1
|
Cavalleri M, Sciascia QL, Görs S, Vernunft A, Reyer H, Wimmers K, Zentek J, Kluess J, Dänicke S, Metges CC. Measurement of Oro-Cecal Transit Time in LPS-Treated Pigs Fed High and Low Fiber Diets Using the Lactose- 13C-Ureide Test in Breath and Saliva Samples. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2025; 73:10304-10315. [PMID: 40234424 PMCID: PMC12046600 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5c00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2025] [Revised: 04/07/2025] [Accepted: 04/08/2025] [Indexed: 04/17/2025]
Abstract
The lactose-13C-ureide (L13CU) test, used in humans to measure oro-cecal transit time (OCTT) in breath CO2, was assessed for its suitability in pigs as a noninvasive alternative to intestinal cannulation. The OCTT was determined with the L13CU test in breath and saliva samples when pigs were fed low or high dietary fiber (DF) (low fiber, 2.8% DF; high fiber 6.5% DF) diets, and 24 h after an i.m. injection with either lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or NaCl. The OCTT measured in breath was longer in LF-LPS than in LF-NaCl and HF-LPS groups (3.4 vs 2.9 h; p < 0.05). Additionally, LPS prolonged the OCTT of pigs, and DF prevented this effect. 90 % of OCTT estimates measured in saliva and breath CO2 did not differ. We conclude that the L13CU breath test is useful for determining OCTT in pigs; saliva is generally suitable as a sample matrix for OCTT, but its use requires further validation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Quentin L. Sciascia
- Research
Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Solvig Görs
- Research
Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Andreas Vernunft
- Research
Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Henry Reyer
- Research
Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Klaus Wimmers
- Research
Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
- Faculty
of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Jürgen Zentek
- Institute
of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität
Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jeannette Kluess
- Federal
Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute
of Animal Nutrition, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sven Dänicke
- Federal
Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute
of Animal Nutrition, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Cornelia C. Metges
- Research
Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
- Faculty
of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bagaria M, Tous N, Torrallardona D, Cerón JJ, Pérez-Calvo E, Ren W, Argamasilla R, Fàbrega E. Understanding the Impact of Social Stress on Serum Metabolome and Saliva Biomarkers in Growing-Finishing Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2025; 15:1228. [PMID: 40362043 PMCID: PMC12071068 DOI: 10.3390/ani15091228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2025] [Revised: 04/15/2025] [Accepted: 04/15/2025] [Indexed: 05/15/2025] Open
Abstract
High levels of social stress are known to negatively impact pig welfare. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of social stress in growing-finishing pigs by measuring serum metabolome changes and saliva biomarkers. Seventy-two undocked pigs (thirty-six males and thirty-six females) were housed in single-sex pens of four, with the second dominant pig in each pen selected as the focal pig. A social challenge was conducted by mixing the focal pig with three new pigs in its home pen on two consecutive days on trial days 62-64. Saliva and blood samples were collected, and the pigs' behaviour and body lesions were evaluated pre- and post-challenge. A total of 630 serum metabolites were analysed, 292 of which could be statistically compared using Biocrates WebIDQ v5 software. Salivary haptoglobin concentrations and the number of body lesions significantly increased after the challenge (p < 0.001), whereas the average daily weight gain decreased (p < 0.05). The serum showed decreases in essential amino acids (Thr, Met, and Phe), non-essential amino acids (Glu, Asn, Asp, Pro, and Tyr), betaine, ornithine, indoxyl sulphate, taurine, and some blood di- and triacylglycerols (q < 0.05), and increases in oleic, eicosanoic, eicosadienoic, and dihomo-gamma-linolenic acids; EPA; and DHA post-challenge (q < 0.05). Overall, the results suggest the potential of metabolomics as a tool providing a more holistic view of the impact of social stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Bagaria
- Animal Welfare Program, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), 17121 Monells, Spain;
| | - Núria Tous
- Animal Nutrition Program, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), 43120 Constantí, Spain; (N.T.); (D.T.)
| | - David Torrallardona
- Animal Nutrition Program, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), 43120 Constantí, Spain; (N.T.); (D.T.)
| | - Jose Joaquín Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Estefanía Pérez-Calvo
- Animal Nutrition and Health, DSM-Firmenich, 4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland; (E.P.-C.); (R.A.)
| | - Wen Ren
- Animal Nutrition and Health, R&D Center, DSM-Firmenich, Bazhou 065700, China;
| | - Rosa Argamasilla
- Animal Nutrition and Health, DSM-Firmenich, 4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland; (E.P.-C.); (R.A.)
| | - Emma Fàbrega
- Animal Welfare Program, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), 17121 Monells, Spain;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Atallah E, Pesenti Rossi G, Soares Filipe JF, Dalla Costa E, Mazzola SM, Minero M, Pecile A, Motta A, Barbieri S. Assessing salivary cortisol and testosterone as non-invasive biomarkers for GnRH-immunocastration efficiency in heavy pigs. BMC Vet Res 2025; 21:253. [PMID: 40205375 PMCID: PMC11980133 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-025-04708-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2025] [Indexed: 04/11/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Efforts to enhance animal welfare have led to the investigation of alternative methods of performing surgical castration on young pigs that induce stress and anxiety. This study was conducted to establish the efficacy of immunocastration in heavy pigs, with non-invasive diagnostic indicators being salivary cortisol and testosterone levels. RESULTS At 225 days, a significant difference was noted in the cortisol levels of pigs in the treatment groups, with the immune-castrated (IC) recording higher levels than the surgically castrated (SC) animals. Furthermore, 196-day and 225-day-old IC pigs had remarkably elevated testosterone amounts. The changes that were seen to be significant after immunocastration indicate that the use of salivary tests can be a good way of evaluating how effective this alternative method is. Among SC pigs, a significant positive relationship was found between salivary cortisol and salivary testosterone concentrations at 225, 240, and 268 days. Moreover, no association was observed in IC animals. These findings signal that the hormonal levels and their interactions are related to different physiological reactions of pigs to immunological and surgical castration. CONCLUSIONS The results underline the significance of salivary cortisol and testosterone as stress and hormonal balance indicators in heavy pigs with immunocastration. This study provides insights into the complex hormonal reactions to stress post-castration and emphasizes the need for further research to enhance animal welfare practices. Overall, salivary testing offers a practical approach to evaluating immunocastration efficacy and monitoring pig health and well-being.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Atallah
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - G Pesenti Rossi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy.
| | - J F Soares Filipe
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - E Dalla Costa
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - S M Mazzola
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - M Minero
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - A Pecile
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - A Motta
- Centro Ricerche Produzioni Animali, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - S Barbieri
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Muñoz-Prieto A, Pardo-Marín L, Goyena E, García Manzanilla E, Cerón JJ, Franco-Martínez L. Changes of Cytokines in Saliva of Pigs with Streptococcus suis Infection Measured with a Multiplex Assay. Vet Sci 2025; 12:316. [PMID: 40284818 PMCID: PMC12031078 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci12040316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2025] [Revised: 03/06/2025] [Accepted: 03/24/2025] [Indexed: 04/29/2025] Open
Abstract
Experimental Objective: This study evaluated potential changes in cytokines in the saliva of pigs with meningitis and Streptococcus suis (S. suis) infection, using a multiplex assay. Methods: For this purpose, levels of 13 cytokines, namely GM-CSF, IFNγ, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-1ra, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-18, and TNF-α, were measured in porcine saliva from 29 male weaning piglets (6 to 9 weeks old) with meningitis and S. suis infection (S. suis group, n = 15) and healthy controls (healthy group, n = 14). Samples were measured using Luminex xMAP® technology with a multiplex assay that was analytically evaluated in this study. Results: The measurement of these cytokines provided adequate values during the analytical validation conducted in this study, except for GM-CSF, TNF-α, IFNγ, and IL-8. Particularly for GM-CSF and TNF-α, many values, especially in healthy pigs, fell below the limit of quantification of the assay. In pigs with S. suis infection, 11 out of the 13 cytokines, namely GM-CSF, IFNγ, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-18, and TNF-α, showed statistically (p < 0.05) higher levels compared to the healthy controls. Conclusions: These findings underscore an association between S. suis infection and alterations in selected cytokine levels in the saliva of pigs afflicted with this disease, thus highlighting the potential role of these cytokines in the immune response to infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Muñoz-Prieto
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Interlab-UMU, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (A.M.-P.); (L.P.-M.); (J.J.C.)
| | - Luis Pardo-Marín
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Interlab-UMU, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (A.M.-P.); (L.P.-M.); (J.J.C.)
| | - Elena Goyena
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Anatomy, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Edgar García Manzanilla
- Moorepark Animal and Grassland Research Center, Teagasc, Irish Agriculture and Food Development Authority, Cork P61 C996, Ireland;
| | - José Joaquín Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Interlab-UMU, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (A.M.-P.); (L.P.-M.); (J.J.C.)
| | - Lorena Franco-Martínez
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Interlab-UMU, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (A.M.-P.); (L.P.-M.); (J.J.C.)
- Moorepark Animal and Grassland Research Center, Teagasc, Irish Agriculture and Food Development Authority, Cork P61 C996, Ireland;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Botía M, Muñoz-Prieto A, Martínez-Subiela S, Martín-Cuervo M, Hansen S, Manteca X, Cerón JJ, López-Arjona M. Oxytocin in horse saliva: validation of a highly sensitive assay and a pilot report about changes in equine gastric ulcer syndrome. BMC Vet Res 2025; 21:90. [PMID: 39987089 PMCID: PMC11847335 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-025-04569-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2025] [Indexed: 02/24/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS) is a frequent disease in horses that comprises two different entities: equine squamous gastric disease (ESGD) and equine glandular gastric disease (EGGD). This disease considerably reduces the quality of life of affected horses and can negatively affect performance. Saliva contains biomarkers, such as oxytocin, that have been used as a welfare indicator and can develop a function as a protective factor against stress-induced changes in gastric function due to its gastric antisecretory and antiulcer effects. The objective of this work was to evaluate changes in salivary oxytocin concentrations in healthy and EGUS horses. For this purpose, an immunoassay based on AlphaLISA technology was validated for the quantification of salivary oxytocin and applied in a total of 102 horses divided into 5 groups: 25 with both EGUS, 23 with only EGGD, 21 with only ESGD, 19 horses with other diseases, and 14 healthy horses. RESULTS The analytical validation of the method showed good precision and linearity under dilution. Salivary oxytocin concentrations in healthy horses were higher compared to horses with both ESGD and EGGD and only EGGD. Salivary oxytocin concentrations in horses with only ESGD were higher compared to horses with both ESGD and EGGD and horses with only EGGD. In addition, salivary oxytocin concentrations in horses with other diseases different from ESGD were significantly increased compared to horses with both ESGD and EGGD and horses with only EGGD. CONCLUSIONS This report validates a new assay that can measure oxytocin in saliva in horses in a precise and accurate way. The lower oxytocin values in horses with EGGD and both EGGD and ESGD than in horses with ESGD, horses with other diseases, and healthy horses could indicate a possible relation of oxytocin with this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Botía
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (INTERLAB-UMU), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Muñoz-Prieto
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (INTERLAB-UMU), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Silvia Martínez-Subiela
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (INTERLAB-UMU), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - María Martín-Cuervo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Cáceres, University of Extremadura, Av. de La Universidad S-N, Cáceres, 10005, Spain
| | - Sanni Hansen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Xavier Manteca
- Department of Animal and Food Science, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - José Joaquín Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (INTERLAB-UMU), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Marina López-Arjona
- Department of Animal and Food Science, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nastasijevic I, Kundacina I, Jaric S, Pavlovic Z, Radovic M, Radonic V. Recent Advances in Biosensor Technologies for Meat Production Chain. Foods 2025; 14:744. [PMID: 40077447 PMCID: PMC11899517 DOI: 10.3390/foods14050744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2025] [Revised: 02/06/2025] [Accepted: 02/14/2025] [Indexed: 03/14/2025] Open
Abstract
Biosensors are innovative and cost-effective analytical devices that integrate biological recognition elements (bioreceptors) with transducers to detect specific substances (biomolecules), providing a high sensitivity and specificity for the rapid and accurate point-of-care (POC) quantitative detection of selected biomolecules. In the meat production chain, their application has gained attention due to the increasing demand for enhanced food safety, quality assurance, food fraud detection, and regulatory compliance. Biosensors can detect foodborne pathogens (Salmonella, Campylobacter, Shiga-toxin-producing E. coli/STEC, L. monocytogenes, etc.), spoilage bacteria and indicators, contaminants (pesticides, dioxins, and mycotoxins), antibiotics, antimicrobial resistance genes, hormones (growth promoters and stress hormones), and metabolites (acute-phase proteins as inflammation markers) at different modules along the meat chain, from livestock farming to packaging in the farm-to-fork (F2F) continuum. By providing real-time data from the meat chain, biosensors enable early interventions, reducing the health risks (foodborne outbreaks) associated with contaminated meat/meat products or sub-standard meat products. Recent advancements in micro- and nanotechnology, microfluidics, and wireless communication have further enhanced the sensitivity, specificity, portability, and automation of biosensors, making them suitable for on-site field applications. The integration of biosensors with blockchain and Internet of Things (IoT) systems allows for acquired data integration and management, while their integration with artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) enables rapid data processing, analytics, and input for risk assessment by competent authorities. This promotes transparency and traceability within the meat chain, fostering consumer trust and industry accountability. Despite biosensors' promising potential, challenges such as scalability, reliability associated with the complexity of meat matrices, and regulatory approval are still the main challenges. This review provides a broad overview of the most relevant aspects of current state-of-the-art biosensors' development, challenges, and opportunities for prospective applications and their regular use in meat safety and quality monitoring, clarifying further perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Nastasijevic
- Institute of Meat Hygiene and Technology, Kacanskog 13, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Kundacina
- University of Novi Sad, Biosense Institute, Dr Zorana Djindjica 1a, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (I.K.); (S.J.); (Z.P.); (M.R.); (V.R.)
| | - Stefan Jaric
- University of Novi Sad, Biosense Institute, Dr Zorana Djindjica 1a, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (I.K.); (S.J.); (Z.P.); (M.R.); (V.R.)
| | - Zoran Pavlovic
- University of Novi Sad, Biosense Institute, Dr Zorana Djindjica 1a, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (I.K.); (S.J.); (Z.P.); (M.R.); (V.R.)
| | - Marko Radovic
- University of Novi Sad, Biosense Institute, Dr Zorana Djindjica 1a, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (I.K.); (S.J.); (Z.P.); (M.R.); (V.R.)
| | - Vasa Radonic
- University of Novi Sad, Biosense Institute, Dr Zorana Djindjica 1a, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (I.K.); (S.J.); (Z.P.); (M.R.); (V.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Llamas-Amor E, Ortín-Bustillo A, López-Martínez MJ, Muñoz-Prieto A, Manzanilla EG, Arense J, Miralles-Chorro A, Fuentes P, Martínez-Subiela S, González-Bulnes A, Goyena E, Martínez-Martínez A, Cerón JJ, Tecles F. Use of Saliva Analytes as a Predictive Model to Detect Diseases in the Pig: A Pilot Study. Metabolites 2025; 15:130. [PMID: 39997755 PMCID: PMC11857661 DOI: 10.3390/metabo15020130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2025] [Revised: 02/10/2025] [Accepted: 02/11/2025] [Indexed: 02/26/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Saliva is gaining importance as a diagnostic sample in pigs. The aim of this research was to evaluate a panel of salivary analytes in three porcine diseases and establish predictive models to detect them. METHODS Saliva samples were obtained from healthy pigs (n = 97) and pigs affected by meningitis due to Streptococcus suis (n = 118), diarrhea due to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC, n = 77), and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS, n = 52). The following biomarkers were analyzed: adenosine deaminase (ADA), haptoglobin (Hp), calprotectin (Calp), aldolase, alpha-amylase (sAA), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), total protein (TP), and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs). Predictive models based on binary logistic regression and decision trees combining those analytes for detecting specific diseases were constructed. RESULTS The results showed a different biomarker profile between the groups. S. suis and ETEC pigs showed higher values of ADA, Hp, Calp, aldolase, sAA, LDH, and TP than healthy pigs. Pigs with PRRS showed higher values of Hp, Calp, sAA, and LDH than healthy animals. The constructed predictive models showed overall accuracies of over 78% and 87% for differentiating ETEC and PRRS, respectively, whereas the models did not accurately predict S. suis infection. CONCLUSIONS Salivary analytes show different changes in pigs depending on the disease, and the combination of these analytes can contribute to the prediction of different diseases. Further studies should be conducted in larger populations to confirm these findings and evaluate their possible practical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Llamas-Amor
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (E.L.-A.); (A.O.-B.); (M.J.L.-M.); (A.M.-P.); (S.M.-S.); (J.J.C.)
| | - Alba Ortín-Bustillo
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (E.L.-A.); (A.O.-B.); (M.J.L.-M.); (A.M.-P.); (S.M.-S.); (J.J.C.)
| | - María José López-Martínez
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (E.L.-A.); (A.O.-B.); (M.J.L.-M.); (A.M.-P.); (S.M.-S.); (J.J.C.)
| | - Alberto Muñoz-Prieto
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (E.L.-A.); (A.O.-B.); (M.J.L.-M.); (A.M.-P.); (S.M.-S.); (J.J.C.)
| | - Edgar García Manzanilla
- Pig Development Department, Moorepark Animal and Grassland Research Centre, Teagasc, Irish Agriculture and Food Development Authority, P61 C996 Cork, Ireland;
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, D04 W6F6 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Julián Arense
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, 30120 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Aida Miralles-Chorro
- Anatomy and Compared Pathology Anatomy Department, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
- Cátedra Universitaria Grupo Fuertes, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Pablo Fuentes
- Cátedra Universitaria Grupo Fuertes, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Silvia Martínez-Subiela
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (E.L.-A.); (A.O.-B.); (M.J.L.-M.); (A.M.-P.); (S.M.-S.); (J.J.C.)
| | - Antonio González-Bulnes
- Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, C/Tirant lo Blanc, 7, 46115 Valencia, Spain;
- Cuarte S.L. Grupo Jorge, Ctra. De Logroño, Km 9.2, 50120 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Elena Goyena
- Animal Health Department, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
| | | | - José Joaquín Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (E.L.-A.); (A.O.-B.); (M.J.L.-M.); (A.M.-P.); (S.M.-S.); (J.J.C.)
| | - Fernando Tecles
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (E.L.-A.); (A.O.-B.); (M.J.L.-M.); (A.M.-P.); (S.M.-S.); (J.J.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Layton R, Beggs D, Fisher A, Mansell P, Riddell S, Layton D, Williams DT, Stanger KJ. A Positive-Reinforcement Training Regimen for Refined Sample Collection in Laboratory Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2025; 15:471. [PMID: 40002952 PMCID: PMC11851642 DOI: 10.3390/ani15040471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2025] [Revised: 01/30/2025] [Accepted: 02/04/2025] [Indexed: 02/27/2025] Open
Abstract
Positive-reinforcement training of laboratory pigs can reduce the reliance on forced manual restraint and anaesthesia for sample collection, reducing stress and physiological disruption. Training regimens for laboratory pigs typically rely on specialised equipment for restraint, such as Panepinto slings, with a time investment that may not be justified for short-term studies. These training regimens also commonly rely on pigs being lifted into sling restraints, which is not practical for studies involving large pigs. We developed and assessed a rapid, three-phase, positive-reinforcement training regimen for both individually housed and group-housed laboratory pigs to facilitate the collection of minimally invasive samples consciously and voluntarily. The time to complete each phase of training in both individually housed and group-housed pigs was recorded. The behaviour of the individually housed pigs was assessed via an ethogram of behaviours exhibited during a human approach test, and stress response was assessed by analysing salivary corticosterone. The rapid, positive-reinforcement training regimen successfully facilitated oral swabbing, rectal swabbing and rectal thermometer insertion from individually housed (within 18 days) and group-housed (within 6 days) pigs. The trained pigs displayed increasing positive behaviours, no or very few negative behaviours and corticosterone levels within normal limits throughout the study. This training regimen provides a practical and welfare-positive tool for the collection of minimally invasive samples from both small and large laboratory pigs, with a low time investment of 2-5 min/pig/day without the need for specialised restraint equipment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Layton
- CSIRO, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC 3219, Australia; (S.R.); (D.T.W.); (K.J.S.)
| | - David Beggs
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia; (D.B.); (P.M.)
| | - Andrew Fisher
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia; (D.B.); (P.M.)
| | - Peter Mansell
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia; (D.B.); (P.M.)
| | - Sarah Riddell
- CSIRO, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC 3219, Australia; (S.R.); (D.T.W.); (K.J.S.)
| | - Daniel Layton
- CSIRO, Health and Biosecurity, Geelong, VIC 3219, Australia;
| | - David T. Williams
- CSIRO, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC 3219, Australia; (S.R.); (D.T.W.); (K.J.S.)
| | - Kelly J. Stanger
- CSIRO, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC 3219, Australia; (S.R.); (D.T.W.); (K.J.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Schiøler K, Jensen ML, Sørensen DB. Blood Sampling in Göttingen Minipigs-A Case Study of Two Standard Methods and Clicker Training as a Restraint-Free Alternative. Animals (Basel) 2025; 15:407. [PMID: 39943177 PMCID: PMC11816219 DOI: 10.3390/ani15030407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2024] [Revised: 01/21/2025] [Accepted: 01/27/2025] [Indexed: 02/16/2025] Open
Abstract
Blood sampling often requires restraint that negatively affects animal welfare. This case study evaluated three methods for jugular vein blood sampling (V-bench, sling, and clicker training) with the overall aim of assessing the negative impact on animal welfare and providing a general recommendation on the use of methods. First, the effects of simulated blood sampling in V-bench and sling on behaviour, heart rate, and saliva cortisol concentrations 15 min after sampling were assessed. The sling (which had the least negative effects) was re-evaluated after one week of habituation to assess a possible positive effect. Clicker training was evaluated using behavioural observations only. The heart rate was significantly higher in animals placed in the V-bench compared to the sling (p < 0.05), but no significant differences were found in the saliva cortisol concentrations. Habituation to the sling resulted in a further reduction in heart rate compared to the V-bench (p < 0.01). When trained to voluntarily cooperate, three out of six minipigs allowed blood sampling from the jugular vein without restraint. We are convinced that all six minipigs would have succeeded if the training environment had been optimised. In conclusion, clicker training results in blood sampling with no negative behaviours displayed such as struggling or squealing/screaming. When restraint is unavoidable, the sling is preferable compared to the V-bench.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathrine Schiøler
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Gronnegaardsvej 15, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | | | - Dorte Bratbo Sørensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Gronnegaardsvej 15, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Glencorse D, Grupen CG, Bathgate R. A Review of the Monitoring Techniques Used to Detect Oestrus in Sows. Animals (Basel) 2025; 15:331. [PMID: 39943101 PMCID: PMC11816321 DOI: 10.3390/ani15030331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2024] [Revised: 12/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2025] [Indexed: 02/16/2025] Open
Abstract
The agricultural industries have embraced the use of technologies as they improve efficiency and food security. The pork industry is no exception to this, as monitoring techniques and artificial intelligence allow for unprecedented capacity to track the physiological and behavioural condition of individual animals. This article reviews a range of those technologies in reference to the detection of oestrus in sows, a time when the ability to precisely ascertain physiological and behavioural changes associated with fluctuating hormone levels can have an immense impact on the economic profitability of the farm. The strengths and weaknesses of each technique from a practical application perspective are discussed, followed by considerations for further research and refinement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Roslyn Bathgate
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia; (D.G.); (C.G.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ornelas MAS, Manzanilla EG, Cerón JJ, Ortín-Bustillo A, López-Martínez MJ, Correia-Gomes C, Leonard FC, Franco-Martínez L. Associations between health, productive performance and oral fluid biomarkers in commercial pig farms. Porcine Health Manag 2024; 10:62. [PMID: 39741302 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-024-00418-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2024] [Accepted: 12/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/02/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral fluid contains analytes that may be reflective of health and welfare in pig herds. Additionally, oral fluid collection is a more convenient and cost-effective option when compared to blood sampling, increasing the potential of oral fluid as a non-invasive alternative tool. While a growing number of biomarkers can be measured in porcine oral fluid, the use of these analytes to compare commercial herds in veterinary practice is still limited. This study describes associations between oral fluid biomarker measurements and farm indicators of health and performance in 18 commercial farms. RESULTS Using principal component analysis, three clusters of farms were identified, differing mostly in weaner and finisher mortality, daily gain and antimicrobial resistance. These groups were then compared in terms of oral fluid biomarker profiles. With regards to farm group (cluster), haptoglobin was higher in pigs from low-performing farms, especially when compared with pigs from high-performing farms (P = 0.01). Oxytocin tended to decrease in pigs from high-performing farms to low-performing farms (P < 0.10), while procalcitonin tended to be lower in pigs from high-performing farms compared to intermediate-performing farms (P = 0.07). Using regression trees, haptoglobin measured in late finishers was associated with weaner and finisher mortality. Further, high creatine kinase and low procalcitonin early after weaning were associated with low piglet mortality, whereas low daily gain was related to high alpha-amylase in late weaners and high creatine kinase in pigs at the start of the finisher stage. CONCLUSIONS Haptoglobin, procalcitonin, oxytocin, creatine kinase and alpha-amylase, measured in oral fluid, should be further studied as good candidates to assess pig herds and predict performance at a batch level, through a non-invasive approach. Herd performance and health figures at a particular time point are not always available and alternative measures, like oral fluid biomarker results, could be useful to anticipate health and welfare issues and adjust management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Andre S Ornelas
- Pig Development Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc Moorepark, P61C996, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland.
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Edgar Garcia Manzanilla
- Pig Development Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc Moorepark, P61C996, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - José J Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Alba Ortín-Bustillo
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - María José López-Martínez
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | | | - Finola C Leonard
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lorena Franco-Martínez
- Pig Development Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc Moorepark, P61C996, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Papatsiros VG, Maragkakis G, Papakonstantinou GI. Stress Biomarkers in Pigs: Current Insights and Clinical Application. Vet Sci 2024; 11:640. [PMID: 39728980 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11120640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2024] [Revised: 11/29/2024] [Accepted: 12/04/2024] [Indexed: 12/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Our study aimed to contribute to the understanding of the stress process in pigs to better assess and control their stress levels. Nowadays, pigs in intensive farming are exposed to several stress factors, such as weaning, transportation, diseases and vaccinations. As a result, the animals experience significant stress responses and inflammatory reactions that affect their health, growth and productivity. Therefore, it is crucial to assess their stress levels, and the use of stress biomarkers could be useful in their evaluation. An up-to-date overview of the different biomarkers that can be used for the assessment of stress is given. It also discusses the methods used to investigate these biomarkers, particularly non-invasive approaches, such as saliva sampling, as practical tools for monitoring animal welfare. In conclusion, our study highlights the importance of using multiple biomarkers for a comprehensive evaluation of stress and points to the need for further research to standardize the sampling procedures and improve stress management in pig farming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios G Papatsiros
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Trikalon 224, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - Georgios Maragkakis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Trikalon 224, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - Georgios I Papakonstantinou
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Trikalon 224, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Botía M, Martín-Cuervo M, Martínez-Subiela S, Cerón JJ, Ayala I, Hansen S, Muñoz-Prieto A. Changes in Immunoglobulins G and A in the Saliva and Serum of Horses with Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome (EGUS) and Their Relationship with Other Immune and Redox Status Biomarkers. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:891. [PMID: 39596846 PMCID: PMC11591608 DOI: 10.3390/biology13110891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2024] [Revised: 10/23/2024] [Accepted: 10/29/2024] [Indexed: 11/29/2024]
Abstract
Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome (EGUS) is a widespread disease with a very high prevalence and importance in horses. It includes two conditions: Equine squamous gastric disease (ESGD), linked to acid disturbances, and Equine Glandular Gastric Disease (EGGD), associated with inflammation and immune system issues. In saliva, increased levels of immunological markers have been observed in this disease, indicating immune system involvement. In addition, changes in biomarkers of oxidative stress have been described. In horses, IgG and IgA are proteins that appear in saliva and serum and are considered to be the major proteins in specific immunity; however, their levels in horses with EGUS have not been previously studied. This report aims to evaluate IgG and IgA concentrations in the saliva and serum of horses with EGUS, measured by automated assays, and compare them with other biomarkers of the immune and oxidative stress system. This work validated the IgG and IgA assays in saliva and showed that IgA significantly increased in the saliva of horses with EGUS. When the correlation between IgG and IgA and other biomarkers of immune system issues and oxidative stress such as ADA, S100 A8-A9 (calprotectin), S100 A12 (calgranulin), uric acid, FRAS, and AOPP was studied, IgA in saliva showed a significant moderate correlation with adenosine deaminase, indicating its possible involvement in the immune reaction occurring in EGUS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Botía
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (INTERLAB-UMU), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (M.B.); (S.M.-S.); (J.J.C.); (I.A.)
| | - María Martín-Cuervo
- Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Cáceres, University of Extremadura, Av. de la Universidad S-N, 10005 Cáceres, Spain;
| | - Silvia Martínez-Subiela
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (INTERLAB-UMU), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (M.B.); (S.M.-S.); (J.J.C.); (I.A.)
| | - José Joaquín Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (INTERLAB-UMU), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (M.B.); (S.M.-S.); (J.J.C.); (I.A.)
| | - Ignacio Ayala
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (INTERLAB-UMU), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (M.B.); (S.M.-S.); (J.J.C.); (I.A.)
| | - Sanni Hansen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Veterinary School of Medicine, Sektion Medicine and Surgery, University of Copenhagen, Hoejbakkegaard Allé5, DK-2630 Høje-Taastrup, Denmark;
| | - Alberto Muñoz-Prieto
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (INTERLAB-UMU), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (M.B.); (S.M.-S.); (J.J.C.); (I.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ogundare W, Teeple K, Fisher E, Davis C, Reis LG, Jannasch A, Beckett LM, Schinckel A, Minor R, Casey T. Cooling lactating sows exposed to early summer heat wave alters circadian patterns of behavior and rhythms of respiration, rectal temperature, and saliva melatonin. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0310787. [PMID: 39480888 PMCID: PMC11527313 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0310787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 11/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Heat stress (HS) exerts detrimental effects on animal production, with lactating sows being particularly vulnerable. Understanding the mechanisms involved in HS response could aid in developing effective strategies against the negative impacts on livestock. Recent genome wide association studies identified two core circadian clock genes as potential candidates in mediating HS response. The study aimed to investigate how cooling lactating sows under natural heat stress conditions impacted circadian patterns of respiration rate (RR), rectal temperature (RT), behavior, salivary melatonin and cortisol levels, and diurnal patterns of cytokines in saliva. Mixed parity lactating sows were assigned to one of two treatment groups: electronic cooling pad (C; n = 9) and heat-stressed (H; n = 9). The experiment spanned two 48 h periods of elevated ambient temperatures due to summer heat wave. In the first 48 h period, RR was recorded every 30 min, RT every 60 min, and behaviors (eating, standing, sitting, laying, sleeping, drinking, and nursing) every 5 min. In the second 48 h period, saliva samples were collected every 4 h. Cooling reduced RR and RT and altered circadian patterns (P < 0.05). Cooling did not affect amount of time engaged in any behavior over the 48 h period (P > 0.05), however, daily patterns of eating, standing and laying differed between the treatments (P < 0.05), with altered eating behavior related to RT increment in H sows (P < 0.05). Cooling increased and altered the circadian pattern of salivary melatonin (P < 0.05). Cooling also influenced the diurnal pattern of saliva cytokines. Cooling had no impact on saliva cortisol levels. In conclusion, cooling HS sows impacted circadian rhythms of physiology and behavior, supporting the need for further research to understand if circadian disruption underlies decreased production efficiency of HS animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wonders Ogundare
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kelsey Teeple
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Fisher
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Corrin Davis
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Leriana Garcia Reis
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Amber Jannasch
- Metabolite Profiling Facility, Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
| | - Linda M. Beckett
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Allan Schinckel
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Radiah Minor
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Theresa Casey
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Muñoz-Prieto A, Rubić I, Rešetar Maslov D, González-Sánchez JC, Mrljak V, Cerón JJ, Hansen S. Towards the Identification of New Biomarkers in Saliva and Serum for Treatment Monitoring of Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome: A Liquid Proteomic Approach. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:3105. [PMID: 39518828 PMCID: PMC11545413 DOI: 10.3390/ani14213105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2024] [Revised: 10/24/2024] [Accepted: 10/24/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS) is a common condition in horses. This study explores the use of liquid proteomics to identify new biomarkers in saliva and serum to monitor EGUS treatment. The proteomes of horses with EGUS before and after a successful treatment with omeprazole were analysed. In saliva, 503 proteins were identified, with 7 upregulated and 6 downregulated post-treatment. Among the proteins that changed, there was an increase in vimentin, linked to wound healing, and a decrease in podocalyxin, associated with tissue damage. In serum, 206 proteins were found, with significant changes in 5. Keratin type I increased, supporting epithelial integrity, whereas immunoglobulin lambda decreased, indicating a reduced immune response. Gene ontology analysis revealed a decrease in immune-related pathways after successful treatment. Overall, 13 proteins in saliva and 5 in serum showed significant changes after treatment, highlighting the differential responses of saliva and serum in EGUS. This report creates new avenues for discovering potential biomarkers to monitor EGUS treatment, which is of high importance for the management of this prevalent disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Muñoz-Prieto
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Ivana Rubić
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Internal Diseases Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.R.); (D.R.M.); (V.M.)
| | - Dina Rešetar Maslov
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Internal Diseases Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.R.); (D.R.M.); (V.M.)
| | | | - Vladimir Mrljak
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Internal Diseases Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.R.); (D.R.M.); (V.M.)
| | - Jose Joaquín Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Sanni Hansen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Section Medicine and Surgery, University of Copenhagen, Agrovej 8, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark;
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gok G, Neselioglu S, Ko HL, Erel O, López-Martínez MJ, Manteca X, Rubio CP. Evaluation of Glutathione (GSH) System in Porcine Saliva: Validation and Application of Colorimetric Method. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:1231. [PMID: 39456484 PMCID: PMC11504221 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13101231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2024] [Revised: 10/04/2024] [Accepted: 10/09/2024] [Indexed: 10/28/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Reduced glutathione (GSH) is considered the first line of antioxidant defense. During oxidative stress, it is oxidized to glutathione disulphide (GSSG). (2) A simple and quick spectrophotometric method based on sodium borohydride (NaBH4) as a reductant to measure the total and reduced GSH in porcine saliva was analytically validated and evaluated in two situations in this species: (a) in a physiological situation, involving sows during the late lactation and post-weaning periods, and (b) in a situation of sepsis in pigs experimentally induced by LPS administration. (3) The results of the analytical validation showed that the assay was precise and accurate in the porcine saliva samples. Higher total GSH and GSSG and lower reduced GSH were observed in the saliva of sows during the post-weaning period, as well as in pigs with experimentally induced sepsis. (4) In conclusion, the validated assay showed adequate analytical results and could be used to evaluate the GSH system of porcine saliva, as demonstrated during the clinical performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Gok
- Department of Biochemistry, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Ankara 06800, Turkey; (G.G.); (S.N.); (O.E.)
| | - Salim Neselioglu
- Department of Biochemistry, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Ankara 06800, Turkey; (G.G.); (S.N.); (O.E.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Heng-Lun Ko
- Department of Animal and Food Science, School of Veterinary Science, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Valles, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (H.-L.K.); (X.M.)
- Department of Animal Surgery and Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Ozcan Erel
- Department of Biochemistry, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Ankara 06800, Turkey; (G.G.); (S.N.); (O.E.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | | | - Xavier Manteca
- Department of Animal and Food Science, School of Veterinary Science, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Valles, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (H.-L.K.); (X.M.)
| | - Camila Peres Rubio
- Department of Animal and Food Science, School of Veterinary Science, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Valles, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (H.-L.K.); (X.M.)
- Department of Animal Surgery and Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Puy S, Giral M, García-Olmo DC. Short Immobilization in a Sling Does Not Lead to Increased Salivary Cortisol Levels in Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2760. [PMID: 39409709 PMCID: PMC11475693 DOI: 10.3390/ani14192760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2024] [Accepted: 09/19/2024] [Indexed: 10/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The goal of the present study was to evaluate the potential stress developed in farm hybrid pigs and miniature laboratory pigs briefly restrained in a sling, by measuring salivary cortisol levels. The study was performed in 20 healthy pigs grouped into three groups: group HYB-F: hybrid female pigs (n = 12), housed at the CREBA facility (Lleida, Spain); group MIN-F: Specipig® miniature female pigs (n = 4), housed at the CREBA facility; group MIN-M: Specipig® miniature male pigs (n = 4), housed at the Almirall facility (Barcelona, Spain). Upon arrival, the animals were enrolled in a social habituation and training program, which included habituation to a restraint sling. The sling was a stainless steel structure with a canvas hammock which had four openings for placing the animal's feet. The assessment of stress levels in the sling was carried out by measuring cortisol levels in saliva samples. Five saliva samples were collected from each animal over 4 days: Sample 1 (basal sample): taken after animals perceived the presence of the technicians in the pen; Sample 2: taken after animals saw the sling in the pen; Sample 3: taken when animals were in the sling; Sample 4: taken 1 min after the previous one; Sample 5: taken after animals were released back on the floor. In group HYB-F, five animals (5/12) showed strong resistance and could not be restrained in the sling on at least one day. All animals in the groups of miniature pigs could be restrained on all the days. Within each group, the manipulation phase did not affect salivary cortisol levels. Likewise, salivary cortisol levels did not change significantly across days in either group. In conclusion, salivary cortisol levels did not increase when pigs were lifted and briefly restrained in the sling, even though some of them (in particular, the hybrid pigs) showed apparent signs of stress. The lack of correlation between such apparent stress and salivary cortisol levels might be because the vocalizations and movements were not really signs of stress, but simply a way of releasing discomfort, learned in the process of socialization and habituation. In light of this unexpected conclusion, further studies are needed to collect other physiological and behavioral data to clarify what actually happens when pigs are restrained in a sling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Puy
- Centre de Recerca Experimental Biomèdica Aplicada (CREBA), IRBLleida, 25138 Lleida, Spain;
| | - Marta Giral
- Animal Research Facilities, Almirall SA, 08980 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Dolores C. García-Olmo
- Centre de Recerca Experimental Biomèdica Aplicada (CREBA), IRBLleida, 25138 Lleida, Spain;
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Oltedal A, Björkman S, Peltoniemi O, Gaustad AH, Oropeza-Moe M. Transvaginal Ovum Pick-Up in sows: Impacts on welfare and reproduction. Theriogenology 2024; 226:68-75. [PMID: 38865790 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2024.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
There are few existing publications that describe transvaginal ultrasound-guided Ovum Pick-Up (OPU) in sows, and the impacts of the procedure for the welfare of the animals are unknown. In this study, we evaluated the effects of OPU, performed following restraint in a claw-trimming chute, on the animal welfare and reproductive health of second parity hybrid sows. The study utilized a generalized randomized block design at a commercial sow pool. We assessed salivary cortisol levels before, during, and after the procedure to compare the physiological stress response between OPU and restraint chute procedures (control group). We found a significant increase in salivary cortisol caused by the physical restraint procedure, and that the salivary cortisol level at the end of the procedure did not differ between OPU and control groups (p = 0.51). Furthermore, we conducted a novel approach-aversion test for sows, designed to assess if a feed reward would motivate the animals to willingly participate in the OPU-procedure. The animals were trained daily to enter the chute to access a feed reward. Ten animals in each group failed to complete the training period and did not voluntarily enter the restraint chute on the experimental day. This indicates that even the short daily restraint procedure during the four-day long training period was aversive to some animals. There was no difference in aversion towards the restraint chute between OPU and control groups one day after the procedure. The reproductive performance of the animals was subsequently evaluated through oestrus synchronization and insemination of the sows after the experiment. There was no observed difference in the farrowing rate (p = 0.72) and total number of born piglets (p = 0.84) between OPU and control sows. On average, we retrieved 9.0 ± 5.9 oocytes during the OPU-sessions (N = 26). Our results show that a majority of the sows prioritize the motivation for feed over their aversion to the OPU procedure. However, the physical restraint procedure is unpleasant for the animals and elicits a temporary stress response. We suggest that transvaginal OPU may be used for the recovery of oocytes from live sows, but refinements are needed to avoid stress during the lifting procedure. Such modifications could also potentially reduce the observed inter-individual variations in oocyte recovery outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aslak Oltedal
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Sandnes, Norway.
| | | | | | | | - Marianne Oropeza-Moe
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Sandnes, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Botía M, Llamas-Amor E, Cerón JJ, Ramis-Vidal G, López-Juan AL, Benedé JL, Escribano D, Martínez-Subiela S, López-Arjona M. Cortisone in saliva of pigs: validation of a new assay and changes after thermal stress. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:370. [PMID: 39155386 PMCID: PMC11331735 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04195-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cortisone is derived from cortisol through the action of the enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type II, and it has gained importance in recent years as a biomarker of stress. This study aimed to develop and validate an assay for the measurement of cortisone in pig saliva and evaluate whether its concentration varies in stressful situations. For this purpose, a specific immunoassay was developed and validated analytically, and a study was performed to evaluate whether cortisone concentrations in saliva can vary under heat stress conditions. RESULTS The assay proved to be accurate, reliable, and sensitive for the measurement of cortisone in pig saliva. The limit of detection of the assay was set at 0.006 ng/ml, and the lower limit of quantification was 0.023 ng/ml. It also correlated significantly with the results obtained by LC‒MS/MS (P = 0.003; r = 0.64). In addition, the cortisone concentration in animals subjected to prolonged heat stress decreased significantly 15 days after treatment (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS According to these results, cortisone measured by this assay could be used as a tool for the non-invasive evaluation of thermal stress in pig saliva.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Botía
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Eva Llamas-Amor
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - José Joaquín Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, 30100, Spain.
| | - Guillermo Ramis-Vidal
- Department of Animal Production, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo S/N, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Andreu L López-Juan
- GICAPC Research Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Burjassot, 46100, Spain
| | - Juan L Benedé
- GICAPC Research Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Burjassot, 46100, Spain
| | - Damián Escribano
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, 30100, Spain
- Department of Animal Production, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo S/N, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Silvia Martínez-Subiela
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Marina López-Arjona
- Department of Animal and Food Science, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
López-Arjona M, Ko HL, Llonch P, Temple D, Cerón JJ, Hales J, Manteca X. Salivary oxytocin changes and effect of the season in sows kept in different farrowing systems: Farrowing crate and farrowing pen with temporary crating. Res Vet Sci 2024; 176:105347. [PMID: 38972294 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Alternative farrowing systems that have been developed in recent years could have a positive effect on the welfare of sows during farrowing and lactation. Oxytocin measurements in saliva may provide information about positive animal welfare status. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the changes in salivary oxytocin concentrations in sows during the lactation period in three different farrowing systems and in two different seasons. Crossbred Duroc sows (n = 34, average parity = 3.6 ± 1.80) were housed in conventional farrowing crates (FC) (n = 10) or in farrowing pens with temporary crating (TC), including SWAP (n = 12) and JFL15 (n = 12) in two different seasons: summer and winter. Saliva samples were collected for six days during lactation: days 2, 4, 12, 23, 25 (i.e., 1-day post-weaning) and 26 (i.e., 2-day post-weaning) after farrowing. Moreover, behavioral data from sows was recorded on days 2, 4, 12 and 23 after farrowing, using a 30-s scan sampling method for 3 min per pen to record the behaviors which were assessed by the same observer. The results showed that the salivary oxytocin concentrations were 472.5 pg/mL and 399.4 pg/mL higher in both TC (SWAP and JLF15, respectively) than in the FC in early-lactation period, and these differences were more pronounced in summer and at the end of lactation in winter. In terms of behavior, higher number of mother-young interactions were observed in TC than FC in early- and mid-lactation period. In conclusion, TC is associated to a higher salivary oxytocin concentration that could indicated an increased mother-young interaction, although oxytocin concentration can be influenced by other factors, such as season or day of lactation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina López-Arjona
- Department of Animal and Food Science, School of Veterinary Science, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Heng-Lun Ko
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Pol Llonch
- Department of Animal and Food Science, School of Veterinary Science, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Déborah Temple
- AWEC Advisors S.L., Parc de Recerca de la UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J J Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Janni Hales
- SEGES Innovation, Agro Food Park 15, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Xavier Manteca
- Department of Animal and Food Science, School of Veterinary Science, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Prims S, Van Ginneken C, Van Ostade X, Casteleyn C. Welfare Assessment in Pigs Using the Salivary Proteome. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1703. [PMID: 38891749 PMCID: PMC11171187 DOI: 10.3390/ani14111703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Identifying the potential presence of stress at the pig farm is fundamental since it affects pig welfare. As a result, a reliable and straightforward tool to monitor stress could record the welfare status of the animals. Although numerous methods to assess the welfare of pigs have been developed in the past, no gold standard has been established yet. Recently, the value of saliva as a tool to identify chronic stress in piglets was explored, as it can be collected fast and non-invasively. Since the protein composition, i.e., the proteome of porcine saliva, responds to stress, the affected proteins could be used as salivary stress biomarkers. The present review first defines stress and its relationship with welfare. Next, the porcine gland-specific salivary proteome is characterized. Finally, six potential salivary biomarkers for stress are proposed, i.e., odorant-binding protein, vomeromodulin-like protein, chitinase, lipocalin-1, long palate lung and nasal epithelium protein, and alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Prims
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (S.P.); (C.V.G.)
| | - Chris Van Ginneken
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (S.P.); (C.V.G.)
| | - Xaveer Van Ostade
- Laboratory of Protein Science, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium;
| | - Christophe Casteleyn
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (S.P.); (C.V.G.)
- Department of Morphology, Medical Imaging, Orthopedics, Physiotherapy and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Berteselli GV, Filipe J, Martelli A, Vezzaro G, Canali E, Dall’Ara P. Salivary IgG and IgA in newborn calves and the possible role in the assessment of passive immunity transfer. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1383379. [PMID: 38863449 PMCID: PMC11166127 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1383379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The transfer of immunoglobulins from the mother to newborns is widely recognized as a critical event for safeguarding offspring against potentially life-threatening infectious diseases. Mainly for this reason, this study aimed to assess the concentrations of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin A (IgA) in the saliva of newborn calves and explore its potential use for monitoring passive immunity transfer from cows to calves, as also to evaluate how colostrum intake affects serum and saliva IgG and IgA concentrations. Methods The quality of colostrum samples was evaluated using an optical refractometer before administration to the calves. Saliva and blood samples from 24 calves were obtained at the day of birth (T0) and 2 days after (T2) for determination of serum concentrations of total protein by refractometer, IgG and IgA (both on serum and saliva) by ELISA test. Results Positive correlations were observed between salivary IgA at T2 and salivary IgG at T2. A significant increase in both IgG and IgA levels in calf serum and saliva was noted. Salivary IgA levels can reflect salivary IgG levels. Discussion These findings suggest the potential utility of IgA in monitoring passive immunity transfer, and do not exclude saliva as an alternative, practical, and non-invasive matrix for assessing passive immunity transfer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G. V. Berteselli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università, Lodi, Italy
| | - J. Filipe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università, Lodi, Italy
| | - A. Martelli
- Fiamenghi Domenico, Gianluigi, Claudio e Matteo S.S. Cascina San Giacomo, Strada San Giacomo, San Bassano, Cremona, Italy
| | - G. Vezzaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università, Lodi, Italy
| | - E. Canali
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università, Lodi, Italy
| | - P. Dall’Ara
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università, Lodi, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Llamas-Amor E, Goyena E, González-Bulnes A, García Manzanilla E, Cerón JJ, Martínez-Subiela S, López-Martínez MJ, Muñoz-Prieto A. Cystatin C, Ammonia, and Bicarbonate Measurements in the Saliva of Pigs: Analytical Validation and Changes in S. suis Infection. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1580. [PMID: 38891627 PMCID: PMC11171149 DOI: 10.3390/ani14111580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Cystatin C, ammonia, and bicarbonate have been described to be biomarkers of sepsis and inflammation in humans. The saliva of pigs can be used to detect a wide range of pathogens but also many biomarkers that can be analyzed to evaluate different conditions such as stress (i.e., cortisol and alpha amylase), immune system (i.e., ADA, S100 proteins), inflammation (i.e., acute phase proteins), redox status (i.e., various antioxidants and oxidants), and general metabolism or the status of different organs and tissues. However, there is a lack of assays for the possible measurement and use of cystatin C, ammonia, and bicarbonate in saliva as biomarkers of sepsis or inflammation in pigs. The objective of this study was to validate commercially available automated assays for the measurement of cystatin C, ammonia, and bicarbonate in the saliva of pigs, having the advantage of using a noninvasive sample that is easy to collect. The assays were precise and accurate, and the recommended storage condition for the saliva samples was -80 °C. In addition, cystatin and ammonia showed significant increases in the saliva of pigs with S. suis infection, whereas bicarbonate decreased. Further studies would be recommended to increase knowledge about the possible potential applications of the measurements of these three analytes in the saliva of pigs as biomarkers to evaluate the animals' health and welfare.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Llamas-Amor
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (E.L.-A.); (J.J.C.); (S.M.-S.); (A.M.-P.)
| | - Elena Goyena
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Antonio González-Bulnes
- Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, C/Tirant lo Blanc, 7, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Spain;
- Cuarte S.L. Grupo Jorge, Ctra. De Logroño, Km 9.2, Monzalbarba, 50120 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Edgar García Manzanilla
- Pig Development Department, The Irish Food and Agriculture Authority, Teagasc, P61 C996 Cork, Ireland;
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - José Joaquín Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (E.L.-A.); (J.J.C.); (S.M.-S.); (A.M.-P.)
| | - Silvia Martínez-Subiela
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (E.L.-A.); (J.J.C.); (S.M.-S.); (A.M.-P.)
| | - María José López-Martínez
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (E.L.-A.); (J.J.C.); (S.M.-S.); (A.M.-P.)
| | - Alberto Muñoz-Prieto
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (E.L.-A.); (J.J.C.); (S.M.-S.); (A.M.-P.)
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Piirainen V, Gutiérrez AM, Heinonen M, König E, Valros A, Junnikkala S. Salivary and serum haptoglobin, adenosine deaminase, and immunoglobulin G in growing pigs. Porcine Health Manag 2024; 10:21. [PMID: 38773547 PMCID: PMC11110307 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-024-00368-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identification of animals in need of medical treatment is important in porcine health management, where analytical samples applicable at farm level could be utilized. Several biomarkers are measurable in saliva, which is less stressful to collect than blood. Saliva sampling is easy to learn and repeatable, making it suitable for monitoring purposes. Previous research suggests that porcine health biomarkers are dependent on production stage and gender, and that combining biomarkers improves diagnostic sensitivity. However, proper monitoring of biomarkers during the complete production cycle has not been studied. We aimed to describe the dynamics of salivary and serum haptoglobin (Hp), adenosine deaminase (ADA), and immunoglobulin G (IgG) in four production stages (suckling, early growing, late growing, finishing), on commercial Finnish pig farms using a total of 117 piglets. The relationship between gender and biomarker dynamics was investigated, as well as the relationships between these biomarkers in saliva and serum. RESULTS The highest salivary concentrations of Hp, ADA and IgG were measured in suckling piglets. The differences between production stages were generally larger in saliva than for the corresponding serum biomarkers. All correlation coefficients between salivary biomarkers were positive in each production stage and the strength of the correlation varied from 0.245 to 0.762. No similar trend was observed regarding correlation coefficients either between serum biomarkers or between salivary and serum biomarkers. Gender was associated with some biomarker concentrations. CONCLUSIONS The biomarker dynamics supported previous findings that collection of analytical samples should be conducted in age-matched populations. Positive and even strong relationships between salivary biomarkers indicate the potential to use especially saliva for health monitoring. Our results also suggest the importance of considering gender effects when assessing some salivary or serum biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Virpi Piirainen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Production Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Leissantie 41, Saarentaus, FI-04920, Finland
| | - Ana M Gutiérrez
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, BioVetMed Research group, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Mari Heinonen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Production Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Leissantie 41, Saarentaus, FI-04920, Finland.
- Research Centre for Animal Welfare, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Koetilantie 7, Helsinki, FI-00790, Finland.
| | - Emilia König
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Production Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Leissantie 41, Saarentaus, FI-04920, Finland
| | - Anna Valros
- Research Centre for Animal Welfare, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Koetilantie 7, Helsinki, FI-00790, Finland
| | - Sami Junnikkala
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, Helsinki, FI-00790, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Svoboda M, Nemeckova M, Medkova D, Sardi L, Hodkovicova N. Non-invasive methods for analysing pig welfare biomarkers. VET MED-CZECH 2024; 69:137-155. [PMID: 38841131 PMCID: PMC11148715 DOI: 10.17221/17/2024-vetmed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
At present, the assessment of pig welfare quality has gained significant importance, prompting the exploration of novel biomarkers for this purpose. Traditionally, these biomarkers have been monitored in the blood; however, blood sampling is considered an invasive procedure. Currently, non-invasive methods for collecting samples are emerging as viable alternatives for assessing these biomarkers. This article aims to present the current knowledge regarding the use of non-invasive methods for analysing pig welfare biomarkers, specifically focusing on the saliva, hair, faeces, and urine as matrices to determine these biomarkers. The saliva analysis encompasses various biomarkers, such as cortisol, alpha-amylase, chromogranin A, the total esterase, oxytocin, acute phase proteins, adenosine deaminase, immunoglobulins and parameters of redox homeostasis. Cortisol, a specific biomarker, can be determined in the hair, urine and faeces, while urine samples allow for the analysis of catecholamines as non-invasive markers of pig welfare.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Svoboda
- Ruminant and Swine Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Nemeckova
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Denisa Medkova
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Animal Nutrition and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Luca Sardi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Nikola Hodkovicova
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Moscovice LR, Sobczak B, Niittynen T, Koski SE, Gimsa U. Changes in salivary oxytocin in response to biologically-relevant events in farm animals: method optimization and usefulness as a biomarker. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1370557. [PMID: 38567114 PMCID: PMC10985263 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1370557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Although best known for its established role in mediating parturition and lactation, the highly-conserved neuropeptide hormone oxytocin also mediates a range of social and stress-buffering processes across mammalian species. Measurements of peripheral oxytocin in plasma have long been considered the gold standard, but there is increasing interest in developing methods to detect oxytocin non-invasively in saliva. Here we present an analytical and biological validation of a novel method to measure salivary oxytocin (sOXT) in an under-studied research group: farm animals. Given their similarities with humans in physiology and brain, methods that can identify valued social contexts and social relationships for farm animals and investigate their function have implications for clinical research as well as for animal welfare science. However, current methods to measure sOXT vary greatly in terms of sample collection, pre-measurement processing and measurement and more rigorous standardization and validation of methods is critical to determine the utility of sOXT as a biomarker of salient social events and related emotions. We optimized a method for extracting sOXT in pigs and horses and measured sOXT in extracted samples using a commercially available enzyme-immunoassay. Extracted samples were within acceptable ranges for precision (CVs < 15.2%), parallelism and recovery (94%-99%) in both species. Salivary oxytocin increased in samples collected during birth in pigs (Friedmans, p = 0.02) and horses (Wilcoxon, p = 0.02). Salivary oxytocin tended to decrease in sows after a 90-min separation from their piglets (Wilcoxon, p = 0.08). We conclude that sOXT can be reliably linked to physiological events that are mediated by the oxytocinergic system in farm animals, but that more research is needed to determine whether sOXT is a reliable trait marker for more general oxytocin system activation in response to salient social events. Future research should characterize how individual attributes and salivary parameters influence sOXT measurement and should emphasize reporting of analytical and biological validations to increase acceptance of non-invasive methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liza R. Moscovice
- Psychophysiology Working Group, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Birgit Sobczak
- Psychophysiology Working Group, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Taru Niittynen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sonja E. Koski
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ulrike Gimsa
- Psychophysiology Working Group, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zheng L, Shi L, Wu X, Hu P, Zhang B, Han X, Wang K, Li X, Yang F, Wang Y, Li X, Qiao R. Advances in Research on Pig Salivary Analytes: A Window to Reveal Pig Health and Physiological Status. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:374. [PMID: 38338017 PMCID: PMC10854898 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Saliva is an important exocrine fluid that is easy to collect and is a complex mixture of proteins and other molecules from multiple sources from which considerable biological information can be mined. Pig saliva, as an easily available biological liquid rich in bioactive ingredients, is rich in nucleic acid analytes, such as eggs, enzymes, amino acids, sugars, etc. The expression levels of these components in different diseases have received extensive attention, and the analysis of specific proteins, metabolites, and biological compositions in pig saliva has become a new direction for disease diagnosis and treatment. The study of the changes in analytes in pig saliva can provide a new strategy for early diagnosis, prognosis assessment, and treatment of diseases. In this paper, the detection methods and research progress of porcine salivary analytes are reviewed, the application and research progress of porcine salivary analytes in diseases are discussed, and the future application prospect is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ruimin Qiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (L.Z.); (L.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Grześkowiak Ł, Cerón JJ, Lopez-Arjona M, Martínez-Vallespín B, Holthausen JS, Krüsselmann P, Metges CC, Kuhla B, Vahjen W, Zentek J, Saliu EM. Dietary fiber and weaning age affect stress and immune markers in saliva of sows and their offspring. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae312. [PMID: 39394655 PMCID: PMC11537797 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 10/10/2024] [Indexed: 10/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Diet, especially the intake of dietary fiber, and weaning practices may influence pig wellbeing. This study assessed changes in salivary stress and immune markers in sows and their offspring fed either hay (HAY) or sugar beet pulp (SBP), either fine (F) or coarse (C), during gestation and lactation. The effect of weaning age (conventional-CW, late-LW) on these markers was also evaluated. Saliva was analyzed for chromogranin A (CgA), cortisol, alpha-amylase, oxytocin, immunoglobulin A (IgA), and adenosine deaminase (ADA). CgA was higher at CW versus LW in sows fed SBP-F (P = 0.038). Alpha-amylase was higher in sows fed HAY-C at CW versus LW (P = 0.005) and in sows fed SBP-C at LW versus CW (P = 0.096). CgA and oxytocin were higher in sows fed SBP-F at CW versus LW (P = 0.038 and P = 0.017, respectively). ADA was higher in sows fed SBP-C versus HAY-C (P = 0.035) at LW and at LW versus CW in sows fed SBP-C (P = 0.002). Piglet salivary CgA was higher at CW versus LW in HAY-F (P = 0.002) and SBP-F (P = 0.031). Oxytocin was higher at CW versus LW in piglets fed HAY-F (P = 0.006). Piglet salivary IgA was higher in HAY-C versus HAY-F at CW (P = 0.010) and at LW versus CW in piglets fed HAY-F (P = 0.021). ADA was higher in piglets fed SBP-F versus HAY-F (P = 0.053) at CW and SBP-F versus SBP-C (P = 0.042) at LW. Dietary fiber type, weaning age, and to a lesser extent grinding degree affect stress and immune markers in pigs. These findings highlight the impact of diet and weaning practice on pig welfare.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Grześkowiak
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - José Joaquín Cerón
- Salilab-pig, Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Interlab-UMU, University of Murcia, Murcia 30100, Spain
| | - Marina Lopez-Arjona
- Department of Animal and Food Science, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Philip Krüsselmann
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Cornelia C Metges
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Working Groups ‘Nutritional Physiology’ and ‘Biochemistry of Nutrition’, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, Dummerstorf 18196, Germany
| | - Björn Kuhla
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Working Groups ‘Nutritional Physiology’ and ‘Biochemistry of Nutrition’, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, Dummerstorf 18196, Germany
| | - Wilfried Vahjen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Jürgen Zentek
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Saliu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Heegaard PMH, Starbæk SMR, Lelli D, Skovgaard K. Pig Acute Phase Proteins as Non-Antibody Systemic Biomarkers of Intracellular Infections. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2813:145-165. [PMID: 38888777 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3890-3_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
As an alternative to traditional serological markers, that is, antibodies, for serum-based specific diagnosis of infections, circulating non-antibody markers may be used to monitor active disease. Acute phase proteins (APPs) are a prominent class of such markers widely used for diagnosing ongoing inflammation and infection. In this chapter, basic theoretical and practical considerations on developing APP assays and using APPs as markers of ongoing infection are presented with a specific focus on intracellular infections in pigs. Examples on APP-based monitoring of infection in pigs with viruses such as porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus (PRRSV), porcine endemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), and influenza A virus (IAV), as well as intracellular bacteria (Lawsonia intracellularis) and the protozoan intracellular parasites Toxoplasma gondii and Cryptosporidium parvum are presented, with an emphasis on major pig APPs C-reactive protein (CRP), haptoglobin, serum amyloid A (SAA), and pig major acute phase protein (pig-MAP). The performance of these APPs as biomarkers in a range of experimental infection studies in pigs is described as examples on their use for estimating the severity of infection, vaccine efficacy, herd health characterization, and differential diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter M H Heegaard
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Sofie M R Starbæk
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Davide Lelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Kerstin Skovgaard
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ortín-Bustillo A, Botía M, López-Arjona M, Pardo-Marín L, Cerón JJ, Martínez-Subiela S, López-Martínez MJ, Tvarijonaviciute A, Muñoz-Prieto A, Rubio CP, Martínez-Miró S, Escribano D, Tecles F. Saliva Sampling Material Matters: Effects on the Results of Saliva Analysis in Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3757. [PMID: 38136795 PMCID: PMC10741101 DOI: 10.3390/ani13243757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of saliva as a biological sample from pigs is of high practical interest because blood collection from pigs is difficult and stressful. In this study, the influence of two different materials, a cotton roll and a polypropylene sponge, in porcine saliva collection was evaluated. For this purpose, the effect of the material used for sampling was evaluated in a panel of 13 analytes, including those related to stress (cortisol and oxytocin), inflammation and immunity (adenosine deaminase, haptoglobin and myeloperoxidase), redox homeostasis (the cupric reducing ability of saliva, the ferric reducing activity of saliva, and the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity), and sepsis (procalcitonin), as well as other routine analytes related to metabolism and different tissues and organs, such as lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, urea, and total protein concentration. The polypropylene sponge provided a higher sample volume than the cotton roll. Although the results of some salivary analytes were equivalent for both materials, other analytes, such as creatine kinase, haptoglobin and total proteins, showed significant differences depending on the material used for saliva collection. Therefore, the type of material used for salivary collection in pigs should be considered when interpreting the results of analyses of the salivary analytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alba Ortín-Bustillo
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (A.O.-B.); (M.B.); (L.P.-M.); (J.J.C.); (S.M.-S.); (M.J.L.-M.); (A.T.); (A.M.-P.); (C.P.R.); (F.T.)
| | - María Botía
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (A.O.-B.); (M.B.); (L.P.-M.); (J.J.C.); (S.M.-S.); (M.J.L.-M.); (A.T.); (A.M.-P.); (C.P.R.); (F.T.)
| | - Marina López-Arjona
- Department of Animal and Food Science, School of Veterinary Science, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain;
| | - Luis Pardo-Marín
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (A.O.-B.); (M.B.); (L.P.-M.); (J.J.C.); (S.M.-S.); (M.J.L.-M.); (A.T.); (A.M.-P.); (C.P.R.); (F.T.)
| | - José J. Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (A.O.-B.); (M.B.); (L.P.-M.); (J.J.C.); (S.M.-S.); (M.J.L.-M.); (A.T.); (A.M.-P.); (C.P.R.); (F.T.)
| | - Silvia Martínez-Subiela
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (A.O.-B.); (M.B.); (L.P.-M.); (J.J.C.); (S.M.-S.); (M.J.L.-M.); (A.T.); (A.M.-P.); (C.P.R.); (F.T.)
| | - María José López-Martínez
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (A.O.-B.); (M.B.); (L.P.-M.); (J.J.C.); (S.M.-S.); (M.J.L.-M.); (A.T.); (A.M.-P.); (C.P.R.); (F.T.)
| | - Asta Tvarijonaviciute
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (A.O.-B.); (M.B.); (L.P.-M.); (J.J.C.); (S.M.-S.); (M.J.L.-M.); (A.T.); (A.M.-P.); (C.P.R.); (F.T.)
| | - Alberto Muñoz-Prieto
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (A.O.-B.); (M.B.); (L.P.-M.); (J.J.C.); (S.M.-S.); (M.J.L.-M.); (A.T.); (A.M.-P.); (C.P.R.); (F.T.)
| | - Camila P. Rubio
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (A.O.-B.); (M.B.); (L.P.-M.); (J.J.C.); (S.M.-S.); (M.J.L.-M.); (A.T.); (A.M.-P.); (C.P.R.); (F.T.)
| | - Silvia Martínez-Miró
- Department of Animal Production, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Damián Escribano
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (A.O.-B.); (M.B.); (L.P.-M.); (J.J.C.); (S.M.-S.); (M.J.L.-M.); (A.T.); (A.M.-P.); (C.P.R.); (F.T.)
- Department of Animal Production, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Fernando Tecles
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (A.O.-B.); (M.B.); (L.P.-M.); (J.J.C.); (S.M.-S.); (M.J.L.-M.); (A.T.); (A.M.-P.); (C.P.R.); (F.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Botía M, Ortín-Bustillo A, López-Martínez MJ, Fuentes P, Escribano D, González-Bulnes A, Manzanilla EG, Martínez-Subiela S, Tvarijonaviciute A, López-Arjona M, Cerón JJ, Tecles F, Muñoz-Prieto A. Gaining knowledge about biomarkers of the immune system and inflammation in the saliva of pigs: The case of myeloperoxidase, S100A12, and ITIH4. Res Vet Sci 2023; 164:104997. [PMID: 37657394 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.104997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
An assay for the measurement of myeloperoxidase (Mpx) in porcine saliva was developed and validated, and factors influencing Mpx and another two biomarkers of inflammation and immune system, the protein S100A12 and the inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), were studied. The spectrophotometric method for Mpx measurement validated in this assay showed an adequate analytical performance including precision and accuracy. When a group of twenty healthy pigs was sampled every 4 h from 8 a.m. until 8 p.m., Mpx and S100A12 showed significant increases at 4 p.m., whereas ITIH4 concentration showed a significant decrease at 12 a.m. Increases were also seen in salivary Mpx, S100A12, and ITIH4 levels 24 h after the intramuscular administration of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide in five pigs; whereas in a non-septic inflammation after the subcutaneous administration of turpentine oil to five pigs changes were seen in S100A12 at 3 h and in ITIH4 at 48 h. When a stressful situation consisting of the transportation and stay of 4 h to a slaughterhouse of 24 pigs was performed, all analytes were increased after 4 h of lairage in the slaughterhouse compared with the values that were obtained the day before at the same time of the day. Mpx can be measured in the saliva of pigs with the automated assay described in this report. Mpx, S100A12, and ITIH4 salivary levels can change depending on the hour of the day in which the sample is taken, and increases can be produced due to sepsis, non-septic inflammation and stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Botía
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alba Ortín-Bustillo
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - María J López-Martínez
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Damián Escribano
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain; Department of Animal Production, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Antonio González-Bulnes
- Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, C/Tirant lo Blanc, 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115, Valencia, Spain
| | - Edgar G Manzanilla
- Pig Development Department, The Irish Food and Agriculture Authority, Teagasc, Moorepark, P61 C996, Fermoy, Co Cork, Ireland; School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Silvia Martínez-Subiela
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Asta Tvarijonaviciute
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Marina López-Arjona
- Department of Animal and Food Science, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola de Vallés, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - José J Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Fernando Tecles
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Alberto Muñoz-Prieto
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Liedel C, Rieckmann K, Baums CG. A critical review on experimental Streptococcus suis infection in pigs with a focus on clinical monitoring and refinement strategies. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:188. [PMID: 37798634 PMCID: PMC10552360 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03735-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is a major pig pathogen worldwide with zoonotic potential. Though different research groups have contributed to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of S. suis infections in recent years, there are still numerous neglected research topics requiring animal infection trials. Of note, animal experiments are crucial to develop a cross-protective vaccine which is highly needed in the field. Due to the severe clinical signs associated with S. suis pathologies such as meningitis and arthritis, implementation of refinement is very important to reduce pain and distress of experimentally infected pigs. This review highlights the great diversity of clinical signs and courses of disease after experimental S. suis pig infections. We review clinical read out parameters and refinement strategies in experimental S. suis pig infections published between 2000 and 2021. Currently, substantial differences exist in describing clinical monitoring and humane endpoints. Most of the reviewed studies set the body temperature threshold of fever as high as 40.5°C. Monitoring intervals vary mainly between daily, twice a day and three times a day. Only a few studies apply scoring systems. Published scoring systems are inconsistent in their inclusion of parameters such as body temperature, feeding behavior, and respiratory signs. Locomotion and central nervous system signs are more common clinical scoring parameters in different studies by various research groups. As the heterogenicity in clinical monitoring limits the comparability between studies we hope to initiate a discussion with this review leading to an agreement on clinical read out parameters and monitoring intervals among S. suis research groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Liedel
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 29, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Karoline Rieckmann
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 29, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Christoph G Baums
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 29, Leipzig, 04103, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Saco Y, Peña R, Matas-Quintanilla M, Ibáñez-López FJ, Piñeiro M, Sotillo J, Bassols A, Gutiérrez AM. Influence of the circadian cycle, sex and production stage on the reference values of parameters related to stress and pathology in porcine saliva. Porcine Health Manag 2023; 9:42. [PMID: 37773175 PMCID: PMC10541711 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-023-00337-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The concentration of biomarkers in saliva could be influenced by several factors not related to the specific condition under analyses, which should be considered for proper clinical interpretation. In the present study, the circadian rhythm of C-reactive protein (CRP), haptoglobin (Hp), Pig-MAP, S100A12, Cu, Zn, Adenosine deaminase (ADA), total protein (TP), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total oxidant status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI), cortisol and α-amylase in saliva of 20 female and 20 male pigs was investigated. Moreover, the influence of sex and production phase (post-weaning, fattening and finishing) on the concentrations of biomarkers in a total of 414 healthy pigs was studied and the reference intervals for all salivary biomarkers were calculated accordingly. RESULTS All parameters except Pig-MAP, OSI and α-amylase varied significantly along the daytime, and most of them peak around early afternoon (13-15 h). The cosinor analysis described the temporal dynamics of circadian rhythms for all parameters. The range values showed differences between male and female pigs in 8 out of the 13 biomarkers, with higher concentrations in females in comparison to male pigs. The influence of the production phase on the salivary concentrations was observed for all the biomarkers. The highest concentrations were observed for Pig-MAP, S100A12 and α-amylase in post-weaning animals, for TP in growing pigs and for OSI in finishing animals. Most of the sex-influenced biomarkers showed the highest concentrations at growing stages with some exceptions such as ADA or Hp that showed the peak at finishing and post-weaning stages respectively. CONCLUSIONS It is necessary to establish the optimal daytime for routine saliva sampling to avoid circadian variations and for that end, the time interval between 10:00 a.m. to 12:00 a.m. is highly recommended. The factors sex and production phase influence the concentration of biomarkers and should be considered for proper biomarker interpretation. The reference intervals presented here for each salivary biomarker will help to correctly interpret the results of these analytes and contribute to the use of saliva as a non-invasive sample for the diagnosis and monitoring of the health status of swine farms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Saco
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular i Servei de Bioquímica Clínica Veterinària, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
| | - R Peña
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular i Servei de Bioquímica Clínica Veterinària, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
| | - M Matas-Quintanilla
- BioVetMed Research Group, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum (CMN), University of Murcia, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - F J Ibáñez-López
- Department of Didactic of Maths and Social Sciences, CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum (CMN), University of Murcia, Murcia, 30008, Spain
| | - M Piñeiro
- Acuvet Biotech, C/Bari 25, Zaragoza, 50197, Spain
| | - J Sotillo
- BioVetMed Research Group, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum (CMN), University of Murcia, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - A Bassols
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular i Servei de Bioquímica Clínica Veterinària, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
| | - A M Gutiérrez
- BioVetMed Research Group, Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum (CMN), University of Murcia, Murcia, 30100, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Neila-Ibáñez C, Napp S, Pailler-García L, Franco-Martínez L, Cerón JJ, Aragon V, Casal J. Risk factors associated with Streptococcus suis cases on pig farms in Spain. Vet Rec 2023; 193:e3056. [PMID: 37269537 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.3056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptococcus suis can cause meningitis, polyarthritis and acute death in piglets. However, the risk factors associated with S. suis infection remain incompletely understood. Therefore, a longitudinal study was carried out, in which six batches from two Spanish pig farms with S. suis problems were repeatedly examined to determine possible risk factors. METHODS A prospective case-control study was conducted, and potential risk factors were evaluated using mixed-effects logistic regression models. The explanatory variables included: (a) concomitant pathogens; (b) biomarkers associated with stress, inflammation and oxidative status; (c) farm environmental factors; and (d) parity and S. suis presence in sows. Three models were built to study the effect of these variables, including two to assess the risk factors involved in the subsequent development of disease. RESULTS Risk factors for S. suis-associated disease included porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus co-infection at weaning (odds ratio [OR] = 6.69), sow parity (OR = 0.71), haptoglobin level before weaning (OR = 1.01), relative humidity (OR = 1.11) and temperature (OR = 0.13). LIMITATIONS Laboratory diagnosis was done at the batch level, with individual diagnosis based on clinical signs only. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms the multifactorial nature of S. suis-associated disease, with both environmental factors and factors related to the host involved in disease development. Controlling these factors may, therefore, help prevent the appearance of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Neila-Ibáñez
- Unitat mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Sebastián Napp
- Unitat mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Lola Pailler-García
- Unitat mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Lorena Franco-Martínez
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Spain
| | - José Joaquín Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Spain
| | - Virginia Aragon
- Unitat mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Jordi Casal
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Ortín-Bustillo A, Botía M, López-Martínez MJ, Martínez-Subiela S, Cerón JJ, González-Bulnes A, Manzanilla EG, Goyena E, Tecles F, Muñoz-Prieto A. Changes in S100A8/A9 and S100A12 and Their Comparison with Other Analytes in the Saliva of Pigs with Diarrhea Due to E. coli. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2556. [PMID: 37627347 PMCID: PMC10451909 DOI: 10.3390/ani13162556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The family of calgranulins includes S100A8 (calgranulin A), S100A9 (calgranulin B), which can appear as a heterodimer known as S100A8/A9 or calprotectin, and S100A12 (calgranulin C). These proteins are related to different inflammatory conditions, immune-mediated diseases, and sepsis and are considered biomarkers of potential interest. This study aims to evaluate if S100A8/A9 and A12 could change in pigs with diarrhea due to E. coli and to compare the changes of S100A8/A9 and A12 with other analytes in order to explore the possible causes or mechanisms involved. For this purpose, a panel integrated by analytes related to inflammation (haptoglobin, inter-alpha trypsin inhibitor 4 (ITIH4), and total protein); immune system (adenosine deaminase, ADA); stress (alpha-amylase); tissue damage (lactate and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)); sepsis (aldolase) and redox status (ferric-reducing ability of saliva (FRAS) and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP)) was evaluated. S100A8/A9 and A12 and the other analytes measured in this study showed increases in the saliva of pigs with diarrhea due to E. coli. S100A8/A9 and/or A12 showed a significant correlation of different magnitude with some of the other analytes evaluated. Further studies should be conducted to gain knowledge about the possible practical applications as biomarkers of the measurements of S100A8/A9 and A12 in the saliva of pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alba Ortín-Bustillo
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (INTERLAB-UMU), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (A.O.-B.); (M.B.); (M.J.L.-M.); (S.M.-S.); (J.J.C.); (F.T.)
| | - María Botía
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (INTERLAB-UMU), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (A.O.-B.); (M.B.); (M.J.L.-M.); (S.M.-S.); (J.J.C.); (F.T.)
| | - María José López-Martínez
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (INTERLAB-UMU), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (A.O.-B.); (M.B.); (M.J.L.-M.); (S.M.-S.); (J.J.C.); (F.T.)
| | - Silvia Martínez-Subiela
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (INTERLAB-UMU), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (A.O.-B.); (M.B.); (M.J.L.-M.); (S.M.-S.); (J.J.C.); (F.T.)
| | - José Joaquín Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (INTERLAB-UMU), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (A.O.-B.); (M.B.); (M.J.L.-M.); (S.M.-S.); (J.J.C.); (F.T.)
| | - Antonio González-Bulnes
- Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, C/Tirant lo Blanc, 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain;
- Cuarte S.L. Grupo Jorge, Ctra. De Logroño, Km 9,2., Monzalbarba, 50120 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Edgar García Manzanilla
- Pig Development Department, The Irish Food and Agriculture Authority, Teagasc, Moorepark, P61 C996 Fermoy, Ireland;
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 W6F6 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Elena Goyena
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Fernando Tecles
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (INTERLAB-UMU), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (A.O.-B.); (M.B.); (M.J.L.-M.); (S.M.-S.); (J.J.C.); (F.T.)
| | - Alberto Muñoz-Prieto
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (INTERLAB-UMU), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (A.O.-B.); (M.B.); (M.J.L.-M.); (S.M.-S.); (J.J.C.); (F.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
López-Martínez MJ, Ornelas MAS, Amarie RE, Manzanilla EG, Martínez-Subiela S, Tecles F, Tvarijonaviciute A, Escribano D, González-Bulnes A, Cerón JJ, López-Arjona M, Muñoz-Prieto A. Changes in salivary biomarkers of stress, inflammation, redox status, and muscle damage due to Streptococcus suis infection in pigs. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:100. [PMID: 37525237 PMCID: PMC10388462 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03650-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is a Gram-positive bacteria that infects pigs causing meningitis, arthritis, pneumonia, or endocarditis. This increases the mortality in pig farms deriving in severe economic losses. The use of saliva as a diagnostic fluid has various advantages compared to blood, especially in pigs. In this study, it was hypothesized that saliva could reflect changes in different biomarkers related to stress, inflammation, redox status, and muscle damage in pigs with S. suis infection and that changes in these biomarkers could be related to the severity of the disease. RESULTS A total of 56 growing pigs from a farm were selected as infected pigs (n = 28) and healthy pigs (n = 28). Results showed increases in biomarkers related to stress (alpha-amylase and oxytocin), inflammation (haptoglobin, inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4), total protein, S100A8-A9 and S100A12), redox status (advanced oxidation protein producs (AOPP)) and muscle damage (creatine kinase (CK), CK-MB, troponin I, lactate, aspartate aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase). An increase in adenosine deaminase (ADA), procalcitonin, and aldolase in infected animals were also observed, as previously described. The grade of severity of the disease indicated a significant positive correlation with total protein concentrations, aspartate aminotransferase, aldolase, and AOPP. CONCLUSIONS This report revealed that S. suis infection caused variations in analytes related to stress, inflammation, redox status, and muscle damage in the saliva of pigs and these can be considered potential biomarkers for this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María José López-Martínez
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Mario Andre S Ornelas
- Pig Development Department, The Irish Food and Agriculture Authority, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co Cork, P61 C996, Ireland
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Roxana Elena Amarie
- Department of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Edgar Garcia Manzanilla
- Pig Development Department, The Irish Food and Agriculture Authority, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co Cork, P61 C996, Ireland
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Silvia Martínez-Subiela
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Fernando Tecles
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Asta Tvarijonaviciute
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Damián Escribano
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Antonio González-Bulnes
- Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, C/Tirant lo Blanc, 7, Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, 46115, Spain
| | - José Joaquín Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Marina López-Arjona
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, 30100, Spain
| | - Alberto Muñoz-Prieto
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Espinardo, Murcia, 30100, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Lagoda ME, O’Driscoll K, Galli MC, Cerón JJ, Ortín-Bustillo A, Marchewka J, Boyle LA. Indicators of improved gestation housing of sows. Part II: Effects on physiological measures, reproductive performance and health of the offspring. Anim Welf 2023; 32:e52. [PMID: 38487422 PMCID: PMC10936399 DOI: 10.1017/awf.2023.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Prenatal stress is the mechanism through which poor welfare of pregnant sows has detrimental effects on the health and resilience of their piglets. We compared two gestation housing systems (IMPROVED versus [conventional] CONTROL) in terms of sow stress and welfare indicators and sought to determine whether potential benefits to the sows would translate into improved offspring health. Sows were mixed into 12 stable groups (six groups per treatment, 20 sows per group) 29 days post-service in pens with free-access, full-length individual feeding/lying-stalls. CONTROL pens had fully slatted concrete floors, with two blocks of wood and two chains suspended in the group area. IMPROVED pens were the same but with rubber mats and manila rope in each stall, and straw provided in three racks in the group area. Saliva was collected from each sow on day 80 of pregnancy and analysed for haptoglobin. Hair cortisol was measured in late gestation. Sows' right and left eyes were scored for tear staining in mid lactation and at weaning. Numbers of piglets born alive, dead, mummified, and total born were recorded. Piglets were weighed and scored for vitality and intra-uterine growth restriction (IUGR) at birth. Presence of diarrhoea in farrowing pens was scored every second day throughout the suckling period. IMPROVED sows had lower haptoglobin levels and tear-stain scores during lactation. IMPROVED sows produced fewer mummified piglets, and these had significantly lower IUGR scores, and scored lower for diarrhoea than piglets of CONTROL sows. Hence, improving sow welfare during gestation improved the health and performance of their offspring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martyna E Lagoda
- Pig Development Department, Animal & Grassland Research & Innovation Centre, Teagasc Moorepark, Fermoy, Co Cork, Ireland
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Animal Behaviour, ul. Postępu 36A, Jastrzębiec 05-552
| | - Keelin O’Driscoll
- Pig Development Department, Animal & Grassland Research & Innovation Centre, Teagasc Moorepark, Fermoy, Co Cork, Ireland
| | - Maria C Galli
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - José J Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100Murcia, Spain
| | - Alba Ortín-Bustillo
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100Murcia, Spain
| | - Joanna Marchewka
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Animal Behaviour, ul. Postępu 36A, Jastrzębiec 05-552
| | - Laura A Boyle
- Pig Development Department, Animal & Grassland Research & Innovation Centre, Teagasc Moorepark, Fermoy, Co Cork, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Prims S, Van Ostade X, Ayuso M, Dom M, Van Raemdonck G, Van Cruchten S, Casteleyn C, Van Ginneken C. Chronic exposure to multiple stressors alters the salivary proteome of piglets. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286455. [PMID: 37235602 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Monitoring chronic stress in pigs is not only essential in view of animal welfare but is also important for the farmer, given that stress influences the zootechnical performance of the pigs and increases their susceptibility to infectious diseases. To investigate the use of saliva as a non-invasive, objective chronic stress monitoring tool, twenty-four 4-day-old piglets were transferred to artificial brooders. At the age of 7 days, they were assigned to either the control or the stressed group and reared for three weeks. Piglets in the stressed group were exposed to overcrowding, absence of cage enrichment, and frequent mixing of animals between pens. Shotgun analysis using an isobaric labelling method (iTRAQ) for tandem mass spectrometry performed on saliva samples taken after three weeks of chronic stress identified 392 proteins, of which 20 proteins displayed significantly altered concentrations. From these 20 proteins, eight were selected for further validation using parallel reaction monitoring (PRM). For this validation, saliva samples that were taken one week after the start of the experiment and samples that were taken at the end of the experiment were analysed to verify the profile over time. We wanted to investigate whether the candidate biomarkers responded fast or rather slowly to the onset of chronic exposure to multiple stressors. Furthermore, this validation could indicate whether age influenced the baseline concentrations of these salivary proteins, both in healthy and stressed animals. This targeted PRM analysis confirmed that alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein was upregulated in the stressed group after one and three weeks, while odorant-binding protein, chitinase, long palate lung and nasal epithelium protein 5, lipocalin-1, and vomeromodulin-like protein were present in lower concentrations in the saliva of the stressed pigs, albeit only after three weeks. These results indicate that the porcine salivary proteome is altered by chronic exposure to multiple stressors. The affected proteins could be used as salivary biomarkers to identify welfare problems at the farm and facilitate research to optimise rearing conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Prims
- Laboratory of Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Xaveer Van Ostade
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signalling (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Center for Proteomics (CfP), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Miriam Ayuso
- Laboratory of Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Martin Dom
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signalling (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Geert Van Raemdonck
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signalling (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Center for Proteomics (CfP), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Steven Van Cruchten
- Laboratory of Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christophe Casteleyn
- Laboratory of Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Chris Van Ginneken
- Laboratory of Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Muñoz-Prieto A, Contreras-Aguilar MD, Cerón JJ, Ayala de la Peña I, Martín-Cuervo M, Eckersall PD, Holm Henriksen IM, Tecles F, Hansen S. Changes in Calprotectin (S100A8-A9) and Aldolase in the Saliva of Horses with Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13081367. [PMID: 37106929 PMCID: PMC10135270 DOI: 10.3390/ani13081367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS) is a highly prevalent disease that affects horses worldwide. Within EGUS, two different forms have been described: equine squamous gastric disease (ESGD) and equine glandular gastric disease (EGGD). The associated clinical signs cause detrimental activity performance, reducing the quality of life of animals. Saliva can contain biomarkers for EGUS that could be potentially used as a complementary tool for diagnosis. The objective of this work was to evaluate the measurements of calprotectin (CALP) and aldolase in the saliva of horses as potential biomarkers of EGUS. For this purpose, automated assays for the quantification of these two proteins were analytically validated and applied for detecting EGUS in a total of 131 horses divided into 5 groups: healthy horses, ESGD, EGGD, combined ESGD and EGGD, and horses with other intestinal pathologies. The assays showed good precision and accuracy in analytical validation, and they were able to discriminate between horses with EGUS and healthy horses, especially in the case of CALP, although they did not show significant differences between horses with EGUS and horses with other diseases. In conclusion, salivary CALP and aldolase can be determined in the saliva of horses and further studies are warranted to elucidate the potential of these analytes as biomarkers in EGUS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Muñoz-Prieto
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (INTERLAB-UMU), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - María Dolores Contreras-Aguilar
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (INTERLAB-UMU), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - José Joaquín Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (INTERLAB-UMU), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Ignacio Ayala de la Peña
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (INTERLAB-UMU), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - María Martín-Cuervo
- Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Cáceres, University of Extremadura, Av. de la Universidad S-N, 10005 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Peter David Eckersall
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (INTERLAB-UMU), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Rd, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Ida-Marie Holm Henriksen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Veterinary School of Medicine, Sektion Medicine and Surgery, University of Copenhagen, Hoejbakkegaard Allé 5, DK-2630 Høje-Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Fernando Tecles
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (INTERLAB-UMU), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Sanni Hansen
- Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Cáceres, University of Extremadura, Av. de la Universidad S-N, 10005 Cáceres, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Rodrigues M, López-Martinez MJ, Ortin-Bustillo A, Cerón JJ, Martinez-Subiela S, Muñoz-Prieto A, Lamy E. Changes in the Saliva Proteome of Pigs with Diarrhoea Caused by Escherichia coli. Proteomes 2023; 11:proteomes11020014. [PMID: 37092455 PMCID: PMC10123737 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes11020014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli represents the main cause of diarrhoea in pigs. Saliva can provide information about the pathophysiology of diseases and be a source of biomarkers. We aimed to identify changes in the salivary proteome of pigs with diarrhoea caused by E. coli. Saliva samples were collected from 10 pigs with this disease and 10 matched healthy controls. SDS-PAGE (1DE) and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) were performed, and significantly different protein bands and spots were identified by mass spectrometry. For validation, adenosine deaminase (ADA) was measured in 28 healthy and 28 diseased pigs. In 1DE, increases in lipocalin and IgA bands were observed for diseased pigs, whereas bands containing proteins such as odorant-binding protein and/or prolactin-inducible protein presented decreased concentrations. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) results showed that saliva from E. coli animals presented higher expression levels of lipocalin, ADA, IgA and albumin peptides, being ADA activity increased in the diseased pigs in the validation study. Spots containing alpha-amylase, carbonic anhydrase VI, and whole albumin were decreased in diseased animals. Overall, pigs with diarrhoea caused by E. coli have changes in proteins in their saliva related to various pathophysiological mechanisms such as inflammation and immune function and could potentially be biomarkers of this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Rodrigues
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Science and Technology, University of Evora, 7006-554 Evora, Portugal
| | - Maria José López-Martinez
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (INTERLAB-UMU), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Alba Ortin-Bustillo
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (INTERLAB-UMU), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Jose Joaquin Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (INTERLAB-UMU), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Silvia Martinez-Subiela
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (INTERLAB-UMU), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Muñoz-Prieto
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (INTERLAB-UMU), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Elsa Lamy
- Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture Environment and Development (MED), University of Evora, 7006-554 Evora, Portugal
- CHANGE-Global Change and Sustainability Institute, University of Evora, 7006-554 Evora, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
López-Martínez MJ, Martínez-Subiela S, Cerón JJ, Ortín-Bustillo A, Ramis G, López-Arjona M, Martínez-Miró S, Manzanilla EG, Eckersall PD, Tecles F, Escribano D, Muñoz-Prieto A. Measurement of Calprotectin (S100A8/A9) in the Saliva of Pigs: Validation Data of A Commercially Available Automated Assay and Changes in Sepsis, Inflammation, and Stress. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13071190. [PMID: 37048446 PMCID: PMC10092961 DOI: 10.3390/ani13071190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Calprotectin (CALP, S100A8/A9), also named myeloid-related protein 8/14, is a dimer complex of S100A8 and S100A9 that belongs to the S-100 protein family. It is involved in inflammation and has a wide range of proinflammatory functions, such as cytokine production and regulation of leukocyte adhesion, migration, and phagocytosis. In humans, CALP traditionally can be measured in faeces, serum, and saliva as a biomarker of inflammation and sepsis. The objective of this study was to validate an automated assay for CALP measurements in the saliva of pigs, having the advantage of the use of a non-invasive sample that is easy to collect. The assay was precise and accurate. CALP in saliva measured by this assay showed significant changes depending on the hour of the day. It also showed significant increases in the saliva of pigs after the administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and showed a rise, although with increases of lower magnitude, after a stressful stimulus. Further studies should be made to gain knowledge about the possible practical applications of the measurements of CALP in the saliva of pigs as a biomarker to evaluate the animals’ health and welfare.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María José López-Martínez
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (INTERLAB-UMU), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (M.J.L.-M.); (S.M.-S.); (J.J.C.); (A.O.-B.); (P.D.E.); (F.T.); (A.M.-P.)
| | - Silvia Martínez-Subiela
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (INTERLAB-UMU), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (M.J.L.-M.); (S.M.-S.); (J.J.C.); (A.O.-B.); (P.D.E.); (F.T.); (A.M.-P.)
| | - José Joaquín Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (INTERLAB-UMU), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (M.J.L.-M.); (S.M.-S.); (J.J.C.); (A.O.-B.); (P.D.E.); (F.T.); (A.M.-P.)
| | - Alba Ortín-Bustillo
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (INTERLAB-UMU), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (M.J.L.-M.); (S.M.-S.); (J.J.C.); (A.O.-B.); (P.D.E.); (F.T.); (A.M.-P.)
| | - Guillermo Ramis
- Department of Animal Production, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (G.R.); (S.M.-M.)
| | - Marina López-Arjona
- Department of Animal and Food Science, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain;
| | - Silvia Martínez-Miró
- Department of Animal Production, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (G.R.); (S.M.-M.)
| | - Edgar García Manzanilla
- Pig Development Department, The Irish Food and Agriculture Authority, Teagasc, Moorepark,
P61 C996 Fermoy, Ireland;
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 W6F6 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Peter David Eckersall
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (INTERLAB-UMU), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (M.J.L.-M.); (S.M.-S.); (J.J.C.); (A.O.-B.); (P.D.E.); (F.T.); (A.M.-P.)
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Rd., Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Fernando Tecles
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (INTERLAB-UMU), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (M.J.L.-M.); (S.M.-S.); (J.J.C.); (A.O.-B.); (P.D.E.); (F.T.); (A.M.-P.)
| | - Damián Escribano
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (INTERLAB-UMU), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (M.J.L.-M.); (S.M.-S.); (J.J.C.); (A.O.-B.); (P.D.E.); (F.T.); (A.M.-P.)
- Department of Animal Production, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (G.R.); (S.M.-M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Alberto Muñoz-Prieto
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (INTERLAB-UMU), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (M.J.L.-M.); (S.M.-S.); (J.J.C.); (A.O.-B.); (P.D.E.); (F.T.); (A.M.-P.)
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Botía M, López-Arjona M, Escribano D, Contreras-Aguilar MD, Vallejo-Mateo PJ, Cerón JJ, Martínez-Subiela S. Measurement of haptoglobin in saliva of cows: Validation of an assay and a pilot study of its potential application. Res Vet Sci 2023; 158:44-49. [PMID: 36924634 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the use of saliva as a matrix for the measurement of biomarkers of health and welfare is gaining importance due to its non-invasive collection. Haptoglobin (Hp) is an acute-phase protein involved in the inflammatory response and changes in its concentration can provide information about the health status of the animals. This study aimed to develop and validate an assay based on luminescent amplification (AlphaLISA technology) for the measurement of Hp in bovine saliva and to study the possible changes in different inflammatory situations such as peripartum period and lameness. The assay proved to be accurate, reliable, and sensitive for the measurement of Hp in cow saliva (coefficient of variation (CV) 7.57%; coefficient of determination (R2) 0.992; recovery test 105.15%; lower limit of quantification (LLQ) 7.9 ng/ml). Significant differences were observed between Hp levels in saliva of cows before (13 days before) and after (7 and 20 days after) calving and at the moment of calving (p < 0.0001), and between lame and healthy cows (p < 0.008). In conclusion, this assay can detect Hp in a precise, sensitive, and accurate way in saliva of cows. Future studies with a larger population and different disease conditions should be conducted to determine the potential of Hp as an inflammatory biomarker in cow saliva.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Botía
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - M López-Arjona
- Department of Animal and Food Science, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - D Escribano
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; Department of Animal Production, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - M D Contreras-Aguilar
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - P J Vallejo-Mateo
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - J J Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - S Martínez-Subiela
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Ortín-Bustillo A, Escribano D, Martínez-Subiela S, Tvarijonaviciute A, Muñoz-Prieto A, López-Arjona M, Cerón JJ, Tecles F. Trace Elements and Ferritin in Pig Saliva: Variations during Fattening, Time of Sampling, Effect of Dirtiness and Stability under Different Storage Conditions. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030649. [PMID: 36978897 PMCID: PMC10045741 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the possible changes of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), iron (Fe) and ferritin during the entire productive cycle in fattening pigs and at different diurnal sampling times. Moreover, the possible effects of the presence of pen contaminants and storage stability at different temperature conditions were assessed. The analytes changed along the different phases of the fattening productive cycle, showing, in general, higher values at the initial phases. In addition, statistically significant variations were found in Zn and Cu measurements at different sampling times of the day. In the spectrophotometric assays, the values of all analytes significantly increased after adding high concentrations of feces or feed. However, when low concentrations of feces or feed were added, only Cu showed a significant increase. Overall, the salivary levels of Zn, Cu, Fe and ferritin in pigs can change during different fattening phases and the different hours of the day. These analytes were more stable at −80 °C and, if saliva is contaminated with feces or feed, it can lead to an increase in these analytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alba Ortín-Bustillo
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Damián Escribano
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain
- Department of Animal Production, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Silvia Martínez-Subiela
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Asta Tvarijonaviciute
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Muñoz-Prieto
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Marina López-Arjona
- Department of Animal and Food Science, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - José J. Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Fernando Tecles
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Murcia, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-868-887-082
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Arostegui LGG, Prieto AM, Marín LP, López GG, Tvarijonaviciute A, Madrigal JJC, Rubio CP. Changes in biomarkers of redox status in serum and saliva of dogs with hypothyroidism. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:33. [PMID: 36732758 PMCID: PMC9896751 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03586-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypothyroidism is the most common endocrine disorder diagnosed in dogs, leading to deleterious effects on a dog's life quality. This study aims to evaluate changes in the redox status in canine hypothyroidism. For this purpose, a comprehensive panel of antioxidants and oxidants biomarkers were measured in serum and saliva of 23 dogs with hypothyroidism, 21 dogs with non-thyroidal illness, and 16 healthy dogs. Among the antioxidants, cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), thiol, paraoxonase type 1 (PON-1) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were determined in serum and CUPRAC, ferric reducing ability of saliva (FRAS) and TEAC in saliva. The oxidant biomarkers included were total oxidant status (TOS), peroxide-activity (POX-Act), reactive oxygen-derived compounds (d-ROMs), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in serum and AOPP and TBARS in saliva. RESULTS Results showed a significantly higher TEAC, PON-1, GPx, TOS, POX-Act, and d-ROMs, and a significantly lower AOPP in serum of dogs with hypothyroidism. Meanwhile, significantly lower FRAS and AOPP were observed in saliva of dogs with hypothyroidism. Once salivary concentrations were corrected based on their total protein concentrations, the only analyte showing significant changes was TBARS which was significantly higher in dogs with hypothyroidism. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that dogs with hypothyroidism present alterations in the redox status in both serum and saliva. This study should be considered a preliminary study and further research addressing these changes should be made using larger populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis G. González Arostegui
- grid.10586.3a0000 0001 2287 8496Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Espinardo Spain
| | - Alberto Muñoz Prieto
- grid.4808.40000 0001 0657 4636Clinic for Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 1000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Luis Pardo Marín
- grid.10586.3a0000 0001 2287 8496Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Espinardo Spain
| | - Gregorio García López
- grid.10586.3a0000 0001 2287 8496Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Espinardo Spain
| | - Asta Tvarijonaviciute
- grid.10586.3a0000 0001 2287 8496Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Espinardo Spain
| | - Jose Joaquín Cerón Madrigal
- grid.10586.3a0000 0001 2287 8496Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Espinardo Spain
| | - Camila Peres Rubio
- grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625Department of Animal and Food Science, School of Veterinary Science, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Saco Y, Bassols A. Acute phase proteins in cattle and swine: A review. Vet Clin Pathol 2023; 52 Suppl 1:50-63. [PMID: 36526287 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The major acute phase proteins (APPs) in cattle are haptoglobin (Hp) and serum amyloid A (SAA), and in swine, are Hp, SAA, C-reactive protein (CRP), and Pig major acute phase protein (Pig-MAP). Many methodologic assays are presently available to measure these parameters, which are still being improved to increase their specificity, sensitivity, user-friendliness, and economic availability. In cattle, the main applications are the diagnosis and monitoring of frequent diseases such as mastitis and metritis in dairy cows and respiratory problems in young calves. In pigs, APPs are useful in the control of bacterial and viral infections, and they may be used at the slaughterhouse to monitor subclinical pathologies and improve food safety. The utility of APP in animal production must not be forgotten; optimization of protocols to improve performance, welfare, and nutrition may benefit from the use of APPs. Other sample types besides serum or plasma have potential uses; APP determination in milk is a powerful tool in the control of mastitis, saliva is a non-invasive sample type, and meat juice is easily obtained at the slaughterhouse. Increasing our knowledge of reference intervals and the influence of variables such as age, breed, sex, and the season is important. Finally, worldwide harmonization and standardization of analytical procedures will help to expand the use of APPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Saco
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Servei de Bioquímica Clínica Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Anna Bassols
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Servei de Bioquímica Clínica Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Farias SDS, Dierings AC, Mufalo VC, Sabei L, Parada Sarmiento M, da Silva AN, Ferraz PA, Pugliesi G, Ribeiro CVDM, Oliveira CADA, Zanella AJ. Asinine milk mitigates stress-mediated immune, cortisol and behavioral responses of piglets to weaning: A study to foster future interventions in humans. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1139249. [PMID: 37122716 PMCID: PMC10140756 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1139249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The present study assessed whether asinine milk supplementation improved the immune and behavioral responses of piglets during an early life weaning stress event as a model for its future use in humans. Methods For this, 48 piglets from 4 different litters were used. At 20 days of age, piglets were weighed and allocated with their litter and dam into group pens until 28 days of age. Four piglets from each litter were then randomly assigned to either (1) asinine milk supplementation (n = 16) (2), skimmed cow milk supplementation (n = 16) or (3) no supplementation (n = 16; control group). The supplementations were voluntarily administered for 3 days preweaning and 3 days postweaning using a baby bottle. The effects on the weaning stress response were assessed through salivary cortisol measurements; behavioral tests such as the open field, novel object end elevated plus maze tests; and gene expression of HSD11B1, NR3C1 and IL1B in PBMCs, which was determined by RT-qPCR and normalized to GAPDH and UBB. To test the effect of the supplementations on weight, milk intake, gene expression, and behavior, a randomized block design was used with repeated measurements over time by the PROC MIXED procedure. Results and discussion The effects on salivary cortisol were determined using the ratio between the morning and afternoon concentrations, considering the time before and after the weaning event. Principal component analysis (PCA) and Fisher's test were performed to evaluate the behavior test data. When comparing salivary cortisol concentrations between the pre- and postweaning periods, there was a difference (p < 0.05) between the supplementation groups in the afternoon period, suggesting that piglets fed asinine milk had lower afternoon cortisol concentrations postweaning than their counterparts. For the behavioral tests, the supplementations had no measurable effects. No difference was between groups pre- and postweaning for the expression of HSD11B2, which codes for an enzyme that breaks down cortisol. However, the expression of NR3C1, which encodes the glucocorticoid receptor, was significantly upregulated in piglets supplemented with cow milk (mean 1.245; p < 0.05). Conclusion Asinine milk downregulated 1L1B gene expression, which codes for an inflammatory cytokine. In conclusion, these results suggest that supplementation with asinine milk may represent a strategy to diminish the damage associated with an early life event by modulating IL1B expression and reducing salivary cortisol levels in piglets undergoing weaning stress. Further transcriptomic and metabolomic studies may improve our understanding of the molecular pathways that mediate this systemic immune-mediated response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharacely de Souza Farias
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Sharacely de Souza Farias, ; Adroaldo José Zanella,
| | - Ana Carolina Dierings
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Cardoso Mufalo
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leandro Sabei
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marisol Parada Sarmiento
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Arthur Nery da Silva
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Priscila Assis Ferraz
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Pugliesi
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudio Vaz Di Mambro Ribeiro
- Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Chiara Albano de Araujo Oliveira
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Adroaldo José Zanella
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Sharacely de Souza Farias, ; Adroaldo José Zanella,
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Valros A, Lopez-Martinez MJ, Munsterhjelm C, Lopez-Arjona M, Ceron JJ. Novel saliva biomarkers for stress and infection in pigs: Changes in oxytocin and procalcitonin in pigs with tail-biting lesions. Res Vet Sci 2022; 153:49-56. [PMID: 36308791 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
There is a need for feasible and reliable measures to improve and evaluate production animal health and welfare. Oxytocin is a promising novel stress-related biomarker and procalcitonin may be a measure of sepsis. Both have potential for use in pigs and can be measured from saliva, which allows on-farm sampling with minimal impact on the animals. The current study sought to further validate these measures using a spontaneous situation that causes both stress and an increased risk for infections in pigs, namely a tail-biting outbreak. Grower pigs on a commercial farm belonging to three different phenotype groups were selected: control pigs from control pens (CC, N = 30), control pigs (CTB, N = 10), and pigs with tail lesions from pens with a tail-biting outbreak (LTB, N = 27). A single sample of saliva was collected from each pig and analysed for a range of biomarkers related to stress, infection, inflammation, and immune activation. Oxytocin tended to be higher in CC pigs than in LTB pigs, while cortisol was higher in CTB than CC pigs. Procalcitonin tended to be higher, and haptoglobin was higher in LTB than in CC pigs. Adenosine-deaminase levels were similar between phenotypes. These results provide further evidence for the link between stress and tail biting, and indicate that tail-biting lesions are potential routes for systemic spread of bacteria. Further research into saliva oxytocin as a stress biomarker and saliva procalcitonin as a sepsis biomarker in pigs is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Valros
- Research Centre for Animal Welfare, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Production Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 57, 00014, Finland.
| | - Maria Jose Lopez-Martinez
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Camilla Munsterhjelm
- Research Centre for Animal Welfare, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Production Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 57, 00014, Finland
| | - Marina Lopez-Arjona
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Jose Joaquin Ceron
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Romero-Aguirregomezcorta J, Ramírez LL, Ortín A, Ramis G, Romar R, Coy P. Differences in Weight, Hierarchy, and Incidence of Lameness between Two Groups of Adult Pigs Derived from Assisted Reproductive Technologies. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12243578. [PMID: 36552498 PMCID: PMC9774099 DOI: 10.3390/ani12243578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vitro production (IVP) and subsequent transfer of embryos (ET) to recipient mothers is not yet an established reproductive technology in the pig industry, as it is in cattle. However, that the trade of IVP-cryopreserved pig embryos is expected to start in the next decades. Society and governments are increasingly aware of the repercussions that IVP could have for animal health, welfare, behavior, or food safety, but proven scientific information for this type of animal does not exist, since no colonies of pigs have been created to this end. We created a small one and studied the differences between 16 IVP-derived pigs and 14 pigs derived from artificial insemination (AI), at 3.5 years of age, conceived from the same boar, and housed and fed under the same conditions since they were born. Incidence of lameness, position in the herd hierarchy, weight, adenosine deaminase activity, and hematological and biochemical analytes were compared between the two groups of animals. The results showed that the IVP animals weighed more, occupied higher positions in the herd hierarchy, and had a lower incidence of lameness. Although genetic differences from the maternal line could explain some of these results, it is also possible that the IVP animals developed better adaptative abilities, but more studies with a higher number of animals are necessary to reach consistent conclusions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jon Romero-Aguirregomezcorta
- Physiology of Reproduction Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, International Excellence Campus for Higher Education and Research (Campus Mare Nostrum), University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Lisette L. Ramírez
- Physiology of Reproduction Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, International Excellence Campus for Higher Education and Research (Campus Mare Nostrum), University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Alba Ortín
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, International Excellence Campus for Higher Education and Research (Campus Mare Nostrum), University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Guillermo Ramis
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), 30120 Murcia, Spain
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, International Excellence Campus for Higher Education and Research (Campus Mare Nostrum), University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Raquel Romar
- Physiology of Reproduction Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, International Excellence Campus for Higher Education and Research (Campus Mare Nostrum), University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Pilar Coy
- Physiology of Reproduction Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, International Excellence Campus for Higher Education and Research (Campus Mare Nostrum), University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), 30120 Murcia, Spain
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Sankiewicz A, Oldak L, Zelazowska-Rutkowska B, Hermanowicz A, Lukaszewski Z, Gorodkiewicz E. An Immunosensor for the Determination of Cortisol in Serum and Saliva by Array SPRi. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:9675. [PMID: 36560051 PMCID: PMC9782774 DOI: 10.3390/s22249675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cortisol is a hormone which plays an essential role in the immune, endocrine, cardiovascular, renal and skeletal systems. Its level increases in response to stress, illness, injury or exhaustion, and it is therefore a significant diagnostic biomarker of stress. An immunosensor for the determination of cortisol by SPRi array was developed. The receptive part of the immunosensor is mouse monoclonal antibody against cortisol, immobilized via cysteamine linker. The optimum pH of the immunosensor is 7.4, and the optimum concentration of the antibody is 50 ng mL-1. The immunosensor is specific for cortisol, and its linear response ranges from 0.20 ng mL-1 (LOQ) to 8 ng mL-1. The precision of the determination was between 3.1% and 3.3%, and the recovery between 99% and 102%. The immunosensor was validated by simultaneous determination of cortisol in serum and saliva samples by a standard method, with good agreement between the results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sankiewicz
- Bioanalysis Laboratory, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Lukasz Oldak
- Bioanalysis Laboratory, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Science, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Beata Zelazowska-Rutkowska
- Department of Pediatric Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona 17, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Adam Hermanowicz
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Urology, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona 17, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Zenon Lukaszewski
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, 5 M. Skłodowska-Curie Square, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Ewa Gorodkiewicz
- Bioanalysis Laboratory, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Impact of Procedures and Human-Animal Interactions during Transport and Slaughter on Animal Welfare of Pigs: A Systematic Literature Review. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12233391. [PMID: 36496912 PMCID: PMC9740978 DOI: 10.3390/ani12233391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal welfare is a high social and political priority and is enshrined in European and national legislation. This systematic literature review (funded by the German Ministry of Food and Agriculture; grant no. 2817806A18) was conducted to find animal and management-based indicators that could be influenced by changes in pig handling and management procedures on the day of slaughter and, therefore, will directly result in improved animal welfare. For this systematic literature review, following the PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a structured literature search using the databases PubMed®, Web of ScienceTM, and LIVIVO with set search terms and their combinations in German and English. Only peer-reviewed original articles from European countries from 2009 until 2022 that dealt with welfare during transport and/or slaughter of fattening pigs and offered potential measurable indicators on the basis of the animal or management, and either directly or indirectly recommended handling practices were included. We used the literature management system EndNoteTM, and after duplicate removal, a total of 1099 records were found for further analysis. After analysis and discussion in the review team, which consisted of three experts in total, 105 articles underwent full-text screening. Finally, 39 articles were included in the results for this systematic literature review. According to this systematic literature review, the following procedures have a positive impact on the animal welfare of pigs on the day of slaughter. Calm-rather than rough-handling of pigs was the most influential factor. This can be achieved by using animal-friendly driving aids. Loud noise should be avoided in general or reduced as far as possible. Transport time is not always influenceable, but shorter transport duration with stocking density as stated by the European regulations as a maximum will reduce stress in pigs. Our review showed that there are differing scientific results about lairage duration, although this should be set in relation to prior stress and transport time. Knowledge of good stunning parameters, such as gas concentration, exposure time to the gas, recommended amperage, and current flow duration is essential. If electrical stunning is performed, the correct attachment of electrodes is crucial. The control of stunning effectiveness is extremely important to avoid suffering and pain, with the proviso that it is assessed on the basis of multiple parameters. The corneal reflex, regular gasping, and the up-righting reflex could be assessed together. Certificates of competence and continuing educational programmes for the personnel form the basis of animal-friendly handling and a stressless slaughter routine. It can be assumed that the results of this systematic literature review reflect the state of current research of pig welfare during transport and slaughter in the European Union, even though it must be assumed that not all relevant points were covered by the review, which can be seen as a limitation at the same time because important non-European or older publications could not be included.
Collapse
|