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Viribay A, Alcantara JMA, López I, Mielgo-Ayuso J, Castañeda-Babarro A. Impact of a short-term nitrate and citrulline co-supplementation on sport performance in elite rowers: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:1911-1923. [PMID: 38340156 PMCID: PMC11129974 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05415-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Citrulline (CIT) and beetroot extract (BR) have separately shown benefits in rowing performance-related outcomes. However, effects of combined supplementation remain to be elucidated. The main purpose of this research was to study the effects of 1 week of daily co-supplementation of 3.5 g BR (500 mg NO3-) plus 6 g CIT on aerobic performance, maximal strength, and high-intensity power and peak stroke in elite male rowers compared to a placebo and to a BR supplementation. METHODS 20 elite rowers participated in this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial completing 1 week of supplementation in each group of study: Placebo group (PLAG); BR group (BRG); and BR + CIT group (BR-CITG). 3 main physical tests were performed: aerobic performance, Wingate test and CMJ jump, and metabolic biomarkers and physiological outcomes were collected. RESULTS The Wingate all-out test showed no between-condition differences in peak power, mean power, relative power, or fatigue index (P > 0.05), but clearance of lactate was better in BR-CITG (P < 0.05). In the performance test, peak power differed only between PLAG and BR-CITG (P = 0.036), while VO2peak and maximum heart rate remained similar. CMJ jumping test results showed no between-condition differences, and blood samples were consistent (P > 0.200). CONCLUSION Supplementation with 3.5 g of BR extract plus 6 g of CIT for 7 days improved lactate clearance after Wingate test and peak power in a performance test. No further improvements were found, suggesting longer period of supplementation might be needed to show greater benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Viribay
- Glut4Science, Physiology, Nutrition and Sport, 01004, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of Leon, 24071, Leon, Spain
| | - Juan M A Alcantara
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute for Sustainability and Food Chain Innovation, Public University of Navarre, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Iker López
- Kirolene, San Ignacio Auzunea Etxetaldea 5, 48200, Durango, Spain
| | - Juan Mielgo-Ayuso
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Burgos, 09001, Burgos, Spain.
| | - Arkaitz Castañeda-Babarro
- Health, Physical Activity, and Sports Science Laboratory, Department of Physical Activity and Sports, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of Deusto, 48007, Bizkaia, Spain
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2
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Hayes E, Dent E, Shannon OM, Zhong LZ, Bozanich T, Blekkenhorst LC, Zhu K, Bondonno CP, Siervo M, Hoogendijk EO, Hodgson JM, Prince RL, Lewis JR, Sim M. Higher plant-derived nitrate intake is associated with lower odds of frailty in a cross-sectional study of community-dwelling older women. Eur J Nutr 2024:10.1007/s00394-024-03412-z. [PMID: 38761280 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-024-03412-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dietary nitrate intake is inversely related to numerous contributors towards frailty, including cardiovascular disease and poor physical function. Whether these findings extend to frailty remain unknown. We investigated if habitual nitrate intake, derived from plants or animal-based foods, was cross-sectionally associated with frailty in women. METHODS Community-dwelling older Australian women (n = 1390, mean age 75.1 ± 2.7 years) completed a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Nitrate concentrations in food were obtained from international nitrate databases. We adopted the Rockwood frailty index (FI) of cumulative deficits comprising 33 variables across multiple health domains (scored 0 to 1), which predicts increased hospitalisation and mortality risk. A FI ≥ 0.25 indicated frailty. Cross-sectional associations between nitrate intake (total plant and animal nitrate, separately) and frailty were analysed using multivariable-adjusted logistic regression models (including lifestyle factors), as part of restricted cubic splines. RESULTS A non-linear inverse relationship was observed between total plant nitrate intake and frailty. Compared to women with the lowest plant nitrate intake (Quartile [Q]1), women with greater intakes in Q2 (OR 0.69 95%CI 0.56-0.84), Q3 (OR 0.67 95%CI 0.50-0.90) and Q4 (OR 0.66 95%CI 0.45-0.98) had lower odds for frailty. A nadir in the inverse association was observed once intakes reached ~ 64 mg/d (median Q2). No relationship was observed between total animal nitrate and frailty. CONCLUSION Community-dwelling older women consuming low amounts of plant-derived nitrate were more likely to present with frailty. Consuming at least one daily serving (~ 75 g) of nitrate-rich green leafy vegetables may be beneficial in preventing frailty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Hayes
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Elsa Dent
- Research Centre for Public Health, Equity and Human Flourishing, Torrens University Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Oliver M Shannon
- Human Nutrition and Exercise Research Centre, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Lie Zhou Zhong
- Nutrition and Health Innovation Research Institute, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Trent Bozanich
- Nutrition and Health Innovation Research Institute, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Lauren C Blekkenhorst
- Nutrition and Health Innovation Research Institute, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Kun Zhu
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Deparment of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Catherine P Bondonno
- Nutrition and Health Innovation Research Institute, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Mario Siervo
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Emiel O Hoogendijk
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Ageing and Later Life Research Program, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jonathan M Hodgson
- Nutrition and Health Innovation Research Institute, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Richard L Prince
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Joshua R Lewis
- Nutrition and Health Innovation Research Institute, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Marc Sim
- Nutrition and Health Innovation Research Institute, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia.
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
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3
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Fielding RA, Lustgarten MS. Impact of a Whole-Food, High-Soluble Fiber Diet on the Gut-Muscle Axis in Aged Mice. Nutrients 2024; 16:1323. [PMID: 38732569 PMCID: PMC11085703 DOI: 10.3390/nu16091323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have identified a role for the gut microbiome and its metabolic products, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), in the maintenance of muscle mass and physical function (i.e., the gut-muscle axis), but interventions aimed at positively impacting the gut-muscle axis during aging are sparse. Gut bacteria ferment soluble fiber into SCFAs, and accordingly, to evaluate the impact of a high-soluble-fiber diet (HSFD) on the gut-muscle axis, we fed a whole-food, 3×-higher-soluble fiber-containing diet (relative to standard chow) to aged (98 weeks) C57BL/6J mice for 10 weeks. The HSFD significantly altered gut bacterial community structure and composition, but plasma SCFAs were not different, and a positive impact on muscle-related measures (when normalized to body weight) was not identified. However, when evaluating sex differences between dietary groups, female (but not male) HSFD-fed mice had significant increases for SCFAs, the quadriceps/body weight (BW) ratio, and treadmill work performance (distance run × BW), which suggests that an HSFD can positively impact the gut-muscle axis. In contrast, consistent effects in both male and female HSFD-fed mice included weight and fat loss, which suggests a positive role for an HSFD on the gut-adipose axis in aged mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael S. Lustgarten
- Nutrition, Exercise Physiology, and Sarcopenia Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging (HNRCA), Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA;
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Park JW, Piknova B, Tunau-Spencer KJ, Thomas SM, Cai H, Walter PJ, Jenkins A, Hellinga D, Parver LM, Schechter AN. Dietary Nitrate Metabolism in Porcine Ocular Tissues Determined Using 15N-Labeled Sodium Nitrate Supplementation. Nutrients 2024; 16:1154. [PMID: 38674845 PMCID: PMC11054199 DOI: 10.3390/nu16081154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Nitrate (NO3-) obtained from the diet is converted to nitrite (NO2-) and subsequently to nitric oxide (NO) within the body. Previously, we showed that porcine eye components contain substantial amounts of nitrate and nitrite that are similar to those in blood. Notably, cornea and sclera exhibited the capability to reduce nitrate to nitrite. To gain deeper insights into nitrate metabolism in porcine eyes, our current study involved feeding pigs either NaCl or Na15NO3 and assessing the levels of total and 15N-labeled NO3-/NO2- in various ocular tissues. Three hours after Na15NO3 ingestion, a marked increase in 15NO3- and 15NO2- was observed in all parts of the eye; in particular, the aqueous and vitreous humor showed a high 15NO3- enrichment (77.5 and 74.5%, respectively), similar to that of plasma (77.1%) and showed an even higher 15NO2- enrichment (39.9 and 35.3%, respectively) than that of plasma (19.8%). The total amounts of NO3- and NO2- exhibited patterns consistent with those observed in 15N analysis. Next, to investigate whether nitrate or nitrite accumulate proportionally after multiple nitrate treatments, we measured nitrate and nitrite contents after supplementing pigs with Na15NO3 for five consecutive days. In both 15N-labeled and total nitrate and nitrite analysis, we did not observe further accumulation of these ions after multiple treatments, compared to a single treatment. These findings suggest that dietary nitrate supplementation exerts a significant influence on nitrate and nitrite levels and potentially NO levels in the eye and opens up the possibility for the therapeutic use of dietary nitrate/nitrite to enhance or restore NO levels in ocular tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Won Park
- Molecular Medicine Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (J.W.P.); (B.P.); (K.J.T.-S.); (S.M.T.)
- Molecular Medicine Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Barbora Piknova
- Molecular Medicine Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (J.W.P.); (B.P.); (K.J.T.-S.); (S.M.T.)
- Molecular Medicine Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Khalid J. Tunau-Spencer
- Molecular Medicine Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (J.W.P.); (B.P.); (K.J.T.-S.); (S.M.T.)
- Molecular Medicine Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Samantha M. Thomas
- Molecular Medicine Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (J.W.P.); (B.P.); (K.J.T.-S.); (S.M.T.)
- Molecular Medicine Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hongyi Cai
- Clinical Mass Spectrometry Core, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (H.C.); (P.J.W.)
- Clinical Mass Spectrometry Core, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Peter J. Walter
- Clinical Mass Spectrometry Core, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (H.C.); (P.J.W.)
- Clinical Mass Spectrometry Core, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Audrey Jenkins
- MedStar Health Research Institute, Washington, DC 20010, USA; (A.J.); (D.H.)
| | - David Hellinga
- MedStar Health Research Institute, Washington, DC 20010, USA; (A.J.); (D.H.)
| | - Leonard M. Parver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Alan N. Schechter
- Molecular Medicine Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (J.W.P.); (B.P.); (K.J.T.-S.); (S.M.T.)
- Molecular Medicine Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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5
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Apte M, Nadavade N, Sheikh SS. A review on nitrates' health benefits and disease prevention. Nitric Oxide 2024; 142:1-15. [PMID: 37981005 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2023.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Dietary nitrates (NO3-) are naturally occurring compounds in various vegetables, especially beetroot, which is mainly supplemented in the form of BRJ. Dietary nitrates (NO3-) play a crucial function in human physiology. On consumption, nitrates (NO3-) undergo a conversion process, producing nitric oxide (NO) via a complex metabolic pathway. Nitric oxide (NO) is associated with many physiological processes, entailing immune modulation, neurotransmission, and vasodilation, enabling blood vessel dilation and relaxation, which boosts blood flow and oxygen delivery to tissues, positively influencing cardiovascular health, exercise performance, and cognitive function. There are various analytical processes to determine the level of nitrate (NO3-) present in dietary sources. The impact of dietary nitrates (NO3-) can differ among individuals. Thus, the review revisits the dietary source of nitrates (NO3-), its metabolism, absorption, excretion, analytical techniques to assess nitrates (NO3-) content in various dietary sources, and discusses health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhavi Apte
- Department: Quality Assurance, Pharmacognosy, and Phytochemistry, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, India.
| | - Nishigandha Nadavade
- Department: Quality Assurance, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, India.
| | - Sohail Shakeel Sheikh
- Department: Quality Assurance, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, India.
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6
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Webster J, Dalla Via J, Langley C, Smith C, Sale C, Sim M. Nutritional strategies to optimise musculoskeletal health for fall and fracture prevention: Looking beyond calcium, vitamin D and protein. Bone Rep 2023; 19:101684. [PMID: 38163013 PMCID: PMC10757289 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2023.101684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Falls and osteoporotic fractures are a major public health problem, particularly among older adults. A third of individuals aged 65 years and over fall at least once each year, with up to 20 % of these resulting in serious injury, including fracture. In conjunction with regular exercise, the importance of diet for musculoskeletal health has largely focused upon calcium, vitamin D, and protein, particularly in the context of preventing falls and fractures. Whilst there is evidence for the benefits of these nutrients for musculoskeletal health, other aspects of the diet remain largely underexplored. For example, vegetables are rich sources of macro- and micronutrients that are essential for muscle function and bone health, which are key factors in the prevention of falls and fractures. Recent work has highlighted the importance of nutrients such as vegetable-derived nitrate and vitamin K1 in optimising muscle strength, physical function, and bone quality. In the context of dietary patterns, vegan/plant-based diets have recently gained popularity due to perceived health benefits, animal welfare, or to tackle climate change. The elimination and/or substitution of animal-based products for plant foods (without careful planning and/or expert dietary guidance) could, however, have long-term negative musculoskeletal consequences; a trend uncovered by recent evidence. Within the overarching theme of nutrition for fall and fracture prevention in older populations, the aim of this review is to (i) summarise the current evidence for calcium, vitamin D and protein; (ii) describe the importance of vegetables and selected nutrients, such as nitrate and vitamin K1, for muscle function and bone structural integrity; and (iii) highlight current evidence around different dietary patterns (e.g., plant-based, diet quality, data driven approaches) and their impact on musculoskeletal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Webster
- Nutritional Epidemiology Group, School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Jack Dalla Via
- Nutrition and Health Innovation Research Institute, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Christina Langley
- Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Cassandra Smith
- Nutrition and Health Innovation Research Institute, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Craig Sale
- Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Sim
- Nutrition and Health Innovation Research Institute, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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7
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Zoughaib WS, Hoffman RL, Yates BA, Moorthi RN, Lim K, Coggan AR. Short-term beetroot juice supplementation improves muscle speed and power but does not reduce blood pressure or oxidative stress in 65-79 y old men and women. Nitric Oxide 2023; 138-139:34-41. [PMID: 37244392 PMCID: PMC10527284 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2023.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that acute ingestion of inorganic nitrate (NO3-)-rich beetroot juice (BRJ), a source of nitric oxide (NO) via the NO3- → nitrite (NO2-) → NO pathway, can improve muscle speed and power in older individuals. It is not known, however, whether this effect is maintained or perhaps even enhanced with repeated ingestion, or if tolerance develops as with organic nitrates, e.g., nitroglycerin. Using a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design, we therefore studied 16 community-dwelling older (age 71 ± 5 y) individuals after both acute and short-term (i.e., daily for 2 wk) BRJ supplementation. Blood samples were drawn and blood pressure was measured periodically during each ∼3 h experiment, with muscle function determined using isokinetic dynamometry. Acute ingestion of BRJ containing 18.2 ± 6.2 mmol of NO3- increased plasma NO3- and NO2- concentrations 23 ± 11 and 2.7 ± 2.1-fold over placebo, respectively. This was accompanied by 5 ± 11% and 7 ± 13% increases in maximal knee extensor speed (Vmax) and power (Pmax), respectively. After daily supplementation for 2 wk, BRJ ingestion elevated NO3- and NO2- levels 24 ± 12 and 3.3 ± 4.0-fold, respectively, whereas Vmax and Pmax were 7 ± 9% and 9 ± 11% higher than baseline. No changes were observed in blood pressure or in plasma markers of oxidative stress with either acute or short-term NO3- supplementation. We conclude that both acute and short-term dietary NO3- supplementation result in similar improvements in muscle function in older individuals. The magnitudes of these improvements are sufficient to offset the decline resulting from a decade or more of aging and are therefore likely to be clinically significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S Zoughaib
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Health & Human Sciences, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Richard L Hoffman
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Health & Human Sciences, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Brandon A Yates
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, School of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Ranjani N Moorthi
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, School of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Kenneth Lim
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, School of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Andrew R Coggan
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Health & Human Sciences, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis, USA; Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, School of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, USA.
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Tan R, Baranauskas MN, Karl ST, Ortiz de Zevallos J, Shei RJ, Paris HL, Wiggins CC, Bailey SJ. Effects of dietary nitrate supplementation on peak power output: Influence of supplementation strategy and population. Nitric Oxide 2023; 138-139:105-119. [PMID: 37438201 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2023.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that dietary nitrate supplementation has the potential to increase muscular power output during skeletal muscle contractions. However, there is still a paucity of data characterizing the impact of different nitrate dosing regimens on nitric oxide bioavailability and its potential ergogenic effects across various population groups. This review discusses the potential influence of different dietary nitrate supplementation strategies on nitric oxide bioavailability and muscular peak power output in healthy adults, athletes, older adults and some clinical populations. Effect sizes were calculated for peak power output and absolute and/or relative nitrate doses were considered where applicable. There was no relationship between the effect sizes of peak power output change following nitrate supplementation and when nitrate dosage when considered in absolute or relative terms. Areas for further research are also recommended including a focus on nitrate dosing regimens that optimize nitric oxide bioavailability for enhancing peak power at times of increased muscular work in a variety of healthy and disease populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Tan
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, 90263, USA.
| | - Marissa N Baranauskas
- Department of Human Physiology & Nutrition, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, CO, 80918, USA
| | - Sean T Karl
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, 90263, USA
| | | | - Ren-Jay Shei
- Indiana University Alumni Association, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47408, USA
| | - Hunter L Paris
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, 90263, USA
| | - Chad C Wiggins
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Stephen J Bailey
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
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9
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Liu S, Zhang L, Li S. Advances in nutritional supplementation for sarcopenia management. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1189522. [PMID: 37492597 PMCID: PMC10365293 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1189522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is a syndrome characterized by a decline in muscular mass, strength, and function with advancing age. The risk of falls, fragility, hospitalization, and death is considerably increased in the senior population due to sarcopenia. Although there is no conclusive evidence for drug treatment, resistance training has been unanimously recognized as a first-line treatment for managing sarcopenia, and numerous studies have also pointed to the combination of nutritional supplementation and resistance training as a more effective intervention to improve quality of life for people with sarcopenia. People with both malnutrition and sarcopenia have a higher mortality rate, so identifying people at risk of malnutrition and intervening early is extremely important to avoid sarcopenia and its associated problems. This article provides important information for dietary interventions in sarcopenia by summarizing the discoveries and developments of nutritional supplements such as protein, leucine, β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyric acid, vitamin D, vitamin C, vitamin E, omega-3 fatty acids, creatine, inorganic nitrate, probiotics, minerals, collagen peptides, and polyphenols in the management of sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Liu
- General Practice Ward/International Medical Center Ward, General Practice Medical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- General Practice Ward/International Medical Center Ward, General Practice Medical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shuangqing Li
- General Practice Ward/International Medical Center Ward, General Practice Medical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Multimorbidity Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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10
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Alsharif NS, Clifford T, Alhebshi A, Rowland SN, Bailey SJ. Effects of Dietary Nitrate Supplementation on Performance during Single and Repeated Bouts of Short-Duration High-Intensity Exercise: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1194. [PMID: 37371924 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12061194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Inorganic nitrate (NO3-) has emerged as a potential ergogenic aid over the last couple of decades. While recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses have suggested some small positive effects of NO3- supplementation on performance across a range of exercise tasks, the effect of NO3- supplementation on performance during single and repeated bouts of short-duration, high-intensity exercise is unclear. This review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. MEDLINE and SPORTDiscus were searched from inception to January 2023. A paired analysis model for cross-over trials was incorporated to perform a random effects meta-analysis for each performance outcome and to generate standardized mean differences (SMD) between the NO3- and placebo supplementation conditions. The systematic review and meta-analysis included 27 and 23 studies, respectively. Time to reach peak power (SMD: 0.75, p = 0.02), mean power output (SMD: 0.20, p = 0.02), and total distance covered in the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 1 test (SMD: 0.17, p < 0.0001) were all improved after NO3- supplementation. Dietary NO3- supplementation had small positive effects on some performance outcomes during single and repeated bouts of high-intensity exercise. Therefore, athletes competing in sports requiring single or repeated bouts of high-intensity exercise may benefit from NO3- supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehal S Alsharif
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tom Clifford
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Abrar Alhebshi
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24382, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samantha N Rowland
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Stephen J Bailey
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
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Tan R, Baranauskas MN, Karl ST, Ortiz de Zevallos J, Shei RJ, Paris HL, Wiggins CC, Bailey SJ. Effects of dietary nitrate supplementation on muscular power output: Influence of supplementation strategy and population. Nitric Oxide 2023:S1089-8603(23)00047-2. [PMID: 37244391 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2023.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that dietary nitrate supplementation has the potential to increase muscular power output during skeletal muscle contractions. However, there is still a paucity of data characterizing the impact of different nitrate dosing regimens on nitric oxide bioavailability its potential ergogenic effects across various population groups. This narrative review discusses the potential influence of different dietary nitrate supplementation strategies on nitric oxide bioavailability and muscular power output in healthy adults, athletes, older adults and some clinical populations. Areas for further research are also recommended including a focus individualized nitrate dosing regimens to optimize nitric oxide bioavailability and to promote muscular power enhancements in different populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Tan
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, 90263, USA.
| | - Marissa N Baranauskas
- Department of Human Physiology & Nutrition, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, CO, 80918, USA
| | - Sean T Karl
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, 90263, USA
| | | | - Ren-Jay Shei
- Indiana University Alumni Association, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47408, USA
| | - Hunter L Paris
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, 90263, USA
| | - Chad C Wiggins
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Stephen J Bailey
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
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12
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Zoughaib WS, Hoffman RL, Yates BA, Moorthi RN, Lim K, Coggan AR. The influence of acute dietary nitrate supplementation on skeletal muscle fatigue and recovery in older women. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15694. [PMID: 37226336 PMCID: PMC10209430 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Older individuals fatigue more rapidly during, and recover more slowly from, dynamic exercise. Women are particularly vulnerable to these deleterious effects of aging, which increases their risk of falling. We have shown that dietary nitrate (NO3 - ), a source of nitric oxide (NO) via the NO3 - → nitrite (NO2 - ) → NO pathway, enhances muscle speed and power in older individuals in the non-fatigued state; however, it is unclear if it reduces fatigability and/or improves recoverability in this population. Using a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design, we studied 18 older (age 70 ± 4 years) women who were administered an acute dose of beetroot juice (BRJ) containing either 15.6 ± 3.6 or <0.05 mmol of NO3 - . Blood samples were drawn throughout each ~3 h visit for plasma NO3 - and NO2 - analysis. Peak torque was measured during, and periodically for 10 min after, 50 maximal knee extensions performed at 3.14 rad/s on an isokinetic dynamometer. Ingestion of NO3 - -containing BRJ increased plasma NO3 - and NO2 - concentrations by 21 ± 8 and 4 ± 4 fold, respectively. However, there were no differences in muscle fatigue or recovery. Dietary NO3 - increases plasma NO3 - and NO2 - concentrations but does not reduce fatigability during or enhance recoverability after high intensity exercise in older women.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S. Zoughaib
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Health & Human SciencesIndiana University Purdue University IndianapolisIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Richard L. Hoffman
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Health & Human SciencesIndiana University Purdue University IndianapolisIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Brandon A. Yates
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal HealthIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Ranjani N. Moorthi
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of MedicineIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Kenneth Lim
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of MedicineIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
| | - Andrew R. Coggan
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Health & Human SciencesIndiana University Purdue University IndianapolisIndianapolisIndianaUSA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal HealthIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA
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13
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Esen O, Dobbin N, Callaghan MJ. The Effect of Dietary Nitrate on the Contractile Properties of Human Skeletal Muscle: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN NUTRITION ASSOCIATION 2023; 42:327-338. [PMID: 35604074 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2022.2037475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The propose of this study was to systematically review the current literature and meta-analyse the effects of dietary nitrate (NO3-) supplementation on the contractile properties of skeletal muscle. A literature search of three databases was conducted in June 2021, with 19 studies meeting the inclusion criteria. Studies were included if a placebo versus dietary NO3--only supplementation protocol was used in healthy human, assessed muscle contraction or activities that was < 3 minutes in duration and focused on the lower-body. For the meta-analysis, a pooled standardised mean difference (SMD) was determined for maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) (n = 11), cycling, running and inertial load squad peak power output (PPO) (n = 8), mean power output (MPO) (n = 6) and time to PPO (n = 4). NO3- supplementation demonstrated a small improvement in PPO (SMD = 0.25, P = 0.030) and MPO (SMD = 0.28, P = 0.030) when compared to the placebo. NO3- also resulted in an enhanced time to PPO (SMD = -0.78, P < 0.001). There was no clear effect of NO3- on isometric MVC (SMD = 0.03, P = 0.758). This review reports that NO3- supplementation may have potential to enhance PPO, MPO and time to PPO during dynamic exercise, which may transfer to brief explosive actions commonly observed in sporting activities. Due to the variability in studies, we encourage researchers to use this work to explore areas where evidence in lacking and standardize the study design and procedures.Key teaching pointsFindings from this meta-analysis highlight the potential positive ergogenic effect of dietary NO3-supplementation on PPO, MPO and time to PPO during short duration (<10 s) dynamic exercise.NO3- supplementation might be considered as an ergogenic aid when executing power-based actions (e.g., 100 m sprinter or weightlifter).This review highlights that further research is required to address some of the contrasting findings presented here using a standardised procedure to allow for improved synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozcan Esen
- Department of Health Professions, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
- Manchester Metropolitan University Institute of Sport, Manchester, UK
| | - Nick Dobbin
- Department of Health Professions, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Michael J Callaghan
- Department of Health Professions, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
- Manchester Metropolitan University Institute of Sport, Manchester, UK
- Manchester University Hospital Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Epidemiology, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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14
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Bondonno CP, Zhong L, Bondonno NP, Sim M, Blekkenhorst LC, Liu A, Rajendra A, Pokharel P, Erichsen DW, Neubauer O, Croft KD, Hodgson JM. Nitrate: The Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde of human health? Trends Food Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2023.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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15
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Berlanga LA, Lopez-Samanes A, Martin-Lopez J, de la Cruz RM, Garces-Rimon M, Roberts J, Bertotti G. Dietary Nitrate Ingestion Does Not Improve Neuromuscular Performance in Male Sport Climbers. J Hum Kinet 2023; 87:47-57. [PMID: 37229410 PMCID: PMC10203837 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/161812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Beetroot juice (BJ) is commonly used as an ergogenic aid in endurance and team sports, however, the effect of this supplement on climbing performance is barely studied. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effect of acute BJ ingestion on neuromuscular and biochemical variables in amateur male sport climbers. Ten physically active sport climbers (28.8 ± 3.7 years) underwent a battery of neuromuscular tests consisting of the half crimp test, the pull-up to failure test, the isometric handgrip strength test, the countermovement jump (CMJ) and the squat jump (SJ). Participants performed the neuromuscular test battery twice in a cross-over design separated by 10 days, 150 min after having consumed either 70-mL of BJ (6.4 mmol NO3-) or a 70-mL placebo (0.0034 mmol NO3-). In addition, nitrate (NO3-) and nitrite (NO2-) saliva concentrations were analysed, and a side effect questionnaire related to ingestion was administrated. No differences were reported in particular neuromuscular variables measured such as the CMJ (p = 0.960; ES = 0.03), the SJ (p = 0.581; ES = -0.25), isometric handgrip strength (dominant/non dominant) (p = 0.459-0.447; ES = 0.34-0.35), the pull-up failure test (p = 0.272; ES = 0.51) or the maximal isometric half crimp test (p = 0.521-0.824; ES = 0.10-0.28). Salivary NO3- and NO2- increased significantly post BJ supplementation compared to the placebo (p < 0.001), while no side effects associated to ingestion were reported (p = 0.330-1.000) between conditions (BJ/placebo ingestion). Acute dietary nitrate supplementation (70-mL) did not produce any statistically significant improvement in neuromuscular performance or side effects in amateur sport climbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A. Berlanga
- Physical Activity and Sport, Centro de Estudios Universitarios Cardenal Spínola CEU, Sevilla, Spain
- Exercise Physiology Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alvaro Lopez-Samanes
- Exercise Physiology Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio Martin-Lopez
- Exercise Physiology Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Marta Garces-Rimon
- Grupo de Investigación en Biotecnología Alimentaria, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Justin Roberts
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences (CCSES), School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, East Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gabriele Bertotti
- Exercise Physiology Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, Spain
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16
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Kadach S, Park JW, Stoyanov Z, Black MI, Vanhatalo A, Burnley M, Walter PJ, Cai H, Schechter AN, Piknova B, Jones AM. 15 N-labeled dietary nitrate supplementation increases human skeletal muscle nitrate concentration and improves muscle torque production. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2023; 237:e13924. [PMID: 36606507 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM Dietary nitrate (NO3 - ) supplementation increases nitric oxide bioavailability and can enhance exercise performance. We investigated the distribution and metabolic fate of ingested NO3 - at rest and during exercise with a focus on skeletal muscle. METHODS In a randomized, crossover study, 10 healthy volunteers consumed 12.8 mmol 15 N-labeled potassium nitrate (K15 NO3 ; NIT) or potassium chloride placebo (PLA). Muscle biopsies were taken at baseline, at 1- and 3-h post-supplement ingestion, and immediately following the completion of 60 maximal intermittent contractions of the knee extensors. Muscle, plasma, saliva, and urine samples were analyzed using chemiluminescence to determine absolute [NO3 - ] and [NO2 - ], and by mass spectrometry to determine the proportion of NO3 - and NO2 - that was 15 N-labeled. RESULTS Neither muscle [NO3 - ] nor [NO2 - ] were altered by PLA. Following NIT, muscle [NO3 - ] (but not [NO2 - ]) was elevated at 1-h (from ~35 to 147 nmol/g, p < 0.001) and 3-h, with almost all of the increase being 15 N-labeled. There was a significant reduction in 15 N-labeled muscle [NO3 - ] from pre- to post-exercise. Relative to PLA, mean muscle torque production was ~7% greater during the first 18 contractions following NIT. This improvement in torque was correlated with the pre-exercise 15 N-labeled muscle [NO3 - ] and the magnitude of decline in 15 N-labeled muscle [NO3 - ] during exercise (r = 0.66 and r = 0.62, respectively; p < 0.01). CONCLUSION This study shows, for the first time, that skeletal muscle rapidly takes up dietary NO3 - , the elevated muscle [NO3 - ] following NO3 - ingestion declines during exercise, and muscle NO3 - dynamics are associated with enhanced torque production during maximal intermittent muscle contractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kadach
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Ji Won Park
- Molecular Medicine Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Zdravko Stoyanov
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Matthew I Black
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Anni Vanhatalo
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Mark Burnley
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Peter J Walter
- Clinical Mass Spectrometry Core, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hongyi Cai
- Clinical Mass Spectrometry Core, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Alan N Schechter
- Molecular Medicine Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Barbora Piknova
- Molecular Medicine Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew M Jones
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
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17
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Supplementation with Nitric Oxide Precursors for Strength Performance: A Review of the Current Literature. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030660. [PMID: 36771366 PMCID: PMC9921013 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric-oxide-stimulating dietary supplements are widely available and marketed to strength athletes and weightlifters seeking to increase muscle performance and augment training adaptations. These supplements contain ingredients classified as nitric oxide (NO) precursors (i.e., "NO boosters"). Endogenous NO is generated via a nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-dependent pathway and a NOS-independent pathway that rely on precursors including L-arginine and nitrates, with L-citrulline serving as an effective precursor of L-arginine. Nitric oxide plays a critical role in endothelial function, promoting relaxation of vascular smooth muscle and subsequent dilation which may favorably impact blood flow and augment mechanisms contributing to skeletal muscle performance, hypertrophy, and strength adaptations. The aim of this review is to describe the NO production pathways and summarize the current literature on the effects of supplementation with NO precursors for strength and power performance. The information will allow for an informed decision when considering the use of L-arginine, L-citrulline, and nitrates to improve muscular function by increasing NO bioavailability.
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18
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Short-Term Supplementation of Sodium Nitrate vs. Sodium Chloride Increases Homoarginine Synthesis in Young Men Independent of Exercise. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810649. [PMID: 36142560 PMCID: PMC9504822 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of short-term oral administration of inorganic nitrate (NaNO3; n = 8) or placebo (NaCl; n = 9) (each 0.1 mmol/kg body weight/d for 9 days) on plasma amino acids, creatinine, and oxidative stress in healthy young men. At baseline, the plasma concentrations of amino acids did not differ between the groups. At the end of the study, the plasma concentrations of homoarginine (hArg; by 24%, p = 0.0001), citrulline and ornithine (Cit/Orn; by 16%, p = 0.015), and glutamine/glutamate (Gln/Glu; by 6%, p = 0.0003) were higher in the NaNO3 group compared to the NaCl group. The plasma concentrations of sarcosine (Sarc; by 28%, p < 0.0001), tyrosine (by 14%, p = 0.0051), phenylalanine (by 8%, p = 0.0026), and tryptophan (by 8%, p = 0.0047) were lower in the NaNO3 group compared to the NaCl group. These results suggest that nitrate administration affects amino-acid metabolism. The arginine/glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) catalyzes two reactions: (1) the formation of l-homoarginine (hArg) and l-ornithine (Orn) from l-arginine (Arg) and l-lysine (Lys): Arg + Lys <−> hArg + Orn, with equilibrium constant Kharg; (2) the formation of guanidinoacetate (GAA) and Orn from Arg and glycine (Gly): Arg + Gly <−> GAA + Orn, with equilibrium constant Kgaa. The plasma Kgaa/KhArg ratio was lower in the NaNO3 group compared to the NaCl group (1.57 vs. 2.02, p = 0.0034). Our study suggests that supplementation of inorganic nitrate increases the AGAT-catalyzed synthesis of hArg and decreases the N-methyltransferase-catalyzed synthesis of GAA, the precursor of creatine. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate elevation of hArg synthesis by inorganic nitrate supplementation. Remarkably, an increase of 24% corresponds to the synthesis capacity of one kidney in healthy humans. Differences in the association between plasma concentrations of amino acids in the NaNO3 and NaCl groups suggest changes in amino-acid homeostasis. Plasma concentrations of the oxidative stress marker malondialdehyde (MDA) did not change after supplementation of NaNO3 or NaCl over the whole exercise time range. Plasma nitrite concentration turned out to be a more discriminant marker of NaNO3 ingestion than plasma nitrate (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve: 0.951 vs. 0.866, p < 0.0001 each).
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19
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Tan R, Pennell A, Price KM, Karl ST, Seekamp-Hicks NG, Paniagua KK, Weiderman GD, Powell JP, Sharabidze LK, Lincoln IG, Kim JM, Espinoza MF, Hammer MA, Goulding RP, Bailey SJ. Effects of Dietary Nitrate Supplementation on Performance and Muscle Oxygenation during Resistance Exercise in Men. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14183703. [PMID: 36145080 PMCID: PMC9504620 DOI: 10.3390/nu14183703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to assess the effects of acute and short-term nitrate (NO3−)-rich beetroot juice (BR) supplementation on performance outcomes and muscle oxygenation during bench press and back squat exercise. Fourteen recreationally active males were assigned in a randomized, double-blind, crossover design to supplement for 4 days in two conditions: (1) NO3−-depleted beetroot juice (PL; 0.10 mmol NO3− per day) and (2) BR (11.8 mmol NO3− per day). On days 1 and 4 of the supplementation periods, participants completed 2 sets of 2 × 70%1RM interspersed by 2 min of recovery, followed by one set of repetitions-to-failure (RTF) at 60%1RM for the determination of muscular power, velocity, and endurance. Quadriceps and pectoralis major tissue saturation index (TSI) were measured throughout exercise. Plasma [NO3−] and nitrite ([NO2−]) were higher after 1 and 4 days of supplementation with BR compared to PL (p < 0.05). Quadriceps and pectoralis major TSI were not different between conditions (p > 0.05). The number of RTF in bench press was 5% greater after acute BR ingestion compared to PL (PL: 23 ± 4 vs. BR: 24 ± 5, p < 0.05). There were no differences between BR and PL for RTF for back squat or power and velocity for back squat or bench press (p > 0.05). These data improve understanding on the ergogenic potential of BR supplementation during resistance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Tan
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA 90263, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-3105067041
| | - Adam Pennell
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA 90263, USA
| | - Katherine M. Price
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA 90263, USA
| | - Sean T. Karl
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA 90263, USA
| | | | | | - Grant D. Weiderman
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA 90263, USA
| | - Joanna P. Powell
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA 90263, USA
| | - Luka K. Sharabidze
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA 90263, USA
| | | | - Justin M. Kim
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA 90263, USA
| | | | - Maya A. Hammer
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA 90263, USA
| | - Richie P. Goulding
- Laboratory for Myology, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen J. Bailey
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
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Esen O, Cepicka L, Gabrys T, Karayigit R. High-Dose Nitrate Supplementation Attenuates the Increased Blood Pressure Responses to Isometric Blood Flow Restriction Exercise in Healthy Males. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14173645. [PMID: 36079902 PMCID: PMC9460709 DOI: 10.3390/nu14173645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of nitrate (NO3−) supplementation on blood pressure (BP) responses during large muscle mass isometric and ischaemic exercise in healthy young adults is unclear. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of 5-day supplementation of NO3− on BP responses during a short isometric contraction and a sustained ischaemic contraction. In a randomised, double-blinded, crossover design, 14 healthy active young adults underwent BP measurements after 5 days of either NO3− (NIT) or placebo (PLA) supplementation. Beat-by-beat BP was measured at pre- and post-exercise rest, and during a short (20 s) isometric contraction at 25% maximal strength and throughout a sustained ischaemic contraction. Plasma nitrite (NO2−) concentration increased significantly after NO3− supplementation compared to placebo (475 ± 93 nmol·L−1 vs. 198 ± 46 nmol·L−1, p < 0.001, d = 3.37). Systolic BP was significantly lower at pre- (p = 0.051) and post-exercise rest (p = 0.006), during a short isometric contraction (p = 0.030), and throughout a sustained ischaemic contraction (p = 0.040) after NO3− supplementation. Mean arterial pressure was significantly lower at pre- (p = 0.004) and post-exercise rest (p = 0.043), during a short isometric contraction (p = 0.041), and throughout a sustained ischaemic contraction (p = 0.021) after NO3− supplementation. Diastolic BP was lower at pre-exercise rest (p = 0.032), but not at post-exercise rest, during a short isometric contraction, and during a sustained ischaemic contraction (all p > 0.05). Five days of NO3− supplementation elevated plasma NO2− concentration and reduced BP during a short isometric contraction and a sustained ischaemic contraction in healthy adults. These observations indicate that multiple-day nitrate supplementation can decrease BP at rest and attenuate the increased BP response during isometric exercise. These findings support that NO3− supplementation is an effective nutritional intervention in reducing SBP and MAP in healthy young males during submaximal exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozcan Esen
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-191-232-60-02
| | - Ladislav Cepicka
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education, University of West Bohemia, 30100 Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Tomasz Gabrys
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education, University of West Bohemia, 30100 Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Raci Karayigit
- Department of Coaching Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara 06830, Turkey
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Acute Beetroot Juice Supplementation Enhances Intermittent Running Performance but Does Not Reduce Oxygen Cost of Exercise among Recreational Adults. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14142839. [PMID: 35889796 PMCID: PMC9319752 DOI: 10.3390/nu14142839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrate (NO3−) supplementation has been reported to enhance intermittent exercise performance; however, its impact on oxygen (O2) cost during intermittent running exercise is unclear. The aim of this study was to assess if acute NO3− supplementation would elicit performance benefits in recreationally active individuals during the Yo−Yo intermittent recovery level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1) test, with its potential benefit on O2 consumption (VO2), in a double-blind, randomized, crossover study, 12 recreational males consumed NO3−-rich (NIT; ~12.8 mmol), and NO3−-depleted (PLA; 0.04 mmol) concentrated beetroot juice 3 h before completing the Yo-Yo IR1 test. VO2 was measured at 160, 280 and 440 m (sub-maximal) and when the test was terminated (peak). Performance in the Yo−Yo IR1 was greater with NIT (990 ± 442.25 m) compared to PLA (870 ± 357.4 m, p = 0.007). The VO2 was not significantly different at 160 m (1.92 ± 0.99 vs. 2.1 ± 0.88 L·min−1), 280 m (2.62 ± 0.94 vs. 2.83 ± 0.94 L·min−1), 440 m (3.26 ± 1.04 vs. 3.46 ± 0.98 L·min−1) and peak (4.71 ± 1.01 vs. 4.92 ± 1.17 L·min−1) between NIT and PLA trials (all p > 0.05). The present study has indicated that acute supplementation of NO3− enhanced intermittent running performance but had no effect on VO2 during the Yo−Yo IR1 test in recreational young adults.
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22
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The effects of nitrate ingestion on high-intensity endurance time-trial performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Exerc Sci Fit 2022; 20:305-316. [PMID: 35892115 PMCID: PMC9287610 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Objective Dietary nitrate ingestion extends endurance capacity, but data supporting endurance time-trial performance are unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the evidence for dietary nitrate supplementation to improve high-intensity endurance time-trial performance over 5–30 min on the premise that nitrate may alleviate peripheral fatigue over shorter durations. Methods A systematic literature search and data extraction was carried out following PRISMA guidelines and the PICOS framework within five databases: PubMed, ProQuest, ScienceDirect, Scopus and SPORTDiscus. Search terms used were: (nitrate OR nitrite OR beetroot) AND (high intensity OR all out) AND (time trial or total work done) AND performance. Results Twenty-four studies were included. Fifteen studies applied an acute supplementation strategy (4.1 mmol–15.2 mmol serving on one day), eight chronic supplementation (4.0 mmol–13.0 mmol per day over 3–15 days), and one applied both acute and chronic supplementation (8.0 mmol on one day and over 15 days). Standardised mean difference for time-trial ranging from 5 to 30 min showed an overall trivial effect in favour of nitrate (Hedges'g = 0.15, 95% CI -0.00 to 0.31, Z = 1.95, p = 0.05). Subgroup analysis revealed a small, borderline effect in favour of chronic nitrate intervention (Hedges'g = 0.30, 95% CI -0.00 to 0.59, Z = 1.94, p = 0.05), and a non-significant effect for acute nitrate intervention (Hedges'g = 0.10, 95% CI -0.08 to 0.28, Z = 1.11, p = 0.27). Conclusion Chronic nitrate supplementation improves time-trial performance ranging from 5 to 30 min.
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Burgos J, Viribay A, Fernández-Lázaro D, Calleja-González J, González-Santos J, Mielgo-Ayuso J. Combined Effects of Citrulline Plus Nitrate-Rich Beetroot Extract Co-Supplementation on Maximal and Endurance-Strength and Aerobic Power in Trained Male Triathletes: A Randomized Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2021; 14:40. [PMID: 35010917 PMCID: PMC8746866 DOI: 10.3390/nu14010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrulline (CIT) and nitrate-rich beetroot extract (BR) are ergogenic aids and nitric oxide (NO) precursors. In addition, both supplements seem to have other actions at the level of muscle metabolism that can benefit strength and aerobic power performance. Both supplements have been studied in numerous investigations in isolation. However, scientific evidence combining both supplements is scarce, and to the best of the authors' knowledge, there is no current study of endurance athletes. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to determine the effect of 9 weeks of CIT plus BR supplementation on maximal and endurance-strength performance and aerobic power in male triathletes. This study was a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial where participants (n = 32) were randomized into four different groups: placebo group (PLG; n = 8), CIT plus BR group (CIT- BRG; 3 g/kg/day of CIT plus 3 mg/kg/day of nitrates (NO3-); n = 8), CIT group (CITG; 3 g/kg/day; n = 8) and BR group (BRG; 3 mg/kg/day of NO3-; n = 8). Before (T1) and after 9 weeks (T2), four physical condition tests were carried out in order to assess sport performance: the horizontal jump test (HJUMP), handgrip dynamometer test, 1-min abdominal tests (1-MAT) and finally, the Cooper test. Although, no significant interactions (time × supplementation groups) were found for the strength tests (p > 0.05), the CIT- BRG supplementation presented a trend on HJUMP and 1-MAT tests confirmed by significant increase between two study moments in CIT-BRG. Likewise, CIT-BRG presented significant interactions in the aerobic power test confirmed by this group's improve estimated VO2max during the study with respect to the other study groups (p = 0.002; η2p = 0.418). In summary, supplementing with 3 g/day of CIT and 2.1 g/day of BR (300 mg/day of NO3-) for 9 weeks could increase maximal and endurance strength. Furthermore, when compared to CIT or BR supplementation alone, this combination improved performance in tests related to aerobic power.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Burgos
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of León, 24071 León, Spain
- Burgos Nutrition, Physiology, Nutrition and Sport, 26007 Logroño, Spain;
| | - Aitor Viribay
- Glut4Science, Physiology, Nutrition and Sport, 01004 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain;
| | - Diego Fernández-Lázaro
- Department of Cellular Biology, Histology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Valladolid, Campus of Soria, 42003 Soria, Spain;
- Neurobiology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Julio Calleja-González
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, 01007 Vitoria, Spain;
| | - Josefa González-Santos
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain;
| | - Juan Mielgo-Ayuso
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain;
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Wong TH, Sim A, Burns SF. The Effect of Beetroot Ingestion on High-Intensity Interval Training: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2021; 13:3674. [PMID: 34835931 PMCID: PMC8618171 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary nitrate supplementation has shown promising ergogenic effects on endurance exercise. However, at present there is no systematic analysis evaluating the effects of acute or chronic nitrate supplementation on performance measures during high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and sprint interval training (SIT). The main aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the evidence for supplementation of dietary beetroot-a common source of nitrate-to improve peak and mean power output during HIIT and SIT. A systematic literature search was carried out following PRISMA guidelines and the PICOS framework within the following databases: PubMed, ProQuest, ScienceDirect, and SPORTDiscus. Search terms used were: ((nitrate OR nitrite OR beetroot) AND (HIIT or high intensity or sprint interval or SIT) AND (performance)). A total of 17 studies were included and reviewed independently. Seven studies applied an acute supplementation strategy and ten studies applied chronic supplementation. The standardised mean difference for mean power output showed an overall trivial, non-significant effect in favour of placebo (Hedges' g = -0.05, 95% CI -0.32 to 0.21, Z = 0.39, p = 0.69). The standardised mean difference for peak power output showed a trivial, non-significant effect in favour of the beetroot juice intervention (Hedges' g = 0.08, 95% CI -0.14 to 0.30, Z = 0.72, p = 0.47). The present meta-analysis showed trivial statistical heterogeneity in power output, but the variation in the exercise protocols, nitrate dosage, type of beetroot products, supplementation strategy, and duration among studies restricted a firm conclusion of the effect of beetroot supplementation on HIIT performance. Our findings suggest that beetroot supplementation offers no significant improvement to peak or mean power output during HIIT or SIT. Future research could further examine the ergogenic potential by optimising the beetroot supplementation strategy in terms of dosage, timing, and type of beetroot product. The potential combined effect of other ingredients in the beetroot products should not be undermined. Finally, a chronic supplementation protocol with a higher beetroot dosage (>12.9 mmol/day for 6 days) is recommended for future HIIT and SIT study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stephen F. Burns
- Physical Education and Sports Science, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, Singapore 637616, Singapore; (T.H.W.); (A.S.)
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