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Adelino TÉR, Santos SC, Lima MT, da Costa AVB, Guimarães NR, Tomé LMR, Silva MVF, Pereira AM, Luiz KCM, Lamounier LO, Gomes Júnior AC, Ribeiro AA, Alvarez P, Arruda MB, Kroon EG, Guerra-Duarte C, Iani FCDM. Differential diagnosis of exanthematous viruses during the 2022 Mpox outbreak in Minas Gerais, Brazil. J Clin Microbiol 2024; 62:e0010324. [PMID: 38785446 PMCID: PMC11237812 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00103-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The monkeypox virus (MPXV) outbreak, primarily endemic to Africa, has spread globally, with Brazil reporting the second-highest number of cases. The emergence of MPXV in non-endemic areas has raised concerns, particularly due to the co-circulation of other exanthematous viruses such as varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and molluscum contagiosum virus (MOCV). To perform an accurate differential diagnosis of MPXV during the ongoing outbreak in Minas Gerais, Brazil, a 5PLEX qPCR assay targeting orthopoxviruses (OPV), VZV, and MOCV was used to retrospectively analyze all clinical samples that tested negative for MPXV in the initial screening conducted at Funed. In summary, our study analyzed 1,175 clinical samples received from patients suspected of MPXV infection and found a positivity rate of 33.8% (397 samples) for MPXV using the non-variola qPCR assay. Testing the 778 MPXV-negative clinical samples using the 5PLEX qPCR assay revealed that 174 clinical samples (22.36%) tested positive for VZV. MOCV DNA was detected in 13 and other OPV in 3 clinical samples. The sequencing of randomly selected amplified clinical samples confirmed the initial molecular diagnosis. Analysis of patient profiles revealed a significant difference in the median age between groups testing positive for MPXV and VZV and a male predominance in MPXV cases. The geographic distribution of positive cases was concentrated in the most populous mesoregions of Minas Gerais state. This study highlights the challenges posed by emerging infectious diseases. It emphasizes the importance of epidemiological surveillance and accurate diagnosis in enabling timely responses for public health policies and appropriate medical care. IMPORTANCE Brazil ranks second in the number of cases during the global monkeypox epidemic. The study, conducted in Minas Gerais, the second most populous state in Brazil with over 20 million inhabitants, utilized differential diagnostics, revealing a significant number of positive cases for other exanthematous viruses and emphasizing the need for accurate diagnoses. During the study, we were able to assess the co-circulation of other viruses alongside monkeypox, including varicella-zoster virus, molluscum contagiosum virus, and other orthopoxviruses. The significance of the research is underscored by the concentration of positive cases in populous areas, highlighting the challenges posed by emerging infectious diseases. This demographic context further amplifies the importance of the research in guiding public health policies and medical interventions, given the substantial population at risk. The study not only addresses a global concern but also holds critical implications for a state with such a large population and geographic expanse within Brazil. Overall, the study emphasizes the pivotal role of surveillance and precise diagnosis in guiding effective public health responses and ensuring appropriate medical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talita Émile Ribeiro Adelino
- Diretoria do Instituto Octávio Magalhães, Fundação Ezequiel Dias (Funed), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sara Cândida Santos
- Diretoria do Instituto Octávio Magalhães, Fundação Ezequiel Dias (Funed), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Maurício Teixeira Lima
- Diretoria do Instituto Octávio Magalhães, Fundação Ezequiel Dias (Funed), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Natália Rocha Guimarães
- Diretoria do Instituto Octávio Magalhães, Fundação Ezequiel Dias (Funed), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luiz Marcelo Ribeiro Tomé
- Diretoria do Instituto Octávio Magalhães, Fundação Ezequiel Dias (Funed), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Computacional de Fungos, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Amanda Matos Pereira
- Diretoria do Instituto Octávio Magalhães, Fundação Ezequiel Dias (Funed), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Ludmila Oliveira Lamounier
- Diretoria do Instituto Octávio Magalhães, Fundação Ezequiel Dias (Funed), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Antônio Carlos Gomes Júnior
- Diretoria do Instituto Octávio Magalhães, Fundação Ezequiel Dias (Funed), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Adriana Aparecida Ribeiro
- Diretoria do Instituto Octávio Magalhães, Fundação Ezequiel Dias (Funed), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Alvarez
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Diagnóstica (LATED), Instituto de Tecnologia de Imunobiológicos (Bio-Manguinhos), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mônica Barcellos Arruda
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Diagnóstica (LATED), Instituto de Tecnologia de Imunobiológicos (Bio-Manguinhos), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Erna Geessien Kroon
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Clara Guerra-Duarte
- Diretoria de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundação Ezequiel Dias (Funed), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Felipe Campos de Melo Iani
- Diretoria do Instituto Octávio Magalhães, Fundação Ezequiel Dias (Funed), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Taube JC, Rest EC, Lloyd-Smith JO, Bansal S. The global landscape of smallpox vaccination history and implications for current and future orthopoxvirus susceptibility: a modelling study. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023; 23:454-462. [PMID: 36455590 PMCID: PMC10040439 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(22)00664-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND More than four decades after the eradication of smallpox, the ongoing 2022 monkeypox outbreak and increasing transmission events of other orthopoxviruses necessitate a greater understanding of the global distribution of susceptibility to orthopoxviruses. We aimed to characterise the current global landscape of smallpox vaccination history and orthopoxvirus susceptibility. METHODS We characterised the global landscape of smallpox vaccination at a subnational scale by integrating data on current demography with historical smallpox vaccination programme features (coverage and cessation dates) from eradication documents and published literature. We analysed this landscape to identify the factors that were most associated with geographical heterogeneity in current vaccination coverage. We considered how smallpox vaccination history might translate into age-specific susceptibility profiles for orthopoxviruses under different vaccination effectiveness scenarios. FINDINGS We found substantial global spatial heterogeneity in the landscape of smallpox vaccination, with vaccination coverage estimated to range from 7% to 60% within admin-1 regions (ie, regions one administrative level below country) globally, with negligible uncertainty (99·6% of regions have an SD less than 5%). We identified that geographical variation in vaccination coverage was driven mostly by differences in subnational demography. Additionally, we found that susceptibility for orthopoxviruses was highly age specific based on age at cessation and age-specific coverage; however, the age profile was consistent across vaccine effectiveness values. INTERPRETATION The legacy of smallpox eradication can be observed in the current landscape of smallpox vaccine protection. The strength and longevity of smallpox vaccination campaigns globally, combined with current demographic heterogeneity, have shaped the epidemiological landscape today, revealing substantial geographical variation in orthopoxvirus susceptibility. This study alerts public health decision makers to non-endemic regions that might be at greatest risk in the case of widespread and sustained transmission in the 2022 monkeypox outbreak and highlights the importance of demography and fine-scale spatial dynamics in predicting future public health risks from orthopoxviruses. FUNDING US National Institutes of Health and US National Science Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana C Taube
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Eva C Rest
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - James O Lloyd-Smith
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shweta Bansal
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.
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Domingos IJS, Rocha KLS, Graciano JM, Almeida LR, Doty JB, Paglia AP, Oliveira DB, Nakazawa YJ, Trindade GDS. Orthopoxvirus Circulation in an Endemic Area in Brazil: Investigation of Infections in Small Mammals during an Absence of Outbreaks. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040842. [PMID: 37112823 PMCID: PMC10144947 DOI: 10.3390/v15040842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccinia virus (VACV) is the causative agent of an emerging viral zoonosis called bovine vaccinia (BV). Several studies have documented characteristics of VACV infections in Brazil; however, the manner in which this virus is maintained in wildlife remains unknown. This work investigated the presence of viral DNA and anti-orthopoxvirus (OPXV) antibodies in samples collected from small mammals in a VACV-endemic area in Minas Gerais, Brazil, in the absence of current outbreaks. Samples did not show amplification of OPXV DNA in molecular tests. However, 5/142 serum samples demonstrated the presence of anti-OPXV neutralizing antibodies in serological tests. These data reinforce the involvement of small mammals in the natural cycle of VACV, highlighting the need for further ecological studies to better understand how this virus is maintained in nature and to develop measures to prevent BV outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iago J. S. Domingos
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antonio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
- Correspondence: (I.J.S.D.); (Y.J.N.); (G.d.S.T.); Tel.: +55-(31)-3409-2755 (G.d.S.T.)
| | - Kamila L. S. Rocha
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antonio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Jessica M. Graciano
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antonio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Lara R. Almeida
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antonio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Jeffrey B. Doty
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Adriano P. Paglia
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antonio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Danilo B. Oliveira
- Centro Integrado de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, MGC 367 Km 583, 5000, Diamantina 39100-000, Brazil
| | - Yoshinori J. Nakazawa
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
- Correspondence: (I.J.S.D.); (Y.J.N.); (G.d.S.T.); Tel.: +55-(31)-3409-2755 (G.d.S.T.)
| | - Giliane de S. Trindade
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antonio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
- Correspondence: (I.J.S.D.); (Y.J.N.); (G.d.S.T.); Tel.: +55-(31)-3409-2755 (G.d.S.T.)
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Gushchin VA, Ogarkova DA, Dolzhikova IV, Zubkova OV, Grigoriev IV, Pochtovyi AA, Iliukhina AA, Ozharovskaia TA, Kuznetsova NA, Kustova DD, Shelkov AY, Zrelkin DI, Odintsova AS, Grousova DM, Kan VY, Davtyan SA, Siniavin AE, Belyaeva ED, Botikov AG, Bessonova AA, Vasilchenko LA, Vasina DV, Kleymenov DA, Slutskiy EA, Tkachuk AP, Burgasova OA, Loginova SY, Rozhdestvensky EV, Shcheblyakov DV, Tsibin AN, Komarov AG, Zlobin VI, Borisevich SV, Naroditsky BS, Logunov DY, Gintsburg AL. Estimation of anti-orthopoxvirus immunity in Moscow residents and potential risks of spreading Monkeypox virus. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1023164. [PMID: 36466896 PMCID: PMC9709467 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1023164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
WHO has declared the outbreak of monkeypox as a public health emergency of international concern. In less than three months, monkeypox was detected in more than 30 000 people and spread to more than 80 countries around the world. It is believed that the immunity formed to smallpox vaccine can protect from monkeypox infection with high efficiency. The widespread use of Vaccinia virus has not been carried out since the 1980s, which raises the question of the level of residual immunity among the population and the identification of groups requiring priority vaccination. We conducted a cross-sectional serological study of remaining immunity among Moscow residents. To do this, a collection of blood serum samples of age group over 30 years old was formed, an in-house ELISA test system was developed, and a virus neutralization protocol was set up. Serum samples were examined for the presence of IgG antibodies against Vaccinia virus (n=2908), as well as for the ability to neutralize plaque formation with a Vaccinia virus MNIIVP-10 strain (n=299). The results indicate the presence of neutralizing antibody titer of 1/20 or more in 33.3 to 53.2% of people older than 45 years. Among people 30-45 years old who probably have not been vaccinated, the proportion with virus neutralizing antibodies ranged from 3.2 to 6.7%. Despite the higher level of antibodies in age group older than 66 years, the proportion of positive samples in this group was slightly lower than in people aged 46-65 years. The results indicate the priority of vaccination in groups younger than 45, and possibly older than 66 years to ensure the protection of the population in case of spread of monkeypox among Moscow residents. The herd immunity level needed to stop the circulation of the virus should be at least 50.25 - 65.28%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir A. Gushchin
- Department of Science, Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Darya A. Ogarkova
- Department of Science, Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Inna V. Dolzhikova
- Department of Science, Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga V. Zubkova
- Department of Science, Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor V. Grigoriev
- Department of Science, Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrei A. Pochtovyi
- Department of Science, Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna A. Iliukhina
- Department of Science, Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana A. Ozharovskaia
- Department of Science, Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nadezhda A. Kuznetsova
- Department of Science, Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria D. Kustova
- Department of Science, Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Artem Y. Shelkov
- Department of Science, Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis I. Zrelkin
- Department of Science, Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alina S. Odintsova
- Department of Science, Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria M. Grousova
- Department of Science, Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladislav Y. Kan
- Department of Science, Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sona A. Davtyan
- Department of Science, Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrei E. Siniavin
- Department of Science, Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elizaveta D. Belyaeva
- Department of Science, Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrei G. Botikov
- Department of Science, Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Arina A. Bessonova
- Department of Science, Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Lyudmila A. Vasilchenko
- Department of Science, Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria V. Vasina
- Department of Science, Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis A. Kleymenov
- Department of Science, Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Artem P. Tkachuk
- Department of Science, Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga A. Burgasova
- Department of Science, Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Infectious Diseases with the Courses of Epidemiology and Phthisiology, Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN) University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Svetlana Y. Loginova
- Department of Especially Dangerous Viral Infections, 48-Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeny V. Rozhdestvensky
- Department of Especially Dangerous Viral Infections, 48-Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry V. Shcheblyakov
- Department of Science, Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Vladimir I. Zlobin
- Department of Science, Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergei V. Borisevich
- Department of Especially Dangerous Viral Infections, 48-Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris S. Naroditsky
- Department of Science, Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis Y. Logunov
- Department of Science, Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander L. Gintsburg
- Department of Science, Federal State Budget Institution “National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Infectiology and Virology, Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education I.M. Sechenov, First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
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Capobianchi MR, Di Caro A, Piubelli C, Mori A, Bisoffi Z, Castilletti C. Monkeypox 2022 outbreak in non-endemic countries: Open questions relevant for public health, nonpharmacological intervention and literature review. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1005955. [PMID: 36204640 PMCID: PMC9530127 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1005955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Starting from mid-May 2022, cases of human monkeypox started to rise in several non-endemic countries. By mid-July, more than 17000 confirmed/suspect cases have been reported by at least 82 countries worldwide, with a regular incremental trend. In order to contain the disease diffusion, risk evaluation is crucial to undertake informed decisions and effective communication campaigns. However, since orthopoxvirus infections so far have attracted low attention, due to the eradication of smallpox 40 years ago, and to the confinement of human monkeypox almost exclusively to endemic areas, several unresolved issues concerning natural history, ecology and pathogenesis remain. To this respect, we identified some open questions and reviewed the relevant literature on monkeypoxvirus and/or related orthopoxviruses. The results will be discussed in the perspective of their relevance to public health decisions, particularly those related to non-pharmacological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rosaria Capobianchi
- Department of Infectious Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Sacro Cuore-Don Calabria Hospital, Verona, Italy
- Saint Camillus International Medical University, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonino Di Caro
- Department of Infectious Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Sacro Cuore-Don Calabria Hospital, Verona, Italy
- Saint Camillus International Medical University, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Piubelli
- Department of Infectious Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Sacro Cuore-Don Calabria Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | - Antonio Mori
- Department of Infectious Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Sacro Cuore-Don Calabria Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | - Zeno Bisoffi
- Department of Infectious Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Sacro Cuore-Don Calabria Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | - Concetta Castilletti
- Department of Infectious Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Sacro Cuore-Don Calabria Hospital, Verona, Italy
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6
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MacNeill AL. Comparative Pathology of Zoonotic Orthopoxviruses. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11080892. [PMID: 36015017 PMCID: PMC9412692 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11080892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review provides a brief history of the impacts that a human-specific Orthopoxvirus (OPXV), Variola virus, had on mankind, recalls how critical vaccination was for the eradication of this disease, and discusses the consequences of discontinuing vaccination against OPXV. One of these consequences is the emergence of zoonotic OPXV diseases, including Monkeypox virus (MPXV). The focus of this manuscript is to compare pathology associated with zoonotic OPXV infection in veterinary species and in humans. Efficient recognition of poxvirus lesions and other, more subtle signs of disease in multiple species is critical to prevent further spread of poxvirus infections. Additionally included are a synopsis of the pathology observed in animal models of MPXV infection, the recent spread of MPXV among humans, and a discussion of the potential for this virus to persist in Europe and the Americas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L MacNeill
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Barbosa Costa G, Silva de Oliveira J, Townsend MB, Carson WC, Borges IA, McCollum AM, Kroon EG, Satheshkumar PS, Reynolds MG, Nakazawa YJ, de Souza Trindade G. Educational Approach to Prevent the Burden of Vaccinia Virus Infections in a Bovine Vaccinia Endemic Area in Brazil. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10050511. [PMID: 33922509 PMCID: PMC8145679 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine vaccinia (BV), caused by Vaccinia virus (VACV), is a zoonotic disease characterized by exanthematous lesions on the teats of dairy cows and the hands of milkers, and is an important public health issue in Brazil and South America. BV also results in economic losses to the dairy industry, being a burden to the regions involved in milk production. In the past 20 years, much effort has been made to increase the knowledge regarding BV epidemiology, etiologic agents, and interactions with the hosts and the environment. In the present study, we evaluated milking practices that could be associated with VACV infections in an endemic area in Brazil and proposed an educational tool to help prevent VACV infections. In our survey, 124 individuals (51.7%) from a total of 240 had previously heard of BV, 94 of which knew about it through BV outbreaks. Although most individuals involved in dairy activities (n = 85/91) reported having good hygiene practices, only 29.7% used adequate disinfecting products to clean their hands and 39.5% disinfected cows’ teats before and after milking. Furthermore, 46.7% of individuals reported having contact with other farm and domestic animals besides dairy cattle. We also evaluated the presence of IgG and IgM antibodies in the surveyed population. Overall, 6.1% of likely unvaccinated individuals were positive for anti-Orthopoxvirus IgG antibodies, and 1.7% of all individuals were positive for IgM antibodies. Based on our findings, we proposed educational materials which target individuals with permanent residence in rural areas (mainly farmers and milkers), providing an overview and basic information about preventive measures against VACV infections that could enhance BV control and prevention efforts, especially for vulnerable populations located in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galileu Barbosa Costa
- Departamento de Análise em Saúde e Vigilância de Doenças não Transmissíveis, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília 70723-040, Brazil
- Correspondence: or (G.B.C.); (G.d.S.T.); Tel.: +55-61-3315-7708 (G.B.C.); +55-31-3409-2747 (G.d.S.T.)
| | - Jaqueline Silva de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; (J.S.d.O.); (I.A.B.); (E.G.K.)
| | - Michael B. Townsend
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (M.B.T.); (W.C.C.); (A.M.M.); (P.S.S.); (M.G.R.); (Y.J.N.)
| | - William C. Carson
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (M.B.T.); (W.C.C.); (A.M.M.); (P.S.S.); (M.G.R.); (Y.J.N.)
| | - Iara Apolinário Borges
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; (J.S.d.O.); (I.A.B.); (E.G.K.)
| | - Andrea M. McCollum
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (M.B.T.); (W.C.C.); (A.M.M.); (P.S.S.); (M.G.R.); (Y.J.N.)
| | - Erna Geessien Kroon
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; (J.S.d.O.); (I.A.B.); (E.G.K.)
| | - Panayampalli Subbian Satheshkumar
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (M.B.T.); (W.C.C.); (A.M.M.); (P.S.S.); (M.G.R.); (Y.J.N.)
| | - Mary G. Reynolds
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (M.B.T.); (W.C.C.); (A.M.M.); (P.S.S.); (M.G.R.); (Y.J.N.)
| | - Yoshinori J. Nakazawa
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (M.B.T.); (W.C.C.); (A.M.M.); (P.S.S.); (M.G.R.); (Y.J.N.)
| | - Giliane de Souza Trindade
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; (J.S.d.O.); (I.A.B.); (E.G.K.)
- Correspondence: or (G.B.C.); (G.d.S.T.); Tel.: +55-61-3315-7708 (G.B.C.); +55-31-3409-2747 (G.d.S.T.)
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José da Silva Domingos I, Silva de Oliveira J, Lorene Soares Rocha K, Bretas de Oliveira D, Geessien Kroon E, Barbosa Costa G, de Souza Trindade G. Twenty Years after Bovine Vaccinia in Brazil: Where We Are and Where Are We Going? Pathogens 2021; 10:406. [PMID: 33807254 PMCID: PMC8065508 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10040406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Orthopoxvirus (OPV) infections have been present in human life for hundreds of years. It is known that Variola virus (VARV) killed over 300 million people in the past; however, it had an end thanks to the physician Edward Jenner (who developed the first vaccine in history) and also thanks to a massive vaccination program in the 20th century all over the world. Although the first vaccine was created using the Cowpox virus (CPXV), it turned out later that the Vaccinia virus was the one used during the vaccination program. VACV is the etiological agent of bovine vaccinia (BV), a zoonotic disease that has emerged in Brazil and South America in the last 20 years. BV has a great impact on local dairy economies and is also a burden to public health. In this review, we described the main events related to VACV and BV emergence in Brazil and South America, the increase of related scientific studies, and the issues that science, human and animal medicine are going to face if we do not be on guard to this virus and its disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iago José da Silva Domingos
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil; (I.J.d.S.D.); (J.S.d.O.); (E.G.K.)
| | - Jaqueline Silva de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil; (I.J.d.S.D.); (J.S.d.O.); (E.G.K.)
| | - Kamila Lorene Soares Rocha
- Laboratório de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG 39100-000, Brazil; (K.L.S.R.); (D.B.d.O.)
| | - Danilo Bretas de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG 39100-000, Brazil; (K.L.S.R.); (D.B.d.O.)
| | - Erna Geessien Kroon
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil; (I.J.d.S.D.); (J.S.d.O.); (E.G.K.)
| | - Galileu Barbosa Costa
- Departamento de Análise em Saúde e Vigilância de Doenças Não-Transmissíveis, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília, DF 70719-040, Brazil
| | - Giliane de Souza Trindade
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil; (I.J.d.S.D.); (J.S.d.O.); (E.G.K.)
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9
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Silent Circulation of the Saint Louis Encephalitis Virus among Humans and Equids, Southeast Brazil. Viruses 2019; 11:v11111029. [PMID: 31694207 PMCID: PMC6893452 DOI: 10.3390/v11111029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Saint Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that occurs throughout the Americas, and is considered a public health threat. In Brazil, SLEV has been detected from human cases associated with dengue-like disease, but no neurological symptoms were reported. Furthermore, the epidemiology of SLEV in human populations is still poorly explored in the country. We reported serological and molecular detection of SLEV in a healthy population of equids and humans from rural areas in Southeast Brazil. A plaque reduction neutralization test was applied, and neutralizing antibodies were detected in 11 individuals (4.6%) and 60 horses (21.5%). A qPCR targeting the 5′UTR region and reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) targeting the non-structural protein (NS5) gene were performed and three individuals tested positive in both assays. Subsequent phylogenetic analysis confirmed SLEV circulation and its findings suggest the occurrence of an asymptomatic or subclinical presence in human and animal cases, correlating with the risks for outbreaks and consequently burden of SLEV infections to public health. Preventive strategies should include improved surveillance in regions with a high probability of SLEV occurrence, improvement in diagnostic methods, and evaluation of exposure/risk factors that can favor SLEV emergence.
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Amaral CD, Costa GB, de Souza WM, Alves PA, Borges IA, Tolardo AL, Romeiro MF, Drumond BP, Abrahão JS, Kroon EG, Paglia AP, Figueiredo LTM, de Souza Trindade G. Silent Orthohantavirus Circulation Among Humans and Small Mammals from Central Minas Gerais, Brazil. ECOHEALTH 2018; 15:577-589. [PMID: 30105563 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-018-1353-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
New World orthohantaviruses are emerging RNA viruses that cause hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS). These viruses are a burden to public health around the world with a lethality rate of around 60%. In South America, rodents of Sigmodontinae subfamily are the main reservoirs of orthohantaviruses. We described a serosurvey for orthohantaviruses circulation in an apparently healthy human population and small mammals from rural areas in Central Minas Gerais State, Brazil. A total of 240 individuals and 50 small mammals (26 rodents belonging to 10 different species and 24 marsupials from 4 different species) were sampled during 2012-2013. The seroprevalence rates of IgG/IgM antibodies in humans were 7.1 and 1.6%, respectively. Only one rodent, an Oligoryzomys nigripes captured in peridomestic area, tested positive for IgG antibodies and viral RNA. Our findings suggest a silent circulation of orthohantaviruses in a region of intensive agriculture production. The detection of seropositive humans in an area with a lack of previous HCPS reports highlights potential oligosymptomatic cases and the need for surveillance strategies that could reduce the risk of future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Dourado Amaral
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627 - Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Galileu Barbosa Costa
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627 - Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - William Marciel de Souza
- Centro de Pesquisa em Virologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro Augusto Alves
- Laboratório de Imunologia das Doenças Virais, Instituto René Rachou, Fiocruz, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Iara Apolinário Borges
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627 - Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Aline Lavado Tolardo
- Centro de Pesquisa em Virologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marília Farignoli Romeiro
- Centro de Pesquisa em Virologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Betânia Paiva Drumond
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627 - Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Jônatas Santos Abrahão
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627 - Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Erna Geessien Kroon
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627 - Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Adriano Pereira Paglia
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luiz Tadeu Moraes Figueiredo
- Centro de Pesquisa em Virologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giliane de Souza Trindade
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627 - Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil.
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11
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Abstract
Bovine vaccinia (BV), caused by Vaccinia virus (VACV), is a zoonosis characterized by exanthematous lesions in the teats of dairy cows and the hands of milkers and is an important public health issue. Severe VACV-induced lesions in the teats and udder of cows and buffaloes could lead to mastitis and other secondary infections, thereby reducing productivity and resulting in economic losses to the dairy industry. In Brazil, BV re-emerged in the late 1990s and is now endemic in most of the Brazilian territory. In the last 15 years, much effort has been made to know more about this disease and its epidemiology, etiologic agents, and interactions with the host and the environment. In this review, we describe the known dynamics of VACV infection in cattle and the viral shedding routes, as well as the relevance of BV for animal and public health.
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12
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Oliveira JSD, Figueiredo PDO, Costa GB, Assis FLD, Drumond BP, da Fonseca FG, Nogueira ML, Kroon EG, Trindade GDS. Vaccinia Virus Natural Infections in Brazil: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly. Viruses 2017; 9:E340. [PMID: 29140260 PMCID: PMC5707547 DOI: 10.3390/v9110340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The orthopoxviruses (OPV) comprise several emerging viruses with great importance to human and veterinary medicine, including vaccinia virus (VACV), which causes outbreaks of bovine vaccinia (BV) in South America. Historically, VACV is the most comprehensively studied virus, however, its origin and natural hosts remain unknown. VACV was the primary component of the smallpox vaccine, largely used during the smallpox eradication campaign. After smallpox was declared eradicated, the vaccination that conferred immunity to OPV was discontinued, favoring a new contingent of susceptible individuals to OPV. VACV infections occur naturally after direct contact with infected dairy cattle, in recently vaccinated individuals, or through alternative routes of exposure. In Brazil, VACV outbreaks are frequently reported in rural areas, affecting mainly farm animals and humans. Recent studies have shown the role of wildlife in the VACV transmission chain, exploring the role of wild rodents as reservoirs that facilitate VACV spread throughout rural areas. Furthermore, VACV circulation in urban environments and the significance of this with respect to public health, have also been explored. In this review, we discuss the history, epidemiological, ecological and clinical aspects of natural VACV infections in Brazil, also highlighting alternative routes of VACV transmission, the factors involved in susceptibility to infection, and the natural history of the disease in humans and animals, and the potential for dissemination to urban environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline Silva de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Poliana de Oliveira Figueiredo
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Galileu Barbosa Costa
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil.
| | | | - Betânia Paiva Drumond
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Flávio Guimarães da Fonseca
- Laboratório de Virologia Básica e Aplicada, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Maurício Lacerda Nogueira
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia, Departamento de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo 15090-000, Brazil.
| | - Erna Geessien Kroon
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Giliane de Souza Trindade
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil.
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13
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Okeke MI, Okoli AS, Diaz D, Offor C, Oludotun TG, Tryland M, Bøhn T, Moens U. Hazard Characterization of Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara Vector: What Are the Knowledge Gaps? Viruses 2017; 9:v9110318. [PMID: 29109380 PMCID: PMC5707525 DOI: 10.3390/v9110318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) is the vector of choice for human and veterinary applications due to its strong safety profile and immunogenicity in vivo. The use of MVA and MVA-vectored vaccines against human and animal diseases must comply with regulatory requirements as they pertain to environmental risk assessment, particularly the characterization of potential adverse effects to humans, animals and the environment. MVA and recombinant MVA are widely believed to pose low or negligible risk to ecosystem health. However, key aspects of MVA biology require further research in order to provide data needed to evaluate the potential risks that may occur due to the use of MVA and MVA-vectored vaccines. The purpose of this paper is to identify knowledge gaps in the biology of MVA and recombinant MVA that are of relevance to its hazard characterization and discuss ongoing and future experiments aimed at providing data necessary to fill in the knowledge gaps. In addition, we presented arguments for the inclusion of uncertainty analysis and experimental investigation of verifiable worst-case scenarios in the environmental risk assessment of MVA and recombinant MVA. These will contribute to improved risk assessment of MVA and recombinant MVA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malachy I Okeke
- Genome Editing Research Group, GenØk-Center for Biosafety, Siva Innovation Center, N-9294 Tromso, Norway.
| | - Arinze S Okoli
- Genome Editing Research Group, GenØk-Center for Biosafety, Siva Innovation Center, N-9294 Tromso, Norway.
| | - Diana Diaz
- Molecular Inflammation Research Group, Institute of Medical Biology, University i Tromsø (UiT)-The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromso, Norway.
| | - Collins Offor
- Department of Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, IMC University of Applied Sciences Piaristengasse 1, A-3500 Krems, Austria.
| | - Taiwo G Oludotun
- Department of Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, IMC University of Applied Sciences Piaristengasse 1, A-3500 Krems, Austria.
| | - Morten Tryland
- Genome Editing Research Group, GenØk-Center for Biosafety, Siva Innovation Center, N-9294 Tromso, Norway.
- Artic Infection Biology, Department of Artic and Marine Biology, UIT-The Artic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromso, Norway.
| | - Thomas Bøhn
- Genome Editing Research Group, GenØk-Center for Biosafety, Siva Innovation Center, N-9294 Tromso, Norway.
| | - Ugo Moens
- Molecular Inflammation Research Group, Institute of Medical Biology, University i Tromsø (UiT)-The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromso, Norway.
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14
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Rehfeld IS, Fraiha ALS, Matos ACD, Guedes MIMC, Costa EA, de Souza MR, Cavalcante LFL, Lobato ZIP. Short communication: Survival of Vaccinia virus in inoculated cheeses during 60-day ripening. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:7051-7054. [PMID: 28734599 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bovine vaccinia is a neglected zoonosis caused by Vaccinia virus (VACV) and has a major economic and public health effect in Brazil. Previous studies showed infectious VACV particles in milk from either experimentally or naturally infected cows and in fresh cheeses prepared with experimentally contaminated milk. Ripening is a process that leads to major changes in the physical and chemical characteristics of cheese, reducing contamination by spoilage, pathogenic microorganisms, or both. However, it is not known if VACV infectious particles persist after the ripening process. To investigate this issue, viral infectivity at different ripening times was studied in cheeses manufactured with milk experimentally contaminated with VACV strain Guarani P2 (GP2). Cheeses were analyzed at 1, 7, 14, 21, 45, and 60 d of ripening at 25°C. Viral DNA was quantified by real-time PCR, and VACV isolation and titration were performed in Vero cells. The whole experiment was repeated 4 times. Analysis of the mean viral DNA quantification and infectivity indicated a reduction of approximately 2 logs along the ripening process; however, infectious viral particles (1.7 × 102 pfu/mL) could still be recovered at d 60 of ripening. These findings indicate that the ripening process reduces VACV infectivity, but it was not able to inactivate completely the viral particles after 60 d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabelle S Rehfeld
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, CEP: 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Luiza S Fraiha
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, CEP: 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina D Matos
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, CEP: 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Maria Isabel M C Guedes
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, CEP: 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Erica A Costa
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, CEP: 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcelo R de Souza
- Departamento de Tecnologia e Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Laboratório de Microbiologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, CEP: 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Luigi F L Cavalcante
- Intergado-Rio Paranaguá, Jardim Riacho, 1463, CEP: 32280-300, Contagem, MG, Brazil
| | - Zélia I P Lobato
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, CEP: 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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15
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de Oliveira TML, Guedes MIMC, Rehfeld IS, Matos ACD, Rivetti Júnior AV, da Cunha AF, Cerqueira MMOP, Abrahão JS, Lobato ZIP. Vaccinia virus detection in dairy products made with milk from experimentally infected cows. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017. [PMID: 28649801 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Vaccinia virus (VACV) is the agent of bovine vaccinia (BV), an emerging zoonosis that causes exanthematic lesions on the teats of dairy cows and on the hands of milkers. The virus has been detected in the milk of naturally infected cows. The objective of this study was to investigate and quantify VACV DNA as well as the presence of infectious virus particles in samples of cheese curd, cheese whey and pasteurized milk produced using milk from cows experimentally inoculated with VACV-GP2, a Brazilian isolate of VACV (VACV-BR). VACV DNA was detected in samples of cheese and pasteurized milk at different time points, even after the resolution of the typical lesions caused by VACV, which occurred after 22 days post-infection (dpi), on average. Moreover, it was possible to detect infectious viral particles in cheese samples on alternate days until 27 dpi. The presence of both VACV DNA and infectious viral particles in cheese samples throughout the clinical course of BV and even after the disappearance of the typical clinical signs of disease draws attention to the risk associated with consumption of the cheese. Furthermore, VACV-contaminated milk and cheese may represent an occupational risk to cheesemakers who often manipulate milk and cheese curd without wearing gloves.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M L de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - M I M C Guedes
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - I S Rehfeld
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - A C D Matos
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - A V Rivetti Júnior
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - A F da Cunha
- Laboratório de Microbiologia de Leite, Departamento de Tecnologia e Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - M M O P Cerqueira
- Laboratório de Microbiologia de Leite, Departamento de Tecnologia e Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - J S Abrahão
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Z I P Lobato
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia Animal, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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16
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Cross-sectional study involving healthcare professionals in a Vaccinia virus endemic area. Vaccine 2017; 35:3281-3285. [PMID: 28495317 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Orthopoxviruses (OPV) are emerging viruses with great importance in human and veterinary medicine, such as Vaccinia virus (VACV), which causes outbreaks of bovine vaccinia (BV) in South America. The clinical aspects of BV are similar to other vesicular infections, complicating the clinical diagnosis. This cross-sectional study evaluated the knowledge of Healthcare Professionals about BV and revealed their unpreparedness about BV in a VACV hyper-endemic area in Brazil, highlighting the public health issues associated with VACV infections. This study presents an opportunity to discuss the importance of vaccination for healthcare professionals who work in areas of VACV circulation and brings an educational measure on VACV infections for health professionals around the world.
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17
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Subclinical bovine vaccinia: An important risk factor in the epidemiology of this zoonosis in cattle. Res Vet Sci 2017; 114:233-235. [PMID: 28502903 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bovine vaccinia (BV) is a zoonosis caused by Vaccinia virus (VACV) that mainly affects lactating cows and dairy farm milkers. The epidemiological role(s) of other cattle categories such as dry cows, bulls, and heifers in BV remains unclear. This study was performed to investigate VACV in affected dairy cattle herds and perifocal farms during an outbreak in Brazil. Crusts from lesions of cows' teats were collected from all farms with BV outbreaks. Milk, feces, blood, and serum were collected from symptomatic and asymptomatic lactating cows. Blood and serum were also sampled from other cattle categories (calves, heifers, dry cows, and bulls). The samples were tested for VACV by PCR, and to confirm VACV viability, VACV-positive samples were inoculated in BSC-40 cells and stained using immunoperoxidase. Neutralizing antibodies were investigated using plaque reduction neutralization test. Viral DNA was detected in milk, blood, and feces samples of symptomatic and asymptomatic dairy cows and in blood samples from other cattle categories on farms with and without confirmed BV outbreak. In affected farms, viable virus was identified in feces and milk samples from lactating cows and in blood samples from asymptomatic dry cows. Viable VACV was also identified in feces from lactating cows and one bull's blood sample from perifocal farms. Neutralizing antibodies were detected in 81.6% of the herds affected by BV and in 53.8% of the herds on perifocal farms. The presented data indicate a potential source of viral dissemination, which contributes to the persistence and spread of VACV in the environment.
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