Effects of eight weeks of time-restricted feeding (16/8) on basal metabolism, maximal strength, body composition, inflammation, and cardiovascular risk factors in resistance-trained males

Hypercaloric 16:8 time-restricted eating during 8 weeks of resistance exercise in well-trained men and women

BACKGROUND

The effectiveness and practicality of time-restricted eating (TRE) when trying to maximize muscle mass and strength is unclear. Thus, we examined the effects of a hypercaloric 16:8 TRE approach during supervised progressive resistance exercise.

METHODS

Seventeen healthy and well-trained men (n = 10) and women (n = 7) were randomly assigned to TRE or control (FED). Both groups consumed a 10% hypercaloric high-protein (2.2 g/kg/d) diet and performed supervised resistance exercise 4× per wk for 8 wk. TRE consumed all calories within an 8 h window starting at least 1 h post-exercise, while FED consumed the same number of calories throughout the day.

RESULTS

Eating windows were significantly different (TRE: 7.9 ± 0.1 h vs. FED: 13.2 ± 0.6 h). Calorie, carbohydrate, fat, and protein intake did not differ statistically between groups. Total exercise volume was significantly lower in TRE than FED (6,960 ± 287 vs. 7,334 ± 289 repetitions), as were subjective daily energy ratings (week 4 = -1.41; p = 0.04, week 8 = -1.04; p = 0.06). Both groups increased maximal upper and lower body strength (1RM) and muscular endurance (ME); however, gains in squat 1RM were 4.0 ± 1.9 kg lower in TRE (p = 0.05). Both groups increased fat-free mass similarly (TRE: 2.67 kg; FED: 1.82 kg, p = 0.04), but FED added 1.4 ± 0.6 kg more fat mass (p = 0.04). Subjective mood and sleep ratings did not change in either group.

CONCLUSIONS

16:8 TRE is viable during periods of muscle size, strength, and endurance development in well-trained young men and women when engaging in progressive resistance exercise and eating in a caloric surplus with adequate protein. However, the differences in total training volume, squat 1RM, fat mass accumulation, and energy are notable and practically relevant. These findings should be considered within the broader context of an individual's goals, lifestyle, preferences, and exercise demands.

Six weeks of time-restricted eating improves basal fat oxidation and body composition but not fat oxidation during exercise in young males

BACKGROUND & AIMS

Time-restricted eating (TRE) is a type of intermittent fasting, requiring individuals to limit their eating timeframe to specific hours in the day, while maintaining a fasting period greater than 12 h. Fat oxidation (FOx) is a critical determinant in the pathophysiology of metabolic diseases, with impaired FOx contributing to conditions such as insulin resistance and obesity, whereas enhanced FOx is associated with improved metabolic health. However, the impact of the 16:8 TRE model on FOx remains largely unexplored. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a 6-week TRE on resting and exercise substrate oxidation, body composition, and blood markers related to metabolic health.

METHODS

Thirty-three healthy, young males (age: 27.5 ± 6 years, body mass: 76.5 ± 8.4 kg, maximal oxygen uptake [V˙O2max]: 43.9 ± 6.6 mL·kg-1·min-1) were assigned to either TRE (n = 16) or control group (n = 17), with efforts to match baseline characteristics, including V˙O2max and body composition. The TRE group followed a 16:8 program for 6 weeks, while controls maintained their existing dietary habits. Body composition, blood glucose, insulin, blood lipids, resting substrate oxidation, and FOx during cycling at 40 % V˙O2max were assessed before and after the 6-week period. Data were analyzed using both intention-to-treat (ITT) and per-protocol approaches.

RESULTS

Thirty-three participants were included in the ITT analysis, while 31 participants were included in the per-protocol analysis. Compared to baseline, results showed a significant difference (p < 0.05) between TRE and control groups in body mass (TRE versus control) (Δ = -2.8 kg versus Δ = 0.7 kg), fat mass (Δ = -1.4 kg versus Δ = 0.4 kg), percent body fat (-1.7 % versus 0.4 %), lean mass (Δ = -1.4 kg versus Δ = 0.3 kg), and visceral adipose tissue mass (Δ = -39.7 g versus Δ = 46.4 g). There was a significant difference between TRE and control groups in resting respiratory exchange ratio (RER, Δ = -0.02 versus Δ = 0.02; p = 0.016), FOx (Δ = 0.33 mg·kg FFM-1·min-1versus Δ = -0.37 mg·kg FFM-1·min-1; p = 0.007), and carbohydrate oxidation (Δ = -0.39 mg·kg FFM-1·min-1versus Δ = 0.45 mg·kg FFM-1·min-1; p = 0.037) after the 6-week period. Exercise substrate oxidation and fasting blood glucose, insulin, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol did not significantly change over time in either group (p > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

In summary, a 6-week TRE significantly reduces body mass, fat mass, and resting RER as well as increases resting FOx in young, healthy males. However, it does not affect blood markers related to cardiometabolic health or exercise substrate oxidation. This trial was registered at https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06498102asNCT06498102.

Lifestyle interventions in cardiometabolic HFpEF: dietary and exercise modalities

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is rapidly growing as the most common form of heart failure. Among HFpEF phenotypes, the cardiometabolic/obese HFpEF - HFpEF driven by cardiometabolic alterations - emerges as one of the most prevalent forms of this syndrome and the one on which recent therapeutic success have been made. Indeed, pharmacological approaches with sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) have proved to be effective due to metabolic protective effects. Similarly, lifestyle changes, including diet and exercise are crucial in HFpEF management. Increasing evidence supports the important role of diet and physical activity in the pathogenesis, prognosis, and potential reversal of HFpEF. Metabolic derangements and systemic inflammation are key features of HFpEF and represent the main targets of lifestyle interventions. However, the underlying mechanisms of the beneficial effects of these interventions in HFpEF are incompletely understood. Hence, there is an unmet need of tailored lifestyle intervention modalities for patients with HFpEF. Here we present the current available evidence on lifestyle interventions in HFpEF management and therapeutics, discussing their modalities and potential mechanisms.

The Clinical Impact of Time-restricted Eating on Cancer: A Systematic Review

CONTEXT

In the face of the growing global burden of cancer, there is increasing interest in dietary interventions to mitigate its impacts. Pre-clinical evidence suggests that time-restricted eating (TRE), a type of intermittent fasting, induces metabolic effects and alterations in the gut microbiome that may impede carcinogenesis. Research on TRE in cancer has progressed to human studies, but the evidence has yet to be synthesized.

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this study was to systematically evaluate the clinical and/or metabolomic effects of TRE compared with ad libitum eating or alternative diets in people with cancer.

DATA SOURCES

Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid Embase, CINAHL, Ovid Cochrane Central Register of Control Trials (CENTRAL), Web of Science Core Collection (ESCI, CPCI-SSH, CPCI-S), and SCOPUS were searched up to January 4, 2023, using the core concepts of "intermittent fasting" and "cancer." Original study designs, protocols, and clinical trial registries were included.

DATA EXTRACTION

After evaluating 13 900 results, 24 entries were included, consisting of 8 full articles, 2 abstracts, 1 published protocol and 13 trial registries. All data were extracted, compared, and critically analyzed.

DATA ANALYSIS

There was heterogeneity in the patient population (eg, in tumor sites), TRE regimens (eg, degree of restriction, duration), and clinical end points. A high rate (67-98%) of TRE adherence was observed, alongside improvements in quality of life. Four articles assessed cancer markers and found a reduction in tumor marker carcinoembryonic antigen, reduced rates of recurrence, and a sustained major molecular response, following TRE. Five articles demonstrated modified cancer risk factors, including beneficial effects on body mass index, adiposity, glucoregulation, and inflammation in as short a period as 8 weeks. None of the completed studies assessed the effect of TRE on the microbiome, but analysis of the microbiome is a planned outcome in 2 clinical trials.

CONCLUSIONS

Preliminary findings suggest that TRE is feasible and acceptable by people with cancer, may have oncological benefits, and improves quality of life.

REGISTRATION

PROSPERO registration No. CRD42023386885.

Early time-restricted eating with energy restriction has a better effect on body fat mass, diastolic blood pressure, metabolic age and fasting glucose compared to late time-restricted eating with energy restriction and/or energy restriction alone: A 3-month randomized clinical trial

BACKGROUND & AIMS

Time-restricted eating (TRE) has attracted increasing attention from researchers and the public. Recent studies suggest that the combination of TRE with energy restriction (ER) may have more favourable effects on both physical and biochemical aspects compared to ER alone. The aim of the present 3-month intervention study was to determine the effects of an 8-h early time-restricted eating and an 8-h late time-restricted eating with ER (eTRE + ER and lTRE + ER) compared to 12-h ER alone on body mass and other anthropometric and cardiometabolic risk factors in participants with overweight and obesity.

METHODS

Participants (n = 108) were allocated to three different groups according to their personal chronotype: eTRE + ER (37 participants), lTRE + ER (37 participants) and ER (34 participants). Ninety-three participants completed the entire 3-month intervention (34 in eTRE + ER, 28 in lTRE + ER and 31 in ER). Anthropometric and cardiometabolic risk factors were measured at baseline and after 1, 2 and 3 months of the intervention. Sleep quality and quality of life were assessed at baseline and after 3 months of the intervention. ER was determined based on the individual's resting metabolic rate. Effects were analyzed using the per-protocol approach.

RESULTS

Results showed a significant time main effect (p < 0.001), suggesting a decrease in body mass at the end of the 3-month intervention with a mean loss of -5.0 kg (95 % CI, -5.7, -4.3) for the eTRE + ER group, -4.4 kg (95 % CI, -5.2, -3.6) for the lTRE + ER group and -4.3 kg (95 % CI, -5.0, -3.6) for the ER group, with no significant difference between the groups (p = 0.319). eTRE + ER had greater improvements in fat mass (-1.2 % (95 % CI, -2.1, -0.2), p = 0.013) and fasting glucose (-0.35 mmol/L (95 % CI, -0.63, -0.06), p = 0.012) than participants in the lTRE + ER group and greater improvements in fat mass (-1.1 % (95 % CI, -2.0, -0.1), p = 0.022), metabolic age (-3 years (95 % CI, -5, -0), p = 0.028) and diastolic blood pressure (-4 mmHg (95 % CI, -8, -0), p = 0.033) than the participants in the ER group. No significant changes were found between the groups for the other parameters measured.

CONCLUSIONS

There was no difference in body mass between the eTRE + ER, lTRE + ER and ER groups after 3 months of intervention. However, eTRE + ER showed a greater benefit for fasting blood glucose, certain anthropometric parameters and diastolic blood pressure compared to lTRE + ER and/or ER alone. Other anthropometric, biochemical and health-related parameters were not affected by eating window.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05730231.

Cardiometabolic and obesity risk outcomes of dawn-to-dusk, dry intermittent fasting: Insights from an umbrella review

BACKGROUND & AIMS

This umbrella review comprehensively and systematically summarizes meta-analyses on the impact of dawn-to-dusk, dry intermittent fasting of Ramadan (RIF) on cardiometabolic and glucose homeostasis indicators.

METHODS

Twenty meta-analyses were examined on the effects of RIF on body fat percentage (BFP), fat mass, fat-free mass, body mass index (BMI), body weight (BW), waist circumference (WC), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), serum insulin, leptin, and adiponectin. Results of continuous outcomes were pooled from included meta-analyses. We employed random-effects meta-analysis using the restricted maximum likelihood method to estimate heterogeneity. P-values were derived from standard meta-analytic tests, including Egger's test for small-study effects and the excess significance test for potential publication bias. Additionally, we applied criteria from Ioannidis' evidence classification to assess the credibility of the findings.

RESULTS

In healthy subjects, RIF was associated with significant reductions in BW (Hedges' G = -0.33; 95 % confidence interval (CI) = -0.37, -0.29; p-value = 2.63 × 10-52), WC (Hedges' G = -0.30; 95 % CI = -0.38, -0.23; p-value = 5.73 × 10-15), BFP (Hedges' G = -0.26; 95 % CI = -0.37, -0.14; p-value = 6.81 × 10-06), DBP (n = 3,456; Hedges' G = -0.26; 95 % CI = -0.38, -0.15; p-value = 9.18 × 10-06), TC (n = 9,314; Hedges' G = -0.16; 95 % CI = -0.25, -0.07; p-value = 6.27 × 10-04), and TG levels (n = 9,020; Hedges' G = -0.16; 95 % CI = -0.24, -0.08; p-value = 6.87 × 10-05). Moreover, in general population, TG (n = 16,688; Hedges' G = -0.15; 95 % CI = -0.22, -0.08; p-value <0.01) and FBG (n = 16,106; Hedges' G = -0.23; 95 % CI = -0.33, -0.13; p-value <0.01) were significantly reduced.

CONCLUSIONS

Dawn-to-dusk, dry RIF shows promise as a complementary therapy and preventive measure for reducing cardiometabolic and obesity-related risks. However, controlled studies are necessary to validate its effectiveness and fully understand its health implications.

Comparing the effectiveness of calorie restriction with and without time-restricted eating on the circadian regulation of metabolism: rationale and protocol of a three-arm randomised controlled trial in adults at risk of type 2 diabetes

Time-restricted eating (TRE) may extend the cardiometabolic health benefits of calorie restriction (CR). However, few studies have compared its effect on the circadian regulation of glucose metabolism and the optimal time of day to initiate TRE is also unclear. This study aims to compare the effectiveness of CR with and without TRE on glucose tolerance in response to 3 identical meals consumed over the day. A parallel, single-blinded, 3-arm randomised controlled trial will be conducted in 114 adults, aged 35 to 75 years with a BMI ≥25.1 but <45.0 kg/m2, elevated waist circumference and fasting blood glucose (≥5.6 mmol/L), and who score ≥12 on the Australian Type 2 Diabetes Risk Assessment tool. Participants will be stratified by sex and fasting blood glucose (≤6.0 mmol/L; >6.0 mmol/L) and then randomised (1:1:1) to CR (unrestricted meal timing), eCR (0800 to 1600) or dCR (1200-2000) for 8 weeks. The primary outcome is the change in the natural logarithm of the mean over 3 identical meals of the postprandial glucose area under the curve (AUC). The analysis will be performed using a covariate adjusted linear regression of the differences in postprandial glucose log AUC at 8 weeks from baseline. This randomised clinical trial will be the first to delineate the benefits of CR alone or in combination with time restricted eating on postprandial glucose metabolism over the day in adults at increased risk of type 2 diabetes.

The Impact of Different Nutritional Approaches on Body Composition in People Living with Obesity

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

This narrative review aimed to provide an overview of the current evidence on the impact of various nutritional strategies on body composition in people living with obesity (PLwO), with particular attention to fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM), and fat distribution.

RECENT FINDINGS

Obesity is increasingly linked to cardiometabolic complications, yet common diagnostic metrics such as body mass index (BMI) do not capture changes in FM or FFM. Recent studies highlight the variable effects of different dietary interventions on body compartments. High-protein and ketogenic diets are associated with greater preservation of FFM and reductions in visceral adipose tissue (VAT), while the Mediterranean diet shows promise for long-term adherence and improvements in metabolic health. Intermittent fasting and time-restricted eating demonstrate efficacy in FM reduction but present mixed results regarding FFM retention and sustainability. Dietary strategies exert diverse effects on body composition in PLwO, underscoring the importance of tailoring interventions to individual metabolic profiles and health goals. Personalized nutrition approaches that prioritize the preservation of lean mass and reduction of VAT, along with sustainable adherence, are critical for optimizing obesity management beyond weight loss alone.

The Role of Intermittent Fasting in the Activation of Autophagy Processes in the Context of Cancer Diseases

Intermittent fasting (IF) is a dietary approach that influences key metabolic pathways, including autophagy-a crucial mechanism in maintaining cellular homeostasis. Autophagy plays a dual role in oncogenesis, acting both as a tumor suppressor and a survival mechanism under metabolic stress. IF has shown potential for reducing cancer risk and enhancing therapeutic efficacy by sensitizing tumor cells to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. However, its effects depend heavily on the type and stage of cancer. Potential risks, such as excessive weight loss and malnutrition, require careful evaluation. Further clinical studies are needed to optimize IF protocols as adjuncts to cancer therapy. This review discusses autophagy mechanisms induced by IF, their therapeutic implications in oncology, and the limitations of this dietary strategy.

Effect of intermittent fasting on obesity and metabolic indices in patients with metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta analysis

OBJECTIVE

Dietary patterns play a vital role in the health management of individuals with metabolic syndrome. Many recent studies have shown that intermittent fasting (IF) has better effects, such as improving obesity. Nevertheless, it warrants further investigation to determine which approach is more effective in comparison to continuous energy restriction (CR), particularly when total calorie intake shows minimal variation. Consequently, it is crucial to evaluate the degree of enhancement of the two dietary patterns concerning different aspects of metabolic syndrome. This study presents a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) aimed at comparing the impacts of IF and CR on obesity and glucolipid metabolism in individuals diagnosed with metabolic syndrome.

METHODS

In August 2024, a thorough examination of English-language literature was performed across the PubMed, Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases. The meta-analyses was performed according to the established guidelines and reported the results. Weight change, Body Mass Index (BMI) change, and triglyceride (TG) level change were designated as key assessment indicators, while blood pressure, blood glucose, hip circumference, and waist circumference served as supplementary indicators for comparative analysis.

RESULT

A total of nine studies involving 626 patients were analyzed, focusing on the influence of dietary patterns on obesity, cholesterol levels, and insulin resistance among individuals diagnosed with metabolic syndrome. Both dietary patterns were beneficial for patients with metabolic syndrome. However, IF was better than CRin terms of improvement in obesity over the trial period (mean -1.77, 95% CI [-3.06, -0.48]), and it was more conducive to a reduction in TG levels, which was beneficial in terms of improving insulin resistance (mean -10.16, 95% CI [-18.88, -1.45]).

CONCLUSION

Given its notable advantages for obesity, lipids, and insulin resistance, along with improved patient adherence, IF may be regarded as a more effective dietary approach for individuals with metabolic syndrome. Nonetheless, the long-term effectiveness still necessitates additional validation.

PROSPERO REGISTRATION

CRD42024587335.

Mitochondria: the hidden engines of traumatic brain injury-driven neurodegeneration

Mitochondria play a critical role in brain energy metabolism, cellular signaling, and homeostasis, making their dysfunction a key driver of secondary injury progression in traumatic brain injury (TBI). This review explores the relationship between mitochondrial bioenergetics, metabolism, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation in the post-TBI brain. Mitochondrial dysfunction disrupts adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, exacerbates calcium dysregulation, and generates reactive oxygen species, triggering a cascade of neuronal damage and neurodegenerative processes. Moreover, damaged mitochondria release damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) such as mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), Cytochrome C, and ATP, triggering inflammatory pathways that amplify tissue injury. We discuss the metabolic shifts that occur post-TBI, including the transition from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis and the consequences of metabolic inflexibility. Potential therapeutic interventions targeting mitochondrial dynamics, bioenergetic support, and inflammation modulation are explored, highlighting emerging strategies such as mitochondrial-targeted antioxidants, metabolic substrate supplementation, and pharmacological regulators of mitochondrial permeability transition pores. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for developing novel therapeutic approaches to mitigate neurodegeneration and enhance recovery following brain trauma.

Oleoylethanolamine precursor triggers lipolysis during Time-Restricted Intermittent Fasting and promotes longevity and healthy aging of Caenorhabditis elegans

Intermittent fasting (IF), Time-Restricted Intermittent Fasting (TRIF), and fasting-mimicking diets have gained popularity among weight loss programs. The body efficiently utilizes its energy reserves to activate metabolic processes in response to food intake. Modifying food regimens can alter/extend life span and promote healthy aging by activating specific metabolic processes. However, changes in general lipid metabolism, especially the alteration in N-acylethanolamide (NAE) regulation and their role in promoting lipolysis and extending life span during TRIF, are still inadequately explored. To bridge the knowledge gap, this study focuses on enhancing Oleoylethanolamine (OEA), a precursor molecule that instigates satiety, promotes lipolysis and extends the life span of model system, Caenorhabditis elegans. TRIF regimen in C. elegans induces OEA, which in turn lead to satiety followed by lipolysis and ATP synthesis. Lipolysis is stimulated by the increase in Adipose Tissue Triglyceride Lipase-1 (ATGL-1) activity that results from the enrichment in OEA precursor. In addition, the TRIF regimen induces oxidative stress resistance in C. elegans. Subsequently, this promotes longevity and slow aging in C. elegans by altering the insulin/ insulin-like growth factor signaling (IIS) pathway. The present study suggested the beneficial effects of time-restricted fasting in the eukaryotic model nematodes through the activation of lipid metabolism that involves enhanced production of OEA precursors which promotes lipolysis. In addition, the data revealed that the increased ATP production resulted in oxidative stress tolerance that promoted longevity and slow aging processes.

Effects of time-restricted eating with exercise on body composition in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

The effects of time-restricted eating (TRE) with exercise on body composition in adults are not clear.

OBJECTIVE

This meta-analysis aimed to assess the effects of TRE when followed in combination with various forms of exercise, including aerobic, resistance, and combined aerobic and resistance [concurrent] training on body composition.

METHODS

Studies published up to May 2023 were searched in EBSCOhost (MEDLINE, CINAHL, SPORTSDISCUS), PubMed, and SCOPUS databases. Fifteen studies, including 338 participants, that evaluated TRE vs. unrestricted eating in individuals performing exercise were analyzed. A random-effects model was used to calculate the weighted mean effect sizes (ES) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI's).

RESULTS

According to the pooled results, TRE had a small but significant reduction of fat mass (FM) kg with an effect size of -0.20 (95% CI = -0.28 to -0.13, p < 0.001) and on body fat percent (BF%) with an effect size of -0.23 (95% CI = -0.35 to -0.11, p < 0.001). The prediction interval ranged from -0.48 to 0.08 for FM and from -0.64 to 0.18 for BF%, respectively. TRE did not significantly alter fat-free mass (FFM) kg compared to control (p = 0.07). Furthermore, age, body mass index (BMI), exercise type, study duration, and energy intake did not have a significant impact on the variation in effect sizes according to the subgroup analyses (p > 0.05).

CONCLUSION

TRE with exercise may reduce fat mass compared to an unrestricted eating window exercise-matched control while preserving FFM. However, more studies are needed.

Efficacy of Intermittent Fasting in the Management of Chronic Plaque Psoriasis: A Phase IIb Clinical Trial

Background

Dietary measures have been used as an adjunctive therapy in the management of psoriasis. Intermittent fasting (IF) is an eating pattern in which energy is not consumed for a fixed duration, resulting in metabolic switch from liver-derived glucose to adipose-derived ketones. The data regarding effectiveness of IF in psoriasis are limited.

Aim and Objectives

The aim of this study was to assess efficacy of IF in patients with chronic plaque psoriasis. The primary outcome of the study was change in psoriasis severity as measured by psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) at 28 weeks. The secondary outcome measures were change in metabolic parameters and biomarkers for atherosclerosis in each group.

Patients and Methods

The study was designed as a randomized parallel group trial. Clinical parameters, psoriasis severity, fasting and postprandial blood sugar, lipid profile, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and interleukin 6 (IL-6), were measured using standard methods at baseline, 16 weeks, and 28 weeks. Patients were randomized to receive methotrexate in the dose of 0.3 mg/Kg/week with or without intermittent fasting.

Results

A total of 120 patients were randomized in two groups of 60 each: group 1 (methotrexate) and group 2 (methotrexate and intermittent fasting). The mean age, mean duration of disease, PASI, and dermatology life quality index (DLQI) in group 1 were 45.5 (±12.9) years, 5.06 (±5.5) years, 17.1 (±6.7), and 12.33 (±5), respectively. The mean age, mean duration of disease, PASI, and DLQI in group 2 were and 42.9 (±14.6) years, 6.91 (±6.2) years, 16 (±4.3), and 11.9 (±4.3), respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in baseline parameters in two groups. In both the groups, there was a statistically significant difference in PASI, DLQI, VEGF, and hsCRP from baseline to 16 and 28 weeks. At week 16, 44 (73.3%) patients in group 1 and 47 (78.3%) in group 2 achieved PASI50 (P = 0.8). At week 28, 16 (36%) in group 1 and 27 (54.4%) patients in group 2 maintained PASI50 (P = 0.054). There was a statistically significant weight and waist circumference reduction at 16 weeks and 28 weeks in group 2. There was a statistically significant reduction in VEGF, IL6, and hsCRP at 28 weeks in group 2 as compared to group 1.

Limitations

The small sample size and loss to follow-up are major limitations of the study.

Conclusion

Intermittent fasting using 16: 8 protocol is easy to perform and a safe and effective adjuvant for managing severe chronic plaque psoriasis. It helps in maintaining remission and results in improvement in metabolic parameters and markers of vascular inflammation.

16/8 intermittent fasting in mice protects from diet-induced obesity by increasing leptin sensitivity and postprandial thermogenesis

AIMS

To evaluate the molecular mechanisms involved in intermittent fasting 16/8 (16/8 IF), a widespread dietary practice adopted worldwide that consists of 16 h of fasting and 8 h of feeding.

METHODS

Obese mice were fasted daily from 6 am to 10 pm. Food intake, body weight, and energy expenditure were measured. Molecular mechanisms were investigated using ELISA, western blot, and qPCR of white and brown adipose tissues. Glucose homeostasis was also evaluated. Ucp1 knockout and ob/ob mice were utilized.

RESULTS

The 16/8 IF regimen improved glucose homeostasis and reduced body weight, food intake, and overall adiposity. Postprandial VO2, heat production, brown adipose tissue (BAT) temperature, and ketone bodies increased with 16/8 IF. Postprandial thermogenesis induced by 16/8 IF was abolished in mice after BAT denervation or Ucp1 deletion. Serum leptin levels were elevated, and most metabolic effects of 16/8 IF were absent in leptin-deficient ob/ob mice. Additionally, leptin sensitivity increased in mice exposed to 16/8 IF.

CONCLUSION

The 16/8 IF regimen can improve metabolism, with findings underscoring the role of enhanced leptin action in inhibiting food intake and promoting postprandial thermogenesis during 16/8 IF.

Immunomodulatory effects of calorie restriction and its mimetics: A new potential therapeutic approach for autoimmune diseases

Calorie restriction (CR) is a well known intervention associated with multifaceted anti-aging and pro-longevity health benefits. It induces complex physiological cellular and molecular adaptations, resulting in the fine-tuning of metabolic and immune responses in both homeostatic and diseased states. It has thus been extensively studied both preclinically and clinically, uncovering its therapeutic potential against inflammatory conditions, particularly autoimmune diseases. CR mimetics (CRMs), that is, molecules that mimic CR's effects, have also been widely investigated to counteract inflammatory states associated with numerous diseases, including autoimmunity. However, a comprehensive overview of how CR and CRMs modulate different aspects of immune responses, thereby potentially modifying autoimmunity, is still lacking. Here, we reviewed the latest progress on the impacts of CR and CRMs on the immune system and the current evidence on their potential translation in the clinical management of people with autoimmune diseases. First, we summarized different types of CR and CRMs and their main mechanisms of action. We next reviewed comprehensively how CR and CRMs modulate immune cells and discussed up-to-date preclinical and clinical advances in using CR and CRMs in the context of some of the most common autoimmune diseases. Finally, challenges faced in CR-related research and its translation into the clinic are discussed. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Calorie restriction (CR) encompasses various approaches for daily or intermittent reduction in calorie intake while maintaining adequate nutrient intake. It acts through cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic pathways to modulate immune cell functions. CR is emerging as a strategy for autoimmune disease management. CR's effects could be partially mimicked by molecules called CR mimetics, which are proposed to achieve CR's effects without reducing food intake. CR and CR mimetics have been tested as promising potential therapeutics in preclinical and clinical autoimmune disease studies.

The correlation between different lifestyles and body composition focuses on eating habits, nutritional status, and physical exercise components

When it comes to nutritional status and physical performance, body composition is significant. Previous research has shown the correlation between body composition and the mismatch between nutrient intake and requirements. However, this paper aims to evaluate the crucial role of lifestyle factors, such as eating behavior and meal timing, in influencing body composition. Lifestyle variables are important because they affect hormone and growth factor imbalances, which can cause changes in protein synthesis or breakdown, insulin resistance, and overeating. These factors collectively affect muscle mass and fat mass, their influence being consistent across juvenile and adult groups, between men and women. Regarding food preferences, sexual dimorphism of adiposity between men and women seems to be a critical determinant. Additionally, chronic stress leads to emotional eating, while enough sleep plays a big role in affecting growth factors and hormone balances, although the research on this subject is as yet scant. Therefore, understanding and modifying lifestyle habits are essential for the improvement of body composition, irrespective of an individual's gender or age.

The combined effects of high-intensity interval training and time-restricted feeding on the AKT/FOXO1/PEPCK pathway in diabetic rats

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) and time-restricted feeding (TRF) have shown promise for improving glucose regulation by increasing insulin sensitivity, enhancing glucose uptake, reducing glucose production. Therefore, this study investigates the combined effects of HIIT and TRF on the AKT/FOXO1/PEPCK signaling pathway in the liver tissue of type 2 diabetic rats. 42 male Wistar rats (4-5 weeks of age) were included in the study. The animals were randomly divided into two groups: (1) Standard diet (SD, non-Diabetic (Non-D, n = 7) (2) High-fat diet (HFD, n = 35) for 4 weeks. To induce diabetes, 35 mg/kg of streptozotocin (STZ) was injected intraperitoneally (IP). Animals with blood glucose levels of > 250 mg/dL were considered as diabetic. Diabetic rats were randomly divided into 5 groups (n = 7): (1) Diabetes-exercise (D-EX), (2) Diabetes-TRF (D-TRF), (3) Diabetes-combined TRF and exercise (D-TRF&EX), (4) Diabetes no treatment (D-NT), (5) Diabetes with metformin (D-MET). Interventions (HIIT and TRF) were performed for 10 weeks. Rats in the Non-D group did not exercise and did not receive metformin or TRF. Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) staining was used to histologically analyze the liver tissue. Levels of blood glucose, insulin resistance (IR), FOXO1 protein, PEPCK, and area under the curve (AUC) following the IPGTT test, were significantly decreased in treatment groups compared to the D-NT group (p < 0.05). The AKT protein levels (p < 0.01), glycogen content (p < 0.05), and insulin sensitivity (p < 0.001) increased in the treatment groups as compared with the D-NT group. Microscopic examination of the liver tissue in general showed a better tissue arrangement in both treatment groups than in the D-NT group. Combining HIIT and TRF may be effective for improving blood glucose regulation, insulin sensitivity, in type 2 diabetes, as compared to TRF or HIIT interventions alone.

Circadian Rhythm Dysregulation in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Mechanisms and Chronotherapeutic Approaches

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), comprising ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), is characterized by chronic intestinal inflammation. Recent research has highlighted the significant interplay between IBD pathogenesis and circadian rhythms. This review synthesizes current evidence regarding circadian regulation in IBD, covering three main areas: (1) circadian rhythms in intestinal physiology, (2) circadian disruption patterns in IBD patients, and (3) the role of clock genes in IBD pathogenesis. We discuss how these findings may inform novel chronotherapeutic approaches for IBD treatment. Future research directions that could facilitate translation of chronobiological insights into clinical applications are also explored.

A Pilot 24-Week 'Bulk and Cut' Dietary Protocol Combined with Resistance Training Is Feasible and Improves Body Composition and TNF-α Concentrations in Untrained Adult Males

Background/Objectives: This study piloted a 24-week bodybuilding program combining resistance training (RT) with a dietary bulk-and-cut protocol in middle-aged adult males. Methods: Seven untrained males (33 ± 3.0 years; BMI = 35.0 ± 4.6 kg/m2; body fat = 36 ± 5%) completed a 24-week intervention combining RT with a dietary protocol consisting of 12-week cycles of caloric bulking (0-12 weeks) and cutting (12-24 weeks). The participant retention rate was 64%, while compliance with training was 96.7%, and adherence to dietary cycles was over 93%. To assess the preliminary efficacy of the intervention, venous blood samples and measurements of body composition (BodPod), muscle strength, and VO2max (cycle ergometer) were collected at baseline (week 0) and following the bulking (week 12) and cutting (week 24) cycles. Circulating lipids (triglycerides, total, low-density, and high-density cholesterol), C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) were measured in serum. Results: The training led to significant increases in muscle strength, especially in the deadlift (+46%, p < 0.001) and squat (+65%, p < 0.001). Improvements in body composition were characterized by an increase in fat-free mass and a decrease in body fat percentage over the 24-week intervention (+3% and -6%, respectively, p < 0.05). Lipids, CRP, IL-6, and IL-10 did not change significantly, but there was a notable reduction in TNF-α (time effect p = 0.05, pη2 = 0.39), with 15% lower concentrations at week 24 compared to baseline, indicating reduced inflammation. Conclusions: Overall, the pilot intervention achieved high compliance and adherence rates, leading to improvements in body composition and lower resting TNF-α concentrations in a group of middle-aged males with obesity.

The cyclic metabolic switching theory of intermittent fasting

Intermittent fasting (IF) and ketogenic diets (KDs) have recently attracted much attention in the scientific literature and in popular culture and follow a longer history of exercise and caloric restriction (CR) research. Whereas IF involves cyclic metabolic switching (CMS) between ketogenic and non-ketogenic states, KDs and CR may not. In this Perspective, I postulate that the beneficial effects of IF result from alternating between activation of adaptive cellular stress response pathways during the fasting period, followed by cell growth and plasticity pathways during the feeding period. Thereby, I establish the cyclic metabolic switching (CMS) theory of IF. The health benefits of IF may go beyond those seen with continuous CR or KDs without CMS owing to the unique interplay between the signalling functions of the ketone β-hydroxybutyrate, mitochondrial adaptations, reciprocal activation of autophagy and mTOR pathways, endocrine and paracrine signalling, gut microbiota, and circadian biology. The CMS theory may have important implications for future basic research, clinical trials, development of pharmacological interventions, and healthy lifestyle practices.

Time-restricted eating and autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: a pilot, randomized clinical trial

Background

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most commonly inherited progressive kidney disease. Time-restricted eating (TRE) is a fasting regimen that restricts eating to a particular window (typically 8 hours/day), which could slow cyst growth based on preclinical models.

Methods

A 12-month, randomized, controlled, behavioral dietary intervention compared TRE with a control group given healthy eating advice without TRE (HE), without caloric restriction. Participants underwent baseline and 12-month measurements, including adherence (percentage of participants adhering to the 8-hour window; primary outcome), and MRI to determine height-adjusted total kidney volume (htTKV) and adiposity.

Results

Twenty-nine participants (23 females, mean standard ± deviation 48 ± 9 years) with a body mass index of 31.1±5 kg/m2 were randomized to TRE (n = 14) or HE (n = 15). Of the total participants, 71% (n = 10) of TRE and 87% (n = 13) of HE participants completed the intervention. The eating window was 9.6 ± 3.6 hours for TRE (60% achieving the 8-hour window) and 12.0 ± 2.0 for HE groups (P = .07). At month 12, both groups lost modest weight (-2.4 ± 6.4% and -3.6 ± 5.4% in the TRE and HE groups, respectively). Annual change in htTKV was 3.0 ± 8.5% and 4.6 ± 8.8% in the TRE and HE groups, respectively. Both change in weight (r = 0.67, P < .01) and change in visceral adiposity (r = 0.54, P < .01) were positively correlated with change in htTKV.

Conclusion

Both the TRE and HE group lost modest weight at 12 months. The targeted TRE adherence of ≥75% of participants was not achieved. Weight and adiposity loss may be more important drivers of kidney growth than the timing of eating.

Early Time-Restricted Eating Improves Weight Loss While Preserving Muscle: An 8-Week Trial in Young Women

Background: Time-restricted eating (TRE) has gained attention as a novel dietary intervention that restricts the daily eating window, potentially offering improved metabolic health and body composition. Nevertheless, whether early TRE (eTRE) or delayed TRE (dTRE) best enhances resistance training (RT) adaptations remains unclear. Methods: In this 8-week randomized study, 24 healthy young women with limited RT experience were assigned into one of three groups: eTRE (an 8:00 AM-2:00 PM feeding window), dTRE (12:00 PM-6:00 PM), or the control (8:00 AM-8:00 PM). Apart from the timing restrictions, no further dietary guidance was provided. All of the participants performed standardized knee-supported push-ups (4 sets × 10 reps, three sessions/week). The primary outcomes included body weight, the thickness of the triceps brachii long head (measured via ultrasound), and push-up endurance. Results: The eTRE group achieved a significant reduction in body weight (-2.61 ± 1.06 kg; p < 0.001), which surpassed the changes observed in both the dTRE (-1.44 ± 1.12 kg) and control (-0.48 ± 0.64 kg) groups. However, no significant between-group differences emerged for muscle thickness or push-up performance. All groups showed comparable improvements in triceps brachii thickness (a 1.36-1.55 mm increase) and push-up endurance (62-74 additional repetitions). Conclusions: Early TRE (8:00 AM-2:00 PM) appears to be more beneficial than delayed TRE (12:00 PM-6:00 PM) for weight management when combined with RT, yet both TRE regimens result in similar improvements in muscle thickness and endurance. These findings suggest that optimizing meal timing in alignment with circadian rhythms may enhance weight control without hindering muscle adaptations, providing a practical approach for individuals seeking to lose weight while preserving or increasing their muscular fitness. Future research involving larger samples and diverse populations is warranted to confirm these results and clarify the underlying metabolic mechanisms.

Integrated Multiomics Analyses Reveal Molecular Insights into How Intermittent Fasting Ameliorates Obesity and Increases Fertility in Male Mice

Background: Intermittent fasting (IF) has been increasingly recognized for its potential to mitigate obesity and diabetes. However, it remains unclear whether IF can alleviate metabolic disorder-induced male infertility. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of IF to improve fertility outcomes in obese mice. Methods: Eight-week-old C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 24 weeks to induce obesity, followed by alternate-day fasting for 6 weeks. We assessed obesity-related metabolic changes and fertility issues postintervention. Comprehensive metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses of serum and testicular samples were used to identify significant metabolic pathway modifications attributable to IF. Results: IF effectively alleviated obesity-induced male infertility, demonstrating significant attenuation of body weight gain and restoration of testicular morphology. IF normalized hypogonadism-associated testosterone depletion and improved sperm parameters. Testis multi-omics integration revealed IF-mediated reprogramming of testicular purine metabolism, coupled with coordinated regulation of glycolipid metabolism and inflammatory-immune homeostasis. Reproductive competence was enhanced as evidenced by statistically elevated successful mating rates and embryonic developmental progression. Serum metabolomics further identified metabolites involved in amino acid metabolism, glycolipid metabolism, and inflammation (e.g., methionine, BCAA, glutathione, and spermidine) may serve as potential targets for treating obesity-related metabolic disorders. Additionally, multidimensional analysis highlighted the crucial role of allantoin in alleviating obesity and related reproductive dysfunction. Conclusions: IF not only resolves obesity-induced metabolic issues but also alleviates male infertility by regulating bioactive metabolites and gene expression linked to glycolipid metabolism, energy homeostasis, and immune responses in the testis. Our study provides a theoretical basis for IF as a clinical treatment for obesity-induced male infertility.

Impact of exercise intervention with or without curcumin supplementation on body fat composition, glucose, and lipid metabolism in obese adults: A meta-analysis

This study was carried out to systematically review and evaluate the influence of exercise with and without curcumin on body fat composition, glucose, and lipid metabolism in obese adults. Search for eligible studies through four databases, and then proceed with screening. The inclusion criteria are as follows: (1) obese adults; (2) randomized controlled trial (RCT); (3) classified the exercise intervention with curcumin supplementation as the exercise with curcumin (CU) group and without curcumin supplementation as the exercise without curcumin (EX) group; (4) Conducted pre- and post-training assessments, which include body fat composition, glucose and lipid metabolism parameters. Use the Cochrane bias risk assessment tool to evaluate the quality of the selected study. Select standardized mean difference (SMD) as the appropriate effect scale index, and use Revman 5.4 software to analyze the mean difference of the selected article data with a 95% confidence interval (CI). A total of seven studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were selected for the meta-analysis. The included studies involved 72 males and 111 females, where 94 belonged to the EX group and 89 from the CU group. The CU group benefited more from the reduced Fat% (SMD, 2.18 [0.12, 4.24], p < 0.05, I2 = 0%, p for heterogeneity = 0.98) than the EX group. The study demonstrated that the combined exercise intervention with curcumin supplementation significantly reduced Fat% in obese adults compared with exercise without supplementing curcumin.

Unraveling the Health Benefits and Mechanisms of Time-Restricted Feeding: Beyond Caloric Restriction

Time-restricted feeding (TRF) is a lifestyle intervention that aims to maintain a consistent daily cycle of feeding and fasting to support robust circadian rhythms. Recently, it has gained scientific, medical, and public attention due to its potential to enhance body composition, extend lifespan, and improve overall health, as well as induce autophagy and alleviate symptoms of diseases like cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and ischemic injury. However, there is still considerable debate on the primary factors that contribute to the health benefits of TRF. Despite not imposing strict limitations on calorie intake, TRF consistently led to reductions in calorie intake. Therefore, while some studies suggest that the health benefits of TRF are primarily due to caloric restriction (CR), others argue that the key advantages of TRF arise not only from CR but also from factors like the duration of fasting, the timing of the feeding period, and alignment with circadian rhythms. To elucidate the roles and mechanisms of TRF beyond CR, this review incorporates TRF studies that did not use CR, as well as TRF studies with equivalent energy intake to CR, which addresses the previous lack of comprehensive research on TRF without CR and provides a framework for future research directions.

The efficacy of DASH combined with time-restricted feeding (16/8) on metabolic associated fatty liver disease management: a randomized controlled trial

Recent studies have utilized time-restricted feeding (16/8) (TRF) and dietary approaches to stop hypertension separately to manage metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD); however, the effectiveness of combining these two approaches has not been investigated. The objective of this study was to examine the impact of TRF in conjunction with a DASH diet on various factors related to MAFLD. A 12-week randomized controlled trial was conducted to assess the impact of TRF (16/8), along with a DASH diet, compared with a control diet based on standard meal distribution, in patients with MAFLD. An investigation was conducted to examine alterations in anthropometric indices, as well as liver parameters, serum metabolic indices, and an inflammatory marker. The TRF plus DASH diet reduced body mass index (p = 0.03), abdominal circumference (p = 0.005), controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) (p < 0.001), alanine aminotransferase (p = 0.039), and aspartate aminotransferase (0.047) compared to the control group. The levels of insulin and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance reduced in both groups significantly (P < 0.05). In MAFLD patients, TRF (16/8) in combination with a DASH diet is superior to a low-calorie diet in promoting obesity indices, and hepatic steatosis and fibrosis. Further long-term investigations are needed to draw definitive conclusions.

Circadian Disruption and the Risk of Developing Obesity

PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW

This review summarizes recent evidence for a role of the clock in adipose tissue physiology and the impact of circadian desynchrony on the development of obesity.

RECENT FINDINGS

Circadian disruptions due to shift work, late time eating and nighttime light exposure are associated with obesity and its metabolic and cardiovascular consequences. Studies in mice harboring tissue-specific gain/loss of function mutations in clock genes revealed that the circadian clock acts on multiple pathways to control adipogenesis, lipogenesis/lipolysis and thermogenesis. Time-restricted eating (TRE), aligning feeding with the active period to restore clock function, represents a promising strategy to curb obesity. While TRE has shown clear benefits, especially in participants at higher cardiometabolic risk, current studies are limited in size and duration. Larger, well-controlled studies are warranted to conclusively assess the effects of TRE in relation to the metabolic status and gender. Field studies in shift-workers, comparing permanent night shift versus rotating shifts, are also necessary to identify the optimal time window for TRE.

Effects of time restricted feeding combined with Lacto Ovo vegetarian diet on metabolic associated fatty liver disease management: a randomized clinical trial

Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD) is becoming a major global health concern due to its links with obesity, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular risk. This randomized clinical trial assessed the effects of combining time-restricted feeding (TRF; 16/8) with a Lacto-Ovo-Vegetarian (LOV) diet on various factors in overweight and obese patients with MAFLD. Forty-six participants were randomly assigned to either the intervention group (TRF with LOV diet) or the control group, with 21 participants completing the 12-week study in each group. The intervention group showed significant reductions in weight (-8.07 ± 4.31 kg), BMI (-2.70 ± 1.32 kg/m2), waist circumference (-8.00 ± 4.06 cm), as well as ALT (-17.14 ± 14.33 U/L), GGT (-21.09 ± 24.06 U/L), Fatty Liver Index (-26.90 ± 15.81), insulin levels (-3.89 ± 4.69 mU/L), and TNF-α (-11.85 ± 12.52 pg/mL) compared to the control group (all P < 0.05). Lipid profiles also improved with a reduction in triglycerides (-46.85 ± 54.55 mg/dL) and an increase in HDL-C (3.91 ± 5.07 mg/dL) in the intervention group compared to the control group (P < 0.05). These findings imply that TRF combined with a LOV diet enhances metabolic markers, liver health, and weight loss, thus potentially offering a practical dietary approach for managing MAFLD. Further long-term studies are necessary to validate these results and investigate their clinical applications.

A Narrative Review of Intermittent Fasting With Exercise

Intermittent fasting is a dietary pattern that encompasses the 5:2 diet, alternate-day fasting, and time-restricted eating. All 3 involve alternating periods of fasting and ad libitum eating. Like other dietary strategies, intermittent fasting typically induces loss of both fat mass and lean mass. Exercise may thus be a useful adjuvant to promote lean mass retention while adding cardiometabolic, cognitive, mental, and emotional health improvements. In this narrative review, we summarize current evidence regarding the combination of intermittent fasting and exercise and its influence on body weight, body composition, cardiometabolic risk, and muscular and cardiorespiratory fitness. A PubMed search was conducted to identify all trials lasting >4 weeks that combined 5:2 diet, alternate-day fasting, or time-restricted eating with any modality exercise and had body weight as an end point. A total of 23 trials (26 publications) were identified. Evidence suggests that combining intermittent fasting with exercise leads to decreased fat mass regardless of weight status. However, evidence is equivocal for the influence on other aspects of weight loss and body composition, fat-free mass, and cardiometabolic risk factors and may be dependent on weight status or exercise doses (ie, frequency, intensity, duration, and modality). Higher-powered trials are needed to determine the efficacy of combining exercise and intermittent fasting for benefits on body weight and cardiometabolic risk. Current evidence suggests that intermittent fasting does not impair adaptation to exercise training, and may improve explosive strength, endurance, and cardiopulmonary measures such as maximal oxygen consumption. In addition, we discuss limitations in the current evidence base and opportunities for continued investigation. Future trials in this area should consider interventions that have increased sample size, longer intervention duration, broadened inclusion criteria, objective measures of diet and exercise adherence, and diversity of sample population.

The influence of time-restricted eating/feeding on Alzheimer's biomarkers and gut microbiota

OBJECTIVES

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting approximately 55 million individuals globally. Diagnosis typically occurs in advanced stages, and there are limited options for reversing symptoms. Preventive strategies are, therefore, crucial. Time Restricted Eating (TRE) or Time Restricted Feeding (TRF) is one such strategy. Here we review recent research on AD and TRE/TRF in addition to AD biomarkers and gut microbiota.

METHODS

A comprehensive review of recent studies was conducted to assess the impact of TRE/TRF on AD-related outcomes. This includes the analysis of how TRE/TRF influences circadian rhythms, beta-amyloid 42 (Aß42), pro-inflammatory cytokines levels, and gut microbiota composition.

RESULTS

TRE/TRF impacts circadian rhythms and can influence cognitive performance as observed in AD. It lowers beta-amyloid 42 deposition in the brain, a key AD biomarker, and reduces pro-ininflammatory cytokines. The gut microbiome has emerged as a modifiable factor in AD treatment. TRE/TRF changes the structure and composition of the gut microbiota, leading to increased diversity and a decrease in harmful bacteria.

DISCUSSION

These findings underscore the potential of TRE/TRF as a preventive strategy for AD. By reducing Aß42 plaques, modulating pro-inflammatory cytokines, and altering gut microbiota composition, TRE/TRF may slow the progression of AD. Further research is needed to confirm these effects and to understand the mechanisms involved. This review highlights TRE/TRF as a promising non-pharmacological intervention in the fight against AD.

Effects of time-restricted feeding and weight-loaded swimming test on androgen levels and androgen receptor expression in orchiectomized male Wistar rats

BACKGROUND & AIMS

Testosterone, vital for reproductive health and muscle development, declines with age, increasing susceptibility to conditions like diabetes, obesity and sarcopenia. Conventional hormone therapy carries risks, including elevated prostate-specific antigens and prostate cancer risk, prompting exploration of safer options like intermittent fasting (IF) and physical training (PT) which potentially boost androgen in certain cases. However, their combined impacts on testosterone remain underexplored. This study aimed to assess the individual and combined effects of IF and PT on androgen and androgen receptor (AR) levels.

METHODS

Forty male Wistar rats were divided into five groups (n = 8 each): negative control (NC) receiving food ad libitum without orchiectomized, positive control (PC) receiving daily testosterone enanthate injections, IF with 16/8 time-restricted feeding, PT with 1-h forced swimming sessions, and combined IF + PT. After 8 weeks, DHEA and testosterone levels, AR expression, gastrocnemius muscle histology, and body weight were assessed.

RESULTS

In comparison to the NC group (429.40 ± 26.86 g), body weight in the IF (348.90 ± 15.94 g, PT (391.40 ± 16.35 g), and IF + PT groups, (360.90 ± 29.90 g) was significantly lowered (p < 0.05) after 8 weeks of study. The muscle fiber cross-sectional area in the IF (2968 μm2; IQR 1995-4053 μm2), PT (2956 μm2; IQR 2089-4371 μm2), and IF + PT groups, (3389 μm2; IQR 2260-4596 μm2) was significantly greater than the NC group (2508 μm2; IQR 1800-3567 μm2. p < 0.05) after the study. DHEA levels significantly increased in the PT and IF + PT groups (375.01 ± 32.55 ng/μL and 420.00 ± 24.50 ng/μL, respectively) compared to the NC group (257.09 ± 67.79 ng/μL, p < 0.05). However, neither IF nor PT, alone or in combination, resulted in improvements in testosterone levels or AR expression in the gastrocnemius muscle. with testosterone levels remained unchanged.

CONCLUSION

IF, PT, and IF + PT demonstrated potential effects on improving androgen levels, managing weight, and enhancing muscle growth, with IF + PT emerging as the most effective intervention. Despite these positive outcomes, the lack of impact on AR expression and testosterone levels suggests the need for further research to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and potential clinical applications for managing androgen deficiency through these interventions.

Comparison of the impact of intermittent fasting diet alone or in conjunction with probiotic supplementation versus calorie-restricted diet on inflammatory, oxidative stress, and antioxidant capacity biomarkers in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A randomized placebo-controlled trial

Background

The objective of this study was to compare the effects of early time-restricted eating (eTRE) and eTRE plus probiotic supplementation to daily caloric restriction (DCR) alone in terms of biomarkers of oxidative stress (OS), antioxidant capacity, inflammation, and blood pressure (BP) in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

Materials and Methods

The research was conducted as a randomized, parallel, placebo-controlled clinical trial with an 8-week follow-up period. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups: 14:10 eTRE with probiotic supplementation (n = 30), 14:10 eTRE with placebo supplementation (n = 30), or DCR with placebo supplementation (n = 30). At the beginning and 8 weeks of the intervention, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic BP, inflammation, and OS parameters were evaluated.

Results

A total of 90 participants (mean age, 30.49 years and mean weight, 81.45 kg) were enrolled in this trial. After 8-week intervention, we observed SBP significantly decreased in both the eTRE + probiotic group (-0.31 mmHg [95% confidence interval (CI): -0.55, -0.07]) and the eTRE + placebo group (-0.24 mmHg [95% CI: -0.43, 0.04]), with no significant differences observed between groups. Moreover, C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were significantly reduced in all groups (P < 0.005). Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) also showed notable improvement in both the eTRE + probiotic group (P = 0.012) and the DCR group (P = 0.032). However, there were no significant differences between the three groups regarding BP, OS, TAC, and CRP markers.

Conclusion

It was not found that eTRE alone or eTRE with probiotics intervention resulted in improving BP, inflammatory, OS, and antioxidant capacity biomarkers than a standard DCR diet among obese women with PCOS. The present study did not reveal significant improvements in BP, inflammatory markers, OS, or antioxidant capacity with either eTRE alone or eTRE combined with probiotics compared to a standard DCR among obese women diagnosed with PCOS.Trial Register no: IRCT20121110011421N5.

Evaluation of Intermittent Restricted Eating Using the Interval Weight Loss Online Platform in an Everyday Setting

Background/Objectives: Obesity remains a global health challenge. Many commercial online weight loss programs are available, and they have advantages in terms of scalability and access. Few of these programs have been evaluated for effectiveness in a real-world context. This study reports on the weight loss achieved, platform engagement, and characteristics of successful weight loss predictions in subscribers to the Interval Weight Loss (IWL) program. The Interval Weight Loss program promotes intermittent restricted eating in addition to lifestyle changes in diet composition, exercise, and sleep. Methods: Data for 1705 adults subscribing to the program for >30 days between 2019 and 2024 were included in the analysis. A linear mixed model with polynomial terms was used to model weight loss over time with interaction terms for gender and age. Survival analysis was used to model the proportions and time frame of those meeting 2%, 5%, and 10% weight loss targets and the proportion meeting their goal weight. The focus of the analysis was on the effect at 365 days. Descriptive data from a subset of participants (n = 205) who completed a questionnaire about change in lifestyle habits and mood are also presented. Results: Of those who stayed in the program for at least 365 days, 25.4% achieved their goal weight, 17.6% achieved a 10% weight loss, and 62% achieved a 5% weight loss. By 49 days, 50% had lost 2% of their weight. Significant interactions indicated that males and females in their 60s and 70s were the most responsive to the program. Conclusions: The online commercial Interval Weight Loss platform based on intermittent restricted eating resulted in significant weight loss in a cohort of subscribers in a real-world setting.

The ameliorating effect of intermittent fasting on intestinal glucagon-like peptide 1 in rats fed a high-fat diet via the Farnesoid X receptor and the Melanocortin-4 receptor

Obesity and its associated intestinal inflammatory responses represent a significant global challenge. (IF) is a dietary intervention demonstrating various health benefits, including weight loss, enhanced metabolic health, and increased longevity. However, its effect on the intestinal inflammation induced by high-fat diet (HFD) is still not fully comprehended. Thirty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into three groups: Control (fed standard chow diet for 24 weeks); the HFD group (fed HFD for 24 weeks); and the HFD + IF group (fed HFD for 12 weeks, followed by an alternate day regimen of fasting and HFD for 12 weeks). The results revealed that IF significantly reduced body weight, food intake, and blood glucose levels compared to the HFD group. Furthermore, rats undergoing the intermittent fasting regimen exhibited a significant reduction in resting time, along with increased durations of grooming and exploration when compared to those on HFD. IF significantly reduced HFD-induced intestinal oxidative stress by lowering malondialdehyde levels and substantially increasing intestinal total antioxidant capacity, consistent with histopathological findings of gastric and intestinal tissues. The investigation of the underlying mechanisms revealed that IF significantly increased the intestinal expression of Farnesoid X receptor (FXR), glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), and melanocortin-4 receptors (MC4R), with a significant decrease in gastrointestinal peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) compared to the HFD group. The findings indicate that IF can mitigate HFD-induced intestinal inflammation via the FXR/GLP-1/MC4R/ PPAR-γ pathway. This highlights the need for further research to elucidate these mechanisms.

The Impact of Breakfast Consumption or Omission on Exercise Performance and Adaptations: A Narrative Review

BACKGROUND

Breakfast is often termed the most important meal of the day. However, its importance to acute and chronic adaptations to exercise is currently not well summarized throughout the literature.

METHODS

A narrative review of the experimental literature regarding breakfast consumption's impact on acute and chronic exercise performance and alterations in body composition prior to November 2024 was conducted. To be included in this review, the selected investigations needed to include some aspect of either endurance or resistance training performance and be conducted in humans.

RESULTS

These findings suggest that breakfast consumption may benefit acute long-duration (>60 min) but not short-duration (<60 min) morning endurance exercise. Evening time trial performance was consistently inhibited following breakfast omission despite the resumption of eating midday. No or minimal impact of breakfast consumption was found when examining acute morning or afternoon resistance training or the longitudinal adaptations to either resistance or endurance training. Favorable changes in body composition were often noted following the omission of breakfast. However, this was primarily driven by the concomitant reduced kilocalorie intake.

CONCLUSIONS

Consuming breakfast may aid endurance athletes regularly performing exercise lasting >60 min in length. However, the morning meal's impact on resistance training and changes in body composition appears to be minimal. Although, as the body of literature is limited, future investigations are needed to truly ascertain the dietary practice's impact.

Effectiveness of Early Versus Late Time-Restricted Eating Combined with Physical Activity in Overweight or Obese Women

AIMS

To evaluate the effectiveness of a dual approach involving time-restricted eating (TRE) at different times of the day combined with physical activity (PA) on functional capacity and metabolic health in overweight or obese women.

METHODS

Random allocation of sixty-one participants into four groups: early time-restricted eating plus physical activity (ETRE-PA, n = 15, 31.8 ± 10.76 years, 89.68 ± 13.40 kg, 33.5 ± 5.53 kg/m2), late time-restricted eating with physical activity (LTRE-PA, n = 15, 30.60 ± 7.94 years, 94.45 ± 15.36 kg, 34.37 ± 7.09 kg/m2), late time-restricted eating only (LTRE, n = 15, 27.93 ± 9.79 years, 88.32 ± 10.36 kg, 32.71 ± 5.15 kg/m2) and a control group (CG, n = 15, 36.25 ± 11.52 years, 89.01 ± 11.68 kg, 33.66 ± 6.18 kg/m2). The intervention lasted for 12 weeks in all groups. Both the ETRE-PA and LTRE-PA groups engaged in a rigorous combined aerobic and resistance-training program.

RESULTS

Significant reductions in body weight and body mass index were observed in the ETRE-PA and LTRE-PA groups compared to the CG and LTRE groups post-intervention (p < 0.0005). Only the ETRE-PA group exhibited a significant decrease in fat mass (p = 0.02), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p = 0.01), and aspartate aminotransferase (p = 0.002). Significant reductions in alanine aminotransferase levels were observed in the ETRE-PA (p = 0.004) and LTRE-PA (p = 0.02) groups. These two latter groups achieved higher performances in the 6-min walking test, bench press, 30-s squat, crunch test, vertical jump (p < 0.0005 for both), and leg extension (p < 0.02 for both) when compared to the LTRE and CG groups.

CONCLUSION

The integration of TRE with PA leads to greater improvements in body composition, lipid profile, and physical performance, with no significant differences between the ETRE-PA and LTRE-PA approaches. This combined strategy offers a promising solution for overweight and obese women.

From starvation to time-restricted eating: a review of fasting physiology

We have long known that subjects with obesity who fast for several weeks survive. Calculations that assume the brain can only use glucose indicated that all carbohydrate and protein sources would be consumed by the brain within several weeks yet subjects with obesity who fasted for several weeks survived. This anomaly led to the determination of the metabolic role of ketone bodies. Subsequent studies transformed our understanding of ketone bodies and illustrated the value of challenging the norm and adapting theory to evidence. Although prolonged fasting is no longer a treatment for obesity, the early studies of starvation provided valuable insights about macronutrient metabolism and ketone body adaptations that fasting elicits. Intermittent fasting and its variants such as time-restricted eating are fasting models that are far less regimented than starvation and severe calorie restriction; yet they produce metabolic benefits. The mechanisms that produce the metabolic changes that intermittent fasting elicits are relatively unknown. In this article, we review the physiology of starvation, starvation adaptation diets, diet-induced ketosis, and intermittent fasting. Understanding the premise and physiology that these regimens induce is necessary to draw parallels and provoke thoughts on the mechanisms underlying the metabolic benefits of intermittent fasting and its variants.

Effects of time-restricted feeding (TRF)-model of intermittent fasting on adipose organ: a narrative review

Time-restricted feeding (TRF), an intermittent fasting approach involving a shortened eating window within 24 h, has gained popularity as a weight management approach. This review addresses how TRF may favor fat redistribution and the function of the adipose organ. TRF trials (mainly 16:8 model, with a duration of 5-48 weeks) reported a significant weight loss (1.2-10.2%, ~ 1.4-9.4 kg), with a considerable decrease in total fat mass (1.6-21%, ~ 0.5-7 kg) and visceral adipose compartment (VAC, 11-27%) in overweight and obese subjects. Experimental TRF in normal-fed and obesogenic-diet-fed mice and rats (with a fasting duration ranging between 9 and 21 h within 1-17 weeks) reported a significant reduction in body weight (~ 7-40%), total fat mass (~ 17-71%), and intrahepatic fat (~ 25-72%). TRF also improves VAC and subcutaneous adipose compartment (SAC) function by decreasing adipocyte size, macrophage infiltration, M1-macrophage polarity, and downregulating inflammatory genes. In conclusion, beyond its effect on body weight loss, total fat mass, and intrahepatic fat accumulation, TRF favors adipose organ fat redistribution in overweight and obese subjects by decreasing VAC and improving the function of VAC and SAC.

The impact of sodium nitrite and intermittent fasting on neurofilament and tau protein phosphorylation, and spatial learning in rat hippocampus

In recent years, the influence of dietary-related factors on neurodegenerative diseases has received considerable attention in the academic community, notably involving the food additive sodium nitrite (NaNO2) and intermittent fasting behavior. However, the effects of NaNO2 and intermittent fasting on spatial learning and memory have not been thoroughly investigated. This study conducted a controlled experiment to explore the impact of NaNO2 and intermittent fasting on the hyperphosphorylation of hippocampal neurofilament (NF) and tau proteins, as well as spatial learning and memory in rats. Through Morris water maze experiments, the spatial learning and memory abilities of rats were assessed, while immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry techniques were employed to evaluate the phosphorylation levels and distribution of NF and tau proteins in the rat hippocampus. NaNO2 was found to induce hyperphosphorylation of hippocampal NF and tau proteins at the Ser396/404 sites, which was accompanied by a decline in spatial learning and memory abilities. Conversely, intermittent fasting ameliorated the NaNO2-induced hyperphosphorylation of hippocampal neurofilaments and the decline in learning and memory abilities, with no discernible effect on hippocampal tau protein hyperphosphorylation.

Ramadan fasting as a form of time-restricted eating during pregnancy and long-term health effects in offspring: a narrative systematic review

BACKGROUND

Fasting and time-restricted eating (TRE) are popular practices that have health benefits, but may also carry a risk of harm. Little is known about the impact of TRE during pregnancy on the long-term health of offspring beyond the immediate post-natal period.

METHODS

We conducted a systematic review and narrative synthesis of research on the health impact of time-restricted eating (TRE) during pregnancy and its potential long-term effects on offspring. We searched three electronic databases on 20 January 2023, and updated the search on 6 May 2024, combining search terms for pregnancy and fasting. Risk of bias was assessed using the ROBINS-E tool. We adhered to PRISMA and Synthesis Without Meta-analysis (SWiM) guidelines and the protocol was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42023387174).

RESULTS

We identified 16 studies with data for 1,895,744 total participants mainly set in countries around or close to the equator, published between 2004 and 2023. All studies focused on fasting during Ramadan, a religious custom practiced among Muslims worldwide that consists of refraining from food and drink from sunrise to sunset, that represents the most studied form of TRE. Outcomes included effects on body size, cognitive performance, disability, respiratory health, child mortality and general health.

CONCLUSIONS

Results were consistent with the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) model, showing offspring health risks associated with exposure to TRE during pregnancy. Body size was the most studied outcome and showed a strong correlation to exposure. The association between exposure and adverse effects appears to be stronger in low-income settings and becomes more apparent as the study sample grows older. Precautions should thus be taken by pregnant mothers when deciding whether to fast or not during their pregnancy. More research is needed to find a safe cut-off for time-restricted eating in different climates and socioeconomic settings.

Long-term effect of eating duration on all-cause mortality under different energy intake and physical activity levels

The long-term impact of eating duration on the risk of all-cause mortality remains unclear, with limited exploration of how different levels of energy intake and physical activity might influence this impact. To investigate, 24 484 American adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey spanning 1999-2018 were included. Eating duration was assessed via 24-h dietary recall, and all-cause mortality data were sourced from the National Death Index. The relationship between eating duration and all-cause mortality was analysed using Cox proportional hazards regression models, restricted cubic splines and stratification analysis with complex weighted designs. The median (IQR) of eating duration for participants was 12·5 (11·0, 14·0) h. In this study, 2896 death events were observed, and the median follow-up time (IQR) was 125 (77, 177) months. After multivariable adjustment, compared with Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4 had reduced risks of all-cause mortality by 17, 15 and 13 %, respectively. Furthermore, each additional hour of eating duration was correlated with a 2 % decrease in the risk of all-cause mortality. Additionally, a non-linear dose-response relationship was observed between eating duration and the risk of all-cause mortality, showing a U-shaped relationship from 8·9 h to 15·3 h (P for non-linearity < 0·05). Interestingly, the non-linear dose-response relationship was observed exclusively among individuals with high energy intake or a lightly active physical activity level. These findings suggest potential health benefits from adjusting eating duration, though further prospective studies are needed for validation.

Alterations in Circadian Rhythms, Sleep, and Physical Activity in COVID-19: Mechanisms, Interventions, and Lessons for the Future

Although the world is acquitting from the throes of COVID-19 and returning to the regularity of life, its effects on physical and mental health are prominently evident in the post-pandemic era. The pandemic subjected us to inadequate sleep and physical activities, stress, irregular eating patterns, and work hours beyond the regular rest-activity cycle. Thus, perturbing the synchrony of the regular circadian clock functions led to chronic psychiatric and neurological disorders and poor immunological response in several COVID-19 survivors. Understanding the links between the host immune system and viral replication machinery from a clock-infection biology perspective promises novel avenues of intervention. Behavioral improvements in our daily lifestyle can reduce the severity and expedite the convalescent stage of COVID-19 by maintaining consistent eating, sleep, and physical activity schedules. Including dietary supplements and nutraceuticals with prophylactic value aids in combating COVID-19, as their deficiency can lead to a higher risk of infection, vulnerability, and severity of COVID-19. Thus, besides developing therapeutic measures, perpetual healthy practices could also contribute to combating the upcoming pandemics. This review highlights the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on biological rhythms, sleep-wake cycles, physical activities, and eating patterns and how those disruptions possibly contribute to the response, severity, and outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Effects of intermittent fasting combined with physical exercise on cardiometabolic outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical studies

CONTEXT

Different intermittent fasting (IF) protocols have been proven to be efficient in improving cardiometabolic markers, but further research is needed to examine whether or not combining IF regimens plus physical exercise is superior to control diets (ie, nonfasting eating) plus physical exercise in this setting.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to determine whether or not combining IF plus exercise interventions is more favorable than a control diet plus exercise for improving cardiometabolic health outcomes.

DATA SOURCE

PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were comprehensively searched until April 2023.

DATA EXTRACTION

Electronic databases were searched for clinical trials that determined the effect of IF plus exercise vs a control diet plus exercise on body weight, lipid profile (high-density lipoprotein [HDL], low-density lipoprotein [LDL], triglycerides, and total cholesterol), and systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP, respectively). Analyses were conducted for IF plus exercise vs a nonfasting diet plus exercise to calculate weighted mean differences (WMDs).

DATA ANALYSIS

The meta-analysis included a total of 14 studies, with a total sample of 360 adults with or without obesity. The duration ranged from 4 to 52 weeks. IF plus exercise decreased body weight (WMD = -1.83 kg; P = 0.001), LDL (WMD = -5.35 mg/dL; P = 0.03), and SBP (WMD = -2.99 mm Hg; P = 0.003) significantly more than a control diet plus exercise. HDL (WMD = 1.57 mg/dL; P = 0.4) and total cholesterol (WMD = -2.24 mg/dL; P = 0.3) did not change significantly for IF plus exercise vs a control diet plus exercise, but there was a trend for reducing triglycerides (WMD = -13.13 mg/dL; P = 0.07) and DBP (WMD = 2.13 mm Hg; P = 0.05), which shows clinical magnitude.

CONCLUSION

IF plus exercise improved some cardiometabolic outcomes (body weight, blood pressure, and lipid profile) compared with a control diet plus exercise.

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION

PROSPERO registration no. CRD42023423878.

6-week time-restricted eating improves body composition, maintains exercise performance, without exacerbating eating disorder in female DanceSport dancers

BACKGROUND

Despite the high risk of eating disorder (ED)-related attitudes and behaviors among female dancers, targeted scientific dietary regimens are currently inadequate. Time-restricted eating (TRE), a popular intermittent fasting protocol, has been shown to be effective in enhancing body composition and exercise performance in athletes. In this study, TRE was employed as a dietary regimen to improve body composition and exercise performance and address ED attitudes and behaviors in DanceSport dancers.

METHODS

Twenty female DanceSport dancers were recruited and divided into two groups: TRE (n = 10) and normal diet (ND) (n = 10). The TRE group consumed their self-selected necessary energy intake exclusively between 11 a.m. and 7 p.m. (utilizing a 16-hour fasting and 8-hour eating window) for 6 weeks, while the ND group maintained their regular dieting patterns. The consumption of water, black tea, or coffee without added sugar or milk was not restricted. Physical activity and calorie intake were systematically recorded during the TRE intervention. Body composition, aerobic and anaerobic performance, and ED attitudes and behaviors were assessed before and after the TRE intervention. The trial was registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry under the identifier ChiCTR2200063780.

RESULTS

The fixed effects tests (p < 0.0001) and estimates for the intercept (p < 0.0001) of hunger level indicated a noticeable effect on the initial state of hunger during TRE. No significant differences were observed in ED attitudes or behaviors (p > 0.05). TRE resulted in a reduction in hip circumference (p = 0.039), fat mass (kg) (p = 0.0004), and body fat percentage (p = 0.0005), with no significant decrease in fat-free mass (p > 0.05). No significant improvement was observed in aerobic performance (p > 0.05). The average power (AP) (p = 0.01) and AP/Body weight ratio (p = 0.003) significantly increased. Additionally, the power drop decreased significantly (p = 0.019). Group-by-time interactions were observed for fat mass (kg) (p = 0.01), body fat percentage (p = 0.035), and AP/Body weight (p = 0.020).

CONCLUSION

TRE can be considered a feasible nutritional strategy for DanceSport dancers, facilitating improvements in body composition without compromising aerobic and anaerobic exercise performance or exacerbating ED attitudes and behaviors. Moreover, TRE may facilitate more favorable physiological adaptations, potentially contributing to improved exercise performance.

Impact of daily fasting duration on body composition and cardiometabolic risk factors during a time-restricted eating protocol: a randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Time-restricted eating (TRE) is a dietary regimen that limits food intake for at least 12 h daily. Unlike other fasting protocols, TRE does not dictate what or how much to eat but rather focuses on the timing of meals. This approach has been previously demonstrated to improve body composition in individuals with obesity or metabolic impairments. However, its impact on body composition and cardiometabolic factors in healthy individuals remains unclear. Furthermore, the optimal fasting duration is still debated. Thus, we aimed to compare the effects of 8 weeks of different fasting durations on body composition and biochemical parameters in metabolically healthy, non-trained individuals using a parallel randomized controlled trial.

METHODS

Forty-one volunteers were randomly assigned to one of the four experimental groups: TRE 16:8 (16 h of fasting,8 h of eating), TRE 14:10 (14 h of fasting,10 h of eating), TRE 12:12 (12 h of fasting,12 h of eating) or a normal diet group (ND; no dietary restriction). Participants underwent body composition measurements and blood tests for lipid profiles (i.e., total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and triglycerides), fasting glucose, leptin, and anabolic hormones (i.e., insulin and testosterone) levels. Data were analyzed using both intention-to-treat (ITT) and per-protocol (PP) analysis to account for compliance. A two-way ANOVA for repeated measures was employed to assess interactions between time and group.

RESULTS

In the ITT analysis, TRE 16:8 reduced body mass (-2.46%, p = 0.003) and absolute fat mass (-8.65%, p = 0.001) with no changes in lean soft tissue and in calorie intake. These results were consistent with the PP analysis which included 8 participants in TRE 16:8, 5 in TRE 14:10, 9 in TRE 12:12, and the entire ND group. Participants in the TRE 16:8 group spontaneously reduced their total caloric intake, although this reduction was not statistically significant. None of the other measurements significantly changed after 8 weeks.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggest that a 16-hour fasting window, even without caloric restriction, may be a viable strategy for improving body composition in healthy and non-trained individuals, whereas a shorter fasting period may be insufficient to produce significant changes in a healthy population.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

NCT, NCT04503005. Registered 4 August 2020, https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04503005 .

Effects of intermittent fasting on body composition, clinical health markers and memory status in the adult population: a single-blind randomised controlled trial

INTRODUCTION

Despite the popularity and potential protective effects of intermittent fasting (IF) against metabolic disorders, more human trials must be conducted to highlight its effects on human health. Therefore, the present trial aimed to investigate the effect of IF on the body composition, health markers, and memory status of obese and overweight adults.

METHODS

A parallel randomised controlled trial was conducted in Lahore, Pakistan, with 30 participants recruited from each of the three arms (regular diet, customised diet, and IF group) with a follow-up period of 12 weeks.

RESULTS

There was no significant difference in the mean percentage change in BMI at the end of the study period (p = 0.55). The IF group exhibited a negative median change (-4.41%) in systolic blood pressure compared with the other two groups (p = 0.014), with no difference among the groups in diastolic blood pressure or blood sugar levels (p > 0.05). The percentage change in waist circumference was more significant in the IF group than in the control group, with a significant improvement in the median percentage change in total cholesterol, LDL, triglyceride, and HDL levels (p < 0.05) as well as in the memory score (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

This study revealed that IF helps improve participants' lipid parameters, systolic blood pressure, and memory status.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

The present study is registered at the registry of Clinicaltrials.gov with identity number NCT05521945 and registration date 30/08/22.

Ramadan fasting model modulates biomarkers of longevity and metabolism in male obese and non-obese rats

The health advantages of Ramadan fasting, a time-restricted eating from dawn to dusk, have garnered attention. Nevertheless, prior observational studies have found inconsistent findings because of challenges regulating variables such as sleep patterns, dietary habits, and physical activity. This study sought to investigate the impact of the Ramadan fasting model (RFM) on longevity and metabolic biomarkers in obese and non-obese rats. For 12 weeks, 48 male Wistar albino rats were separated into two groups and fed either a standard or a high-fat diet (HFD). During the final four weeks, rats in each group were separated into four subgroups to investigate the effect of RFM with/without training (on Treadmill) or glucose administration on the biomarkers of interest. The HFD groups subjected to RFM had significantly lower Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) serum, whereas AMPK, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative stress serum levels were significantly higher. All groups reported decreased serum levels of Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) compared to the HFD control group. Furthermore, the Real-Time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR) results indicated a significant elevation in the TP53 gene expression in groups subjected to RFM. The data indicate that RFM can improve longevity and metabolic biomarkers and reduce pro-inflammation and oxidative stress. Also, RFM improves anti-inflammatory and antioxidant markers in HFD-induced obese rats.

Effect of Intermittent Fasting on Immune Parameters and Intestinal Inflammation

Intermittent fasting (IF), including alternate day fasting (ADF) and time-restricted feeding (TRF) or, in humans, time-restricted eating (TRE), has been associated with the prevention and improvement of diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This review summarizes 20 animal and human studies on the influence of IF on intestinal inflammation. In the animal studies, TRF and ADF improved histological scores, inflammatory markers, markers of oxidative stress, and microbiota composition. Apart from the studies on Ramadan fasting, there are no studies on IF in IBD patients, so human studies on IF in healthy people were included. The studies on Ramadan fasting showed almost no effects, but this particular type of fasting is not directly comparable to TRE or ADF. However, TRE and ADF appear to have anti-inflammatory effects in healthy individuals, as they significantly reduce CRP levels and inflammatory markers. TRE also improved the composition of microbiota and the circadian oscillation of clock genes. The beneficial effects of TRE and ADF in healthy people appear to depend on the number of uninterrupted days of fasting, while in animal studies improvements in colitis have been observed regardless of the duration of fasting.