAW.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ijeoma Nkem Okedo-Alex
- African Institute for Health Policy and Health Systems, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria.,Department of Community Medicine, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
| | - Ifeyinwa Chizoba Akamike
- African Institute for Health Policy and Health Systems, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria.,Department of Community Medicine, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
| | - Chigozie Jesse Uneke
- African Institute for Health Policy and Health Systems, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
| | - Dejene Derseh Abateneh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Menelik II College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Kotebe Metropolitan University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Mejía-Guevara I, Cislaghi B, Darmstadt GL. Men's Attitude Towards Contraception and Sexuality, Women's Empowerment, and Demand Satisfied for Family Planning in India. FRONTIERS IN SOCIOLOGY 2021; 6:689980. [PMID: 34977228 PMCID: PMC8717326 DOI: 10.3389/fsoc.2021.689980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Whilst the prevalence of unmet need and contraceptive use remained unchanged for 10 years (between 2005-2015) in India, gender restrictive norms and power imbalances also have persisted, preventing married women from meeting their family planning desires. Data for this study are from the 2015-6 National Family Household Survey, which contains information on fertility preferences and family planning for women in reproductive age. As a proxy for men's attitudinal norms, we aggregated men's perceptions regarding contraception (contraception is women's business, women who use contraception may become promiscuous) and control over their wife (if his wife refuses to have sex, men have the right to deny financial support, have sex with another woman, or beat wife) at district level. Using a three-level random intercepts model, we assessed individual and contextual-level associations of men's attitudinal norms and met need for contraception among sexually active women (aged 15-49) with any demand for family planning, while adjusting for women's empowerment indicators [education, job status, and adult marriage] and individual demographic factors. Our results indicate that men's attitudinal norms are negatively associated with women's contraceptive use; for instance, a 1 standard deviation increase in the proportion of men who believe that contraception is women's business was associated with a 12% reduced likelihood of contraceptive use (OR = 0.88, 95% CI 0.82-0.95). Similar associations remained or were stronger after considering only modern methods, or when excluding female sterilization. Furthermore, our contextual effects analysis revealed that women's higher education or wealth did not improve contraceptive uptake in communities with strong attitudinal norms, but working women or women married as children were more likely to use contraception in those communities. Our results suggest that men's attitudinal norms may be dominating over women's empowerment regarding family planning choices among reproductive age women. However, employment appeared to play a strong protective role associated with women's contraceptive use. It is important for programs seeking to transform gender equality and empower women in making contraceptive choices to consider women's employment opportunities and to also address male attitudinal norms in the context of the ecosystem in which men and women coexist and interact.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iván Mejía-Guevara
- Stanford Aging and Ethnogeriatrics (SAGE) Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States
- Center for Population Health Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Beniamino Cislaghi
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Global Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Gary L. Darmstadt
- Global Center for Gender Equality, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Rosida L, Mutiara Putri I, Komarudin K, Fajarini N, Suryaningsih EK. The Domestic Violence during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Scoping Review. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2021.7378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The Covid-19 pandemic had brought unexpected challenges in all sectors of life, from the social, economic to health sectors, particularly public health. One of the most worrying effects of Covid-19 is the increase in cases of domestic violence.
Aim : This scoping review was to determine trends in domestic violence during the Covid-19 pandemic and strategies for handling it
Method The method used in this paper is the Scoping Review study. We searched for relevant articles on 4 databases (PubMed, ScienceDirect, ProQuest and EBSco), in English, published in 2019-2021. Of the 434 articles identified, there were 6 articles that met the inclusion criteria.
Result There were 6 themes we got related to domestic violence during the Covid-19 pandemic, namely: 1) The number of cases of domestic violence during the Covid-19 pandemic; 2) Risk factors for domestic violence; 3) Victims and perpetrators of domestic violence; 4) Types of domestic violence; 5) Impact of domestic violence; 6) Strategies for handling domestic violence during the Covid-19 pandemic.
Conclusion The Covid-19 pandemic had an impact on domestic violence cases, where the majority of victims were women and most of whom experienced recurrent domestic violence. The majority of the articles in this scoping review were quantitative research, we recommend that future research can be examined deeper into the understanding, experiences and needs of victims and perpetrators of domestic violence during the Covid-19 pandemic including the roles of cross-sectors and obstacles experienced in handling domestic violence in the future. the covid-19 pandemic. The results of this study are expected to provide input in making policies related to the prevention and reduction of domestic violence cases during the Covid-19 pandemic.
Collapse
|
45
|
Development and Testing of a Community-Based Intervention to Address Intimate Partner Violence among Rohingya and Syrian Refugees: A Social Norms-Based Mental Health-Integrated Approach. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182111674. [PMID: 34770188 PMCID: PMC8582911 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is the leading form of gender-based violence globally and increases during times of conflict and displacement. To reduce IPV and encourage help-seeking, a two-phase community-based intervention was co-designed with Rohingya in Malaysia and Syrians in Lebanon. Three day workshops, utilizing a social norms-based mental health-integrated approach, were implemented for women and men in each country (n = 148). Pre- to post-measures indicated reductions in beliefs about acceptability of violence and rigid gender norms, and improvements in mental health, functioning, coping, and self-efficacy for women and men following workshop participation. Workshop participation was also associated with increased help-seeking intent, for both mental health and IPV (victims and perpetrators). Workshops included community design of poster campaigns to address IPV, which were then tested in each setting using a randomized controlled trial in Malaysia (n = 240) and a matched cluster comparison in Lebanon (n = 260). Women in both settings found IPV less acceptable in the poster condition. Help-seeking preferences were also influenced by the poster for women and men in both countries. This participatory intervention research can provide a roadmap for use in other settings, emphasizing the value of community-generated solutions to IPV among displaced populations.
Collapse
|
46
|
Ameyaw EK, Njue C, Amoah RM, Appiah F, Baatiema L, Ahinkorah BO, Seidu AA, Ganle JK, Yaya S. Is improvement in indicators of women's empowerment associated with uptake of WHO recommended IPTp-SP levels in sub-Saharan Africa? A multilevel approach. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e047606. [PMID: 34716158 PMCID: PMC8559097 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The global burden of malaria has reduced considerably; however, malaria in pregnancy remains a major public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), where about 32 million pregnant women are at risk of acquiring malaria. The WHO has recommended that pregnant women in high malaria transmission locations, including SSA, have intermittent preventive treatment of malaria during pregnancy with at least three doses of sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (IPTp-SP). Therefore, we investigated the prevalence of IPTp-SP uptake and associated individual-level, community-level and country-level predictors in SSA. DESIGN A cross-sectional survey was conducted using recent Demographic and Health Surveys datasets of 20 SSA countries. A total of 96 765 women were included. Optimum uptake of IPTp-SP at most recent pregnancy was the outcome variable. We fitted three-level multilevel models: individual, community and country parameters at 95% credible interval. RESULTS In all, 29.2% of the women had optimal IPTp-SP uptake ranging from 55.1% (in Zambia) to 6.9% (in Gambia). The study revealed a high likelihood of optimum IPTp-SP uptake among women with high knowledge (aOR=1.298, Crl 1.206 to 1.398) relative to women with low knowledge. Women in upper-middle-income countries were more than three times likely to have at least three IPTp-SP doses compared with those in low-income countries (aOR=3.268, Crl 2.392 to 4.098). We found that community (σ2=1.999, Crl 1.088 to 2.231) and country (σ2=1.853, Crl 1.213 to 2.831) level variations exist in optimal uptake of IPTp-SP. According to the intracluster correlation, 53.9% and 25.9% of the variation in optimum IPTp-SP uptake are correspondingly attributable to community-level and country-level factors. CONCLUSIONS The outcome of our study suggests that low-income SSA countries should increase budgetary allocation to maternal health, particularly for IPTp-SP interventions. IPTp-SP advocacy behavioural change communication strategies must focus on women with low knowledge, rural dwellers, married women and those who do not meet the minimum of eight antenatal care visits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward Kwabena Ameyaw
- Faculty of Health, The Australian Centre for Public and Population Health Research, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Carolyne Njue
- Public Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Francis Appiah
- Department of Social Sciences, Berekum College of Education, Berekum, Ghana
| | - Linus Baatiema
- Department of Population and Health, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Central, Ghana
| | - Bright Opoku Ahinkorah
- Faculty of Health, The Australian Centre for Public and Population Health Research, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Abdul-Aziz Seidu
- Department of Population and Health, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Central, Ghana
| | - John Kuumuori Ganle
- Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Sanni Yaya
- School of International Development and Global Studies, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- The George Institute for Global Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Quarshie ENB. Boys should not be overlooked: Sexual violence victimization and associated factors among school-going adolescents in urban Ghana. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2021; 120:105227. [PMID: 34352684 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescent sexual violence victimization is still less researched in countries within sub-Saharan Africa, including Ghana. OBJECTIVES To estimate the 12-month prevalence of sexual violence victimization and describe the differences and commonalities in the associated factors between school-going boys and girls in urban Ghana. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Students (n = 1692) aged 13-19 years attending Second Cycle Schools in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana participated in this study. METHODS This is a cross-sectional survey involving the use of a self-report anonymous questionnaire. Items measuring sexual violence victimization and correlates were adopted from the 2012 WHO-Global School-based Student Health Survey. Data analysis involved bivariable and multivariable approaches. RESULTS Overall, 17.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 15.7, 19.4) adolescents (males = 10.4% [95% CI 8.3, 13.6]; females = 24.3% [95% CI 21.5, 27.3]) reported sexual violence victimization during the previous 12 months. Girls (compared to boys) were nearly three times more likely to report sexual violence victimization (aOR = 2.74, 95% CI 2.01, 3.74, p < 0.001). Breakup, sexual minority status, and conflict with parents were uniquely associated with sexual violence victimization among females. Regardless of gender, adolescents who were in a romantic relationship (aOR = 1.63, 95% CI 1.19, 2.24, p = 0.002) and reported physical abuse victimization (aOR = 1.84, 95% CI 1.36, 2.49, p < 0.001) were more likely to report sexual violence victimization. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of sexual violence victimization among school-going adolescents in urban Ghana compares with estimates from sub-Saharan Africa, but also warrants the need for universal and targeted prevention regimes against the offence in both boys and girls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Nii-Boye Quarshie
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana; Centre for Suicide and Violence Research (CSVR), Accra, Ghana.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Comprehensive HIV/AIDS knowledge and safer sex negotiation among adolescent girls and young women in sub-Saharan Africa. J Biosoc Sci 2021; 54:991-1003. [PMID: 34558397 DOI: 10.1017/s0021932021000493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Globally, HIV/AIDS remains a public health issue, especially in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Despite the increased advocacy and dissemination of comprehensive HIV/AIDS information in SSA, it appears that little progress has been made to reduce the incidence of HIV/AIDS in the sub-region. This study, therefore, examined the association between comprehensive HIV/AIDS knowledge and safer sex negotiation among adolescent girls and young women in SSA. Data were taken from the Demographic and Health Surveys conducted between 2010 and 2019 in 30 countries in SSA. The study sample comprised 37,364 adolescent girls and young women aged 15-24. A multivariable binary logistic regression analysis was done to test the hypothesis that there is a positive association between comprehensive HIV/AIDS knowledge and safer sex negotiation. Adolescent girls and young women who had comprehensive knowledge on HIV/AIDS were more likely to negotiate for safer sex compared with those who had no comprehensive knowledge on HIV/AIDS (AOR=1.31, 95% CI: 1.22-1.41). At the country level, the positive association between comprehensive knowledge on HIV/AIDS and safer sex negotiation was significant in Chad, Congo DR, Gambia, Guinea, Liberia, Ethiopia and Malawi. On the other hand, in Togo, adolescent girls and young women who had comprehensive HIV/AIDS knowledge were less likely to negotiate for safer sex. These findings can inform policies and programmes on the crucial role of comprehensive HIV/AIDS education and knowledge in increasing safer sex negotiation among adolescent girls and young women in SSA. The study recommends that Togo needs to address certain practices such as intimate partner violence against adolescent girls and young women, which prevent them from negotiating for safer sex, despite their higher knowledge on comprehensive HIV/AIDS. Lessons can be learnt from Chad, Congo DR, Gambia, Guinea, Liberia, Ethiopia and Malawi about the scale-up of programmes and interventions targeted at young women.
Collapse
|
49
|
Brion C, Ampah-Mensah A. Changing cultural norms through education: voices from Ghanaian women principals. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1108/ijem-11-2020-0521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PurposeThis study examined how cultural factors positively or negatively influenced women's access to the principal role and influenced their leadership experiences. The researchers used Hofstede (2011) six dimensions of national culture as a conceptual framework. The Hofstede (2011) model of national culture consists of six dimensions (6D) that the investigators utilized to interpret and code the data. This framework allowed the researchers to comprehend the impact of cultural norms and values on women leaders and how women leaders work within those behavioral patterns. Utilizing this framework to map women educational leaders' experiences provided nuances in the dimensions within this region.Design/methodology/approachUsing a qualitative research paradigm and a phenomenological approach, this study explored the experiences of 12 women principals in the Komenda Edina Eguafo Abrem District (KEEA) of the Central Region of Ghana. The phenomenological approach is represented in cultural and social experiences. It enables researchers to describe the meaning of individuals' experiences (Creswell, 2007). This approach helped the researchers describe the participants' perceptions and experiences as Ghanaian women school leaders. This study sought to answer the following research questions: What are the experiences of women principals in Ghanaian K-12 public schools? What challenges do these women encounter in their work as principals? What support exists for these women to effectively execute their leadership roles? A criterion sampling was used to select principals. Data collection included one-on-one in-depth interviews and field notes.FindingsFindings revealed that these women navigated cultural norms and beliefs in order to exercise their own leadership style and pursue their careers in education. These women leaders were also able to gradually change the teachers' and community members' mindsets on women and leadership.Research limitations/implicationsThis study took place with 12 women within one district in one region of Ghana. While this is a limited sample, this study is significant because it increased one's understanding of how women leaders in patriarchal societies navigate cultural beliefs and norms in order to execute their responsibilities. This study informs educational reforms on gender equity and leadership preparation programmes and sheds light on culturally informed leadership practices unique to women.Practical implicationsBased on the study's findings, the researchers offer some recommendations for practitioners, policy makers and scholars.Social implicationsGiven the global call to promote equity in all aspects of social, economic and public life, the question is not whether we should support women educational leaders but rather how we can better support these professionals navigate cultural norms embedded in patriarchal and traditional societies.Originality/valueCurrently, majority of scholarly articles written on the experiences of women educational leaders come from South Africa (Diko, 2014; Mestry and Schmidt, 2012; Moorosi, 2010). In Ghana, quantitative studies have focused on factors accounting for gender disparity in education leadership in specific districts (Segkulu and Gyimah, 2016) and stereotypical perceptions of women principals (Pwadura, 2016). However, there are a limited number of qualitative studies that explore the experiences of women principals. This study is designed to fill this knowledge gap by employing a qualitative design to explore the experiences of 12 women school principals located in the KEEA municipality in the Central Region of Ghana. Thus, the gap in knowledge that this study seeks to bridge is both methodological – in terms of the use of a qualitative approach – and topical – in terms of exploring the experiences of female principals.
Collapse
|
50
|
Mothers' experiences of caring for preterm babies at home: qualitative insights from an urban setting in a middle-income country. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2021; 21:395. [PMID: 34016064 PMCID: PMC8136128 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-021-03872-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Preterm delivery is the birth of a baby before 37 weeks of gestation. This global phenomenon is a critical issue of concern especially in developing countries that are resource-constrained when it comes to the management of preterm babies. Complications associated with prematurity contribute significantly to under-five mortality and are linked with feelings of despair, grief, and anxiety among mothers. Methods This was a qualitative descriptive study in an urban setting in the Greater Accra region of Ghana. Eleven mothers whose babies had been discharged from the neonatal intensive care unit in a major hospital and resided in Accra were interviewed in their homes using a semi-structured interview guide. Data were audiotaped, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed inductively by content analysis. Results All the mothers had formal education and the mean maternal age was 27.9 years. The majority of the mothers were multiparous. The gestational age at birth ranged from 32 to 34 weeks and the average birth weight of their babies was 1.61 kg. Four major themes emerged which included: Around the clock care; mothers’ self-perceptions and attitudes of significant others; mothers’ health and wellbeing; and support. Most of the mothers experienced physical exhaustion from the extra demands involved with care, had negative emotions, and unmet social needs. Conclusions The findings indicate that home management of preterm babies poses multiple stressors and is associated with poor psychological and physical wellbeing among mothers. Hence, the need for extensive education and identification of other social support systems to augment facility-based care for mothers and their preterm babies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12884-021-03872-9.
Collapse
|