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Yang J, Tian E, Chen L, Liu Z, Ren Y, Mao W, Zhang Y, Zhang J. Development and therapeutic perspectives of CXCR4 antagonists for disease therapy. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 275:116594. [PMID: 38879970 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) is a subtype receptor protein of the GPCR family with a seven-transmembrane structure widely distributed in human tissues. CXCR4 is involved in diseases (e.g., HIV-1 infection), cancer proliferation and metastasis, inflammation signaling pathways, and leukemia, making it a promising drug target. Clinical trials on CXCR4 antagonists mainly focused on peptides and antibodies, with a few small molecule compounds, such as AMD11070 (2) and MSX-122 (3), showing promise in cancer treatment. This perspective discusses the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of CXCR4 and its role in diseases, mainly focusing on the SAR of CXCR4 antagonists. It also explores the standard structural features and target interactions of CXCR4 binding in different disease categories. Furthermore, it investigates various modification strategies to propose potential improvements in the effectiveness of CXCR4 drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neuro-system and Multimorbidity and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center and Institute of Respiratory Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Erkang Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neuro-system and Multimorbidity and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center and Institute of Respiratory Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Zihang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neuro-system and Multimorbidity and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center and Institute of Respiratory Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yijiu Ren
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Wuyu Mao
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neuro-system and Multimorbidity and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center and Institute of Respiratory Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neuro-system and Multimorbidity and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center and Institute of Respiratory Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Jifa Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neuro-system and Multimorbidity and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center and Institute of Respiratory Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
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Singh S, Deshetty UM, Ray S, Oladapo A, Horanieh E, Buch S, Periyasamy P. Non-Coding RNAs in HIV Infection, NeuroHIV, and Related Comorbidities. Cells 2024; 13:898. [PMID: 38891030 PMCID: PMC11171711 DOI: 10.3390/cells13110898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
NeuroHIV affects approximately 30-60% of people living with HIV-1 (PLWH) and is characterized by varying degrees of cognitive impairments, presenting a multifaceted challenge, the underlying cause of which is chronic, low-level neuroinflammation. Such smoldering neuroinflammation is likely an outcome of lifelong reliance on antiretrovirals coupled with residual virus replication in the brains of PLWH. Despite advancements in antiretroviral therapeutics, our understanding of the molecular mechanism(s) driving inflammatory processes in the brain remains limited. Recent times have seen the emergence of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) as critical regulators of gene expression, underlying the neuroinflammatory processes in HIV infection, NeuroHIV, and their associated comorbidities. This review explores the role of various classes of ncRNAs and their regulatory functions implicated in HIV infection, neuropathogenesis, and related conditions. The dysregulated expression of ncRNAs is known to exacerbate the neuroinflammatory responses, thus contributing to neurocognitive impairments in PLWH. This review also discusses the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of ncRNAs in HIV infection and its comorbidities, suggesting their utility as non-invasive biomarkers and targets for modulating neuroinflammatory pathways. Understanding these regulatory roles could pave the way for novel diagnostic strategies and therapeutic interventions in the context of HIV and its comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Shilpa Buch
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA; (S.S.); (U.M.D.); (S.R.); (A.O.); (E.H.)
| | - Palsamy Periyasamy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA; (S.S.); (U.M.D.); (S.R.); (A.O.); (E.H.)
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Silva MJA, Marinho RL, Rodrigues YC, Brasil TP, Dos Santos PAS, Silva CS, Sardinha DM, Lima KVB, Lima LNGC. Molecular Role of HIV-1 Human Receptors (CCL5-CCR5 Axis) in neuroAIDS: A Systematic Review. Microorganisms 2024; 12:782. [PMID: 38674726 PMCID: PMC11051963 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic HIV-1 infection can cause neurological illness, also known as HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). The elevated level of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, such as C-C Chemokine Ligand 5 (CCL5/RANTES), is one of the ways of causing HIV-1-mediated neuroinflammation. C-C Chemokine Receptor 5 (CCR5) is the main coreceptor for viral entry into host cells and for mediating induction of CCL5/RANTES. CCR5 and CCL5 are part of a correlated axis of immune pathways used for effective protection against the HIV-1 virus. The purpose of this paper was to review the literary knowledge about the immunopathological relationship between this immune complex and neuroAIDS. A systematic review of the literature was conducted based on the selection and search of articles, available in English, Spanish, or Portuguese in the time frame of 1990-2022, of primary and secondary types in the PUBMED, Science Direct, SciELO, and LILACS databases through descriptors (MeSH) together with "AND": "CCR5"; "CCL5"; "neurological manifestations"; or "HIV". The methodological quality of the articles was assessed using the JBI Checklists and the PRISMA 2020 writing guidelines were followed. A total of 36 articles were included in the final composition of the review. The main cells of the CNS affected by neuroAIDS are: neurons; microglia; astrocytes; and oligodendrocytes. Molecular devices and their associations with cellular injuries have been described from the entry of the virus into the host's CNS cell to the generation of mental disorders. Furthermore, divergent results were found about the levels of CCL5/RANTES secretion and the generation of immunopathogenesis, while all condensed research for CCR5 indicated that elevation of this receptor causes more neurodegenerative manifestations. Therefore, new therapeutic and interventional strategies can be conditioned on the immunological direction proposed in this review for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Jessé Abrahão Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Parasite Biology in the Amazon (PPGBPA), Evandro Chagas Institute (IEC), Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil;
| | - Rebecca Lobato Marinho
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences (ICB), University of Pará State (UEPA), Belém 66087-670, PA, Brazil; (R.L.M.); (P.A.S.D.S.); (C.S.S.); (D.M.S.)
| | - Yan Corrêa Rodrigues
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences (ICB), University of Pará State (UEPA), Belém 66087-670, PA, Brazil; (R.L.M.); (P.A.S.D.S.); (C.S.S.); (D.M.S.)
| | - Thiago Pinto Brasil
- Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza 60441-750, CE, Brazil;
| | - Pabllo Antonny Silva Dos Santos
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences (ICB), University of Pará State (UEPA), Belém 66087-670, PA, Brazil; (R.L.M.); (P.A.S.D.S.); (C.S.S.); (D.M.S.)
| | - Caroliny Soares Silva
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences (ICB), University of Pará State (UEPA), Belém 66087-670, PA, Brazil; (R.L.M.); (P.A.S.D.S.); (C.S.S.); (D.M.S.)
| | - Daniele Melo Sardinha
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences (ICB), University of Pará State (UEPA), Belém 66087-670, PA, Brazil; (R.L.M.); (P.A.S.D.S.); (C.S.S.); (D.M.S.)
| | - Karla Valéria Batista Lima
- Bacteriology and Mycology Section (SABMI), Evandro Chagas Institute (IEC), Ananindeua 67030-000, PA, Brazil; (K.V.B.L.); (L.N.G.C.L.)
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Argandona Lopez C, Brown AM. Microglial- neuronal crosstalk in chronic viral infection through mTOR, SPP1/OPN and inflammasome pathway signaling. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1368465. [PMID: 38646526 PMCID: PMC11032048 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1368465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
HIV-infection of microglia and macrophages (MMs) induces neuronal injury and chronic release of inflammatory stimuli through direct and indirect molecular pathways. A large percentage of people with HIV-associated neurologic and psychiatric co-morbidities have high levels of circulating inflammatory molecules. Microglia, given their susceptibility to HIV infection and long-lived nature, are reservoirs for persistent infection. MMs and neurons possess the molecular machinery to detect pathogen nucleic acids and proteins to activate innate immune signals. Full activation of inflammasome assembly and expression of IL-1β requires a priming event and a second signal. Many studies have demonstrated that HIV infection alone can activate inflammasome activity. Interestingly, secreted phosphoprotein-1 (SPP1/OPN) expression is highly upregulated in the CNS of people infected with HIV and neurologic dysfunction. Interestingly, all evidence thus far suggests a protective function of SPP1 signaling through mammalian target of rapamycin (mTORC1/2) pathway function to counter HIV-neuronal injury. Moreover, HIV-infected mice knocked down for SPP1 show by neuroimaging, increased neuroinflammation compared to controls. This suggests that SPP1 uses unique regulatory mechanisms to control the level of inflammatory signaling. In this mini review, we discuss the known and yet-to-be discovered biological links between SPP1-mediated stimulation of mTOR and inflammasome activity. Additional new mechanistic insights from studies in relevant experimental models will provide a greater understanding of crosstalk between microglia and neurons in the regulation of CNS homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Argandona Lopez
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Amanda M. Brown
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Gupta A, Yadav K, Yadav A, Ahmad R, Srivastava A, Kumar D, Khan MA, Dwivedi UN. Mannose-specific plant and microbial lectins as antiviral agents: A review. Glycoconj J 2024; 41:1-33. [PMID: 38244136 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-023-10142-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Lectins are non-immunological carbohydrate-binding proteins classified on the basis of their structure, origin, and sugar specificity. The binding specificity of such proteins with the surface glycan moiety determines their activity and clinical applications. Thus, lectins hold great potential as diagnostic and drug discovery agents and as novel biopharmaceutical products. In recent years, significant advancements have been made in understanding plant and microbial lectins as therapeutic agents against various viral diseases. Among them, mannose-specific lectins have being proven as promising antiviral agents against a variety of viruses, such as HIV, Influenza, Herpes, Ebola, Hepatitis, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-1 (SARS-CoV-1), Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and most recent Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The binding of mannose-binding lectins (MBLs) from plants and microbes to high-mannose containing N-glycans (which may be simple or complex) of glycoproteins found on the surface of viruses has been found to be highly specific and mainly responsible for their antiviral activity. MBLs target various steps in the viral life cycle, including viral attachment, entry and replication. The present review discusses the brief classification and structure of lectins along with antiviral activity of various mannose-specific lectins from plants and microbial sources and their diagnostic and therapeutic applications against viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kusum Yadav
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Anurag Yadav
- Department of Microbiology, C.P. College of Agriculture, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agriculture University, District-Banaskantha, Gujarat, India
| | - Rumana Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Era University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Aditi Srivastava
- Department of Biochemistry, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Era University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dileep Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti Language University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohammad Amir Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Era University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - U N Dwivedi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Faivre N, Verollet C, Dumas F. The chemokine receptor CCR5: multi-faceted hook for HIV-1. Retrovirology 2024; 21:2. [PMID: 38263120 PMCID: PMC10807162 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-024-00634-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are cytokines whose primary role is cellular activation and stimulation of leukocyte migration. They perform their various functions by interacting with G protein-coupled cell surface receptors (GPCRs) and are involved in the regulation of many biological processes such as apoptosis, proliferation, angiogenesis, hematopoiesis or organogenesis. They contribute to the maintenance of the homeostasis of lymphocytes and coordinate the function of the immune system. However, chemokines and their receptors are sometimes hijacked by some pathogens to infect the host organism. For a given chemokine receptor, there is a wide structural, organizational and conformational diversity. In this review, we describe the evidence for structural variety reported for the chemokine receptor CCR5, how this variability can be exploited by HIV-1 to infect its target cells and what therapeutic solutions are currently being developed to overcome this problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Faivre
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
- International Research Laboratory (IRP) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV", Toulouse, France
- International Research Laboratory (IRP) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Christel Verollet
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
- International Research Laboratory (IRP) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV", Toulouse, France
- International Research Laboratory (IRP) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fabrice Dumas
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France.
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Jia DT, Carcamo PM, Diaz MM. Ongoing Healthcare Disparities in neuroHIV: Addressing Gaps in the Care Continuum. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2023; 20:368-378. [PMID: 37999827 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-023-00683-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We aim to review the neurological complications of HIV and the social, cultural, and economic inequalities that contribute to disparities in neuroHIV care. RECENT FINDINGS Disparities in diagnostics and care of patients with neurological infections and non-infectious conditions associated with HIV in both high-income and low-to-middle-income countries (LMIC) are common. The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated these disparities. Factors, such as HIV-related stigma, may deter people from accessing HIV treatment. First-line recommended treatments for neurological infections are not available in many LMICs, leading to inadequate treatment and exposure to agents with more harmful side effect profiles. Access-related factors, such as lack of transportation, lack of health insurance, and inadequate telehealth access, may increase the risk of HIV-related neurological complications. Further research is needed to increase awareness of neurological complications among providers and PWH, and regional guidelines should be considered to better address these complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Tong Jia
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Paloma M Carcamo
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
- Health Innovation Laboratory, Alexander Von Humboldt Tropical Medicine Institute, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Monica M Diaz
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Hauser KF, Ohene-Nyako M, Knapp PE. Accelerated brain aging with opioid misuse and HIV: New insights on the role of glially derived pro-inflammation mediators and neuronal chloride homeostasis. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2023; 78:102653. [PMID: 36584655 PMCID: PMC9933139 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2022.102653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Opioid use disorder (OUD) has become a national crisis and contributes to the spread of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Emerging evidence and advances in experimental models, methodology, and our understanding of disease processes at the molecular and cellular levels reveal that opioids per se can directly exacerbate the pathophysiology of neuroHIV. Despite substantial inroads, the impact of OUD on the severity, development, and prognosis of neuroHIV and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders is not fully understood. In this review, we explore current evidence that OUD and neuroHIV interact to accelerate cognitive deficits and enhance the neurodegenerative changes typically seen with aging, through their effects on neuroinflammation. We suggest new thoughts on the processes that may underlie accelerated brain aging, including dysregulation of neuronal inhibition, and highlight findings suggesting that opioids, through actions at the μ-opioid receptor, interact with HIV in the central nervous system to promote unique structural and functional comorbid deficits not seen in either OUD or neuroHIV alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt F Hauser
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0613, USA; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0709, USA; Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, 203 East Cary Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0059, USA
| | - Michael Ohene-Nyako
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0613, USA
| | - Pamela E Knapp
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0613, USA; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0709, USA; Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, 203 East Cary Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0059, USA.
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Almehmadi MM, Shafie AA, Allahyani M, Muhammad T, Baammi S, Aljuaid A, Almalki AA, Alsaiari AA, Ashour AA. Identification of human immunodeficiency virus -1 E protein-targeting lead compounds by pharmacophore based screening. Saudi Med J 2022; 43:1324-1332. [PMID: 36517066 PMCID: PMC9994525 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2022.43.12.20220599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify potential compounds by seeking the knowledge of molecular interactions between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) glycoprotein (gp) 120 protein and anti-HIV drug (BMS-488043). METHODS This study is a computational structure-based drug design study, carried out at University of Taif, Saudi Arabia and African Genome Centre (AGC), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Benguerir, Morocco from January 2021 to March 2022. Initially, using the docked structure of gp120 with BMS-488043, a structure-based pharmacophore model was created. The generated model was utilized for virtual screening of the ZINC and ChemBridge database in order to identify hit compounds. To further assess the time-dependent stability of the selected complexes, computer simulation was performed. RESULTS From pharmacophore-based screening, 356 hits were obtained from both the database. The docking studies of the retrieved hit compounds reveal that all the compounds fit into the binding site of gp120. However, based on the significant interactions with the crucial residues and docking scores four compounds were suggested as potential hits. MD simulation of ChemBridge14695864 and ZINC06893293 in complex with gp120 suggested that both compounds significantly stabilized the receptor. CONCLUSION These findings could aid in the design of effective drugs against HIV by inhibiting the interaction between gp120 and CD4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazen M. Almehmadi
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (Almehmadi, Shafie, Allahyani, Aljuaid, Almalki, Alsaiari), College of Applied Medical Sciences, and from the Department of Oral (Ashour), Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Taif University, Taif, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the Molecular Neuropsychiatry & Development (MiND) Lab (Muhammad), Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada; and from the African Genome Centre (Baammi), Mohammad VI Polytechnic University, Benguerir, Morocco.
| | - Alaa A. Shafie
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (Almehmadi, Shafie, Allahyani, Aljuaid, Almalki, Alsaiari), College of Applied Medical Sciences, and from the Department of Oral (Ashour), Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Taif University, Taif, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the Molecular Neuropsychiatry & Development (MiND) Lab (Muhammad), Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada; and from the African Genome Centre (Baammi), Mohammad VI Polytechnic University, Benguerir, Morocco.
| | - Mamdouh Allahyani
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (Almehmadi, Shafie, Allahyani, Aljuaid, Almalki, Alsaiari), College of Applied Medical Sciences, and from the Department of Oral (Ashour), Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Taif University, Taif, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the Molecular Neuropsychiatry & Development (MiND) Lab (Muhammad), Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada; and from the African Genome Centre (Baammi), Mohammad VI Polytechnic University, Benguerir, Morocco.
| | - Tahir Muhammad
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (Almehmadi, Shafie, Allahyani, Aljuaid, Almalki, Alsaiari), College of Applied Medical Sciences, and from the Department of Oral (Ashour), Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Taif University, Taif, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the Molecular Neuropsychiatry & Development (MiND) Lab (Muhammad), Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada; and from the African Genome Centre (Baammi), Mohammad VI Polytechnic University, Benguerir, Morocco.
| | - Soukayna Baammi
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (Almehmadi, Shafie, Allahyani, Aljuaid, Almalki, Alsaiari), College of Applied Medical Sciences, and from the Department of Oral (Ashour), Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Taif University, Taif, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the Molecular Neuropsychiatry & Development (MiND) Lab (Muhammad), Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada; and from the African Genome Centre (Baammi), Mohammad VI Polytechnic University, Benguerir, Morocco.
| | - Abdulelah Aljuaid
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (Almehmadi, Shafie, Allahyani, Aljuaid, Almalki, Alsaiari), College of Applied Medical Sciences, and from the Department of Oral (Ashour), Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Taif University, Taif, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the Molecular Neuropsychiatry & Development (MiND) Lab (Muhammad), Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada; and from the African Genome Centre (Baammi), Mohammad VI Polytechnic University, Benguerir, Morocco.
| | - Abdulraheem A. Almalki
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (Almehmadi, Shafie, Allahyani, Aljuaid, Almalki, Alsaiari), College of Applied Medical Sciences, and from the Department of Oral (Ashour), Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Taif University, Taif, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the Molecular Neuropsychiatry & Development (MiND) Lab (Muhammad), Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada; and from the African Genome Centre (Baammi), Mohammad VI Polytechnic University, Benguerir, Morocco.
| | - Ahad Amer Alsaiari
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (Almehmadi, Shafie, Allahyani, Aljuaid, Almalki, Alsaiari), College of Applied Medical Sciences, and from the Department of Oral (Ashour), Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Taif University, Taif, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the Molecular Neuropsychiatry & Development (MiND) Lab (Muhammad), Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada; and from the African Genome Centre (Baammi), Mohammad VI Polytechnic University, Benguerir, Morocco.
| | - Amal Adnan Ashour
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (Almehmadi, Shafie, Allahyani, Aljuaid, Almalki, Alsaiari), College of Applied Medical Sciences, and from the Department of Oral (Ashour), Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Taif University, Taif, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the Molecular Neuropsychiatry & Development (MiND) Lab (Muhammad), Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada; and from the African Genome Centre (Baammi), Mohammad VI Polytechnic University, Benguerir, Morocco.
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Frequency and functional profile of circulating TCRαβ + double negative T cells in HIV/TB co-infection. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:890. [PMID: 36443691 PMCID: PMC9703676 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07807-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased frequency of circulating double negative T (DNT, CD4-CD8-CD3+) cells with protective immune function has been observed in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and tuberculosis (TB). Here the role of circulating TCRαβ+ DNT cells was further investigated in HIV/TB co-infection. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the frequency and functional profiles of peripheral TCRαβ+ DNT cells including apoptosis, chemokine and cytokine expression among healthy individuals and patients with TB, HIV infection and HIV/TB co-infection by cell surface staining and intracellular cytokine staining combined with flow cytometry. RESULTS Significantly increased frequency of TCRαβ+ DNT cells was observed in HIV/TB co-infection than that in TB (p < 0.001), HIV infection (p = 0.039) and healthy controls (p < 0.001). Compared with TB, HIV/TB co-infection had higher frequency of Fas expression (p = 0.007) and lower frequency of Annexin V expression on TCRαβ+ DNT cells (p = 0.049), and the frequency of Annexin V expression on Fas+TCRαβ+ DNT cells had no significant difference. TCRαβ+ DNT cells expressed less CCR5 in HIV/TB co-infection than that in TB (p = 0.014), and more CXCR4 in HIV/TB co-infection than that in HIV infection (p = 0.043). Compared with healthy controls, TB and HIV/TB co-infection had higher frequency of TCRαβ+ DNT cells secreting Granzyme A (p = 0.046; p = 0.005). In TB and HIV/TB co-infection, TCRαβ+ DNT cells secreted more granzyme A (p = 0.002; p = 0.002) and perforin (p < 0.001; p = 0.017) than CD4+ T cells but similar to CD8+ T cells. CONCLUSIONS Reduced apoptosis may take part in the mechanism of increased frequency of peripheral TCRαβ+ DNT cells in HIV/TB co-infection. TCRαβ+ DNT cells may play a cytotoxic T cells-like function in HIV/TB co-infection.
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Mulherkar TH, Gómez DJ, Sandel G, Jain P. Co-Infection and Cancer: Host–Pathogen Interaction between Dendritic Cells and HIV-1, HTLV-1, and Other Oncogenic Viruses. Viruses 2022; 14:v14092037. [PMID: 36146843 PMCID: PMC9503663 DOI: 10.3390/v14092037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) function as a link between innate and adaptive immune responses. Retroviruses HIV-1 and HTLV-1 modulate DCs to their advantage and utilize them to propagate infection. Coinfection of HTLV-1 and HIV-1 has implications for cancer malignancies. Both viruses initially infect DCs and propagate the infection to CD4+ T cells through cell-to-cell transmission using mechanisms including the formation of virologic synapses, viral biofilms, and conduits. These retroviruses are both neurotrophic with neurovirulence determinants. The neuropathogenesis of HIV-1 and HTLV-1 results in neurodegenerative diseases such as HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Infected DCs are known to traffic to the brain (CNS) and periphery (PNS, lymphatics) to induce neurodegeneration in HAND and HAM/TSP patients. Elevated levels of neuroinflammation have been correlated with cognitive decline and impairment of motor control performance. Current vaccinations and therapeutics for HIV-1 and HTLV-1 are assessed and can be applied to patients with HIV-1-associated cancers and adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL). These diseases caused by co-infections can result in both neurodegeneration and cancer. There are associations with cancer malignancies and HIV-1 and HTLV-1 as well as other human oncogenic viruses (EBV, HBV, HCV, HDV, and HPV). This review contains current knowledge on DC sensing of HIV-1 and HTLV-1 including DC-SIGN, Tat, Tax, and current viral therapies. An overview of DC interaction with oncogenic viruses including EBV, Hepatitis viruses, and HPV is also provided. Vaccines and therapeutics targeting host–pathogen interactions can provide a solution to co-infections, neurodegeneration, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania H. Mulherkar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University, College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Daniel Joseph Gómez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University, College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, 25800 Carlos Bee Blvd, Hayward, CA 94542, USA
| | - Grace Sandel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University, College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Pooja Jain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University, College of Medicine, 2900 Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
- Correspondence:
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Recent Advances in the Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of gp120-Mediated Neurotoxicity. Cells 2022; 11:cells11101599. [PMID: 35626635 PMCID: PMC9139548 DOI: 10.3390/cells11101599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Axonal degeneration and loss of synapses are often seen in different brain areas of people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Nevertheless, the underlying causes of the pathological alterations observed in these individuals are poorly comprehended, considering that HIV does not infect neurons. Experimental data have shown that viral proteins, including the envelope protein gp120, cause synaptic pathology followed by neuronal cell death. These neurotoxic effects on synapses could be the result of a variety of mechanisms that decrease synaptic plasticity. In this paper, we will briefly present new emerging concepts connected with the ability of gp120 to promote the degeneration of synapses by either directly damaging the axonal cytoskeleton and/or the indirect activation of the p75 neurotrophin receptor death domain in dendrites.
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Recent Advances in Influenza, HIV and SARS-CoV-2 Infection Prevention and Drug Treatment—The Need for Precision Medicine. CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemistry4020019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses, and in particular, RNA viruses, dominate the WHO’s current list of ten global health threats. Of these, we review the widespread and most common HIV, influenza virus, and SARS-CoV-2 infections, as well as their possible prevention by vaccination and treatments by pharmacotherapeutic approaches. Beyond the vaccination, we discuss the virus-targeting and host-targeting drugs approved in the last five years, in the case of SARS-CoV-2 in the last one year, as well as new drug candidates and lead molecules that have been published in the same periods. We share our views on vaccination and pharmacotherapy, their mutually reinforcing strategic significance in combating pandemics, and the pros and cons of host and virus-targeted drug therapy. The COVID-19 pandemic has provided evidence of our limited armamentarium to fight emerging viral diseases. Novel broad-spectrum vaccines as well as drugs that could even be applied as prophylactic treatments or in early phases of the viremia, possibly through oral administration, are needed in all three areas. To meet these needs, the use of multi-data-based precision medicine in the practice and innovation of vaccination and drug therapy is inevitable.
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