Nanomaterials and nanotechnology for the delivery of agrochemicals: strategies towards sustainable agriculture

Modulation of rhizosphere microbial community and metabolites by bio-functionalized nanoscale silicon oxide alleviates cadmium-induced phytotoxicity in bayberry plants

Cadmium (Cd) is an extremely toxic heavy metal that can originate from industrial activities and accumulate in agricultural soils. This study investigates the potential of biologically synthesized silicon oxide nanoparticles (Bio-SiNPs) in alleviating Cd toxicity in bayberry plants. Bio-SiNPs were synthesized using the bacterial strain Chryseobacterium sp. RTN3 and thoroughly characterized using advanced techniques. A pot experiment results demonstrated that Cd stress substantially reduced leaves biomass, photosynthesis efficiency, antioxidant enzyme activity, and induced oxidative damage in bayberry (Myrica rubra) plants. However, Bio-SiNPs application at 200 mg kg-1 significantly enhanced plant biomass, chlorophyll content (26.4 %), net photosynthetic rate (8.6 %), antioxidant enzyme levels, and mitigated reactive oxygen species production under Cd stress. Bio-SiNPs modulated key stress-related phytohormones by increasing salicylic acid (13.2 %) and abscisic acid (13.7 %) contents in plants. Bio-SiNPs augmented Si deposition on root surfaces, preserving normal ultrastructure in leaf cells. Additionally, 16S rRNA gene sequencing demonstrated that Bio-SiNPs treatment favorably reshaped structure and abundance of specific bacterial groups (Proteobacteria, Actinobacteriota, and Acidobacteriota) in the rhizosphere. Notably, Bio-SiNPs application significantly modulated the key metabolites (phenylacetaldehyde, glycitein, maslinic acid and methylmalonic acid) under both normal and Cd stress conditions. Overall, this study highlights that bio-nanoremediation using Bio-SiNPs enhances tolerance to Cd stress in bayberry plants by beneficially modulating biochemical, microbial, and metabolic attributes.

Development, characterization, and evaluation of Zn-SA-chitosan bionanoconjugates on wheat seed, experiencing chilling stress during germination

This study aimed to develop and characterize the chitosan bionanoconjugates (BNCs) loaded with zinc (Zn) and salicylic acid (SA) and test their efficacy on wheat seed exposed to chilling stress. BNCs developed were spherical (480 ± 6.0 nm), porous, and positively charged (+25.2 ± 2.4 mV) with regulated nutrient release properties. They possessed complexation efficiency of 78.4 and 58.9 % for Zn, and SA respectively. BET analysis further confirmed a surface area of 12.04 m2/g. Release kinetics substantiated the release rates of Zn and SA, as 0.579 and 0.559 % per hour, along with a half-life of 119.7 and 124.0 h, respectively. BNCs positively affected the germination potential of wheat seeds under chilling stress as observed by significantly (p < 0.05) reduced mean emergence time (18 %), and increased germination rate (22 %), compared to the control. Higher activities of reserve mobilizing enzymes (α-amylase- 6.5 folds, protease -10.2 folds) as well as faster reserve mobilization of starch (64.4 %) and protein (63.5 %) molecules were also observed. The application further led to increased levels of the antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT) and reduced oxidative damage (MDA and H2O2). Thus, it is inferred that the developed BNCs could help substantially improve the germination and reserve mobilization potential, thereby increasing the crop yield.

Revolutionizing agriculture with nanotechnology: Innovative approaches in fungal disease management and plant health monitoring

Nanotechnology has emerged as a transformative force in modern agriculture, offering innovative solutions to address challenges related to fungal plant diseases and overall agricultural productivity. Specifically, the antifungal activities of metal, metal oxide, bio-nanoparticles, and polymer nanoparticles were examined, highlighting their unique mechanisms of action against fungal pathogens. Nanoparticles can be used as carriers for fungicides, offering advantages in controlled release, targeted delivery, and reduced environmental toxicity. Nano-pesticides and nano-fertilizers can enhance nutrient uptake, plant health, and disease resistance were explored. The development of nanosensors, especially those utilizing quantum dots and plasmonic nanoparticles, promises early and accurate detection of fungal pathogens, a crucial step in timely disease management. However, concerns about their potential toxic effects on non-target organisms, environmental impacts, and regulatory hurdles underscore the importance of rigorous research and impact assessments. The review concludes by emphasizing the significant prospects of nanotechnology in reshaping the future of agriculture but advocates for a balanced approach that prioritizes safety, sustainability, and environmental stewardship.

Effect of CeO2, TiO2 and SiO2 nanoparticles on the growth and quality of model medicinal plant Salvia miltiorrhiza by acting on soil microenvironment

In this study, a six-month pot experiment was conducted to explore the effects of nanoparticles (NPs), including CeO2, TiO2 and SiO2 NPs at 200 and 800 mg/kg, on the growth and quality of model medicinal plant Salvia miltiorrhiza. A control group was implemented without the application of NPs. Results showed that NPs had no significant effect on root biomass. Treatment with 200 mg/kg of SiO2 NPs significantly increased the total tanshinone content by 44.07 %, while 200 mg/kg of CeO2 NPs were conducive to a 22.34 % increase in salvianolic acid B content. Exposure to CeO2 NPs induced a substantial rise in the MDA content in leaves (176.25 % and 329.15 % under low and high concentration exposure, respectively), resulting in pronounced oxidative stress. However, TiO2 and SiO2 NPs did not evoke a robust response from the antioxidant system. Besides, high doses of CeO2 NP-amended soil led to reduced nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents. Furthermore, the NP amendment disturbed the carbon and nitrogen metabolism in the plant rhizosphere and reshaped the rhizosphere microbial community structure. The application of CeO2 and TiO2 NPs promoted the accumulation of metabolites with antioxidant functions, such as D-altrose, trehalose, arachidonic acid and ergosterol. NPs displayed a notable suppressive effect on pathogenic fungi (Fusarium and Gibberella) in the rhizosphere, while enriching beneficial taxa with disease resistance, heavy metal antagonism and plant growth promotion ability (Lysobacter, Streptomycetaceae, Bacillaceae and Hannaella). Correlation analysis indicated the involvement of rhizosphere microorganisms in plant adaptation to NP amendments. NPs regulate plant growth and quality by altering soil properties, rhizosphere microbial community structure, and influencing plant and rhizosphere microbe metabolism. These findings were beneficial to deepening the understanding of the mechanism by which NPs affect medicinal plants.

Harnessing bio-based chelating agents for sustainable synthesis of AgNPs: Evaluating their inherent attributes and antimicrobial potency in conjunction with honey

Greenly synthesized nanoparticles have garnered attention due to their low environmental footprint, but impurities limit their applications. A novel semi-organic method for synthesizing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using bio-based chelating fuels (Beta vulgaris subsp., Spinacia oleracea, and Ipomoea batatas) reduces the undesirable impurities. The study also showcases the impact of bio-based chelating fuel on various characteristics of AgNPs in comparison to synthetic chelating fuel. The antimicrobial efficacy of the synthesized AgNPs in conjunction with honey was also assessed against E. coli. The XRD analysis showed cubic structure of AgNPs. The FESEM and TEM analysis showed that the well-connected spherical-shaped AgNPs (∼3-120 nm diameter) while EDS confirmed the presence of Ag in all samples. The TEM analysis also revealed layers of carbonates in AgNPs synthesized using bio-based chelating fuels. XPS investigation confirmed the absence of any prominent impurities in prepared samples and AgNPs have not experienced oxidation on their surface. However, notable surface charging effects due to the uneven conductivity of the particles were observed. The broth dilution method showed that all mixtures containing AgNPs in combination with honey exhibited a significant bacterial growth reduction over a period of 120 h. The highest growth reduction of ∼75 % is obtained for the mixture having AgNPs (Ipomoea batatas) while the least growth reduction of ∼51 % is obtained for the mixture having AgNPs (Beta vulgaris subsp.). The findings affirm that AgNPs can be successfully synthesized using bio-based chelating fuels with negligible ecological consequences and devoid of contaminants. Moreover, the synthesized AgNPs can be employed in conjunction with honey for antibacterial purposes.

Advances in the Design of Functional Cellulose Based Nanopesticide Delivery Systems

The advancement of science and technology, coupled with the growing environmental consciousness among individuals, has led to a shift in pesticide development from traditional methods characterized by inefficiency and misuse toward a more sustainable and eco-friendly approach. Cellulose, as the most abundant natural renewable resource, has opened up a new avenue in the field of biobased drug carriers by developing cellulose-based drug delivery systems. These systems offer unique advantages in terms of deposition rate enhancement, modification facilitation, and environmental impact reduction when designing nanopesticides. Consequently, their application in the field of nanoscale pesticides has gained widespread recognition. The present study provides a comprehensive review of cellulose modification methods, carrier types for cellulose-based nanopesticides delivery systems (CPDS), and various stimulus-response factors influencing pesticide release. Additionally, the main challenges in the design and application of CPDS are summarized, highlighting the immense potential of cellulose-based materials in the field of nanopesticides.

Integrative transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses reveals the toxicity and mechanistic insights of bioformulated chitosan nanoparticles against Magnaporthe oryzae

Rice blast, an extremely destructive disease caused by the filamentous fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae, poses a global threat to the production of rice (Oryza sativa L.). The emerging trend of reducing dependence on chemical fungicides for crop protection has increased interest in exploring bioformulated nanomaterials as a sustainable alternative antimicrobial strategy for effectively managing plant diseases. Herein, we used physiomorphological, transcriptomic, and metabolomic methods to investigate the toxicity and molecular action mechanisms of moringa-chitosan nanoparticles (M-CNPs) against M. oryzae. Our results demonstrate that M-CNPs exhibit direct antifungal properties by impeding the growth and conidia formation of M. oryzae in a concentration-dependent manner. Propidium iodide staining indicated concentration-dependent significant apoptosis (91.33%) in the fungus. Ultrastructural observations revealed complete structural damage in fungal cells treated with 200 mg/L M-CNPs, including disruption of the cell wall and destruction of internal organelles. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses revealed the intricate mechanism underlying the toxicity of M-CNPs against M. oryzae. The transcriptomics data indicated that exposure to M-CNPs disrupted various processes integral to cell membrane biosynthesis, aflatoxin biosynthesis, transcriptional regulation, and nuclear integrity in M. oryzae., emphasizing the interaction between M-CNPs and fungal cells. Similarly, metabolomic profiling demonstrated that exposure to M-CNPs significantly altered the levels of several key metabolites involved in the integral components of metabolic pathways, microbial metabolism, histidine metabolism, citrate cycle, and lipid and protein metabolism in M. oryzae. Overall, these findings demonstrated the potent antifungal action of M-CNPs, with a remarkable impact at the physiological and molecular level, culminating in substantial apoptotic-like fungal cell death. This research provides a novel perspective on investigating bioformulated nanomaterials as antifungal agents for plant disease control.

Chitosan coated selenium: A versatile nano-delivery system for molecular cargoes

The use of nanoscale delivery platforms holds tremendous potential to overcome the current limitations associated with the conventional delivery of genetic materials and hydrophobic compounds. Therefore, there is an imperative need to develop a suitable alternative nano-enabled delivery platform to overcome these limitations. This work reports the first one-step hydrothermal synthesis of chitosan functionalized selenium nanoparticles (Selenium-chitosan, SeNP) that are capable of serving as a versatile nanodelivery platform for different types of active ingredients. The chitosan functionalization modified the surface charge to allow the loading of active ingredients and improve biocompatibility. The effective loading of the SeNP was demonstrated using genetic material, a hydrophobic small molecule, and an antibiotic. Furthermore, the loading of active ingredients showed no detrimental effect on the specific properties (fluorescence and bactericidal) of the studied active ingredients. In vitro antimicrobial inhibitory studies exhibited good compatibility between the SeNP delivery platform and Penicillin G (Pen), resulting in a reduction of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) from 32 to 16 ppm. Confocal microscopy images showed the uptake of the SeNP by a macrophage cell line (J774A.1), demonstrating trackability and intracellular delivery of an active ingredient. In summary, the present work demonstrates the potential of SeNP as a suitable delivery platform for biomedical and agricultural applications.

Evaluating the adverse effects and mechanisms of nanomaterial exposure on longevity of C. elegans: A literature meta-analysis and bioinformatics analysis of multi-transcriptome data

Exposure to large-size particulate air pollution (PM2.5 or PM10) has been reported to increase risks of aging-related diseases and human death, indicating the potential pro-aging effects of airborne nanomaterials with ultra-fine particle size (which have been widely applied in various fields). However, this hypothesis remains inconclusive. Here, a meta-analysis of 99 published literatures collected from electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library; from inception to June 2023) was performed to confirm the effects of nanomaterial exposure on aging-related indicators and molecular mechanisms in model animal C. elegans. The pooled analysis by Stata software showed that compared with the control, nanomaterial exposure significantly shortened the mean lifespan [standardized mean difference (SMD) = -2.30], reduced the survival rate (SMD = -4.57) and increased the death risk (hazard ratio = 1.36) accompanied by upregulation of ced-3, ced-4 and cep-1, while downregulation of ctl-2, ape-1, aak-2 and pmk-1. Furthermore, multi-transcriptome data associated with nanomaterial exposure were retrieved from Gene Expression Omnibus (GSE32521, GSE41486, GSE24847, GSE59470, GSE70509, GSE14932, GSE93187, GSE114881, and GSE122728) and bioinformatics analyses showed that pseudogene prg-2, mRNAs of abu, car-1, gipc-1, gsp-3, kat-1, pod-2, acdh-8, hsp-60 and egrh-2 were downregulated, while R04A9.7 was upregulated after exposure to at least two types of nanomaterials. Resveratrol (abu, hsp-60, pod-2, egrh-2, acdh-8, gsp-3, car-1, kat-1, gipc-1), naringenin (kat-1, egrh-2), coumestrol (egrh-2) or swainsonine/niacin/ferulic acid (R04A9.7) exerted therapeutic effects by reversing the expression levels of target genes. In conclusion, our study demonstrates the necessity to use phytomedicines that target hub genes to delay aging for populations with nanomaterial exposure.

Development of a Safe and Effective Bacillus thuringiensis-Based Nanobiopesticide for Controlling Tea Pests

Mg(OH)2 was used as the nanocarrier of the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry1Ac protein, and the synthesized Cry1Ac-Mg(OH)2 composites were regular and uniform nanosheets. Nano-Mg(OH)2 could effectively improve the insecticidal effect of the Cry1Ac protein toward Ectropis obliqua. It could enhance the damage degree of the Cry1Ac protein to intestinal epithelial cells and microvilli, induce and enrich the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the midgut, and enhance the degradation of the Cry1Ac protein into active fragments. Furthermore, an anti-rinsing assay showed that the Cry1Ac-Mg(OH)2 composites were bound to the notch structure of the tea leaf surface. The retention of the Cry1Ac protein increased by 11.45%, and sprayed nano-Mg(OH)2 was rapidly absorbed by different tissues of tea plants. Moreover, nano-Mg(OH)2 and composites did not significantly affect non-target organisms. These results show that nano-Mg(OH)2 can serve as a safe and effective biopesticide carrier, which provides a new approach for stable and efficient Bt preparation.

Green Nanopesticide: pH Response and Molybdenum Selenide Carrier with Photothermal Effect to Transport Prochloraz to Inhibit Sclerotinia Disease

Accurate pesticide delivery is a key factor in improving pesticide utilization, which can effectively reduce the use of pesticides and environmental risks. In this study, we developed a nanocarrier preparation method which can be controlled by pH/near-infrared response. Mesoporous molybdenum selenide (MoSe2) with a high loading rate was used as the core, poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) with acid response was used as the shell, and prochloraz (Pro) was loaded to form a pH-/near-infrared-responsive core-shell nanosystem (Pro@MoSe2@PAA NPs, abbreviated as PMP). Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infection secretes oxalic acid, forming an acidic microenvironment. In an acidic environment, PMP could quickly release Pro, and the cumulative release amount of Pro at pH = 5.0 was 3.1 times higher than that at pH = 7.4, and the efficiency of releasing Pro in the acidic environment was significantly enhanced. In addition, the release rate of PMP under near-infrared light irradiation was also significantly improved, and the cumulative release of Pro under simulated sunlight was 2.35 times higher than that under no light. The contact angles of PMP droplets on rapeseeds were reduced by 31.2 and 13.9% compared to Pro and MoSe2, respectively, which proved that the nanosystems had good wettability. In addition, PMP shows excellent adhesion and resistance to simulated rain washout. In the plate antibacterial experiment, the inhibitory effect of 0.5 μg/mL PMP on S. sclerotiorum was as high as 75.2% after 6 days, which showed a higher bactericidal activity than Pro. More importantly, PMP shows excellent biocompatibility and safety to plants, microorganisms, and cells. In a word, PMP is a green nanopesticide with a dual response of pH/near-infrared light, which provides a new strategy for the sustainable development of agriculture.

A novel efficient multi-walled carbon nanotubes/gibberellic acid composite for enhancement vase life and quality of Rosa hybrida cv. 'Moonstone'

The postharvest life of cut flowers is limited, which is a major challenge and varies greatly depending on plant varieties, cut flower stage, flower length of the harvested shoots, and storage conditions including postharvest treatments. As a result, improving the vase life and quality of cut flowers in regulating postharvest characteristics and overcoming these challenges is critical to the horticulture business. Novel engineered nanocomposites were created and tested for possible impacts on flower bud opening, postharvest life extension, longevity regulation, and preservation and enhancement of the strength and appearance of cut flowers. The experiment was conducted as a factorial experiment using a completely randomized design (CRD) with two factors. The first factor was two holding solutions (without or with sucrose at 20 gL-1). The second factor was 12 pulsing treatments for 24 h; distilled water as a control, 75 ppm GA3, multi-walled carbon nanotubes MWCNTs at 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 ppm, and MWCNTs (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 ppm)/GA3 (75 ppm) composites; each treatment had 3 replicates, for a total of 72 experimental units. In the present study, gibberellic acid (GA3) was synthesized in functionalized (MWCNT/GA3 composites) as a novel antisenescence agent, and their effect on the vase life quality of cut rose flowers Rosa hybrida cv. 'Moonstone' was compared by assaying several parameters critical for vase life. The adsorption of GA3 on MWCNTs was proven by performing FTIR spectroscopy which ensures that the formation of the MWCNTs/GA3 composite preserves the nanostructure and was examined by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). The results revealed that sucrose in the holding solution showed a significant increase in fresh weight, flower diameter, and vase life by 10.5, 10.6, and 3.3% respectively. Applying sucrose with MWCNTs 20 ppm/GA3 75 ppm composites or MWCNTs 20 ppm alone, was critical for the significant increase in flower opening by 39.7 and 28.7%, and longevity by 34.4 and 23.2%, respectively, and significantly increased chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll, anthocyanin, total phenolic content, and 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity as compared to the control.

Broad-spectrum nano-bactericide utilizing antimicrobial peptides and bimetallic Cu-Ag nanoparticles anchored onto multiwalled carbon nanotubes for sustained protection against persistent bacterial pathogens in crops

Worldwide crop yields are threatened by persistent pathogenic bacteria that cause significant damage and jeopardize global food security. Chemical pesticides have shown limited effectiveness in protecting crops from severe yield loss. To address this obstacle, there is a growing need to develop environmentally friendly bactericides with broad-spectrum and sustained protection against persistent crop pathogens. Here, we present a method for preparing a nanocomposite that combines antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and bimetallic Cu-Ag nanoparticles anchored onto multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The nanocomposite exhibited dual antibacterial activity by disrupting bacterial cell membranes and splicing nucleic acids. By functionalizing MWCNTs with small AMPs (sAMPs), we achieved enhanced stability and penetration of the nanocomposite, and improved loading capacity of the Cu-Ag nanoparticles. The synthesized MWCNTs&CuNCs@AgNPs@P nanocomposites demonstrated broad-spectrum lethality against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial pathogens. Glasshouse pot trials confirmed the efficacy of the nanocomposites in protecting rice crops against bacterial leaf blight and tomato crops against bacterial wilt. These findings highlight the excellent antibacterial properties of the MWCNTs&CuNCs@AgNPs@P nanocomposite and its potential to replace chemical pesticides, offering significant advantages for agricultural applications.

Biosafety aspects of RNAi-based pests control

While the overuse of classical chemical pesticides has had a detrimental impact on the environment and human health, the discovery of RNA interference (RNAi) offered the opportunity to develop new and sustainable approaches for pest management. RNAi is a naturally occurring regulation and defense mechanism that can be exploited to effectively protect crops by silencing key genes affecting the growth, development, behavior or fecundity of pests. However, as with all technologies, there is a range of potential risks and challenges associated with the application of RNAi, such as dsRNA stability, the potential for off-target effects, the safety of non-target organisms, and other application challenges. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in RNAi and in-depth discussion and analysis of these associated safety risks, is required to limit or mitigate potential adverse effects. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Nano-enabled agrochemicals: mitigating heavy metal toxicity and enhancing crop adaptability for sustainable crop production

The primary factors that restrict agricultural productivity and jeopardize human and food safety are heavy metals (HMs), including arsenic, cadmium, lead, and aluminum, which adversely impact crop yields and quality. Plants, in their adaptability, proactively engage in a multitude of intricate processes to counteract the impacts of HM toxicity. These processes orchestrate profound transformations at biomolecular levels, showing the plant's ability to adapt and thrive in adversity. In the past few decades, HM stress tolerance in crops has been successfully addressed through a combination of traditional breeding techniques, cutting-edge genetic engineering methods, and the strategic implementation of marker-dependent breeding approaches. Given the remarkable progress achieved in this domain, it has become imperative to adopt integrated methods that mitigate potential risks and impacts arising from environmental contamination on yields, which is crucial as we endeavor to forge ahead with the establishment of enduring agricultural systems. In this manner, nanotechnology has emerged as a viable field in agricultural sciences. The potential applications are extensive, encompassing the regulation of environmental stressors like toxic metals, improving the efficiency of nutrient consumption and alleviating climate change effects. Integrating nanotechnology and nanomaterials in agrochemicals has successfully mitigated the drawbacks associated with traditional agrochemicals, including challenges like organic solvent pollution, susceptibility to photolysis, and restricted bioavailability. Numerous studies clearly show the immense potential of nanomaterials and nanofertilizers in tackling the acute crisis of HM toxicity in crop production. This review seeks to delve into using NPs as agrochemicals to effectively mitigate HM toxicity and enhance crop resilience, thereby fostering an environmentally friendly and economically viable approach toward sustainable agricultural advancement in the foreseeable future.

Application of inulin for the formulation and delivery of bioactive molecules and live cells

Inulin is a fructan biosynthesized mainly in plants of the Asteraceae family. It is also found in edible vegetables and fruits such as onion, garlic, leek, and banana. For the industrial production of inulin, chicory and Jerusalem artichoke are the main raw material. Inulin is used in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic as well biotechnological industries. It has a GRAS status and exhibits prebiotic properties. Inulin can be used as a wall material in the encapsulation process of drugs and other bioactive compounds and the development of their delivery systems. In the review, the use of inulin for the encapsulation of probiotics, essential and fatty oils, antioxidant compounds, natural colorant and other bioactive compounds is presented. The encapsulation techniques, materials and the properties of final products suitable for the delivery into food are discussed. Research limitations are also highlighted.

A review of chitosan nanoparticles: Nature's gift for transforming agriculture through smart and effective delivery mechanisms

Chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) have emerged as a promising tool in agricultural advancements due to their unique properties including, biocompatability, biodegradability, non-toxicity and remarkable versatility. These inherent properties along with their antimicrobial, antioxidant and eliciting activities enable CNPs to play an important role in increasing agricultural productivity, enhancing nutrient absorption and improving pest management strategies. Furthermore, the nano-formulation of chitosan have the ability to encapsulate various agricultural amendments, enabling the controlled release of pesticides, fertilizers, plant growth promoters and biocontrol agents, thus offering precise and targeted delivery mechanisms for enhanced efficiency. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the latest research and developments in the use of CNPs for enhancing agricultural practices through smart and effective delivery mechanisms. It discusses the synthesis methods, physicochemical properties, and their role in enhancing seed germination and plant growth, crop protection against biotic and abiotic stresses, improving soil quality and reducing the environmental pollution and delivery of agricultural amendments. Furthermore, the potential environmental benefits and future directions for integrating CNPs into sustainable agricultural systems are explored. This review aims to shed light on the transformative potential of chitosan nanoparticles as nature's gift for revolutionizing agriculture and fostering eco-friendly farming practices.

Pectin-Coated Iron-Based Metal-Organic Framework Nanoparticles for Enhanced Foliar Adhesion and Targeted Delivery of Fungicides

Conventional agrochemicals are underutilized due to their large particle sizes, poor foliar retention rates, and difficult translocation in plants, and the development of functional nanodelivery carriers with high adhesion to the plant body surface and efficient uptake and translocation in plants remains challenging. In this study, a nanodelivery system based on a pectin-encapsulated iron-based MOF (TF@Fe-MOF-PT NPs) was constructed to enhance the utilization of thifluzamide (TF) in rice plants by taking advantage of the pectin affinity for plant cell walls. The prepared TF@Fe-MOF-PT NPs exhibited an average particle size of 126.55 nm, a loading capacity of 27.41%, and excellent dual-stimulus responses to reactive oxygen species and pectinase. Foliar washing experiments showed that the TF@Fe-MOF-PT NPs were efficiently adhered to the surfaces of rice leaves and stems. Confocal laser scanning microscopy showed that fluorescently labeled TF@Fe-MOF-PT NPs were bidirectionally delivered through vascular bundles in rice plants. The in vitro bactericidal activity of the TF@Fe-MOF-PT NPs showed better inhibitory activity than that of a TF suspension (TF SC), with an EC50 of 0.021 mg/L. A greenhouse test showed that the TF@Fe-MOF-PT NPs were more effective than TF SC at 7 and 14 d, with control effects of 85.88 and 78.59%, respectively. It also reduced the inhibition of seed stem length and root length by TF SC and promoted seedling growth. These results demonstrated that TF@Fe-MOF-PT NPs can be used as a pesticide nanodelivery system for efficient delivery and intelligent release in plants and applied for sustainable control of pests and diseases.

Fabrication of three-dimension hierarchical structure CuO nanoflowers and their antifungal mechanism against Bipolaris sorokiniana

Nanomaterials are widely investigated in sustainable agriculture owing to their unique physicochemical properties, especially Cu-based nanomaterial with eco-friendliness and essential for plant. However, the effect of CuO nanomaterial on Bipolaris sorokiniana (B. sorokiniana) is yet to be systematically understood. In this study, a three-dimension hierarchical structure CuO nanoflower (CuO NF) with ultrathin petals and excellent dispersibility in water was constructed and proved to have outstanding antifungal activity against B. sorokiniana with the inhibition rate of 86 % in mycelial growth, 74 % in mycelial dry weight and 75 % in conidial germination. Furthermore, the antifungal mechanism was assigned to the production of reactive oxygen species in intracellular caused by antioxidant mimicking activity of CuO NF to damage of cell membrane integrity and result cellular leakage. Additionally, the good control effect of CuO NF on wheat diseases caused by B. sorokiniana was demonstrated through pot experiment. This article firstly reveals the antifungal activity and mechanism of CuO NF on B. sorokiniana, and establishes the relationship between enzyme-like activity of CuO NF and its antifungal activity, which provides a promising application of Cu-based nanomaterial as nanofungicide in plant protection and a theoretical foundation for structure design of nanomaterials to improve their antifungal activities.

Targeted Delivery of Sucrose-Coated Nanocarriers with Chemical Cargoes to the Plant Vasculature Enhances Long-Distance Translocation

Current practices for delivering agrochemicals are inefficient, with only a fraction reaching the intended targets in plants. The surfaces of nanocarriers are functionalized with sucrose, enabling rapid and efficient foliar delivery into the plant phloem, a vascular tissue that transports sugars, signaling molecules, and agrochemicals through the whole plant. The chemical affinity of sucrose molecules to sugar membrane transporters on the phloem cells enhances the uptake of sucrose-coated quantum dots (sucQD) and biocompatible carbon dots with β-cyclodextrin molecular baskets (suc-β-CD) that can carry a wide range of agrochemicals. The QD and CD fluorescence emission properties allowed detection and monitoring of rapid translocation (<40 min) in the vasculature of wheat leaves by confocal and epifluorescence microscopy. The suc-β-CDs more than doubled the delivery of chemical cargoes into the leaf vascular tissue. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis showed that the fraction of sucQDs loaded into the phloem and transported to roots is over 6.8 times higher than unmodified QDs. The sucrose coating of nanoparticles approach enables unprecedented targeted delivery to roots with ≈70% of phloem-loaded nanoparticles delivered to roots. The use of plant biorecognition molecules mediated delivery provides an efficient approach for guiding nanocarriers containing agrochemicals to the plant vasculature and whole plants.

Chitosan nanoparticles encapsulating curcumin counteract salt-mediated ionic toxicity in wheat seedlings: an ecofriendly and sustainable approach

Over-accumulating salts in soil are hazardous materials that interfere with the biochemical pathways in growing plants drastically affecting their physiological attributes, growth, and productivity. Soil salinization poses severe threats to highly-demanded and important crops directly challenging food security and sustainable productivity. Recently, there has been a great demand to exploit natural sources for the development of nontoxic nanoformulations of growth enhancers and stress emulators. The chitosan (CS) has growth-stimulating properties and widespread use as nanocarriers, while curcumin (CUR) has a well-established high ROS scavenging potential. Herein, we use CS and CUR for the preparation of CSNPs encapsulating CUR as an ecofriendly nanopriming agent. The hydroprimed, nanoprimed (0.02 and 0.04%), and unprimed (control) wheat seeds were germinated under salt stress (150 mM NaCl) and normal conditions. The seedlings established from the aforementioned seeds were employed for germination studies and biochemical analyses. Priming imprints mitigated the ionic toxicity by upregulating the machinery of antioxidants (CAT, POD, APX, and SOD), photosynthetic pigments (Chl a, Chl b, total Chl, and lycopene), tannins, flavonoids, and protein contents in wheat seedlings under salt stress. It controlled ROS production and avoided structural injuries, thus reducing MDA contents and regulating osmoregulation. The nanopriming-induced readjustments in biochemical attributes counteracted the ionic toxicity and positively influenced the growth parameters including final germination, vigor, and germination index. It also reduced the mean germination time, significantly validating the growth-stimulating and stress-emulating role of the prepared nanosystem. Hence, the nanopriming conferred tolerance against salt stress during germination and seedling development, ensuring sustainable growth.

Bioinspired silver nanoparticle-based nanocomposites for effective control of plant pathogens: A review

Plant pathogens, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses, pose significant challenges to the farming community due to their extensive diversity, the rapidly evolving phenomenon of multi-drug resistance (MDR), and the limited availability of effective control measures. Amid mounting global pressure, particularly from the World Health Organization, to limit the use of antibiotics in agriculture and livestock management, there is increasing consideration of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) as promising alternatives for antimicrobial applications. Studies focusing on the application of ENMs in the fight against MDR pathogens are receiving increasing attention, driven by significant losses in agriculture and critical knowledge gaps in this crucial field. In this review, we explore the potential contributions of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and their nanocomposites in combating plant diseases, within the emerging interdisciplinary arena of nano-phytopathology. AgNPs and their nanocomposites are increasingly acknowledged as promising countermeasures against plant pathogens, owing to their unique physicochemical characteristics and inherent antimicrobial properties. This review explores recent advancements in engineered nanocomposites, highlights their diverse mechanisms for pathogen control, and draws attention to their potential in antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral applications. In the discussion, we briefly address three crucial dimensions of combating plant pathogens: green synthesis approaches, toxicity-environmental concerns, and factors influencing antimicrobial efficacy. Finally, we outline recent advancements, existing challenges, and prospects in scholarly research to facilitate the integration of nanotechnology across interdisciplinary fields for more effective treatment and prevention of plant diseases.

Design and Synthesis of a Water-Based Nanodelivery Pesticide System for Improved Efficacy and Safety

Developing an environmentally friendly and safe nanodelivery system is crucial to improve the efficacy of pesticides and minimize environmental and health risks. However, preparing a completely water-based nanopesticide without using harmful solvents is a technical challenge. In this study, a water-based nanodelivery pesticide system was constructed to improve the efficacy and safety of Emamectin Benzoate (EB). A specific surfactant, 29-(4-(5-hydroxynonan-5-yl)phenoxy)-3,6,9,12,15,18,21,24,27-nonaoxanonacosan-1-ol (SurEB) was designed and synthesized to form a water-based nanodelivery system (EBWNS) with EB. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed the self-assembly and interaction forces between SurEB and EB in water, providing insights into the formation mechanism of EBWNS nanoparticles. The nanodelivery system showed the prolonged effectivity of EB with reduced degradation and demonstrated a good control efficacy for multiple target pests, such as red spider mite, beet armyworm larvae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and rice stem borers (Chilo suppressalis). Toxicology tests on various objects demonstrated that the EBWNS has low toxicity for seeds, HaCaT cells, zebrafish, earthworm, and E. coli. This study provides a distinctive perspective for developing environmentally friendly nanopesticide formulations, which clarified a water-based treatment method for specific lipid-soluble pesticides. The water-based nanodelivery pesticide system has the potential to improve the efficacy and safety of pesticides in the process of field applications.

Revolutionizing agriculture: Harnessing nano-innovations for sustainable farming and environmental preservation

The agricultural sector is currently confronted with a significant crisis stemming from the rapid changes in climate patterns, declining soil fertility, insufficient availability of essential macro and micronutrients, excessive reliance on chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and the presence of heavy metals in soil. These numerous challenges pose a considerable threat to the agriculture industry. Furthermore, the exponential growth of the global population has led to a substantial increase in food consumption, further straining agricultural systems worldwide. Nanotechnology holds great promise in revolutionizing the food and agriculture industry, decreasing the harmful effects of agricultural practices on the environment, and improving productivity. Nanomaterials such as inorganic, lipid, and polymeric nanoparticles have been developed for increasing productivity due to their unique properties. Various strategies can enhance product quality, such as the use of nano-clays, nano zeolites, and hydrogel-based materials to regulate water absorption and release, effectively mitigating water scarcity. The production of nanoparticles can be achieved through various methods, each of which has its own unique benefits and limitations. Among these methods, chemical synthesis is widely favored due to the impact that various factors such as concentration, particle size, and shape have on product quality and efficiency. This review provides a detailed examination of the roles of nanotechnology and nanoparticles in sustainable agriculture, including their synthetic methods, and presents an analysis of their associated advantages and disadvantages. To date, there are serious concerns and awareness about healthy agriculture and the production of healthy products, therefore the development of nanotech-enabled devices that act as preventive and early warning systems to identify health issues, offering remedial measures is necessary.

Encapsulated nanopesticides application in plant protection: Quo vadis?

The increased global food insecurity due to the growing population can be addressed with precision and sustainable agricultural practices. To tackle the issues regarding food insecurity, farmers used different agrochemicals that improved plant growth and protection. Among these agrochemicals, synthetic pesticides used for plant protection in the agricultural field have various disadvantages. Conventional applications of synthetic pesticides have drawbacks such as rapid degradation, poor solubility, and non-target effects, as well as increased pesticide runoff that pollutes the environment. Nanotechnology has evolved as a potential solution to increase agricultural productivity through the development of different nanoforms of agrochemicals such as nanopesticides, nano-fabricated fertilizers, nanocapsules, nanospheres, nanogels, nanofibers, nanomicelles, and nano-based growth promoters. Encapsulation of these pesticides inside the nanomaterials has provided good biocompatibility over conventional application by inhibiting the early degradation of active ingredients (AI), increasing the uptake and adhesion of pesticides, improving the stability, solubility, and permeability of the pesticides, and decreasing the environmental impacts due to the pesticide runoff. In this review, different nanoforms of encapsulated pesticides and their smart delivery systems; nanocarriers in RNA interference (RNAi) based pesticides; environmental fate, practical implications, management of nanopesticides; and future perspectives are discussed.

Nano-Agrochemicals as Substitutes for Pesticides: Prospects and Risks

This review delves into the mesmerizing technology of nano-agrochemicals, specifically pesticides and herbicides, and their potential to aid in the achievement of UN SDG 17, which aims to reduce hunger and poverty globally. The global market for conventional pesticides and herbicides is expected to reach USD 82.9 billion by 2027, growing 2.7% annually, with North America, Europe, and the Asia-Pacific region being the biggest markets. However, the extensive use of chemical pesticides has proven adverse effects on human health as well as the ecosystem. Therefore, the efficacy, mechanisms, and environmental impacts of conventional pesticides require sustainable alternatives for effective pest management. Undoubtedly, nano-agrochemicals have the potential to completely transform agriculture by increasing crop yields with reduced environmental contamination. The present review discusses the effectiveness and environmental impact of nanopesticides as promising strategies for sustainable agriculture. It provides a concise overview of green nano-agrochemical synthesis and agricultural applications, and the efficacy of nano-agrochemicals against pests including insects and weeds. Nano-agrochemical pesticides are investigated due to their unique size and exceptional performance advantages over conventional ones. Here, we have focused on the environmental risks and current state of nano-agrochemicals, emphasizing the need for further investigations. The review also draws the attention of agriculturists and stakeholders to the current trends of nanomaterial use in agriculture especially for reducing plant diseases and pests. A discussion of the pros and cons of nano-agrochemicals is paramount for their application in sustainable agriculture.

Chitosan as a Control Tool for Insect Pest Management: A Review

Chitosan, a polysaccharide derived from the deacetylation of chitin, is a versatile and eco-friendly biopolymer with several applications. Chitosan is recognized for its biodegradability, biocompatibility, and non-toxicity, beyond its antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antitumoral activities. Thanks to its properties, chitosan is used in many fields including medicine, pharmacy, cosmetics, textile, nutrition, and agriculture. This review focuses on chitosan's role as a tool in insect pest control, particularly for agriculture, foodstuff, and public health pests. Different formulations, including plain chitosan, chitosan coating, chitosan with nematodes, chitosan's modifications, and chitosan nanoparticles, are explored. Biological assays using these formulations highlighted the use of chitosan-essential oil nanoparticles as an effective tool for pest control, due to their enhanced mobility and essential oils' prolonged release over time. Chitosan's derivatives with alkyl, benzyl, and acyl groups showed good activity against insect pests due to improved solubility and enhanced activity compared to plain chitosan. Thus, the purpose of this review is to provide the reader with updated information concerning the use and potential applications of chitosan formulations as pest control tools.

Unveiling the Potential of Bioinoculants and Nanoparticles in Sustainable Agriculture for Enhanced Plant Growth and Food Security

The increasing public concern over the negative impacts of chemical fertilizers and pesticides on food security and sustainability has led to exploring innovative methods that offer both environmental and agricultural benefits. One such innovative approach is using plant-growth-promoting bioinoculants that involve bacteria, fungi, and algae. These living microorganisms are applied to soil, seeds, or plant surfaces and can enhance plant development by increasing nutrient availability and defense against plant pathogens. However, the application of biofertilizers in the field faced many challenges and required conjunction with innovative delivering approaches. Nanotechnology has gained significant attention in recent years due to its numerous applications in various fields, such as medicine, drug development, catalysis, energy, and materials. Nanoparticles with small sizes and large surface areas (1-100 nm) have numerous potential functions. In sustainable agriculture, the development of nanochemicals has shown promise as agents for plant growth, fertilizers, and pesticides. The use of nanomaterials is being considered as a solution to control plant pests, including insects, fungi, and weeds. In the food industry, nanoparticles are used as antimicrobial agents in food packaging, with silver nanomaterials being particularly interesting. However, many nanoparticles (Ag, Fe, Cu, Si, Al, Zn, ZnO, TiO2, CeO2, Al2O3, and carbon nanotubes) have been reported to negatively affect plant growth. This review focuses on the effects of nanoparticles on beneficial plant bacteria and their ability to promote plant growth. Implementing novel sustainable strategies in agriculture, biofertilizers, and nanoparticles could be a promising solution to achieve sustainable food production while reducing the negative environmental impacts.

Nanoplatforms for the Delivery of Nucleic Acids into Plant Cells

Nanocarriers are widely used for efficient delivery of different cargo into mammalian cells; however, delivery into plant cells remains a challenging issue due to physical and mechanical barriers such as the cuticle and cell wall. Here, we discuss recent progress on biodegradable and biosafe nanomaterials that were demonstrated to be applicable to the delivery of nucleic acids into plant cells. This review covers studies the object of which is the plant cell and the cargo for the nanocarrier is either DNA or RNA. The following nanoplatforms that could be potentially used for nucleic acid foliar delivery via spraying are discussed: mesoporous silica nanoparticles, layered double hydroxides (nanoclay), carbon-based materials (carbon dots and single-walled nanotubes), chitosan and, finally, cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs). Hybrid nanomaterials, for example, chitosan- or CPP-functionalized carbon nanotubes, are taken into account. The selected nanocarriers are analyzed according to the following aspects: biosafety, adjustability for the particular cargo and task (e.g., organelle targeting), penetration efficiency and ability to protect nucleic acid from environmental and cellular factors (pH, UV, nucleases, etc.) and to mediate the gradual and timely release of cargo. In addition, we discuss the method of application, experimental system and approaches that are used to assess the efficiency of the tested formulation in the overviewed studies. This review presents recent progress in developing the most promising nanoparticle-based materials that are applicable to both laboratory experiments and field applications.

Enhancing lettuce yield via Cu/Fe-layered double hydroxide nanoparticles spraying

Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) have been widely used in the field of plant engineering, such as DNA/RNA transformation and enhancing plant disease resistance. However, few studies have examined the direct effects of LDHs on plants and their potential utility as nanofertilizers. In this study, the retention capacity of Cu/Fe-layered double hydroxide nanoparticles (CuFe-LDHs) was assessed by comparative experiments on vegetables. The results showed that the retention of CuFe-LDHs in leafy vegetables was high, such as lettuce. Phenotypic analysis revealed that the fresh and dry weights of lettuce leaves were both increased by spraying 10-100 μg/mL CuFe-LDHs. Using the optimal concentration of 10 μg/mL, we conducted further experiments to elucidate the mechanism of CuFe-LDHs promoting lettuce growth. It was found that the application of CuFe-LDHs had a significant effect on growth and induced physiological, transcriptomic, and metabolomic changes, including an increase in the chlorophyll b content, net photosynthetic rate, and intercellular carbon dioxide concentration, as well as modifications in gene expression patterns and metabolite profiles. This work provides compelling evidence that CuFe-LDHs can efficiently adsorb on the surface of lettuce leaves through hydrogen bonding, promote lettuce growth, mitigate the toxicity of heavy metal ions compared to their raw materials at the same concentration and offer a molecular-scale insight into the response of leafy vegetables to CuFe-LDHs.

Dynamic interplay between nano-enabled agrochemicals and the plant-associated microbiome

The plant-associated microbiome is known to be a critical component for crop growth, nutrient acquisition, resistance to pathogens, and abiotic stress tolerance. Conventional approaches have been attempted to manipulate the plant-soil microbiome to improve plant performance; however, several issues have arisen, such as collateral negative impacts on microbiota composition. The lack of reliability and robustness of conventional techniques warrants efforts to develop novel alternative strategies. Nano-enabled approaches have emerged as promising platforms for enhancing agricultural sustainability and global food security. Specifically, the use of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) as nanoscale agrochemicals has great potential to modulate the plant-associated microbiome. We review the dynamic interplay between nano-agrochemicals and the plant-associated microbiome for the safe development and use of nano-enabled microbiome engineering.

Emerging threats and opportunities to managed bee species in European agricultural systems: a horizon scan

Managed bee species provide essential pollination services that contribute to food security worldwide. However, managed bees face a diverse array of threats and anticipating these, and potential opportunities to reduce risks, is essential for the sustainable management of pollination services. We conducted a horizon scanning exercise with 20 experts from across Europe to identify emerging threats and opportunities for managed bees in European agricultural systems. An initial 63 issues were identified, and this was shortlisted to 21 issues through the horizon scanning process. These ranged from local landscape-level management to geopolitical issues on a continental and global scale across seven broad themes-Pesticides & pollutants, Technology, Management practices, Predators & parasites, Environmental stressors, Crop modification, and Political & trade influences. While we conducted this horizon scan within a European context, the opportunities and threats identified will likely be relevant to other regions. A renewed research and policy focus, especially on the highest-ranking issues, is required to maximise the value of these opportunities and mitigate threats to maintain sustainable and healthy managed bee pollinators within agricultural systems.

Continuous-Flow Nanoprecipitation Method to Synthesize Degradable Hollow Mesoporous Organosilica Nanoparticles for Insecticide Delivery

Degradable mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles (MONPs) are attracting significant attention in the area of designing smart drug carriers mainly due to their excellent stability and multiple functions. However, the efficient, controllable, and large-scale production of MONPs still faces huge challenges. Herein, a novel and facile continuous-flow nanoprecipitation strategy was reported to synthesize hollow MONPs with highly uniform and tailored properties. The synthesized hollow MONPs possessed a large surface area (SBET > 1070.1 m2 g-1), narrow size distribution, large hollow cavity, and thin shell. Interestingly, the incorporation of organic moieties into silica cross-linked networks led to the timely degradation of nanocarriers with the desired responsiveness. Moreover, the applicability of the as-obtained hollow MONPs has been demonstrated in the loading and pH-responsive release of thiamethoxam (THI). The resultant THI-loaded MONPs possessed long-term storage stability at a low temperature and showed release behaviors in response to a basic environment. Benefiting from the shielding property of MONPs, THI-loaded MONPs manifested superior stability against the photolysis as compared to that of the THI technical. This work provides a new consideration for promoting the advancement of nanotechnology in agricultural fields.

Regulation of proline metabolism, AsA-GSH cycle, cadmium uptake and subcellular distribution in Brassica napus L. under the effect of nano-silicon

Cadmium (Cd) is known to have detrimental effects on plant growth and human health. Recent studies showed that silicon nanoparticles (SNPs) can decrease Cd toxicity in plants. Therefore, a study was conducted using 50 μM Cd and 1.50 mM SNPs to investigate Cd uptake, subcellular distribution, proline (Pro) metabolism, and the antioxidant defense system in rapeseed seedlings. In this study, results indicated that Cd stress negatively affected rapeseed growth, and high Cd contents accumulated in both shoots and roots. However, SNPs significantly decreased Cd contents in shoots and roots. Moreover, substantial increases were found in root fresh weight by 40.6% and dry weight by 46.6%, as well as shoot fresh weight by 60.1% and dry weight by 113.7% with the addition of SNPs. Furthermore, the addition of SNPs alleviated oxidative injury by maintaining the ascorbate-glutathione (AsA-GSH) cycle and increased Pro biosynthesis which could be due to high activities of Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase (P5CS) and reductase (P5CR) and decreased proline dehydrogenase (ProDH) activity. Furthermore, the addition of SNPs accumulated Cd in the soluble fraction (42%) and cell wall (45%). Results indicate that SNPs effectively reduce Cd toxicity in rapeseed seedlings which may be effective in promoting both rapeseed productivity and human health preservation.

Progressing nanotechnology to improve targeted cancer treatment: overcoming hurdles in its clinical implementation

The use of nanotechnology has the potential to revolutionize the detection and treatment of cancer. Developments in protein engineering and materials science have led to the emergence of new nanoscale targeting techniques, which offer renewed hope for cancer patients. While several nanocarriers for medicinal purposes have been approved for human trials, only a few have been authorized for clinical use in targeting cancer cells. In this review, we analyze some of the authorized formulations and discuss the challenges of translating findings from the lab to the clinic. This study highlights the various nanocarriers and compounds that can be used for selective tumor targeting and the inherent difficulties in cancer therapy. Nanotechnology provides a promising platform for improving cancer detection and treatment in the future, but further research is needed to overcome the current limitations in clinical translation.

Low-Dose Exposure of WS2 Nanosheets Induces Differential Apoptosis in Lung Epithelial Cells

Escalating the production and application of tungsten disulfide (WS2) nanosheets inevitably increases environmental human exposure and warrants the necessity of studies to elucidate their biological impacts. Herein, we assessed the toxicity of WS2 nanosheets and focused on the impacts of low doses (≤10 μg/mL) on normal (BEAS-2B) and tumorigenic (A549) lung epithelial cells. The low doses, which approximate real-world exposures, were found to induce cell apoptosis, while doses ≥ 50 μg/mL cause necrosis. Focused studies on low-dose exposure to WS2 nanosheets revealed more details of the impacts on both cell lines, including reduction of cell metabolic activity, induction of lipid peroxidation in cell membranes, and uncoupling of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation that led to the loss of ATP production. These phenomena, along with the expression situations of a few key proteins involved in apoptosis, point toward the occurrence of mitochondria-dependent apoptotic signaling in exposed cells. Substantial differences in responses to WS2 exposure between normal and tumorigenic lung epithelial cells were noticed as well. Specifically, BEAS-2B cells experienced more adverse effects and took up more nanosheets than A549 cells. Our results highlight the importance of dose and cell model selection in the assessment of nanotoxicity. By using doses consistent with real-world exposures and comparing normal and diseased cells, we can gain knowledge to guide the development of safety precautions for mitigating the adverse impacts of nanomaterial exposure on human health.

Green synthesis, characterization, anti-SARS-CoV-2 entry, and replication of lactoferrin-coated zinc nanoparticles with halting lung fibrosis induced in adult male albino rats

The ethanolic extract of Coleus forskohlii Briq leaves was employed in the green synthesis of zinc nanoparticles (Zn-NPs) by an immediate, one-step, and cost-effective method in the present study. Zn-NPs were coated with purified bovine lactoferrin (LF) and characterized through different instrumental analysis. The biosynthesized Zn-NPs were white in color revealing oval to spherical-shaped particles with an average size of 77 ± 5.50 nm, whereas LF-coated Zn-NPs (LF-Zn-NPs) revealed a larger particles size of up to 98 ± 6.40 nm. The biosynthesized Zn-NPs and LF-Zn-NPs revealed negatively charged surfaces with zeta-potentials of – 20.25 ± 0.35 and – 44.3 ± 3.25 mV, respectively. Interestingly, the LF-Zn-NPs showed potent in vitro retardation for SARS-CoV-2 entry to host cells by binding to the ACE2-receptor and spike protein receptor binding domain at IC50 values of 59.66 and μg/mL, respectively. Additionally, the results indicated the ability of LF-Zn-NPs to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication by interfering with RNA-dependent RNA polymerase “RdRp” activity at IC50 of 49.23 μg/mL. In vivo, the LF-Zn-NPs displayed a protective and therapeutic activity against induced pulmonary fibrosis in Bleomycin-treated male albino rats owing to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and significant reduction in CRP, LDH, ferritin, and D-dimer levels. The obtained findings offer a promising route for biosynthesized Zn-NPs and LF-Zn-NPs as promising candidates against COVID-19.

Green synthesis, characterization, anti-SARS-CoV-2 entry, and replication of lactoferrin-coated zinc nanoparticles with halting lung fibrosis induced in adult male albino rats

The ethanolic extract of Coleus forskohlii Briq leaves was employed in the green synthesis of zinc nanoparticles (Zn-NPs) by an immediate, one-step, and cost-effective method in the present study. Zn-NPs were coated with purified bovine lactoferrin (LF) and characterized through different instrumental analysis. The biosynthesized Zn-NPs were white in color revealing oval to spherical-shaped particles with an average size of 77 ± 5.50 nm, whereas LF-coated Zn-NPs (LF-Zn-NPs) revealed a larger particles size of up to 98 ± 6.40 nm. The biosynthesized Zn-NPs and LF-Zn-NPs revealed negatively charged surfaces with zeta-potentials of - 20.25 ± 0.35 and - 44.3 ± 3.25 mV, respectively. Interestingly, the LF-Zn-NPs showed potent in vitro retardation for SARS-CoV-2 entry to host cells by binding to the ACE2-receptor and spike protein receptor binding domain at IC50 values of 59.66 and μg/mL, respectively. Additionally, the results indicated the ability of LF-Zn-NPs to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication by interfering with RNA-dependent RNA polymerase "RdRp" activity at IC50 of 49.23 μg/mL. In vivo, the LF-Zn-NPs displayed a protective and therapeutic activity against induced pulmonary fibrosis in Bleomycin-treated male albino rats owing to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and significant reduction in CRP, LDH, ferritin, and D-dimer levels. The obtained findings offer a promising route for biosynthesized Zn-NPs and LF-Zn-NPs as promising candidates against COVID-19.

The Impact of 2-Ketones Released from Solid Lipid Nanoparticles on Growth Modulation and Antioxidant System of Lactuca sativa

2-Ketones are signal molecules reported as plant growth stimulators, but their applications in vegetables have yet to be achieved. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) emerge as a relevant nanocarrier to develop formulations for the controlled release of 2-ketones. In this sense, seedlings of Lactuca sativa exposed to 125, 375, and 500 µL L-1 of encapsulated 2-nonanone and 2-tridecanone into SLNs were evaluated under controlled conditions. SLNs evidenced a spherical shape with a size of 230 nm. A controlled release of encapsulated doses of 2-nonanone and 2-tridecanone was observed, where a greater release was observed as the encapsulated dose of the compound increased. Root development was strongly stimulated mainly by 2-tridecanone and leaf area (25-32%) by 2-nonanone. Chlorophyll content increased by 15.8% with exposure to 500 µL L-1 of 2-nonanone, and carotenoid concentration was maintained with 2-nonanone. Antioxidant capacity decreased (13-62.7%) in L. sativa treated with 2-ketones, but the total phenol concentration strongly increased in seedlings exposed to some doses of 2-ketones. 2-Tridecanone strongly modulates the enzymatic activities associated with the scavenging of H2O2 at intra- and extracellular levels. In conclusion, 2-ketones released from SLNs modulated the growth and the antioxidant system of L. sativa, depending on the dose released.

Eco-Efficient Systems Based on Nanocarriers for the Controlled Release of Fertilizers and Pesticides: Toward Smart Agriculture

The excessive application of pesticides and fertilizers has generated losses in biological diversity, environmental pollution, and harmful effects on human health. Under this context, nanotechnology constitutes an innovative tool to alleviate these problems. Notably, applying nanocarriers as controlled release systems (CRSs) for agrochemicals can overcome the limitations of conventional products. A CRS for agrochemicals is an eco-friendly strategy for the ecosystem and human health. Nanopesticides based on synthetic and natural polymers, nanoemulsions, lipid nanoparticles, and nanofibers reduce phytopathogens and plant diseases. Nanoproducts designed with an environmentally responsive, controlled release offer great potential to create formulations that respond to specific environmental stimuli. The formulation of nanofertilizers is focused on enhancing the action of nutrients and growth stimulators, which show an improved nutrient release with site-specific action using nanohydroxyapatite, nanoclays, chitosan nanoparticles, mesoporous silica nanoparticles, and amorphous calcium phosphate. However, despite the noticeable results for nanopesticides and nanofertilizers, research still needs to be improved. Here, we review the relevant antecedents in this topic and discuss limitations and future challenges.

Regulation and safety measures for nanotechnology-based agri-products

There is a wide range of application for nanotechnology in agriculture, including fertilizers, aquaculture, irrigation, water filtration, animal feed, animal vaccines, food processing, and packaging. In recent decades, nanotechnology emerged as a prospective and promising approach for the advancement of Agri-sector such as pest/disease prevention, fertilizers, agrochemicals, biofertilizers, bio-stimulants, post-harvest storage, pheromones-, and nutrient-delivery, and genetic manipulation in plants for crop improvement by using nanomaterial as a carrier system. Exponential increase in global population has enhanced food demand, so to fulfil the demand markets already included nano-based product likewise nano-encapsulated nutrients/agrochemicals, antimicrobial and packaging of food. For the approval of nano-based product, applicants for a marketing approval must show that such novel items can be used safely without endangering the consumer and environment. Several nations throughout the world have been actively looking at whether their regulatory frameworks are suitable for handling nanotechnologies. As a result, many techniques to regulate nano-based products in agriculture, feed, and food have been used. Here, we have contextualized different regulatory measures of several countries for nano-based products in agriculture, from feed to food, including guidance and legislation for safety assessment worldwide.

Performance of constructed wetlands with different water level for treating graphene oxide wastewater: Characteristics of plants and microorganisms

Constructed wetlands (CWs) have been expected advantages in emerging pollutant removal, but with less known on their characteristic when treating wastewater containing graphene oxide (GO). In present study, we investigated characteristics of Iris pseudacorus, microorganisms, and pollutant removal in CWs with 60 cm and 37 cm water level (termed HCW and LCW). Plants in LCW had higher chlorophyll content and lower activities of antioxidant enzyme (superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase) as well as malondialdehyde content. Substrate enzyme activities were affected by time and CW type. LCW increased only dehydrogenase activities, while HCW increased catalase, urease, neutral phosphatase, and arylsulfatase activities. Sequencing analysis revealed that microbial community showed higher richness and diversity in LCW, but this dissimilarity could be eased by time-effect. Proteobacteria (25.62-60.36%) and Actinobacteria (13.86-56.20%) were stable dominant phyla in CWs. Ratio of Proteobacteria/Acidobacteria indicated that trophic status of plant rhizosphere zone was lower in LCW. Nitrospirae were enriched to 0.16-0.68% and 0.75-1.42% in HCW and LCW. The enrichment of phyla Proteobacteria and Firmicutes in HCW was attributed to class Gammaproteobacteria and genus Enterococcus. GO transformation showed some reductions in CWs, which could be affected by water depth and substrate depth. Overall, HCW achieved nitrogen and phosphorus removal for 48.78-62.99% and 95.01%, which decreased by 8.41% and 7.31% in LCW. COD removal was less affected reaching 93%. This study could provide some new evidence for CWs to treat wastewater containing GO.

Nano-based smart formulations: A potential solution to the hazardous effects of pesticide on the environment

Inefficient usage, overdose, and post-application losses of conventional pesticides have resulted in severe ecological and environmental issues, such as pesticide resistance, environmental contamination, and soil degradation. Advances in nano-based smart formulations are promising novel methods to decrease the hazardous impacts of pesticide on the environment. In light of the lack of a systematic and critical summary of these aspects, this work has been structured to critically assess the roles and specific mechanisms of smart nanoformulations (NFs) in mitigating the adverse impacts of pesticide on the environment, along with an evaluation of their final environmental fate, safety, and application prospects. Our study provides a novel perspective for a better understanding of the potential functions of smart NFs in reducing environmental pollution. Additionally, this study offers meaningful information for the safe and effective use of these nanoproducts in field applications in the near future.

Thymol-Nanoparticles as Effective Biocides against the Quarantine Pathogen Xylella fastidiosa

Quarantine pathogens require the investigation of new tools for effective plant protection. In particular, research on sustainable agrochemicals is the actual challenge. Plant extracts, essential oils, and gels are natural sources of efficient biocides, such as aromatic secondary metabolites. Thymol is the major phenolic constituent of thyme and oregano essential oils, and it can inhibit many pathogenic microbes. Thymol nanoparticles were obtained through adsorption on CaCO₃ nanocrystals, exploiting their carrier action. High loading efficiency and capability were reached as verified through UV and TGA measurements. We report the first study of thymol effect on Xylella fastidiosa, conducing both fluorometric assay and in vitro inhibition assay. The first test confirmed the great antibacterial effect of this compound. Finally, an in vitro test revealed an interesting synergistic action of thymol and nanocarriers, suggesting the potential application of thymol-nanoparticles as effective biocides to control Xylella fastidiosa infection.

Nanobiochar and Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Mixture Synergistically Increases Soil Nutrient Availability and Improves Wheat Production

Recently, nanomaterials have received considerable attention in the agricultural sector, due to their distinctive characteristics such as small size, high surface area to volume ratio, and charged surface. These properties allow nanomaterials to be utilized as nanofertilizers, that can improve crop nutrient management and reduce environmental nutrient losses. However, after soil application, metallic nanoparticles have been shown to be toxic to soil biota and their associated ecosystem services. The organic nature of nanobiochar (nanoB) may help to overcome this toxicity while maintaining all the beneficial effects of nanomaterials. We aimed to synthesize nanoB from goat manure and utilize it with CuO nanoparticles (nanoCu) to influence soil microbes, nutrient content, and wheat productivity. An X-ray diffractogram (XRD) confirmed nanoB synthesis (crystal size = 20 nm). The XRD spectrum showed a distinct carbon peak at 2θ = 42.9°. Fourier-transform spectroscopy of nanoB's surface indicated the presence of C=O, C≡N-R, and C=C bonds, and other functional groups. The electron microscopic micrographs of nanoB showed cubical, pentagonal, needle, and spherical shapes. NanoB and nanoCu were applied alone and as a mixture at the rate of 1000 mg kg^-1 soil, to pots where wheat crop was grown. NanoCu did not influence any soil or plant parameters except soil Cu content and plant Cu uptake. The soil and wheat Cu content in the nanoCu treatment were 146 and 91% higher, respectively, than in the control. NanoB increased microbial biomass N, mineral N, and plant available P by 57, 28, and 64%, respectively, compared to the control. The mixture of nanoB and nanoCu further increased these parameters, by 61, 18, and 38%, compared to nanoB or nanoCu alone. Consequently, wheat biological, grain yields, and N uptake were 35, 62 and 80% higher in the nanoB+nanoCu treatment compared to the control. NanoB further increased wheat Cu uptake by 37% in the nanoB+nanoCu treatment compared to the nanoCu alone. Hence, nanoB alone, or in a mixture with nanoCu, enhanced soil microbial activity, nutrient content, and wheat production. NanoB also increased wheat Cu uptake when mixed with nanoCu, a micronutrient essential for seed and chlorophyll production. Therefore, a mixture of nanobiochar and nanoCu would be recommended to farmers for improving their clayey loam soil quality and increasing Cu uptake and crop productivity in such agroecosystems.

Boosting Immunity and Management against Wheat Fusarium Diseases by a Sustainable, Circular Nanostructured Delivery Platform

Fusarium head blight (FHB) and Fusarium crown rot (FCR) are managed by the application of imidazole fungicides, which will be strictly limited by 2030, as stated by the European Green Deal. Here, a novel and eco-sustainable nanostructured particle formulation (NPF) is presented by following the principles of the circular economy. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and resistant starch were obtained from the bran of a high amylose (HA) bread wheat and employed as carrier and excipient, while chitosan and gallic acid were functionalized as antifungal and elicitor active principles. The NPF inhibited conidia germination and mycelium growth, and mechanically interacted with conidia. The NPF optimally reduced FHB and FCR symptoms in susceptible bread wheat genotypes while being biocompatible on plants. The expression level of 21 genes involved in the induction of innate immunity was investigated in Sumai3 (FHB resistant) Cadenza (susceptible) and Cadenza SBEIIa (a mutant characterized by high-amylose starch content) and most of them were up-regulated in Cadenza SBEIIa spikes treated with the NPF, indicating that this genotype may possess an interesting genomic background particularly responsive to elicitor-like molecules. Quantification of fungal biomass revealed that the NPF controlled FHB spread, while Cadenza SBEIIa was resistant to FCR fungal spread. The present research work highlights that the NPF is a powerful weapon for FHB sustainable management, while the genome of Cadenza SBEIIa should be investigated deeply as particularly responsive to elicitor-like molecules and resistant to FCR fungal spread.

Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles Induce Intracellular Peroxidation Damage of Phytophthora infestans: A New Type of Green Fungicide for Late Blight Control

Nanopesticides are considered to be a promising alternative strategy for enhancing bioactivity and delaying the development of pathogen resistance to pesticides. Here, a new type of nanosilica fungicide was proposed and demonstrated to control late blight by inducing intracellular peroxidation damage to Phytophthora infestans, the pathogen associated with potato late blight. Results indicated that the structural features of different silica nanoparticles were largely responsible for their antimicrobial activities. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) exhibited the highest antimicrobial activity with a 98.02% inhibition rate of P. infestans, causing oxidative stress responses and cell structure damage in P. infestans. For the first time, MSNs were found to selectively induce spontaneous excess production of intracellular reactive oxygen species in pathogenic cells, including hydroxyl radicals (•OH), superoxide radicals (•O₂^-), and singlet oxygen (¹O₂), leading to peroxidation damage in P. infestans. The effectiveness of MSNs was further tested in the pot experiments as well as leaf and tuber infection, and successful control of potato late blight was achieved with high plant compatibility and safety. This work provides new insights into the antimicrobial mechanism of nanosilica and highlights the use of nanoparticles for controlling late blight with green and highly efficient nanofungicides.

Recent Advances in Nanoparticle-Mediated Co-Delivery System: A Promising Strategy in Medical and Agricultural Field

Drug and gene delivery systems mediated by nanoparticles have been widely studied for life science in the past decade. The application of nano-delivery systems can dramatically improve the stability and delivery efficiency of carried ingredients, overcoming the defects of administration routes in cancer therapy, and possibly maintaining the sustainability of agricultural systems. However, delivery of a drug or gene alone sometimes cannot achieve a satisfactory effect. The nanoparticle-mediated co-delivery system can load multiple drugs and genes simultaneously, and improve the effectiveness of each component, thus amplifying efficacy and exhibiting synergistic effects in cancer therapy and pest management. The co-delivery system has been widely reported in the medical field, and studies on its application in the agricultural field have recently begun to emerge. In this progress report, we summarize recent progress in the preparation and application of drug and gene co-delivery systems and discuss the remaining challenges and future perspectives in the design and fabrication.

Environmental effect of agriculture-related manufactured nano-objects on soil microbial communities

Agriculture-related manufactured nano-objects (MNOs) can revolutionize the crop production and help to achieve sustainable development goals. MNOs with diverse physico-chemical properties and ability to encapsulate and deliver active ingredients in controlled, targeted and stimuli responsive manner can enhance the efficiency while minimizing collateral damage to non-target organisms and environment. Application of MNOs in the form of nanopesticides and nanofertilizers is known to affect soil microbial communities both positively and negatively, but detailed studies with varying dose, type and environmental conditions are scarce. Therefore, it is imperative to understand the complex mechanisms and factors which shape the MNOs-microbial interactions through integrating state of the art technologies including omics (transcriptomics, metabolomics, and proteomics), artificial intelligence, and statistical frameworks. Lastly, we propose the idea of MNOs-mediated manipulation of soil microbiome to modify the soil microbial communities for improved microbial services. These microbial services, if harnessed appropriately, can revolutionize modern agriculture and help in achieving sustainable development goals.

Scaling-up strategies for controllable biosynthetic ZnO NPs using cell free-extract of endophytic Streptomyces albus: characterization, statistical optimization, and biomedical activities evaluation

In this study, we identified a suitable precursor and good cellular compartmentalization for enhancing bioactive metabolites to produce biosynthetic zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs). An effective medium for cultivating endophytic Streptomyces albus strain E56 was selected using several optimized approaches in order to maximize the yield of biosynthetic ZnO NPs. The highest biosynthetic ZnO NPs yield (4.63 g/L) was obtained when pipetting the mixed cell-free fractions with 100 mM of zinc sulfate as a precursor. The generation of biosynthetic ZnO NPs was quickly verified using a colored solution (white color) and UV-Visible spectroscopy (maximum peak, at 320 nm). On a small scale, the Taguchi method was applied to improve the culture medium for culturing the strain E56. As a result, its cell-dry weight was 3.85 times that of the control condition. And then the biosynthesis of ZnO NPs (7.59 g/L) was increased by 1.6 times. Furthermore, by using the Plackett-Burman design to improve the utilized biogenesis pathway, the biosynthesis of ZnO NPs (18.76 g/L) was increased by 4.3 times. To find the best growth production line, we used batch and fed batch fermentation modes to gradually scale up biomass output. All kinetics of studied cell growth were evaluated during fed-batch fermentation as follows: biomass yield was 271.45 g/L, yield coefficient was 94.25 g/g, and ZnO NPs yield was 345.32 g/L. In vitro, the effects of various dosages of the controllable biosynthetic ZnO NPs as antimicrobial and anticancer agents were also investigated. The treatments with controllable biosynthetic ZnO NPs had a significant impact on all the examined multidrug-resistant human pathogens as well as cancer cells.