1
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Planas AM. Role of microglia in stroke. Glia 2024; 72:1016-1053. [PMID: 38173414 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Microglia play key roles in the post-ischemic inflammatory response and damaged tissue removal reacting rapidly to the disturbances caused by ischemia and working to restore the lost homeostasis. However, the modified environment, encompassing ionic imbalances, disruption of crucial neuron-microglia interactions, spreading depolarization, and generation of danger signals from necrotic neurons, induce morphological and phenotypic shifts in microglia. This leads them to adopt a proinflammatory profile and heighten their phagocytic activity. From day three post-ischemia, macrophages infiltrate the necrotic core while microglia amass at the periphery. Further, inflammation prompts a metabolic shift favoring glycolysis, the pentose-phosphate shunt, and lipid synthesis. These shifts, combined with phagocytic lipid intake, drive lipid droplet biogenesis, fuel anabolism, and enable microglia proliferation. Proliferating microglia release trophic factors contributing to protection and repair. However, some microglia accumulate lipids persistently and transform into dysfunctional and potentially harmful foam cells. Studies also showed microglia that either display impaired apoptotic cell clearance, or eliminate synapses, viable neurons, or endothelial cells. Yet, it will be essential to elucidate the viability of engulfed cells, the features of the local environment, the extent of tissue damage, and the temporal sequence. Ischemia provides a rich variety of region- and injury-dependent stimuli for microglia, evolving with time and generating distinct microglia phenotypes including those exhibiting proinflammatory or dysfunctional traits and others showing pro-repair features. Accurate profiling of microglia phenotypes, alongside with a more precise understanding of the associated post-ischemic tissue conditions, is a necessary step to serve as the potential foundation for focused interventions in human stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Planas
- Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
- Cerebrovascular Diseases, Area of Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
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2
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Cui P, Song B, Xia Z, Xu Y. Type I Interferon Signalling and Ischemic Stroke: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potentials. Transl Stroke Res 2024:10.1007/s12975-024-01236-x. [PMID: 38466560 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-024-01236-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN-I) signalling is intricately involved in the pathogenesis of multiple infectious diseases, autoimmune diseases, and neurological diseases. Acute ischemic stroke provokes overactivation of IFN-I signalling within the injured brain, particularly in microglia. Following cerebral ischemia, damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) released from injured neural cells elicit marked proinflammatory episodes within minutes. Among these, self-nucleic acids, including nuclear DNA and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), have been recognized as a critical alarm signal to fan the flames of neuroinflammation, predominantly via inducing IFN-I signalling activation in microglia. The concept of interferon-responsive microglia (IRM), marked by upregulation of a plethora of IFN-stimulated genes, has been emergingly elucidated in ischemic mouse brains, particularly in aged ones. Among the pattern recognition receptors responsible for IFN-I induction, cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) plays integral roles in potentiating microglia-driven neuroinflammation and secondary brain injury after cerebral ischemia. Here, we aim to provide an up-to-date review on the multifaceted roles of IFN-I signalling, the detailed molecular and cellular mechanisms leading to and resulting from aberrant IFN-I signalling activation after cerebral ischemia, and the therapeutic potentials. A thorough exploration of these above points will inform our quest for IFN-based therapies as effective immunomodulatory therapeutics to complement the limited repertoire of thrombolytic agents, thereby facilitating the translation from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Cui
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Clinical Systems Biology Laboratories, Translation Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Bo Song
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zongping Xia
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
- Clinical Systems Biology Laboratories, Translation Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| | - Yuming Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
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3
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Garcia-Bonilla L, Shahanoor Z, Sciortino R, Nazarzoda O, Racchumi G, Iadecola C, Anrather J. Analysis of brain and blood single-cell transcriptomics in acute and subacute phases after experimental stroke. Nat Immunol 2024; 25:357-370. [PMID: 38177281 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01711-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia triggers a powerful inflammatory reaction involving peripheral leukocytes and brain resident cells that contribute to both tissue injury and repair. However, their dynamics and diversity remain poorly understood. To address these limitations, we performed a single-cell transcriptomic study of brain and blood cells 2 or 14 days after ischemic stroke in mice. We observed a strong divergence of post-ischemic microglia, monocyte-derived macrophages and neutrophils over time, while endothelial cells and brain-associated macrophages showed altered transcriptomic signatures at 2 days poststroke. Trajectory inference predicted the in situ trans-differentiation of macrophages from blood monocytes into day 2 and day 14 phenotypes, while neutrophils were projected to be continuously de novo recruited from the blood. Brain single-cell transcriptomes from both female and male aged mice were similar to that of young male mice, but aged and young brains differed in their immune cell composition. Although blood leukocyte analysis also revealed altered transcriptomes after stroke, brain-infiltrating leukocytes displayed higher transcriptomic divergence than their circulating counterparts, indicating that phenotypic diversification occurs within the brain in the early and recovery phases of ischemic stroke. A portal ( https://anratherlab.shinyapps.io/strokevis/ ) is provided to allow user-friendly access to our data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Garcia-Bonilla
- The Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Ziasmin Shahanoor
- The Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rose Sciortino
- The Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Omina Nazarzoda
- The Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gianfranco Racchumi
- The Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Costantino Iadecola
- The Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Josef Anrather
- The Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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4
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Denorme F, Andrianova I, Cody MJ, Kosaka Y, Campbell RA. Age-specific impact of type I interferons on cerebral thrombosis and inflammation. Blood Adv 2023; 7:6672-6675. [PMID: 37738163 PMCID: PMC10637883 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2023010495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Denorme
- University of Utah Molecular Medicine Program, Salt Lake City, UT
- Division of Vascular Neurology, Department of Neurology, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | | | - Mark J. Cody
- University of Utah Molecular Medicine Program, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Yasuhiro Kosaka
- University of Utah Molecular Medicine Program, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Robert A. Campbell
- University of Utah Molecular Medicine Program, Salt Lake City, UT
- Division of Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
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5
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Tresse E, Marturia-Navarro J, Sew WQG, Cisquella-Serra M, Jaberi E, Riera-Ponsati L, Fauerby N, Hu E, Kretz O, Aznar S, Issazadeh-Navikas S. Mitochondrial DNA damage triggers spread of Parkinson's disease-like pathology. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:4902-4914. [PMID: 37779111 PMCID: PMC10914608 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02251-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
In the field of neurodegenerative diseases, especially sporadic Parkinson's disease (sPD) with dementia (sPDD), the question of how the disease starts and spreads in the brain remains central. While prion-like proteins have been designated as a culprit, recent studies suggest the involvement of additional factors. We found that oxidative stress, damaged DNA binding, cytosolic DNA sensing, and Toll-Like Receptor (TLR)4/9 activation pathways are strongly associated with the sPDD transcriptome, which has dysregulated type I Interferon (IFN) signaling. In sPD patients, we confirmed deletions of mitochondrial (mt)DNA in the medial frontal gyrus, suggesting a potential role of damaged mtDNA in the disease pathophysiology. To explore its contribution to pathology, we used spontaneous models of sPDD caused by deletion of type I IFN signaling (Ifnb-/-/Ifnar-/- mice). We found that the lack of neuronal IFNβ/IFNAR leads to oxidization, mutation, and deletion in mtDNA, which is subsequently released outside the neurons. Injecting damaged mtDNA into mouse brain induced PDD-like behavioral symptoms, including neuropsychiatric, motor, and cognitive impairments. Furthermore, it caused neurodegeneration in brain regions distant from the injection site, suggesting that damaged mtDNA triggers spread of PDD characteristics in an "infectious-like" manner. We also discovered that the mechanism through which damaged mtDNA causes pathology in healthy neurons is independent of Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase and IFNβ/IFNAR, but rather involves the dual activation of TLR9/4 pathways, resulting in increased oxidative stress and neuronal cell death, respectively. Our proteomic analysis of extracellular vesicles containing damaged mtDNA identified the TLR4 activator, Ribosomal Protein S3 as a key protein involved in recognizing and extruding damaged mtDNA. These findings might shed light on new molecular pathways through which damaged mtDNA initiates and spreads PD-like disease, potentially opening new avenues for therapeutic interventions or disease monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Tresse
- Neuroinflammation Unit, Biotech Research & Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Biocentre, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Joana Marturia-Navarro
- Neuroinflammation Unit, Biotech Research & Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Biocentre, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Wei Qi Guinevere Sew
- Neuroinflammation Unit, Biotech Research & Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Biocentre, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Marina Cisquella-Serra
- Neuroinflammation Unit, Biotech Research & Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Biocentre, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Elham Jaberi
- Neuroinflammation Unit, Biotech Research & Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Biocentre, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Lluis Riera-Ponsati
- Neuroinflammation Unit, Biotech Research & Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Biocentre, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Natasha Fauerby
- Neuroinflammation Unit, Biotech Research & Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Biocentre, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Erling Hu
- Neuroinflammation Unit, Biotech Research & Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Biocentre, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Oliver Kretz
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Susana Aznar
- Centre for Neuroscience and Stereology, University Hospital Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg, 2400, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Shohreh Issazadeh-Navikas
- Neuroinflammation Unit, Biotech Research & Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Biocentre, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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Chauhan C, Kaundal RK. The role of cGAS-STING signaling in ischemic stroke: From immune response to therapeutic targeting. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103792. [PMID: 37783431 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Stroke, a debilitating condition with limited treatment options, presents a significant therapeutic challenge. A comprehensive grasp of stroke pathophysiology is imperative for designing newer and more effective therapeutic approaches. Notably, the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling pathway has emerged as a central orchestrator of the poststroke immune response. It regulates pivotal processes, including immune cell activation, cytokine production, neuroinflammation, apoptosis, and tissue regeneration. Modulating this pathway shows immense potential in improving stroke outcomes, necessitating the development of selective inhibitors and activators. This review provides an overview of the cGAS-STING pathway's role in ischemic stroke and explores emerging therapies, including cGAS and STING inhibitors and STING agonist preconditioning. It also addresses challenges like specificity, timing, and off-target effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandan Chauhan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli (NIPER-R), Transit Campus, Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Sarojini Nagar, Near CRPF Base Camp, Lucknow, UP 226002, India
| | - Ravinder Kumar Kaundal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli (NIPER-R), Transit Campus, Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Sarojini Nagar, Near CRPF Base Camp, Lucknow, UP 226002, India.
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7
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Anwer DM, Gubinelli F, Kurt YA, Sarauskyte L, Jacobs F, Venuti C, Sandoval IM, Yang Y, Stancati J, Mazzocchi M, Brandi E, O’Keeffe G, Steece-Collier K, Li JY, Deierborg T, Manfredsson FP, Davidsson M, Heuer A. A comparison of machine learning approaches for the quantification of microglial cells in the brain of mice, rats and non-human primates. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284480. [PMID: 37126506 PMCID: PMC10150977 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglial cells are brain-specific macrophages that swiftly react to disruptive events in the brain. Microglial activation leads to specific modifications, including proliferation, morphological changes, migration to the site of insult, and changes in gene expression profiles. A change in inflammatory status has been linked to many neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. For this reason, the investigation and quantification of microglial cells is essential for better understanding their role in disease progression as well as for evaluating the cytocompatibility of novel therapeutic approaches for such conditions. In the following study we implemented a machine learning-based approach for the fast and automatized quantification of microglial cells; this tool was compared with manual quantification (ground truth), and with alternative free-ware such as the threshold-based ImageJ and the machine learning-based Ilastik. We first trained the algorithms on brain tissue obtained from rats and non-human primate immunohistochemically labelled for microglia. Subsequently we validated the accuracy of the trained algorithms in a preclinical rodent model of Parkinson's disease and demonstrated the robustness of the algorithms on tissue obtained from mice, as well as from images provided by three collaborating laboratories. Our results indicate that machine learning algorithms can detect and quantify microglial cells in all the three mammalian species in a precise manner, equipotent to the one observed following manual counting. Using this tool, we were able to detect and quantify small changes between the hemispheres, suggesting the power and reliability of the algorithm. Such a tool will be very useful for investigation of microglial response in disease development, as well as in the investigation of compatible novel therapeutics targeting the brain. As all network weights and labelled training data are made available, together with our step-by-step user guide, we anticipate that many laboratories will implement machine learning-based quantification of microglial cells in their research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danish M. Anwer
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University Lund, Sweden
| | - Francesco Gubinelli
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University Lund, Sweden
| | - Yunus A. Kurt
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University Lund, Sweden
| | - Livija Sarauskyte
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University Lund, Sweden
| | - Febe Jacobs
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University Lund, Sweden
| | - Chiara Venuti
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University Lund, Sweden
| | - Ivette M. Sandoval
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Parkinson’s Disease Research Unit, Department of Translational Neuroscience, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Yiyi Yang
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jennifer Stancati
- Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States of America
| | - Martina Mazzocchi
- Brain Development and Repair Group, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Edoardo Brandi
- Neural Plasticity and Repair, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Gerard O’Keeffe
- Brain Development and Repair Group, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kathy Steece-Collier
- Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States of America
| | - Jia-Yi Li
- Neural Plasticity and Repair, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tomas Deierborg
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Fredric P. Manfredsson
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Parkinson’s Disease Research Unit, Department of Translational Neuroscience, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Marcus Davidsson
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University Lund, Sweden
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Parkinson’s Disease Research Unit, Department of Translational Neuroscience, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Andreas Heuer
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University Lund, Sweden
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8
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Garcia-Bonilla L, Shahanoor Z, Sciortino R, Nazarzoda O, Racchumi G, Iadecola C, Anrather J. Brain and blood single-cell transcriptomics in acute and subacute phases after experimental stroke. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.31.535150. [PMID: 37066298 PMCID: PMC10103945 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.31.535150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia triggers a powerful inflammatory reaction involving both peripheral leukocytes and brain resident cells. Recent evidence indicates that their differentiation into a variety of functional phenotypes contributes to both tissue injury and repair. However, the temporal dynamics and diversity of post-stroke immune cell subsets remain poorly understood. To address these limitations, we performed a longitudinal single-cell transcriptomic study of both brain and mouse blood to obtain a composite picture of brain-infiltrating leukocytes, circulating leukocytes, microglia and endothelium diversity over the ischemic/reperfusion time. Brain cells and blood leukocytes isolated from mice 2 or 14 days after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion or sham surgery were purified by FACS sorting and processed for droplet-based single-cell transcriptomics. The analysis revealed a strong divergence of post-ischemic microglia, macrophages, and neutrophils over time, while such diversity was less evident in dendritic cells, B, T and NK cells. Conversely, brain endothelial cells and brain associated-macrophages showed altered transcriptomic signatures at 2 days post-stroke, but low divergence from sham at day 14. Pseudotime trajectory inference predicted the in-situ longitudinal progression of monocyte-derived macrophages from their blood precursors into day 2 and day 14 phenotypes, while microglia phenotypes at these two time points were not connected. In contrast to monocyte-derived macrophages, neutrophils were predicted to be continuously de-novo recruited from the blood. Brain single-cell transcriptomics from both female and male aged mice did not show major changes in respect to young mice, but aged and young brains differed in their immune cell composition. Furthermore, blood leukocyte analysis also revealed altered transcriptomes after stroke. However, brain-infiltrating leukocytes displayed higher transcriptomic divergence than their circulating counterparts, indicating that phenotypic diversification into cellular subsets occurs within the brain in the early and the recovery phase of ischemic stroke. In addition, this resource report contains a searchable database https://anratherlab.shinyapps.io/strokevis/ to allow user-friendly access to our data. The StrokeVis tool constitutes a comprehensive gene expression atlas that can be interrogated at the gene and cell type level to explore the transcriptional changes of endothelial and immune cell subsets from mouse brain and blood after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Garcia-Bonilla
- The Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021
| | - Ziasmin Shahanoor
- The Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021
| | - Rose Sciortino
- The Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021
| | - Omina Nazarzoda
- The Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021
| | - Gianfranco Racchumi
- The Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021
| | - Costantino Iadecola
- The Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021
| | - Josef Anrather
- The Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021
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9
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Kuo PC, Weng WT, Scofield BA, Paraiso HC, Bojrab P, Kimes B, Yu ICI, Yen JHJ. Interferon-β modulates microglial polarization to ameliorate delayed tPA-exacerbated brain injury in ischemic stroke. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1148069. [PMID: 37063896 PMCID: PMC10104603 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1148069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is the only FDA-approved drug for the treatment of ischemic stroke. Delayed tPA administration is associated with increased risks of blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption and hemorrhagic transformation. Studies have shown that interferon beta (IFNβ) or type I IFN receptor (IFNAR1) signaling confers protection against ischemic stroke in preclinical models. In addition, we have previously demonstrated that IFNβ can be co-administered with tPA to alleviate delayed tPA-induced adverse effects in ischemic stroke. In this study, we investigated the time limit of IFNβ treatment on the extension of tPA therapeutic window and assessed the effect of IFNβ on modulating microglia (MG) phenotypes in ischemic stroke with delayed tPA treatment. Mice were subjected to 40 minutes transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) followed by delayed tPA treatment in the presence or absence of IFNβ at 3h, 4.5h or 6h post-reperfusion. In addition, mice with MG-specific IFNAR1 knockdown were generated to validate the effects of IFNβ on modulating MG phenotypes, ameliorating brain injury, and lessening BBB disruption in delayed tPA-treated MCAO mice. Our results showed that IFNβ extended tPA therapeutic window to 4.5h post-reperfusion in MCAO mice, and that was accompanied with attenuated brain injury and lessened BBB disruption. Mechanistically, our findings revealed that IFNβ modulated MG polarization, leading to the suppression of inflammatory MG and the promotion of anti-inflammatory MG, in delayed tPA-treated MCAO mice. Notably, these effects were abolished in MG-specific IFNAR1 knockdown MCAO mice. Furthermore, the protective effect of IFNβ on the amelioration of delayed tPA-exacerbated ischemic brain injury was also abolished in these mice. Finally, we identified that IFNβ-mediated modulation of MG phenotypes played a role in maintaining BBB integrity, because the knockdown of IFNAR1 in MG partly reversed the protective effect of IFNβ on lessening BBB disruption in delayed tPA-treated MCAO mice. In summary, our study reveals a novel function of IFNβ in modulating MG phenotypes, and that may subsequently confer protection against delayed tPA-exacerbated brain injury in ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Chang Kuo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Fort Wayne, IN, United States
| | - Wen-Tsan Weng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Fort Wayne, IN, United States
| | - Barbara A. Scofield
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Fort Wayne, IN, United States
| | - Hallel C. Paraiso
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Fort Wayne, IN, United States
| | - Paul Bojrab
- Doctor of Medicine Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Fort Wayne, IN, United States
| | - Brandon Kimes
- Doctor of Medicine Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Fort Wayne, IN, United States
| | - I-Chen Ivorine Yu
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Fort Wayne, IN, United States
| | - Jui-Hung Jimmy Yen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Fort Wayne, IN, United States
- *Correspondence: Jui-Hung Jimmy Yen,
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10
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Intranasal interferon-beta as a promising alternative for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Med Hypotheses 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2022.110996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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11
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Huang SS, Su HH, Chien SY, Chung HY, Luo ST, Chu YT, Wang YH, MacDonald IJ, Lee HH, Chen YH. Activation of peripheral TRPM8 mitigates ischemic stroke by topically applied menthol. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:192. [PMID: 35897101 PMCID: PMC9327358 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02553-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background No reports exist as to neuroprotective effects associated with topical activation of transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8), a noted cold receptor. In the present study, we identified whether activating peripheral TRPM8 can be an adjuvant therapy for ischemic stroke.
Methods Menthol, an agonist of TRPM8, was applied orally or topically to all paws or back of the mouse after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). We used Trpm8 gene knockout (Trpm8−/−) mice or TRPM8 antagonist and lidocaine to validate the roles of TRPM8 and peripheral nerve conduction in menthol against ischemic stroke. Results Application of menthol 16% to paw derma attenuated infarct volumes and ameliorated sensorimotor deficits in stroke mice induced by MCAO. The benefits of topically applied menthol were associated with reductions in oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and infiltration of monocytes and macrophages in ischemic brains. Antagonizing TRPM8 or Trpm8 knockout dulls the neuroprotective effects of topically application of menthol against MCAO. Immunohistochemistry analyses revealed significantly higher TRPM8 expression in skin tissue samples obtained from the paws compared with skin from the backs, which was reflected by significantly smaller infarct lesion volumes and better sensorimotor function in mice treated with menthol on the paws compared with the back. Blocking conduction of peripheral nerve in the four paws reversed the neuroprotective effects of topical menthol administrated to paws. On the other hand, oral menthol dosing did not assist with recovery from MCAO in our study. Conclusion Our results suggested that activation of peripheral TRPM8 expressed in the derma tissue of limbs with sufficient concentration of menthol is beneficial to stroke recovery. Topical application of menthol on hands and feet could be a novel and simple-to-use therapeutic strategy for stroke patients. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-022-02553-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiang-Suo Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacy, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Hui Su
- Department of Pharmacology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Yu Chien
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yi Chung
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Sih-Ting Luo
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Chu
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan
| | - Iona J MacDonald
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Hsun-Hua Lee
- Department of Neurology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, 23561, Taiwan. .,Dizziness and Balance Disorder Center, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, 23561, Taiwan. .,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan. .,Department of Neurology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Hung Chen
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan. .,Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan. .,Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Asia University, Wufeng, Taichung, 41354, Taiwan.
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12
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DeLong JH, Ohashi SN, O'Connor KC, Sansing LH. Inflammatory Responses After Ischemic Stroke. Semin Immunopathol 2022; 44:625-648. [PMID: 35767089 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-022-00943-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke generates an immune response that contributes to neuronal loss as well as tissue repair. This is a complex process involving a range of cell types and effector molecules and impacts tissues outside of the CNS. Recent reviews address specific aspects of this response, but several years have passed and important advances have been made since a high-level review has summarized the overall state of the field. The present review examines the initiation of the inflammatory response after ischemic stroke, the complex impacts of leukocytes on patient outcome, and the potential of basic science discoveries to impact the development of therapeutics. The information summarized here is derived from broad PubMed searches and aims to reflect recent research advances in an unbiased manner. We highlight valuable recent discoveries and identify gaps in knowledge that have the potential to advance our understanding of this disease and therapies to improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Howard DeLong
- Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sarah Naomi Ohashi
- Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kevin Charles O'Connor
- Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lauren Hachmann Sansing
- Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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13
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de Souza BJ, Mendes MA, Sperandio da Silva GM, Sammarco-Rosa P, de Moraes MO, Jardim MR, Sarno EN, Pinheiro RO, Mietto BS. Gene Expression Profile of Mycobacterium leprae Contribution in the Pathology of Leprosy Neuropathy. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:861586. [PMID: 35492305 PMCID: PMC9051340 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.861586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral neuropathy is the main cause of physical disability in leprosy patients. Importantly, the extension and pattern of peripheral damage has been linked to how the host cell will respond against Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae) infection, in particular, how the pathogen will establish infection in Schwann cells. Interestingly, viable and dead M. leprae have been linked to neuropathology of leprosy by distinct mechanisms. While viable M. leprae promotes transcriptional modifications that allow the bacteria to survive through the use of the host cell's internal machinery and the subvert of host metabolites, components of the dead bacteria are associated with the generation of a harmful nerve microenvironment. Therefore, understanding the pathognomonic characteristics mediated by viable and dead M. leprae are essential for elucidating leprosy disease and its associated reactional episodes. Moreover, the impact of the viable and dead bacteria in Schwann cells is largely unknown and their gene signature profiling has, as yet, been poorly explored. In this study, we analyzed the early differences in the expression profile of genes involved in peripheral neuropathy, dedifferentiation and plasticity, neural regeneration, and inflammation in human Schwann cells challenged with viable and dead M. leprae. We substantiated our findings by analyzing this genetic profiling in human nerve biopsies of leprosy and non-leprosy patients, with accompanied histopathological analysis. We observed that viable and dead bacteria distinctly modulate Schwann cell genes, with emphasis to viable bacilli upregulating transcripts related to glial cell plasticity, dedifferentiation and anti-inflammatory profile, while dead bacteria affected genes involved in neuropathy and pro-inflammatory response. In addition, dead bacteria also upregulated genes associated with nerve support, which expression profile was similar to those obtained from leprosy nerve biopsies. These findings suggest that early exposure to viable and dead bacteria may provoke Schwann cells to behave differentially, with far-reaching implications for the ongoing neuropathy seen in leprosy patients, where a mixture of active and non-active bacteria are found in the nerve microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mayara Abud Mendes
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bruno Siqueira Mietto
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Bruno Siqueira Mietto
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14
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Manouchehrian O, Andersson E, Eriksson-Hallberg B, Deierborg T. Galectin-3 ablation does not affect infarct size or inflammatory cytokines after experimental stroke in 24-month-old female mice. Neuroreport 2022; 33:266-271. [PMID: 35352699 PMCID: PMC8969841 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tissue damage following a focal stroke causes an inflammatory response that is thought to aggravate the disease state. Galectin-3 is a proinflammatory molecule that has been shown to play a significant role in the inflammatory responses in brain diseases and following experimental stroke. In most animal experiments, young animals are used, although attempts are often made to model diseases that affect the elderly. Therefore, in this project, we intended to investigate the role of Galectin-3 in experimental stroke in older mice. METHODS In this project, 24-month-old (aged) female mice were subjected to an experimental stroke (permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion) 7 days before sacrifice. We wanted to investigate whether the absence of the inflammatory protein Galectin-3 could affect motor phenotype, neuroinflammation and infarct size. Number of mice without Galectin-3 (Galectin-3 KO) = 9, number of wildtype controls of the same age = 6. RESULTS In our aged female mice, we could not observe any significant differences between Galectin-3 KO and wildtype regarding the inclined plane test or cylinder test. We could not observe different infarct sizes between the two genotypes. In brain homogenates, we measured levels of 10 inflammatory cytokines, but we could not see any significant differences in any of them. CONCLUSION In summary, it can be said that the absence of the inflammatory mediator Galectin-3 does not seem to have a strong poststroke effect in aged females. Unfortunately, we could not analyze these mice with immunohistochemistry, which limited our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Manouchehrian
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Lund University
| | - Emelie Andersson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Clinical Memory Research Unit, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Björn Eriksson-Hallberg
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Lund University
| | - Tomas Deierborg
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Lund University
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15
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Lei C, Tan Y, Ni D, Peng J, Yi G. cGAS-STING signaling in ischemic diseases. Clin Chim Acta 2022; 531:177-182. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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16
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A3 adenosine receptor agonist IB-MECA reverses chronic cerebral ischemia-induced inhibitory avoidance memory deficit. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 921:174874. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.174874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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17
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Xu Q, Zhao B, Ye Y, Li Y, Zhang Y, Xiong X, Gu L. Relevant mediators involved in and therapies targeting the inflammatory response induced by activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in ischemic stroke. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:123. [PMID: 34059091 PMCID: PMC8166383 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02137-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor (NLR) family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a member of the NLR family of inherent immune cell sensors. The NLRP3 inflammasome can detect tissue damage and pathogen invasion through innate immune cell sensor components commonly known as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). PRRs promote activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathways and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, thus increasing the transcription of genes encoding proteins related to the NLRP3 inflammasome. The NLRP3 inflammasome is a complex with multiple components, including an NAIP, CIITA, HET-E, and TP1 (NACHT) domain; apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC); and a leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain. After ischemic stroke, the NLRP3 inflammasome can produce numerous proinflammatory cytokines, mediating nerve cell dysfunction and brain edema and ultimately leading to nerve cell death once activated. Ischemic stroke is a disease with high rates of mortality and disability worldwide and is being observed in increasingly younger populations. To date, there are no clearly effective therapeutic strategies for the clinical treatment of ischemic stroke. Understanding the NLRP3 inflammasome may provide novel ideas and approaches because targeting of upstream and downstream molecules in the NLRP3 pathway shows promise for ischemic stroke therapy. In this manuscript, we summarize the existing evidence regarding the composition and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, the molecules involved in inflammatory pathways, and corresponding drugs or molecules that exert effects after cerebral ischemia. This evidence may provide possible targets or new strategies for ischemic stroke therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxue Xu
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Yingze Ye
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Yina Li
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Yonggang Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Xiaoxing Xiong
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.
| | - Lijuan Gu
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.
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18
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Interferon-β alleviates delayed tPA-induced adverse effects via modulation of MMP3/9 production in ischemic stroke. Blood Adv 2021; 4:4366-4381. [PMID: 32926126 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020001443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is the only US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug for ischemic stroke. However, delayed tPA administration is associated with increased risk of blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption and hemorrhagic transformation (HT). Interferon-β (IFNβ), an FDA-approved drug for the treatment of multiple sclerosis, is a cytokine with immunomodulatory properties. Previous studies, including ours, demonstrated that IFNβ or type I IFN receptor signaling conferred protection against ischemic stroke in preclinical models, suggesting IFNβ might have translational therapeutic potential for the treatment of ischemic stroke. Currently, whether IFNβ could be coadministered with tPA to alleviate delayed tPA-induced adverse effects remains unknown. To elucidate that, IFNβ was coadministered with delayed tPA to ischemic stroke animals, and the severity and pathology of ischemic brain injury were assessed. We found delayed tPA treatment exacerbated ischemic brain injury, manifested by aggravated BBB disruption and HT. Notably, IFNβ ameliorated delayed tPA-exacerbated brain injury and alleviated adverse effects. Mechanistic studies revealed IFNβ suppressed tPA-enhanced neuroinflammation and MMP3/9 production in the ischemic brain. Furthermore, we identified IFNβ suppressed MMP9 production in microglia and attenuated tight junction protein degradation in brain endothelial cells. Moreover, we observed that peripheral immune cells may participate to a lesser extent in delayed tPA-exacerbated brain injury during the early phase of ischemic stroke. In conclusion, we provide the first evidence that IFNβ can be coadministered with tPA to mitigate delayed tPA-induced adverse effects of BBB disruption and HT that could potentially extend the tPA therapeutic window for the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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19
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Guo YS, Yuan M, Han Y, Shen XY, Gao ZK, Bi X. Therapeutic Potential of Cytokines in Demyelinating Lesions After Stroke. J Mol Neurosci 2021; 71:2035-2052. [PMID: 33970426 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-021-01851-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
White matter damage is a component of most human stroke and usually accounts for at least half of the lesion volume. Subcortical white matter stroke (WMS) accounts for 25% of all strokes and causes severe motor and cognitive dysfunction. The adult brain has a very limited ability to repair white matter damage. Pathological analysis shows that demyelination or myelin loss is the main feature of white matter injury and plays an important role in long-term sensorimotor and cognitive dysfunction. This suggests that demyelination is a major therapeutic target for ischemic stroke injury. An acute inflammatory reaction is triggered by brain ischemia, which is accompanied by cytokine production. The production of cytokines is an important factor affecting demyelination and myelin regeneration. Different cytokines have different effects on myelin damage and myelin regeneration. Exploring the role of cytokines in demyelination and remyelination after stroke and the underlying molecular mechanisms of demyelination and myelin regeneration after ischemic injury is very important for the development of rehabilitation treatment strategies. This review focuses on recent findings on the effects of cytokines on myelin damage and remyelination as well as the progress of research on the role of cytokines in ischemic stroke prognosis to provide a new treatment approach for amelioration of white matter damage after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Sha Guo
- Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Mei Yuan
- Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yu Han
- Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xin-Ya Shen
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Zhen-Kun Gao
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xia Bi
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, 201318, China.
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20
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d'Angelo DM, Di Filippo P, Breda L, Chiarelli F. Type I Interferonopathies in Children: An Overview. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:631329. [PMID: 33869112 PMCID: PMC8044321 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.631329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Notable advances in gene sequencing methods in recent years have permitted enormous progress in the phenotypic and genotypic characterization of autoinflammatory syndromes. Interferonopathies are a recent group of inherited autoinflammatory diseases, characterized by a dysregulation of the interferon pathway, leading to constitutive upregulation of its activation mechanisms or downregulation of negative regulatory systems. They are clinically heterogeneous, but some peculiar clinical features may lead to suspicion: a familial "idiopathic" juvenile arthritis resistant to conventional treatments, an early necrotizing vasculitis, a non-infectious interstitial lung disease, and a panniculitis associated or not with a lipodystrophy may represent the "interferon alarm bells." The awareness of this group of diseases represents a challenge for pediatricians because, despite being rare, a differential diagnosis with the most common childhood rheumatological and immunological disorders is mandatory. Furthermore, the characterization of interferonopathy molecular pathogenetic mechanisms is allowing important steps forward in other immune dysregulation diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus and inflammatory myositis, implementing the opportunity of a more effective target therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luciana Breda
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Francesco Chiarelli
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy.,Center of Excellence on Aging, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
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21
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Han X, Wang C, Tang D, Shi Y, Gao M. Association of genetic polymorphisms in chromosome 9p21 with risk of ischemic stroke. Cytokine 2020; 127:154921. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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22
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Ahmed M, Thirunavukkarasu S, Rosa BA, Thomas KA, Das S, Rangel-Moreno J, Lu L, Mehra S, Mbandi SK, Thackray LB, Diamond MS, Murphy KM, Means T, Martin J, Kaushal D, Scriba TJ, Mitreva M, Khader SA. Immune correlates of tuberculosis disease and risk translate across species. Sci Transl Med 2020; 12:eaay0233. [PMID: 31996462 PMCID: PMC7354419 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aay0233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
One quarter of the world's population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB). Although most infected individuals successfully control or clear the infection, some individuals will progress to TB disease. Immune correlates identified using animal models are not always effectively translated to human TB, thus resulting in a slow pace of translational discoveries from animal models to human TB for many platforms including vaccines, therapeutics, biomarkers, and diagnostic discovery. Therefore, it is critical to improve our poor understanding of immune correlates of disease and protection that are shared across animal TB models and human TB. In this study, we have provided an in-depth identification of the conserved and diversified gene/immune pathways in TB models of nonhuman primate and diversity outbred mouse and human TB. Our results show that prominent differentially expressed genes/pathways induced during TB disease progression are conserved in genetically diverse mice, macaques, and humans. In addition, using gene-deficient inbred mouse models, we have addressed the functional role of individual genes comprising the gene signature of disease progression seen in humans with Mtb infection. We show that genes representing specific immune pathways can be protective, detrimental, or redundant in controlling Mtb infection and translate into identifying immune pathways that mediate TB immunopathology in humans. Together, our cross-species findings provide insights into modeling TB disease and the immunological basis of TB disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mushtaq Ahmed
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | - Bruce A Rosa
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kimberly A Thomas
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Shibali Das
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Javier Rangel-Moreno
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14624, USA
| | - Lan Lu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Smriti Mehra
- Department of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Stanley Kimbung Mbandi
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Larissa B Thackray
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kenneth M Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Terry Means
- Autoimmunity Cluster, Immunology & Inflammation Therapeutic Area, Sanofi, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - John Martin
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Deepak Kaushal
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA
| | - Thomas J Scriba
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Makedonka Mitreva
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Shabaana A Khader
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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23
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McDonough A, Weinstein JR. The role of microglia in ischemic preconditioning. Glia 2019; 68:455-471. [PMID: 31386233 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) is an experimental phenomenon in which a brief ischemic stimulus confers protection against a subsequent prolonged ischemic event. Initially thought to be due to mechanistic changes in neurons, our understanding of IPC has evolved to encompass a global reprogramming of the Central Nervous System (CNS) after transient ischemia/reperfusion that requires innate immune signaling pathways including Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and Type I interferons. Microglia are the CNS resident neuroimmune cells that express these key innate immune receptors. Studies suggest that microglia are required for IPC-mediated neuronal and axonal protection. Multiple paradigms targeting TLRs have converged on a distinctive Type I interferon response in microglia that is critical for preconditioning-mediated protection against ischemia. These pathways can be targeted through administration of TLR agonists, cytokines including interferon-β, and pharmaceutical agents that induce preconditioning through cross-tolerance mechanisms. Transcriptomic analyses and single cell RNA studies point to specific gene expression signatures in microglia that functionally shift these mutable cells to an immunomodulatory or protective phenotype. Although there are technological challenges and gaps in knowledge to overcome, the targeting of specific molecular signaling pathways in microglia is a promising direction for development of novel and effective pharmacotherapies for stroke. Studies on preconditioning in animal models, including nonhuman primates, show promise as prophylactic preconditioning treatments for selected at risk patient populations. In addition, our growing understanding of the mechanisms of IPC-mediated protection is identifying novel cellular and molecular targets for therapeutic interventions that could apply broadly to both acute stroke and chronic vascular cognitive impairment patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley McDonough
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jonathan R Weinstein
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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24
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Alishahi M, Farzaneh M, Ghaedrahmati F, Nejabatdoust A, Sarkaki A, Khoshnam SE. NLRP3 inflammasome in ischemic stroke: As possible therapeutic target. Int J Stroke 2019; 14:574-591. [PMID: 30940045 DOI: 10.1177/1747493019841242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a devastating pathophysiological process during stroke, a devastating disease that is the second most common cause of death worldwide. Activation of the NOD-like receptor protein (NLRP3)-infammasome has been proposed to mediate inflammatory responses during ischemic stroke. Briefly, NLRP3 inflammasome activates caspase-1, which cleaves both pro-IL-1 and pro-IL-18 into their active pro-inflammatory cytokines that are released into the extracellular environment. Several NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors have been promoted, including small molecules, type I interferon, micro RNAs, nitric oxide, and nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), some of which are potentially efficacious clinically. This review will describe the structure and cellular signaling pathways of the NLRP3 inflammasome during ischemic stroke, and current evidence for NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Alishahi
- 1 Department of Biology, Tehran North Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Farzaneh
- 2 Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhoodeh Ghaedrahmati
- 3 Immunology Department, Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Armin Nejabatdoust
- 4 Department of Biology, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
| | - Alireza Sarkaki
- 5 Department of Physiology, Physiology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Seyed Esmaeil Khoshnam
- 5 Department of Physiology, Physiology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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25
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Wang Z, He D, Zeng YY, Zhu L, Yang C, Lu YJ, Huang JQ, Cheng XY, Huang XH, Tan XJ. The spleen may be an important target of stem cell therapy for stroke. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:20. [PMID: 30700305 PMCID: PMC6352449 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1400-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the most common cerebrovascular disease, the second leading cause of death behind heart disease and is a major cause of long-term disability worldwide. Currently, systemic immunomodulatory therapy based on intravenous cells is attracting attention. The immune response to acute stroke is a major factor in cerebral ischaemia (CI) pathobiology and outcomes. Over the past decade, the significant contribution of the spleen to ischaemic stroke has gained considerable attention in stroke research. The changes in the spleen after stroke are mainly reflected in morphology, immune cells and cytokines, and these changes are closely related to the stroke outcomes. Autonomic nervous system (ANS) activation, release of central nervous system (CNS) antigens and chemokine/chemokine receptor interactions have been documented to be essential for efficient brain-spleen cross-talk after stroke. In various experimental models, human umbilical cord blood cells (hUCBs), haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs), human amnion epithelial cells (hAECs), neural stem cells (NSCs) and multipotent adult progenitor cells (MAPCs) have been shown to reduce the neurological damage caused by stroke. The different effects of these cell types on the interleukin (IL)-10, interferon (IFN), and cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathways in the spleen after stroke may promote the development of new cell therapy targets and strategies. The spleen will become a potential target of various stem cell therapies for stroke represented by MAPC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- Xiangtan Central Hospital, Clinical Practice Base of Central South University, Xiangtan, 411100, China.,Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, China
| | - Da He
- Xiangtan Central Hospital, Clinical Practice Base of Central South University, Xiangtan, 411100, China
| | - Ya-Yue Zeng
- Xiangtan Central Hospital, Clinical Practice Base of Central South University, Xiangtan, 411100, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Xiangtan Central Hospital, Clinical Practice Base of Central South University, Xiangtan, 411100, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Xiangtan Central Hospital, Clinical Practice Base of Central South University, Xiangtan, 411100, China
| | - Yong-Juan Lu
- Xiangtan Central Hospital, Clinical Practice Base of Central South University, Xiangtan, 411100, China
| | - Jie-Qiong Huang
- Xiangtan Central Hospital, Clinical Practice Base of Central South University, Xiangtan, 411100, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Cheng
- Xiangtan Central Hospital, Clinical Practice Base of Central South University, Xiangtan, 411100, China
| | - Xiang-Hong Huang
- Xiangtan Central Hospital, Clinical Practice Base of Central South University, Xiangtan, 411100, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Tan
- Xiangtan Central Hospital, Clinical Practice Base of Central South University, Xiangtan, 411100, China.
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26
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Wanve M, Kaur H, Sarmah D, Saraf J, Pravalika K, Vats K, Kalia K, Borah A, Yavagal DR, Dave KR, Bhattacharya P. Therapeutic spectrum of interferon-β in ischemic stroke. J Neurosci Res 2018; 97:116-127. [PMID: 30320448 PMCID: PMC7167007 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is devastating and a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. To date, only clot retrieval devices and/or intravenous tissue plasminogen activators (tPA) have been approved by the US-FDA for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop an effective treatment for stroke that can have limited shortcomings and broad spectrum of applications. Interferon-beta (IFN-β), an endogenous cytokine and a key anti-inflammatory agent, contributes toward obviating deleterious stroke outcomes. Therefore, exploring the role of IFN-β may be a promising alternative approach for stroke intervention in the future. In the present review, we have discussed about IFN-β along with its different mechanistic roles in ischemic stroke. Furthermore, therapeutic approaches targeting the inflammatory cascade with IFN-β therapy that may be helpful in improving stroke outcome are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuri Wanve
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyNational Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)GandhinagarIndia
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyNational Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)GandhinagarIndia
| | - Deepaneeta Sarmah
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyNational Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)GandhinagarIndia
| | - Jackson Saraf
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyNational Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)GandhinagarIndia
| | - Kanta Pravalika
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyNational Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)GandhinagarIndia
| | - Kanchan Vats
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyNational Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)GandhinagarIndia
| | - Kiran Kalia
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyNational Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)GandhinagarIndia
| | - Anupom Borah
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Life Science and BioinformaticsAssam UniversitySilcharIndia
| | - Dileep R. Yavagal
- Department of Neurology and NeurosurgeryUniversity of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiFlorida
| | - Kunjan R. Dave
- Department of Neurology and NeurosurgeryUniversity of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiFlorida
| | - Pallab Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyNational Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)GandhinagarIndia
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27
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Mike EV, Makinde HM, Der E, Stock A, Gulinello M, Gadhvi GT, Winter DR, Cuda CM, Putterman C. Neuropsychiatric Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Is Dependent on Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Signaling. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2189. [PMID: 30319641 PMCID: PMC6168636 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
About 40% of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus experience diffuse neuropsychiatric manifestations, including impaired cognition and depression. Although the pathogenesis of diffuse neuropsychiatric SLE (NPSLE) is not fully understood, loss of brain barrier integrity, autoreactive antibodies, and pro-inflammatory cytokines are major contributors to disease development. Fingolimod, a sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor modulator, prevents lymphocyte egress from lymphoid organs through functional antagonism of S1P receptors. In addition to reducing the circulation of autoreactive lymphocytes, fingolimod has direct neuroprotective effects such as preserving brain barrier integrity and decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion by astrocytes and microglia. Given these effects, we hypothesized that fingolimod would attenuate neurobehavioral deficits in MRL-lpr/lpr (MRL/lpr) mice, a validated neuropsychiatric lupus model. Fingolimod treatment was initiated after the onset of disease, and mice were assessed for alterations in cognitive function and emotionality. We found that fingolimod significantly attenuated spatial memory deficits and depression-like behavior in MRL/lpr mice. Immunofluorescent staining demonstrated a dramatic lessening of brain T cell and macrophage infiltration, and a significant reduction in cortical leakage of serum albumin, in fingolimod treated mice. Astrocytes and endothelial cells from treated mice exhibited reduced expression of inflammatory genes, while microglia showed differential regulation of key immune pathways. Notably, cytokine levels within the cortex and hippocampus were not appreciably decreased with fingolimod despite the improved neurobehavioral profile. Furthermore, despite a reduction in splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, and circulating autoantibody titers, IgG deposition within the brain was unaffected by treatment. These findings suggest that fingolimod mediates attenuation of NPSLE through a mechanism that is not dependent on reduction of autoantibodies or cytokines, and highlight modulation of the S1P signaling pathway as a novel therapeutic target in lupus involving the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise V Mike
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Hadijat M Makinde
- Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Evan Der
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Ariel Stock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Maria Gulinello
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience Animal Behavioral Core, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Gaurav T Gadhvi
- Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Deborah R Winter
- Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Carla M Cuda
- Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Chaim Putterman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States.,Division of Rheumatology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
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28
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Barthels D, Das H. Current advances in ischemic stroke research and therapies. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1866:165260. [PMID: 31699365 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
With more than 795,000 cases occurring every year, stroke has become a major problem in the United States across all demographics. Stroke is the leading cause of long-term disability and is the fifth leading cause of death in the US. Ischemic stroke represents 87% of total strokes in the US, and is currently the main focus of stroke research. This literature review examines the risk factors associated with ischemic stroke, changes in cell morphology and signaling in the brain after stroke, and the advantages and disadvantages of in vivo and in vitro ischemic stroke models. Classification systems for stroke etiology are also discussed briefly, as well as current ischemic stroke therapies and new therapeutic strategies that focus on the potential of stem cells to promote stroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Barthels
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Hiranmoy Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA.
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29
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Li W, Viengkhou B, Denyer G, West PK, Campbell IL, Hofer MJ. Microglia have a more extensive and divergent response to interferon-α compared with astrocytes. Glia 2018; 66:2058-2078. [PMID: 30051922 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN-I) are crucial for effective antimicrobial defense in the central nervous system (CNS) but also can cause severe neurological disease (termed cerebral interferonopathy) as exemplified by Aicardi-Goutières Syndrome. In the CNS, microglia and astrocytes have essential roles in host responses to infection and injury, with both cell types responding to IFN-I. While the IFN-I signaling pathways are the same in astrocytes and microglia, the extent to which the IFN-I responses of these cells differ, if at all, is unknown. Here we determined the global transcriptional responses of astrocytes and microglia to the IFN-I, IFN-α. We found that under basal conditions, each cell type has a unique gene expression pattern reflective of its developmental origin and biological function. Following stimulation with IFN-α, astrocytes and microglia also displayed a common core response that was characterized by the increased expression of genes required for pathogen detection and elimination. Compared with astrocytes, microglia had a more extensive and diverse response to IFN-α with significantly more genes with expression upregulated (282 vs. 141) and downregulated (81 vs. 3). Further validation was documented for selected IFN-I-regulated genes in a murine model of cerebral interferonopathy. In all, the findings highlight not only overlapping but importantly divergent responses to IFN-I by astrocytes versus microglia. This suggests specialized roles for these cells in host defense and in the development of cerebral interferonopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- The University of Sydney, School of Molecular Bioscience, the Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, the Charles Perkins Centre, and the Bosch Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Barney Viengkhou
- The University of Sydney, School of Molecular Bioscience, the Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, the Charles Perkins Centre, and the Bosch Institute, Sydney, Australia.,The University of Sydney, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gareth Denyer
- The University of Sydney, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sydney, Australia
| | - Phillip K West
- The University of Sydney, School of Molecular Bioscience, the Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, the Charles Perkins Centre, and the Bosch Institute, Sydney, Australia.,The University of Sydney, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sydney, Australia
| | - Iain L Campbell
- The University of Sydney, School of Molecular Bioscience, the Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, the Charles Perkins Centre, and the Bosch Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Markus J Hofer
- The University of Sydney, School of Molecular Bioscience, the Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, the Charles Perkins Centre, and the Bosch Institute, Sydney, Australia.,The University of Sydney, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sydney, Australia
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30
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Yang Y, Boza-Serrano A, Dunning CJR, Clausen BH, Lambertsen KL, Deierborg T. Inflammation leads to distinct populations of extracellular vesicles from microglia. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:168. [PMID: 29807527 PMCID: PMC5972400 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1204-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Activated microglia play an essential role in inflammatory responses elicited in the central nervous system (CNS). Microglia-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are suggested to be involved in propagation of inflammatory signals and in the modulation of cell-to-cell communication. However, there is a lack of knowledge on the regulation of EVs and how this in turn facilitates the communication between cells in the brain. Here, we characterized microglial EVs under inflammatory conditions and investigated the effects of inflammation on the EV size, quantity, and protein content. Methods We have utilized western blot, nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), and mass spectrometry to characterize EVs and examine the alterations of secreted EVs from a microglial cell line (BV2) following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitor (etanercept) treatments, or either alone. The inflammatory responses were measured with multiplex cytokine ELISA and western blot. We also subjected TNF knockout mice to experimental stroke (permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion) and validated the effect of TNF inhibition on EV release. Results Our analysis of EVs originating from activated BV2 microglia revealed a significant increase in the intravesicular levels of TNF and interleukin (IL)-6. We also observed that the number of EVs released was reduced both in vitro and in vivo when inflammation was inhibited via the TNF pathway. Finally, via mass spectrometry, we identified 49 unique proteins in EVs released from LPS-activated microglia compared to control EVs (58 proteins in EVs released from LPS-activated microglia and 37 from control EVs). According to Gene Ontology (GO) analysis, we found a large increase of proteins related to translation and transcription in EVs from LPS. Importantly, we showed a distinct profile of proteins found in EVs released from LPS treated cells compared to control. Conclusions We demonstrate altered EV production in BV2 microglial cells and altered cytokine levels and protein composition carried by EVs in response to LPS challenge. Our findings provide new insights into the potential roles of EVs that could be related to the pathogenesis in neuroinflammatory diseases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-018-1204-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyi Yang
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Antonio Boza-Serrano
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Bettina Hjelm Clausen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,BRIGDE-Brain Research-Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kate Lykke Lambertsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,BRIGDE-Brain Research-Inter-Disciplinary Guided Excellence, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Tomas Deierborg
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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31
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McDonough A, Weinstein JR. Correction to: Neuroimmune Response in Ischemic Preconditioning. Neurotherapeutics 2018; 15:511-524. [PMID: 29110213 PMCID: PMC5935631 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-017-0580-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) is a robust neuroprotective phenomenon in which a brief period of cerebral ischemia confers transient tolerance to subsequent ischemic challenge. Research on IPC has implicated cellular, molecular, and systemic elements of the immune response in this phenomenon. Potent molecular mediators of IPC include innate immune signaling pathways such as Toll-like receptors and type 1 interferons. Brain ischemia results in release of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines that orchestrate the neuroinflammatory response, resolution of inflammation, and transition to neurological recovery and regeneration. Cellular mediators of IPC include microglia, the resident central nervous system immune cells, astrocytes, and neurons. All of these cell types engage in cross-talk with each other using a multitude of signaling pathways that modulate activation/suppression of each of the other cell types in response to ischemia. As the postischemic neuroimmune response evolves over time there is a shift in function toward provision of trophic support and neuroprotection. Peripheral immune cells infiltrate the central nervous system en masse after stroke and are largely detrimental, with a few subtypes having beneficial, protective effects, though the role of these immune cells in IPC is largely unknown. The role of neural progenitor cells in IPC-mediated neuroprotection is another active area of investigation as is the role of microglial proliferation in this setting. A mechanistic understanding of these molecular and cellular mediators of IPC may not only facilitate more effective direct application of IPC to specific clinical scenarios, but also, more broadly, reveal novel targets for therapeutic intervention in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley McDonough
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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32
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Chen HH, Stewart AFR. Interferon regulatory factor 2 binding protein 2: a new player of the innate immune response for stroke recovery. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:1762-1764. [PMID: 29239311 PMCID: PMC5745819 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.219026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic brain injury triggers an inflammatory response. This response is necessary to clear damaged brain tissue but can also exacerbate brain injury. Microglia are the innate immune cells of the brain that execute this critical function. In healthy brain, microglia perform a housekeeping function, pruning unused synapses between neurons. However, microglia become activated to an inflammatory phenotype upon brain injury. Interferon regulatory factors modulate microglial activation and their production of inflammatory cytokines. This review briefly discusses recent findings pertaining to these regulatory mechanisms in the context of stroke recovery.
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33
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Ischemia/Reperfusion Induces Interferon-Stimulated Gene Expression in Microglia. J Neurosci 2017; 37:8292-8308. [PMID: 28747383 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0725-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune signaling is important in the pathophysiology of ischemia/reperfusion (stroke)-induced injury and recovery. Several lines of evidence support a central role for microglia in these processes. Recent work has identified Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and type I interferon (IFN) signaling in both ischemia/reperfusion-induced brain injury and ischemic preconditioning-mediated neuroprotection. To determine the effects of "ischemia/reperfusion-like" conditions on microglia, we performed genomic analyses on wild-type (WT) and TLR4-/- cultured microglia after sequential exposure to hypoxia/hypoglycemia and normoxia/normoglycemia (H/H-N/N). We observed increased expression of type 1 IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) as the predominant transcriptomal feature of H/H-N/N-exposed WT, but not TLR4-/-, microglia. Microarray analysis on ex vivo sorted microglia from ipsilateral male mouse cortex after a transient in vivo ischemic pulse also demonstrated robust expression of ISGs. Type 1 IFNs, including the IFN-αs and IFN-β, activate the interferon-α/β receptor (IFNAR) complex. We confirmed both in vitro H/H-N/N- and in vivo ischemia/reperfusion-induced microglial ISG responses by quantitative real-time PCR and demonstrated that both were dependent on IFNAR1. We characterized the effects of hypoxia/hypoglycemia on phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1), release of type 1 IFNs, and surface expression of IFNAR1 in microglia. We demonstrated that IFN-β induces dose-dependent secretion of ISG chemokines in cultured microglia and robust ISG expression in microglia both in vitro and in vivo Finally, we demonstrated that the microglial ISG chemokine responses to TLR4 agonists were dependent on TLR4 and IFNAR1. Together, these data suggest novel ischemia/reperfusion-induced pathways for both TLR4-dependent and -independent, IFNAR1-dependent, type 1 IFN signaling in microglia.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Stroke is the fifth leading cause of death in the United States and is a leading cause of serious long-term disability worldwide. Innate immune responses are critical in stroke pathophysiology, and microglia are key cellular effectors in the CNS response to ischemia/reperfusion. Using a transcriptional analysis approach, we identified a robust interferon (IFN)-stimulated gene response within microglia exposed to ischemia/reperfusion in both in vitro and in vivo experimental paradigms. Using a number of complementary techniques, we have demonstrated that these responses are dependent on innate immune signaling components including Toll-like receptor-4 and type I IFNs. We have also elucidated several novel ischemia/reperfusion-induced microglial signaling mechanisms.
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Cruz SA, Hari A, Qin Z, Couture P, Huang H, Lagace DC, Stewart AFR, Chen HH. Loss of IRF2BP2 in Microglia Increases Inflammation and Functional Deficits after Focal Ischemic Brain Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:201. [PMID: 28769762 PMCID: PMC5515910 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke causes neuronal cell death and triggers a cascade of inflammatory signals that contribute to secondary brain damage. Microglia, the brain-resident macrophages that remove dead neurons, play a critical role in the brain’s response to ischemic injury. Our previous studies showed that IRF2 binding protein 2 (IRF2BP2) regulates peripheral macrophage polarization, limits their inflammatory response and reduces susceptibility to atherosclerosis. Here, we show that loss of IRF2BP2 in microglia leads to increased inflammatory cytokine expression in response to lipopolysaccharide challenge and impaired activation of anti-inflammatory markers in response to interleukin-4 (IL4) stimulation. Focal ischemic brain injury of the sensorimotor cortex induced by photothrombosis caused more severe functional deficits in mice with IRF2BP2 ablated in macrophages/microglia, associated with elevated expression of inflammatory cytokines in the brain. These mutant mice had larger infarctions 4 days after stroke associated with fewer anti-inflammatory M2 microglia/macrophages recruited to the peri-infarct area, suggesting an impaired clearance of injured tissues. Since IRF2BP2 modulates interferon signaling, and interferon beta (IFNβ) has been reported to be anti-inflammatory and reduce ischemic brain injury, we asked whether loss of IRF2BP2 in macrophages/microglia would affect the response to IFNβ in our stroke model. IFNβ suppressed inflammatory cytokine production of macrophages and reduced infarct volumes at 4 days after photothrombosis in wild type mice. The anti-inflammatory effect of IFNβ was lost in IRF2BP2-deficient macrophages and IFNβ failed to protect mice lacking IRF2BP2 in macrophages/microglia from ischemic injury. In summary, IRF2BP2 expression in macrophages/microglia is important to limit inflammation and stroke injury, in part by mediating the beneficial effect of IFNβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly A Cruz
- Ottawa Hospital Research InstituteOttawa, ON, Canada.,Brain and Mind Institute, University of OttawaOttawa, ON, Canada.,Canadian Partnership for Stroke RecoveryOttawa, ON, Canada
| | - Aswin Hari
- Ottawa Hospital Research InstituteOttawa, ON, Canada.,Brain and Mind Institute, University of OttawaOttawa, ON, Canada.,Canadian Partnership for Stroke RecoveryOttawa, ON, Canada
| | - Zhaohong Qin
- Ottawa Hospital Research InstituteOttawa, ON, Canada.,Brain and Mind Institute, University of OttawaOttawa, ON, Canada
| | - Pascal Couture
- Ottawa Hospital Research InstituteOttawa, ON, Canada.,Brain and Mind Institute, University of OttawaOttawa, ON, Canada.,Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of OttawaOttawa, ON, Canada
| | - Hua Huang
- Ottawa Hospital Research InstituteOttawa, ON, Canada.,Brain and Mind Institute, University of OttawaOttawa, ON, Canada.,University of Ottawa Heart InstituteOttawa, ON, Canada
| | - Diane C Lagace
- Brain and Mind Institute, University of OttawaOttawa, ON, Canada.,Canadian Partnership for Stroke RecoveryOttawa, ON, Canada.,Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of OttawaOttawa, ON, Canada
| | - Alexandre F R Stewart
- University of Ottawa Heart InstituteOttawa, ON, Canada.,Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of OttawaOttawa, ON, Canada
| | - Hsiao-Huei Chen
- Ottawa Hospital Research InstituteOttawa, ON, Canada.,Brain and Mind Institute, University of OttawaOttawa, ON, Canada.,Canadian Partnership for Stroke RecoveryOttawa, ON, Canada.,Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of OttawaOttawa, ON, Canada.,Medicine, University of OttawaOttawa, ON, Canada
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35
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Zhang M, Downes CE, Wong CHY, Brody KM, Guio-Agulair PL, Gould J, Ates R, Hertzog PJ, Taylor JM, Crack PJ. Type-I interferon signalling through IFNAR1 plays a deleterious role in the outcome after stroke. Neurochem Int 2017. [PMID: 28647375 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation contributes significantly to the pathophysiology of stroke. Here we test the hypothesis that the type I interferon receptor (IFNAR1) plays a critical role in neural injury after stroke by regulating the resultant pro-inflammatory environment. Wild-type and IFNAR1-/- primary murine neurons and glia were exposed to oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) and cell viability was assessed. Transient cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury was induced by mid-cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in wild-type and IFNAR1-/- and IFNAR2-/- mice in vivo, and infarct size, and molecular parameters measured. To block IFNAR1 signalling, wild-type mice were treated with a blocking monoclonal antibody directed to IFNAR1 (MAR-1) and MCAO was performed. Quantitative PCR confirmed MCAO in wild-type mice induced a robust type-I interferon gene regulatory signature. Primary cultured IFNAR1-deficient neurons were found to be protected from cell death when exposed to OGD in contrast to primary cultured IFNAR1-deficient glial cells. IFNAR1-/- mice demonstrated a decreased infarct size (24.9 ± 7.1 mm3 n = 8) compared to wild-type controls (65.1 ± 4.8 mm3 n = 8). Western blot and immunohistochemistry showed alterations in Akt and Stat-3 phosphorylation profiles in the IFNAR1-/- brain. MAR-1 injection into WT mice (i.v. 0.5 mg 60 min prior to MCAO) resulted in a 60% decrease in infarct size when compared to the IgG control. IFNAR2-/- mice failed to display the neuroprotective phenotype seen in IFNAR1-/- mice after MCAO. Our data proposes that central nervous system signalling through IFNAR1 is a previously unrecognised factor that is critical to neural injury after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Catherine E Downes
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Connie H Y Wong
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Kate M Brody
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Pedro L Guio-Agulair
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Jodee Gould
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia
| | - Robert Ates
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Paul J Hertzog
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia
| | - Juliet M Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Peter J Crack
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
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Microglial Interferon Signaling and White Matter. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:2625-2638. [PMID: 28540600 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2307-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Microglia, the resident immune cells of the CNS, are primary regulators of the neuroimmune response to injury. Type I interferons (IFNs), including the IFNαs and IFNβ, are key cytokines in the innate immune system. Their activity is implicated in the regulation of microglial function both during development and in response to neuroinflammation, ischemia, and neurodegeneration. Data from numerous studies in multiple sclerosis (MS) and stroke suggest that type I IFNs can modulate the microglial phenotype, influence the overall neuroimmune milieu, regulate phagocytosis, and affect blood-brain barrier integrity. All of these IFN-induced effects result in numerous downstream consequences on white matter pathology and microglial reactivity. Dysregulation of IFN signaling in mouse models with genetic deficiency in ubiquitin specific protease 18 (USP18) leads to a severe neurological phenotype and neuropathological changes that include white matter microgliosis and pro-inflammatory gene expression in dystrophic microglia. A class of genetic disorders in humans, referred to as pseudo-TORCH syndrome (PTS) for the clinical resemblance to infection-induced TORCH syndrome, also show dysregulation of IFN signaling, which leads to severe neurological developmental disease. In these disorders, the excessive activation of IFN signaling during CNS development results in a destructive interferonopathy with similar induction of microglial dysfunction as seen in USP18 deficient mice. Other recent studies implicate "microgliopathies" more broadly in neurological disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and MS, suggesting that microglia are a potential therapeutic target for disease prevention and/or treatment, with interferon signaling playing a key role in regulating the microglial phenotype.
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Toll-Like Receptor 3 and Interferon β mRNA Expressions Were Increased in Peripheral Blood of Ischemic Stroke Patients with Good Outcome. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2017; 26:559-566. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2016.11.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Abstract
Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) is a robust neuroprotective phenomenon in which a brief period of cerebral ischemia confers transient tolerance to subsequent ischemic challenge. Research on IPC has implicated cellular, molecular, and systemic elements of the immune response in this phenomenon. Potent molecular mediators of IPC include innate immune signaling pathways such as Toll-like receptors and type 1 interferons. Brain ischemia results in release of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines that orchestrate the neuroinflammtory response, resolution of inflammation, and transition to neurological recovery and regeneration. Cellular mediators of IPC include microglia, the resident central nervous system immune cells, astrocytes, and neurons. All of these cell types engage in cross-talk with each other using a multitude of signaling pathways that modulate activation/suppression of each of the other cell types in response to ischemia. As the postischemic neuroimmune response evolves over time there is a shift in function toward provision of trophic support and neuroprotection. Peripheral immune cells infiltrate the central nervous system en masse after stroke and are largely detrimental, with a few subtypes having beneficial, protective effects, though the role of these immune cells in IPC is largely unknown. The role of neural progenitor cells in IPC-mediated neuroprotection is another active area of investigation as is the role of microglial proliferation in this setting. A mechanistic understanding of these molecular and cellular mediators of IPC may not only facilitate more effective direct application of IPC to specific clinical scenarios, but also, more broadly, reveal novel targets for therapeutic intervention in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley McDonough
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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39
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Selvaraj UM, Poinsatte K, Torres V, Ortega SB, Stowe AM. Heterogeneity of B Cell Functions in Stroke-Related Risk, Prevention, Injury, and Repair. Neurotherapeutics 2016; 13:729-747. [PMID: 27492770 PMCID: PMC5081124 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-016-0460-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that post-stroke inflammation contributes to neurovascular injury, blood-brain barrier disruption, and poor functional recovery in both animal and clinical studies. However, recent studies also suggest that several leukocyte subsets, activated during the post-stroke immune response, can exhibit both pro-injury and pro-recovery phenotypes. In accordance with these findings, B lymphocytes, or B cells, play a heterogeneous role in the adaptive immune response to stroke. This review highlights what is currently understood about the various roles of B cells, with an emphasis on stroke risk factors, as well as post-stroke injury and repair. This includes an overview of B cell functions, such as antibody production, cytokine secretion, and contribution to the immune response as antigen presenting cells. Next, evidence for B cell-mediated mechanisms in stroke-related risk factors, including hypertension, diabetes, and atherosclerosis, is outlined, followed by studies that focus on B cells during endogenous protection from stroke. Subsequently, animal studies that investigate the role of B cells in post-stroke injury and repair are summarized, and the final section describes current B cell-related clinical trials for stroke, as well as other central nervous system diseases. This review reveals the complex role of B cells in stroke, with a focus on areas for potential clinical intervention for a disease that affects millions of people globally each year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Maheswari Selvaraj
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, MC8813, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Katherine Poinsatte
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, MC8813, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Vanessa Torres
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, MC8813, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Sterling B Ortega
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, MC8813, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Ann M Stowe
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, MC8813, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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40
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Körber I, Katayama S, Einarsdottir E, Krjutškov K, Hakala P, Kere J, Lehesjoki AE, Joensuu T. Gene-Expression Profiling Suggests Impaired Signaling via the Interferon Pathway in Cstb-/- Microglia. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158195. [PMID: 27355630 PMCID: PMC4927094 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Progressive myoclonus epilepsy of Unverricht-Lundborg type (EPM1, OMIM254800) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by stimulus-sensitive and action-activated myoclonus, tonic-clonic epileptic seizures, and ataxia. Loss-of-function mutations in the gene encoding the cysteine protease inhibitor cystatin B (CSTB) underlie EPM1. The deficiency of CSTB in mice (Cstb-/- mice) generates a phenotype resembling the symptoms of EPM1 patients and is accompanied by microglial activation at two weeks of age and an upregulation of immune system-associated genes in the cerebellum at one month of age. To shed light on molecular pathways and processes linked to CSTB deficiency in microglia we characterized the transcriptome of cultured Cstb-/- mouse microglia using microarray hybridization and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). The gene expression profiles obtained with these two techniques were in good accordance and not polarized to either pro- or anti-inflammatory status. In Cstb-/- microglia, altogether 184 genes were differentially expressed. Of these, 33 genes were identified by both methods. Several interferon-regulated genes were weaker expressed in Cstb-/- microglia compared to control. This was confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR of the transcripts Irf7 and Stat1. Subsequently, we explored the biological context of CSTB deficiency in microglia more deeply by functional enrichment and canonical pathway analysis. This uncovered a potential role for CSTB in chemotaxis, antigen-presentation, and in immune- and defense response-associated processes by altering JAK-STAT pathway signaling. These data support and expand the previously suggested involvement of inflammatory processes to the disease pathogenesis of EPM1 and connect CSTB deficiency in microglia to altered expression of interferon-regulated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inken Körber
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program’s Unit, Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Shintaro Katayama
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elisabet Einarsdottir
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program’s Unit, Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kaarel Krjutškov
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Competence Centre on Health Technologies, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Paula Hakala
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program’s Unit, Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Kere
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program’s Unit, Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna-Elina Lehesjoki
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program’s Unit, Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tarja Joensuu
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program’s Unit, Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
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