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Zhou J, Ye W, Chen L, Li J, Zhou Y, Bai C, Luo L. Triptolide alleviates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury via regulating the Fractalkine/CX3CR1 signaling pathway. Brain Res Bull 2024; 211:110939. [PMID: 38574865 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2024.110939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the potential efficacy of Triptolide (TP) on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (CIRI) and to uncover the underlying mechanism through which TP regulates CIRI. METHODS We constructed a middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) mouse model to simulate CIRI, and established a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV-2 cell model to mimic the inflammatory state during CIRI. The neurological deficits score (NS) of mice were measured for assessment of neurologic functions. Both the severity of cerebral infarction and the apoptosis level in mouse brain tissues or cells were respectively evaluated using corresponding techniques. The expression levels of Ionized calcium binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA-1), Inductible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS), Arginase 1 (Arg-1), Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Interleukin 1β (IL-1β), Cysteine histoproteinase S (CTSS), Fractalkine, chemokine C-X3-C motif receptor 1 (CX3CR1), BCL-2-associated X protein (BAX), and antiapoptotic proteins (Bcl-2) were detected using immunofluorescence, qRT-PCR as well as Western blot, respectively. RESULTS Relative to the Sham group, treatment with TP attenuated the increased NS, infarct area and apoptosis levels observed in MCAO/R mice. Upregulated expression levels of IBA-1, iNOS, Arg-1, TNF-α and IL-1β were found in MCAO/R mice, while TP suppressed iNOS, TNF-α and IL-1β expression, and enhanced Arg-1 expression in both MCAO/R mice and LPS-stimulated BV-2 cells. Besides, TP inhibited the CTSS/Fractalkine/CX3CR1 pathway activation in both MCAO/R mice and LPS-induced BV-2 cells, while overexpression of CTSS reversed such effect. Co-culturing HT-22 cells with TP+LPS-treated BV-2 cells led to enhanced cell viability and decreased apoptosis levels. However, overexpression of CTSS further aggravated HT-22 cell injury. CONCLUSION TP inhibits not only microglia polarization towards the M1 phenotype by suppressing the CTSS/Fractalkine/CX3CR1 pathway activation, but also HT-22 apoptosis by crosstalk with BV-2 cells, thereby ameliorating CIRI. These findings reveal a novel mechanism of TP in improving CIRI, and offer potential implications for addressing the preventive and therapeutic strategies of CIRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hangzhou Xixi Hospital Zhejiang University of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Ye
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hangzhou Xixi Hospital Zhejiang University of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hangzhou Xixi Hospital Zhejiang University of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junheng Li
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hangzhou Xixi Hospital Zhejiang University of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yijun Zhou
- Department of Liver Diseases, Affiliated Hangzhou Xixi Hospital Zhejiang University of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chunfeng Bai
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hangzhou Xixi Hospital Zhejiang University of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lian Luo
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hangzhou Xixi Hospital Zhejiang University of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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2
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Eteleeb AM, Novotny BC, Tarraga CS, Sohn C, Dhungel E, Brase L, Nallapu A, Buss J, Farias F, Bergmann K, Bradley J, Norton J, Gentsch J, Wang F, Davis AA, Morris JC, Karch CM, Perrin RJ, Benitez BA, Harari O. Brain high-throughput multi-omics data reveal molecular heterogeneity in Alzheimer's disease. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002607. [PMID: 38687811 PMCID: PMC11086901 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Unbiased data-driven omic approaches are revealing the molecular heterogeneity of Alzheimer disease. Here, we used machine learning approaches to integrate high-throughput transcriptomic, proteomic, metabolomic, and lipidomic profiles with clinical and neuropathological data from multiple human AD cohorts. We discovered 4 unique multimodal molecular profiles, one of them showing signs of poor cognitive function, a faster pace of disease progression, shorter survival with the disease, severe neurodegeneration and astrogliosis, and reduced levels of metabolomic profiles. We found this molecular profile to be present in multiple affected cortical regions associated with higher Braak tau scores and significant dysregulation of synapse-related genes, endocytosis, phagosome, and mTOR signaling pathways altered in AD early and late stages. AD cross-omics data integration with transcriptomic data from an SNCA mouse model revealed an overlapping signature. Furthermore, we leveraged single-nuclei RNA-seq data to identify distinct cell-types that most likely mediate molecular profiles. Lastly, we identified that the multimodal clusters uncovered cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers poised to monitor AD progression and possibly cognition. Our cross-omics analyses provide novel critical molecular insights into AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdallah M. Eteleeb
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, Saint Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- The Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Brenna C. Novotny
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, Saint Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Carolina Soriano Tarraga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, Saint Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Christopher Sohn
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, Saint Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Eliza Dhungel
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Logan Brase
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, Saint Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Aasritha Nallapu
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, Saint Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jared Buss
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, Saint Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Fabiana Farias
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, Saint Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Kristy Bergmann
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, Saint Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Joseph Bradley
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, Saint Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Joanne Norton
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, Saint Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jen Gentsch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, Saint Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Fengxian Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, Saint Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Albert A. Davis
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - John C. Morris
- The Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Celeste M. Karch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, Saint Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- The Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Richard J. Perrin
- The Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Bruno A. Benitez
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Oscar Harari
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, Saint Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- The Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
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Kourti M, Metaxas A. A systematic review and meta-analysis of tau phosphorylation in mouse models of familial Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 192:106427. [PMID: 38307366 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Transgenic models of familial Alzheimer's disease (AD) serve as valuable tools for probing the molecular mechanisms associated with amyloid-beta (Aβ)-induced pathology. In this meta-analysis, we sought to evaluate levels of phosphorylated tau (p-tau) and explore potential age-related variations in tau hyperphosphorylation, within mouse models of AD. The PubMed and Scopus databases were searched for studies measuring soluble p-tau in 5xFAD, APPswe/PSEN1de9, J20 and APP23 mice. Data were extracted and analyzed using standardized procedures. For the 5xFAD model, the search yielded 36 studies eligible for meta-analysis. Levels of p-tau were higher in 5xFAD mice relative to control, a difference that was evident in both the carboxy-terminal (CT) and proline-rich (PR) domains of tau. Age negatively moderated the relationship between genotype and CT phosphorylated tau in studies using hybrid mice, female mice, and preparations from the neocortex. For the APPswe/PSEN1de9 model, the search yielded 27 studies. Analysis showed tau hyperphosphorylation in transgenic vs. control animals, evident in both the CT and PR regions of tau. Age positively moderated the relationship between genotype and PR domain phosphorylated tau in the neocortex of APPswe/PSEN1de9 mice. A meta-analysis was not performed for the J20 and APP23 models, due to the limited number of studies measuring p-tau levels in these mice (<10 studies). Although tau is hyperphosphorylated in both 5xFAD and APPswe/PSEN1de9 mice, the effects of ageing on p-tau are contingent upon the model being examined. These observations emphasize the importance of tailoring model selection to the appropriate disease stage when considering the relationship between Aβ and tau, and suggest that there are optimal intervention points for the administration of both anti-amyloid and anti-tau therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malamati Kourti
- School of Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, European University Cyprus, 2404 Egkomi, Nicosia, Cyprus; Angiogenesis and Cancer Drug Discovery Group, Basic and Translational Cancer Research Centre, Department of Life Sciences, European University Cyprus, 2404 Egkomi, Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | - Athanasios Metaxas
- School of Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, European University Cyprus, 2404 Egkomi, Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
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Majewska A, Le L, Feidler A, Li H, Kara-Pabani K, Lamantia C, O'Banion MK. Noradrenergic signaling controls Alzheimer's disease pathology via activation of microglial β2 adrenergic receptors. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3976896. [PMID: 38464247 PMCID: PMC10925421 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3976896/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Norepinephrine (NE) is a potent anti-inflammatory agent in the brain. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), the loss of NE signaling heightens neuroinflammation and exacerbates amyloid pathology. NE inhibits surveillance activity of microglia, the brain's resident immune cells, via their β2 adrenergic receptors (β2ARs). Here, we investigate the role of microglial β2AR signaling in AD pathology in the 5xFAD mouse model of AD. We found that loss of cortical NE projections preceded the degeneration of NE-producing neurons and that microglia in 5xFAD mice, especially those microglia that were associated with plaques, significantly downregulated β2AR gene expression early in amyloid pathology. Importantly, dampening microglial β2AR signaling worsened plaque load and the associated neuritic damage, while stimulating microglial β2AR signaling attenuated amyloid pathology. Our results suggest that microglial β2AR could be explored as a potential therapeutic target to modify AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Herman Li
- University of Rochester Medical Center
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5
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Fatmi MK, Wang H, Slotabec L, Wen C, Seale B, Zhao B, Li J. Single-Cell RNA-seq reveals transcriptomic modulation of Alzheimer's disease by activated protein C. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:3137-3159. [PMID: 38385967 PMCID: PMC10929801 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Single-Cell RNA sequencing reveals changes in cell population in Alzheimer's disease (AD) model 5xFAD (5x Familial AD mutation) versus wild type (WT) mice. The returned sequencing data was processed through the 10x Genomics CellRanger platform to perform alignment and form corresponding matrix to perform bioinformatic analysis. Alterations in glial cells occurred in 5xFAD versus WT, especially increases in microglia proliferation were profound in 5xFAD. Differential expression testing of glial cells in 5xFAD versus WT revealed gene regulation. Globally, the critical genes implicated in AD progression are upregulated such as Apoe, Ctsb, Trem2, and Tyrobp. Using this differential expression data, GO term enrichment was completed to observe possible biological processes impacted by AD progression. Utilizing anti-inflammatory and cyto-protective recombinant Activated Protein C (APC), we uncover inflammatory processes to be downregulated by APC treatment in addition to recuperation of nervous system processes. Moreover, animal studies demonstrated that administration of recombinant APC significantly attenuated Aβ burden and improved cognitive function of 5xFAD mice. The downregulation of highly expressed AD biomarkers in 5xFAD could provide insight into the mechanisms by which APC administration benefits AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Kasim Fatmi
- Department of Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Lily Slotabec
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Changhong Wen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Blaise Seale
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Bi Zhao
- Genomics Program, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Ji Li
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
- G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
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6
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Zhu Y, Li L, Jin X, Li Z, Wang C, Teng L, Li Y, Zhang Y, Wang D. Structure characterisation of polysaccharides purified from Boletus aereus Bull. and its improvement on AD-like behaviours via reliving neuroinflammation in APP/PS1 mice. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 258:128819. [PMID: 38104691 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The water-soluble neutral polysaccharide BEP2, with a molecular weight of 26.65 kDa, was isolated from the aqueous extract obtained from the fruiting bodies of Boletus aereus Bull. BEP2 primarily comprises Gal, with specific site substitutions speculated at partial positions, such as the substitution of -OCH3 at position H-3 or the branch at position C-2 including α-L-Fucp-(1→, α-D-Manp-(1 → and α-D-Manp-(1 → 3)-α-L-Fucp-(1 → 6)-β-D-Glcp-(1→. Treatment with BEP2 significantly enhanced learning, memory, and cognitive function, while concurrently reducing the accumulation of β-amyloid and suppressing neuroinflammation within the brains of APP/PS1 mice. Based on the results of biochemical detection, gut microbiota analysis, and metabolomic profiling, we found that BEP2 significantly upregulated the abundance of two bacterial families while downregulation that of seven bacterial families within the intestinal ecosystem. Notably, the abundance of the S24-7 family was significantly increased. Treatment with BEP2 upregulated five metabolites, while downregulating three metabolites, including norepinephrine. Additionally, BEP2 decreased the levels of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6, regulated the activities of microglial cells and astrocytes and increased the levels of the chemokine fractalkine (CX3CL1) and its receptor on microglia (CX3CR1), as well as that of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1. These findings confirmed the suppressive effects of BEP2 on neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Lanzhou Li
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Xinghui Jin
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Zhige Li
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Chunyue Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Lirong Teng
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Yu Li
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Yongfeng Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Di Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
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7
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Fazzina M, Bergonzoni M, Massenzio F, Monti B, Frabetti F, Casadei R. Selection of suitable reference genes for gene expression studies in HMC3 cell line by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2431. [PMID: 38287074 PMCID: PMC10825209 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52415-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Microglia represent the primary immune defense system within the central nervous system and play a role in the inflammatory processes occurring in numerous disorders, such as Parkinson's disease (PD). PD onset and progression are associated with factors considered possible causes of neuroinflammation, i.e. genetic mutations. In vitro models of microglial cells were established to identify specific molecular targets in PD through the analysis of gene expression data. Recently, the Human Microglial Clone 3 cell line (HMC3) has been characterized and a new human microglia model has emerged. Here we perform RT-qPCR analyses to evaluate the expression of ten reference genes in HMC3, untreated or stimulated to a pro-inflammatory status. The comparative ∆CT method, BestKeeper, Normfinder, geNorm and RefFinder algorithms were used to assess the stability of the candidate genes. The results showed that the most suitable internal controls are HPRT1, RPS18 and B2M genes. In addition, the most stable and unstable reference genes were used to normalize the expression of a gene of interest in HMC3, resulting in a difference in the statistical significance in cells treated with Rotenone. This is the first reference gene validation study in HMC3 cell line in pro-inflammatory status and can contribute to more reliable gene expression analysis in the field of neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Fazzina
- Department for Life Quality Studies - QUVI, University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy
| | - Matteo Bergonzoni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology - FABIT, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Massenzio
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology - FABIT, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Barbara Monti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology - FABIT, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Flavia Frabetti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences - DIMEC, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Raffaella Casadei
- Department for Life Quality Studies - QUVI, University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy.
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8
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Le L, Feidler AM, Li H, Kara-Pabani K, Lamantia C, O'Banion MK, Majewska KA. Noradrenergic signaling controls Alzheimer's disease pathology via activation of microglial β2 adrenergic receptors. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.01.569564. [PMID: 38106167 PMCID: PMC10723313 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.01.569564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathophysiology, plaque and tangle accumulation trigger an inflammatory response that mounts positive feed-back loops between inflammation and protein aggregation, aggravating neurite damage and neuronal death. One of the earliest brain regions to undergo neurodegeneration is the locus coeruleus (LC), the predominant site of norepinephrine (NE) production in the central nervous system (CNS). In animal models of AD, dampening the impact of noradrenergic signaling pathways, either through administration of beta blockers or pharmacological ablation of the LC, heightened neuroinflammation through increased levels of pro-inflammatory mediators. Since microglia are the resident immune cells of the CNS, it is reasonable to postulate that they are responsible for translating the loss of NE tone into exacerbated disease pathology. Recent findings from our lab demonstrated that noradrenergic signaling inhibits microglia dynamics via β2 adrenergic receptors (β2ARs), suggesting a potential anti-inflammatory role for microglial β2AR signaling. Thus, we hypothesize that microglial β2 adrenergic signaling is progressively impaired during AD progression, which leads to the chronic immune vigilant state of microglia that worsens disease pathology. First, we characterized changes in microglial β2AR signaling as a function of amyloid pathology. We found that LC neurons and their projections degenerate early and progressively in the 5xFAD mouse model of AD; accompanied by mild decrease in the levels of norepinephrine and its metabolite normetanephrine. Interestingly, while 5xFAD microglia, especially plaque-associated microglia, significant downregulated β2AR gene expression early in amyloid pathology, they did not lose their responsiveness to β2AR stimulation. Most importantly, we demonstrated that specific microglial β2AR deletion worsened disease pathology while chronic β2AR stimulation resulted in attenuation of amyloid pathology and associated neuritic damage, suggesting microglial β2AR might be used as potential therapeutic target to modify AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Le
- Department of Neuroscience, Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY
| | - A M Feidler
- Department of Neuroscience, Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY
| | - H Li
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Rochester, Rochester NY
| | - K Kara-Pabani
- Department of Neuroscience, Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY
| | - C Lamantia
- Department of Neuroscience, Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY
| | - M K O'Banion
- Department of Neuroscience, Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY
| | - K A Majewska
- Department of Neuroscience, Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester NY
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9
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Liu G, Yang C, Wang X, Chen X, Wang Y, Le W. Oxygen metabolism abnormality and Alzheimer's disease: An update. Redox Biol 2023; 68:102955. [PMID: 37956598 PMCID: PMC10665957 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxygen metabolism abnormality plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) via several mechanisms, including hypoxia, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Hypoxia condition usually results from living in a high-altitude habitat, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and chronic obstructive sleep apnea. Chronic hypoxia has been identified as a significant risk factor for AD, showing an aggravation of various pathological components of AD, such as amyloid β-protein (Aβ) metabolism, tau phosphorylation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroinflammation. It is known that hypoxia and excessive hyperoxia can both result in oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction can increase Aβ and tau phosphorylation, and Aβ and tau proteins can lead to redox imbalance, thus forming a vicious cycle and exacerbating AD pathology. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) is a non-invasive intervention known for its capacity to significantly enhance cerebral oxygenation levels, which can significantly attenuate Aβ aggregation, tau phosphorylation, and neuroinflammation. However, further investigation is imperative to determine the optimal oxygen pressure, duration of exposure, and frequency of HBOT sessions. In this review, we explore the prospects of oxygen metabolism in AD, with the aim of enhancing our understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms in AD. Current research aimed at attenuating abnormalities in oxygen metabolism holds promise for providing novel therapeutic approaches for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangdong Liu
- Institute of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Cui Yang
- Institute of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Institute of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Institute of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Yanjiang Wang
- Department of Neurology and Centre for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Weidong Le
- Institute of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China; Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116021, China.
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10
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Morrison V, Houpert M, Trapani J, Brockman A, Kingsley P, Katdare K, Layden H, Nguena-Jones G, Trevisan A, Maguire-Zeiss K, Marnett L, Bix G, Ihrie R, Carter B. Jedi-1/MEGF12-mediated phagocytosis controls the pro-neurogenic properties of microglia in the ventricular-subventricular zone. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113423. [PMID: 37952151 PMCID: PMC10842823 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the primary phagocytes in the central nervous system and clear dead cells generated during development or disease. The phagocytic process shapes the microglia phenotype, which affects the local environment. A unique population of microglia resides in the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ) of neonatal mice, but how they influence the neurogenic niche is not well understood. Here, we demonstrate that phagocytosis contributes to a pro-neurogenic microglial phenotype in the V-SVZ and that these microglia phagocytose apoptotic cells via the engulfment receptor Jedi-1. Deletion of Jedi-1 decreases apoptotic cell clearance, triggering a neuroinflammatory microglia phenotype that resembles dysfunctional microglia in neurodegeneration and aging and that reduces neural precursor proliferation via elevated interleukin-1β signaling; interleukin-1 receptor inhibition rescues precursor proliferation in vivo. Together, these results reveal a critical role for Jedi-1 in connecting microglial phagocytic activity to the maintenance of a pro-neurogenic phenotype in the developing V-SVZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivianne Morrison
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Matthew Houpert
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Jonathan Trapani
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Asa Brockman
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Philip Kingsley
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Ketaki Katdare
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Hillary Layden
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Gabriela Nguena-Jones
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Alexandra Trevisan
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | | | - Lawrence Marnett
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; A.B. Hancock Jr. Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Gregory Bix
- Center for Clinical Neuroscience Research, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Rebecca Ihrie
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Bruce Carter
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
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11
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Li T, Tan X, Tian L, Jia C, Cheng C, Chen X, Wei M, Wang Y, Hu Y, Jia Q, Ni Y, Al-Nusaif M, Li S, Le W. The role of Nurr1-miR-30e-5p-NLRP3 axis in inflammation-mediated neurodegeneration: insights from mouse models and patients' studies in Parkinson's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:274. [PMID: 37990334 PMCID: PMC10664369 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02956-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptor related-1 (Nurr1), a ligand-activated transcription factor, is considered a potential susceptibility gene for Parkinson's disease (PD), and has been demonstrated to possess protective effects against inflammation-induced neuronal damage. Despite the evidence showing decreased NURR1 level and increased pro-inflammatory cytokines in cell and animal models as well as in PD patients' peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), the underlying mechanism remains elusive. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanism of Nurr1 in PD-related inflammation. Through the miRNA-sequencing and verification in PBMCs from a cohort of 450 individuals, we identified a significant change of a Nurr1-dependent miRNA miR-30e-5p in PD patients compared to healthy controls (HC). Additionally, PD patients exhibited an elevated plasma interleukin-1β (IL-1β) level and increased nucleotide-binding domain-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) expression in PBMCs compared to HC. Statistical analyses revealed significant correlations among NURR1, miR-30e-5p, and NLRP3 levels in the PBMCs of PD patients. To further explore the involvement of Nurr1-miR-30e-5p-NLRP3 axis in the inflammation-mediated PD pathology, we developed a mouse model (Nurr1flox+/Cd11b-cre+, Nurr1cKO) conditionally knocking out Nurr1 in Cd11b-expressing cells. Our investigations in Nurr1cKO mice unveiled significant dopaminergic neurodegeneration following lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation. Remarkably, Nurr1 deficiency triggered microglial activation and activated NLRP3 inflammasome, resulting in increased IL-1β secretion. Coincidently, we found that miR-30e-5p level was significantly decreased in the PBMCs and primary microglia of Nurr1cKO mice compared to the controls. Furthermore, our in vitro experiments demonstrated that miR-30e-5p specifically targeted NLRP3. In Nurr1-knockdown microglia, NLRP3 expression was upregulated via miR-30e-5p. In summary, our findings highlight the involvement of Nurr1-miR-30e-5p-NLRP3 axis in the inflammation-mediated neurodegeneration in PD, the results of which may offer promising prospects for developing PD biomarkers and targeted therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianbai Li
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research On the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116021, China
| | - Xiang Tan
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research On the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116021, China
| | - Lulu Tian
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research On the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116021, China
| | - Congcong Jia
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research On the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116021, China
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research On the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116021, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Institute of Neurology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Min Wei
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research On the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116021, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research On the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116021, China
| | - Yiying Hu
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research On the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116021, China
| | - Qiqi Jia
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research On the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116021, China
| | - Yang Ni
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research On the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116021, China
| | - Murad Al-Nusaif
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research On the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116021, China
| | - Song Li
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research On the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116021, China
| | - Weidong Le
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Research On the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neurological Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116021, China.
- Institute of Neurology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, China.
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12
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Sudwarts A, Thinakaran G. Alzheimer's genes in microglia: a risk worth investigating. Mol Neurodegener 2023; 18:90. [PMID: 37986179 PMCID: PMC10662636 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00679-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite expressing many key risk genes, the role of microglia in late-onset Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology is somewhat ambiguous, with various phenotypes reported to be either harmful or protective. Herein, we review some key findings from clinical and animal model investigations, discussing the role of microglial genetics in mediating perturbations from homeostasis. We note that impairment to protective phenotypes may include prolonged or insufficient microglial activation, resulting in dysregulated metabolomic (notably lipid-related) processes, compounded by age-related inflexibility in dynamic responses. Insufficiencies of mouse genetics and aggressive transgenic modelling imply severe limitations in applying current methodologies for aetiological investigations. Despite the shortcomings, widely used amyloidosis and tauopathy models of the disease have proven invaluable in dissecting microglial functional responses to AD pathophysiology. Some recent advances have brought modelling tools closer to human genetics, increasing the validity of both aetiological and translational endeavours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Sudwarts
- Byrd Alzheimer's Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
| | - Gopal Thinakaran
- Byrd Alzheimer's Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
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13
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Wang J, Zhang Y, Feng X, Du M, Li S, Chang X, Liu P. Tanshinone IIA alleviates atherosclerosis in LDLR -/- mice by regulating efferocytosis of macrophages. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1233709. [PMID: 37886125 PMCID: PMC10598641 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1233709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Tanshinone IIA (TIIA) is the major lipid-soluble active ingredient of the traditional Chinese medicine Salvia miltiorrhiza, which slows down atherosclerosis (AS). However, it remains unclear whether TIIA has the potential to enhance macrophage efferocytosis and thereby improve atherosclerosis. Objective: The focus of this examination was to determine if TIIA could reduce lipid accumulation and treat AS by enhancing efferocytosis. Methods: Firstly, we conducted in vivo experiments using LDLR knockout (LDLR-/-) mice for a period of 24 weeks, using histopathological staining, immunofluorescence and Western blot experiments to validate from the efficacy and mechanism parts, respectively; in addition, we utilized cells to validate our study again in vitro. The specific experimental design scheme is as follows: In vivo, Western diet-fed LDLR-/- mice for 12 weeks were constructed as an AS model, and normal diet-fed LDLR-/- mice were taken as a blank control group. The TIIA group and positive control group (atorvastatin, ATO) were intervened for 12 weeks by intraperitoneal injection (15 mg/kg/d) and gavage (1.3 mg/kg/d), respectively. In vitro, RAW264.7 cells were cultured with ox-LDL (50 ug/mL) or ox-LDL (50 ug/mL) + TIIA (20 uM/L or 40 uM/L). Pathological changes in aortic plaques and foam cell formation in RAW264.7 cells were evaluated using Masson and Oil Red O staining, respectively. Biochemical methods were used to detect lipid levels in mice. The immunofluorescence assay was performed to detect apoptotic cells and efferocytosis-related signal expression at the plaques. RT-qPCR and Western blot were carried out to observe the trend change of efferocytosis-related molecules in both mouse aorta and RAW264.7 cells. We also used the neutral red assay to assess RAW264.7 cells' phagocytic capacity. Results: Compared with the model group, TIIA decreased serum TC, TG, and LDL-C levels (p < 0.01), reduced the relative lumen area of murine aortic lipid-rich plaques (p < 0.01), enhanced the stability of murine aortic plaques (p < 0.01), reduced ox-LDL-induced lipid build-up in RAW264.7 cells (p < 0.01), and upregulated efferocytosis-related molecules expression and enhance the efferocytosis rate of ox-LDL-induced RAW264.7 cells. Conclusion: TIIA might reduce lipid accumulation by enhancing the efferocytosis of macrophages and thus treat AS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ping Liu
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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14
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Widjaya MA, Liu CH, Lee SD, Cheng WC. Transcriptomics Meta-Analysis Reveals Phagosome and Innate Immune System Dysfunction as Potential Mechanisms in the Cortex of Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Strains. J Mol Neurosci 2023; 73:773-786. [PMID: 37733230 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-023-02152-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Immune-related pathways can affect the immune system directly, such as the chemokine signaling pathway, or indirectly, such as the phagosome pathway. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is reportedly associated with several immune-related pathways. However, exploring its underlying mechanism is challenging in animal studies because AD mouse strains differentially express immune-related pathway characteristics. To overcome this problem, we performed a meta-analysis to identify significant and consistent immune-related AD pathways that are expressed in different AD mouse strains. Next-generation RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and microarray datasets for the cortex of AD mice from different strains such as APP/PSEN1, APP/PS2, 3xTg, TREM, and 5xFAD were collected from the NCBI GEO database. Each dataset's quality control and normalization were already processed from each original study source using various methods depending on the high-throughput analysis platform (FastQC, median of ratios, RMA, between array normalization). Datasets were analyzed using DESeq2 for RNA-seq and GEO2R for microarray to identify differentially expressed (DE) genes. Significantly DE genes were meta-analyzed using Stouffer's method, with significant genes further analyzed for functional enrichment. Ten datasets representing 20 conditions were obtained from the NCBI GEO database, comprising 116 control and 120 AD samples. The DE analysis identified 284 significant DE genes. The meta-analysis identified three significantly enriched immune-related AD pathways: phagosome, the complement and coagulation cascade, and chemokine signaling. Phagosomes-related genes correlated with complement and immune system. Meanwhile, phagosomes and chemokine signaling genes overlapped with B cells receptors pathway genes indicating potential correlation between phagosome, chemokines, and adaptive immune system as well. The transcriptomic meta-analysis showed that AD is associated with immune-related pathways in the brain's cortex through the phagosome, complement and coagulation cascade, and chemokine signaling pathways. Interestingly, phagosome and chemokine signaling pathways had potential correlation with B cells receptors pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Anekson Widjaya
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsin Liu
- Cancer Biology and Precision Therapeutics Center, China Medical University and Academia Sinica China Medical University, Taichung, 40403, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Da Lee
- Department of Physical Therapy, PhD program in Healthcare Science, China Medical University, Taichung, 406040, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Chung Cheng
- Cancer Biology and Precision Therapeutics Center, China Medical University and Academia Sinica China Medical University, Taichung, 40403, Taiwan.
- Ph.D. Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, China Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taichung, Taiwan.
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15
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Deng Q, Wu C, Parker E, Liu TCY, Duan R, Yang L. Microglia and Astrocytes in Alzheimer's Disease: Significance and Summary of Recent Advances. Aging Dis 2023:AD.2023.0907. [PMID: 37815901 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease, one of the most common forms of dementia, is characterized by a slow progression of cognitive impairment and neuronal loss. Currently, approved treatments for AD are hindered by various side effects and limited efficacy. Despite considerable research, practical treatments for AD have not been developed. Increasing evidence shows that glial cells, especially microglia and astrocytes, are essential in the initiation and progression of AD. During AD progression, activated resident microglia increases the ability of resting astrocytes to transform into reactive astrocytes, promoting neurodegeneration. Extensive clinical and molecular studies show the involvement of microglia and astrocyte-mediated neuroinflammation in AD pathology, indicating that microglia and astrocytes may be potential therapeutic targets for AD. This review will summarize the significant and recent advances of microglia and astrocytes in the pathogenesis of AD in three parts. First, we will review the typical pathological changes of AD and discuss microglia and astrocytes in terms of function and phenotypic changes. Second, we will describe microglia and astrocytes' physiological and pathological role in AD. These roles include the inflammatory response, "eat me" and "don't eat me" signals, Aβ seeding, propagation, clearance, synapse loss, synaptic pruning, remyelination, and demyelination. Last, we will review the pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies targeting microglia and astrocytes in AD. We conclude that microglia and astrocytes are essential in the initiation and development of AD. Therefore, understanding the new role of microglia and astrocytes in AD progression is critical for future AD studies and clinical trials. Moreover, pharmacological, and non-pharmacological therapies targeting microglia and astrocytes, with specific studies investigating microglia and astrocyte-mediated neuronal damage and repair, may be a promising research direction for future studies regarding AD treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianting Deng
- Laboratory of Exercise and Neurobiology, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chongyun Wu
- Laboratory of Exercise and Neurobiology, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Sports Science, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Emily Parker
- Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Timon Cheng-Yi Liu
- Laboratory of Laser Sports Medicine, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Rui Duan
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine in Sports Science, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Luodan Yang
- Laboratory of Exercise and Neurobiology, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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16
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Sola-Sevilla N, Mesa-Lombardo A, Aleixo M, Expósito S, Diaz-Perdigón T, Azqueta A, Zamani F, Suzuki T, Maioli S, Eroli F, Matton A, Ramírez MJ, Solas M, Tordera RM, Martín ED, Puerta E. SIRT2 Inhibition Rescues Neurodegenerative Pathology but Increases Systemic Inflammation in a Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2023; 18:529-550. [PMID: 37698780 PMCID: PMC10577113 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-023-10084-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Sirtuin 2 (SIRT2) has been proposed to have a central role on aging, inflammation, cancer and neurodegenerative diseases; however, its specific function remains controversial. Recent studies propose SIRT2 pharmacological inhibition as a therapeutic strategy for several neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Surprisingly, none of these published studies regarding the potential interest of SIRT2 inhibition has assessed the peripheral adverse side consequences of this treatment. In this study, we demonstrate that the specific SIRT2 inhibitor, the compound 33i, does not exhibit genotoxic or mutagenic properties. Moreover, pharmacological treatment with 33i, improved cognitive dysfunction and long-term potentiation, reducing amyloid pathology and neuroinflammation in the APP/PS1 AD mouse model. However, this treatment increased peripheral levels of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, TNF, IL-6 and MCP-1. Accordingly, peripheral SIRT2 inhibition with the blood brain barrier impermeable compound AGK-2, worsened the cognitive capacities and increased systemic inflammation. The analysis of human samples revealed that SIRT2 is increased in the brain but not in the serum of AD patients. These results suggest that, although SIRT2 pharmacological inhibition may have beneficial consequences in neurodegenerative diseases, its pharmacological inhibition at the periphery would not be recommended and the systemic adverse side effects should be considered. This information is essential to maximize the therapeutic potential of SIRT2 inhibition not only for AD but also for other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Sola-Sevilla
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), C/ Irunlarrea, 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Alberto Mesa-Lombardo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), C/ Irunlarrea, 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neurosciences, Medical School, Autonoma University of Madrid, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mikel Aleixo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), C/ Irunlarrea, 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sara Expósito
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Synaptic Plasticity, Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Diaz-Perdigón
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), C/ Irunlarrea, 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Amaya Azqueta
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), C/ Irunlarrea, 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | | | - Silvia Maioli
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Francesca Eroli
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Matton
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria J Ramírez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), C/ Irunlarrea, 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maite Solas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), C/ Irunlarrea, 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Rosa M Tordera
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), C/ Irunlarrea, 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Eduardo D Martín
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Synaptic Plasticity, Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Puerta
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), C/ Irunlarrea, 1, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.
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17
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Lavekar SS, Harkin J, Hernandez M, Gomes C, Patil S, Huang KC, Puntambekar SS, Lamb BT, Meyer JS. Development of a three-dimensional organoid model to explore early retinal phenotypes associated with Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13827. [PMID: 37620502 PMCID: PMC10449801 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40382-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of Aβ plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, resulting in synaptic loss and neurodegeneration. The retina is an extension of the central nervous system within the eye, sharing many structural similarities with the brain, and previous studies have observed AD-related phenotypes within the retina. Three-dimensional retinal organoids differentiated from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) can effectively model some of the earliest manifestations of disease states, yet early AD-associated phenotypes have not yet been examined. Thus, the current study focused upon the differentiation of hPSCs into retinal organoids for the analysis of early AD-associated alterations. Results demonstrated the robust differentiation of retinal organoids from both familial AD and unaffected control cell lines, with familial AD retinal organoids exhibiting a significant increase in the Aβ42:Aβ40 ratio as well as phosphorylated Tau protein, characteristic of AD pathology. Further, transcriptional analyses demonstrated the differential expression of many genes and cellular pathways, including those associated with synaptic dysfunction. Taken together, the current study demonstrates the ability of retinal organoids to serve as a powerful model for the identification of some of the earliest retinal alterations associated with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sailee S Lavekar
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Jade Harkin
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Melody Hernandez
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Cátia Gomes
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Shruti Patil
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Kang-Chieh Huang
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Shweta S Puntambekar
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Bruce T Lamb
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Jason S Meyer
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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18
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Jury-Garfe N, You Y, Martínez P, Redding-Ochoa J, Karahan H, Johnson TS, Zhang J, Kim J, Troncoso JC, Lasagna-Reeves CA. Enhanced microglial dynamics and paucity of tau seeding in the amyloid plaque microenvironment contributes to cognitive resilience in Alzheimer's disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.27.550884. [PMID: 37546928 PMCID: PMC10402121 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.27.550884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Asymptomatic Alzheimer's disease (AsymAD) describes the status of subjects with preserved cognition but with identifiable Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain pathology (i.e. Aβ-amyloid deposits, neuritic plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles) at autopsy. In this study, we investigated the postmortem brains of a cohort of AsymAD cases to gain insight into the underlying mechanisms of resilience to AD pathology and cognitive decline. Our results showed that AsymAD cases exhibit an enrichment of core plaques and decreased filamentous plaque accumulation, as well as an increase in microglia surrounding this last type. In AsymAD cases we found less pathological tau aggregation in dystrophic neurites compared to AD and tau seeding activity comparable to healthy control subjects. We used spatial transcriptomics to further characterize the plaque niche and found autophagy, endocytosis, and phagocytosis within the top upregulated pathways in the AsymAD plaque niche, but not in AD. Furthermore, we found ARP2, an actin-based motility protein crucial to initiate the formation of new actin filaments, increased within microglia in the proximity of amyloid plaques in AsymAD. Our findings support that the amyloid-plaque microenvironment in AsymAD cases is characterized by microglia with highly efficient actin-based cell motility mechanisms and decreased tau seeding compared to AD. These two mechanisms can potentially provide protection against the toxic cascade initiated by Aβ that preserves brain health and slows down the progression of AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Jury-Garfe
- Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University, Indianapolis, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Yanwen You
- Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University, Indianapolis, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Pablo Martínez
- Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University, Indianapolis, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Javier Redding-Ochoa
- Departments of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Hande Karahan
- Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University, Indianapolis, USA
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Travis S. Johnson
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Data Science, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jungsu Kim
- Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University, Indianapolis, USA
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Juan C. Troncoso
- Departments of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Cristian A. Lasagna-Reeves
- Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University, Indianapolis, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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19
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Sirkis DW, Warly Solsberg C, Johnson TP, Bonham LW, Sturm VE, Lee SE, Rankin KP, Rosen HJ, Boxer AL, Seeley WW, Miller BL, Geier EG, Yokoyama JS. Single-cell RNA-seq reveals alterations in peripheral CX3CR1 and nonclassical monocytes in familial tauopathy. Genome Med 2023; 15:53. [PMID: 37464408 PMCID: PMC10354988 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-023-01205-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence from mouse models is beginning to elucidate the brain's immune response to tau pathology, but little is known about the nature of this response in humans. In addition, it remains unclear to what extent tau pathology and the local inflammatory response within the brain influence the broader immune system. METHODS To address these questions, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from carriers of pathogenic variants in MAPT, the gene encoding tau (n = 8), and healthy non-carrier controls (n = 8). Primary findings from our scRNA-seq analyses were confirmed and extended via flow cytometry, droplet digital (dd)PCR, and secondary analyses of publicly available transcriptomics datasets. RESULTS Analysis of ~ 181,000 individual PBMC transcriptomes demonstrated striking differential expression in monocytes and natural killer (NK) cells in MAPT pathogenic variant carriers. In particular, we observed a marked reduction in the expression of CX3CR1-the gene encoding the fractalkine receptor that is known to modulate tau pathology in mouse models-in monocytes and NK cells. We also observed a significant reduction in the abundance of nonclassical monocytes and dysregulated expression of nonclassical monocyte marker genes, including FCGR3A. Finally, we identified reductions in TMEM176A and TMEM176B, genes thought to be involved in the inflammatory response in human microglia but with unclear function in peripheral monocytes. We confirmed the reduction in nonclassical monocytes by flow cytometry and the differential expression of select biologically relevant genes dysregulated in our scRNA-seq data using ddPCR. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that human peripheral immune cell expression and abundance are modulated by tau-associated pathophysiologic changes. CX3CR1 and nonclassical monocytes in particular will be a focus of future work exploring the role of these peripheral signals in additional tau-associated neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Sirkis
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, 1651 4th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Caroline Warly Solsberg
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, 1651 4th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmacogenomics Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Taylor P Johnson
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, 1651 4th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Luke W Bonham
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, 1651 4th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Virginia E Sturm
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, 1651 4th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Suzee E Lee
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, 1651 4th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Katherine P Rankin
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, 1651 4th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Howard J Rosen
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, 1651 4th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Adam L Boxer
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, 1651 4th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - William W Seeley
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, 1651 4th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Bruce L Miller
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, 1651 4th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ethan G Geier
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, 1651 4th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Transposon Therapeutics, Inc, San Diego, CA, 92122, USA
| | - Jennifer S Yokoyama
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, 1651 4th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmacogenomics Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
- Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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20
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Chen Y, Yu Y. Tau and neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease: interplay mechanisms and clinical translation. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:165. [PMID: 37452321 PMCID: PMC10349496 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02853-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) contributes to most cases of dementia. Its prominent neuropathological features are the extracellular neuritic plaques and intercellular neurofibrillary tangles composed of aggregated β-amyloid (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau protein, respectively. In the past few decades, disease-modifying therapy targeting Aβ has been the focus of AD drug development. Even though it is encouraging that two of these drugs have recently received accelerated US Food and Drug Administration approval for AD treatment, their efficacy or long-term safety is controversial. Tau has received increasing attention as a potential therapeutic target, since evidence indicates that tau pathology is more associated with cognitive dysfunction. Moreover, inflammation, especially neuroinflammation, accompanies AD pathological processes and is also linked to cognitive deficits. Accumulating evidence indicates that inflammation has a complex and tight interplay with tau pathology. Here, we review recent evidence on the interaction between tau pathology, focusing on tau post-translational modification and dissemination, and neuroinflammatory responses, including glial cell activation and inflammatory signaling pathways. Then, we summarize the latest clinical trials targeting tau and neuroinflammation. Sustained and increased inflammatory responses in glial cells and neurons are pivotal cellular drivers and regulators of the exacerbation of tau pathology, which further contributes to its worsening by aggravating inflammatory responses. Unraveling the precise mechanisms underlying the relationship between tau pathology and neuroinflammation will provide new insights into the discovery and clinical translation of therapeutic targets for AD and other tau-related diseases (tauopathies). Targeting multiple pathologies and precision therapy strategies will be the crucial direction for developing drugs for AD and other tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Chen
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Drug Target Identification and Delivery, Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Drug Target Identification and Delivery, Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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21
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Wu X, Gao Y, Shi C, Tong J, Ma D, Shen J, Yang J, Ji M. Complement C1q drives microglia-dependent synaptic loss and cognitive impairments in a mouse model of lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation. Neuropharmacology 2023; 237:109646. [PMID: 37356797 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Activated microglia and subsequent release of pro-inflammatory cytokines result in neuroinflammatory status which further damage neurological function including cognitive impairments in various neurological conditions. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms during these pathological processing remain unknown. In the current study, mice received intraperitoneal administrations of LPS (0.5 mg/kg, daily, Escherichia coli O55:B5) for seven consecutive days and their different cohorts were used for behavioral assessment with open field, Y maze, and novel object recognition test or for electrophysiology recordings of mEPSC, LFP or LTP in in vivo or ex vivo preparation. The hippocampus from some cohorts were harvested for immunostaining or Western blotting of c1q, Iba-1, CD68, PSD95 and dendritic spine density or for transcriptome and proteomics analysis. Repeated LPS injections induced an up-regulation of complement system protein c1q and distinct microglial phenotype with an enrichment of the complement-phagosome pathway. Microglial synaptic engulfment and profound synaptic loss were found. These pathological changes were accompanied with the significantly decreased excitatory synaptic transmission, disturbed theta oscillations, impaired hippocampal long-term potentiation, and cognitive impairments. Notably, neutralization of c1q signaling robustly prevented these changes. Collectively, our data provide evidence that activated microglia and complement cascade c1q signaling in the hippocampus may account for synaptic loss and cognitive impairments in a mouse model of neuroinflammation induced by repeated LPS injections. Our work implicates that complement system may be a therapeutic target for developing therapies to prevent or treat cognitive disorders related to neuroinflammation or other disease conditions including neurodegenerative disease per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmiao Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuzhu Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cuina Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianhua Tong
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Daqing Ma
- Division of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
| | - Jinchun Shen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jianjun Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Muhuo Ji
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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22
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Wang X, Xie Y, Niu Y, Wan B, Lu Y, Luo Q, Zhu L. CX3CL1/CX3CR1 signal mediates M1-type microglia and accelerates high-altitude-induced forgetting. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1189348. [PMID: 37234914 PMCID: PMC10206058 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1189348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hypoxia-induced neuronal damage is the primary cause of cognitive impairment induced by high-altitude exposure. Microglia play a crucial regulatory role in the central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis and synaptic plasticity. M1-type polarized microglia are suspected to be responsible for CNS injury under hypoxic conditions, but the exact molecular mechanism is still unelucidated. Methods CX3CR1 knock out and wide type mice were exposed to a simulated plateau at 7000 m for 48 h to construct the model of hypobaric hypoxia-induced memory impairment. The memory impairment of mice was assessed by Morris water maze. The dendritic spine density in the hippocampus was examined by Golgi staining. The synapses in the CA1 region and the number of neurons in the DG region were examined by immunofluorescence staining. The synapses in microglia activation and phagocytosis were examined by immunofluorescence. The levels of CX3CL1/CX3CR1 and their downstream proteins were detected. CX3CR1 knockout primary microglia were treated with CX3CL1 combined with 1% O2. The levels of proteins related to microglial polarization, the uptake of synaptosome and phagocytotic ability of microglia were detected. Results In this study, mice exposed to a simulated 7000 m altitude for 48 h developed significant amnesia for recent memories, but no significant change in their anxiety levels was observed. Hypobaric hypoxia exposure (7000 m altitude above sea level for 48 h) resulted in synapse loss in the CA1 region of the hippocampus, but no significant changes occurred in the total number of neurons. Meanwhile, microglia activation, increased phagocytosis of synapses by microglia, and CX3CL1/CX3CR1 signal activation were observed under hypobaric hypoxic exposure. Further, we found that after hypobaric hypoxia exposure, CX3CR1-deficient mice showed less amnesia, less synaptic loss in the CA1 region, and less increase in M1 microglia, compared to their wildtype siblings. CX3CR1-deficient microglia did not exhibit M1-type polarization in response to either hypoxia or CX3CL1 induction. Both hypoxia and CX3CL1 induced the phagocytosis of synapses by microglia through the upregulation of microglial phagocytosis. Discussion The current study demonstrates that CX3CL1/CX3CR1 signal mediates the M1-type polarization of microglia under high-altitude exposure and upregulates microglial phagocytosis, which increases the phagocytosis of synapses in the CA1 region of the hippocampus, causing synaptic loss and inducing forgetting.
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23
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Ma Y, Liu N, Wang Y, Zhang A, Zhu Z, Zhang Z, Li Y, Jian G, Fu G, Dong M, Zheng G, Zhu P, Zhong G, Bai S, Chen S, Wei X, Tan J, Wang X. Cognitive adverse events in patients with lung cancer treated with checkpoint inhibitor monotherapy: a propensity score-matched analysis. EClinicalMedicine 2023; 59:101987. [PMID: 37152366 PMCID: PMC10154980 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.101987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer-related cognitive decline is a serious problem in long-term survival but no pivotal study has investigated whether checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) may be associated with cognitive adverse events. Methods This propensity score-matched analysis recruited non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients prescribed with or without ICI monotherapy from three Chinese tertiary hospitals. Patients were excluded from study who developed brain metastasis or had disorders severely affecting cognitive abilities. Primary outcomes were changes in neuropsychological battery test (NBT) at baseline, 6- and 12-month sessions, and any NBT score changes that exceeded 3∗SD of baseline scores would be marked as objective cognitive adverse events (CoAE). Secondary endpoint was the 20-item Perceived Cognitive Impairment (PCI) sub-scale score change in Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Cognitive Function questionnaire, administered at baseline, 3-, 6-, 9-, 12-, and 15-month follow-up session. Per-protocol ICI and control arms were matched with propensity scores that incorporated baseline variables to compare both NBT and PCI assessment results. Patients participating in PCI assessments were analysed in intention-to-treat analysis. Kaplan-Meier survival curves with log-rank tests were adopted to analyse incidence of perceived cognitive decline events (PCDE). Findings Between March 12, 2020, and March 28, 2021, 908 participants were enrolled. Compared to control, 3 of 4 subtest of NBT scores in ICI arm showed significant cognitive decline in 6- and 12-month sessions, in which Trail Making Test score change (13.56 ± 11.73) reached threshold of cognitive deficit diagnosis in the 12-month session. In 1:1 matched 292 pairs from 908 patients, PCI score changes in ICI arms were -4.26 ± 8.54 (3rd month), -4.72 ± 11.83 (6th month), -6.16 ± 15.41 (9th month), -6.07 ± 15.71 (12th month), and -7.96 ± 13.97 (15th month). The scores were significantly lower than control arm in 3-, 6-, and 12-session follow-up. The result was validated after adjusting quality of life scores and in intention-to-treat analysis. Mean PCI change exceeded 1/2 SD of baseline PCI score (5.81) in 9-, 12-, and 15-month sessions in ICI arm, but not in control arm. PCDE incidence/prevalence was significantly higher in ICI arm (incidence 26.4% vs. 5.1%, and prevalence 16.2% vs. 1.7%). Immune-related adverse events related to incidence of PCDE after adjusting for baseline variables. Interpretation ICI monotherapy seemed to relate to higher cognitive decline represented by score changes and incidence/prevalence rates. The decline deteriorated as treatment progressed, and immune-related adverse events seemed to be associated with higher cognitive adverse events incidence in the ICI treatment. Funding The Fellowship of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation and National Natural Science Foundation of China Youth Science Fund Project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Ma
- Department of Orthopedics and Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Nianqi Liu
- Faculty of Psychology, Institute of Educational Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yanqi Wang
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China
- School of Public Health, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ao Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Corresponding author. Department of Clinical Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Zirui Zhu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Hainan Hospital of People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Sanya, Hainan Province, China
| | - Zhiying Zhang
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China
- School of Public Health, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yiming Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guangmin Jian
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Key Clinical Laboratory of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Guangzhen Fu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Key Clinical Laboratory of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Mingming Dong
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Guoxing Zheng
- Department of Orthopedics and Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Pengfei Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Key Clinical Laboratory of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Guanqing Zhong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shenrui Bai
- Department of Hematological Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shuqin Chen
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiaolong Wei
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jifan Tan
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xinjia Wang
- Department of Orthopedics and Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China
- Corresponding author. Department of Orthopedics and Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China.
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Baicalein ameliorates Alzheimer's disease via orchestration of CX3CR1/NF-κB pathway in a triple transgenic mouse model. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 118:109994. [PMID: 37098656 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common chronic neurodegenerative disease. Some studies have suggested that dysregulation of microglia activation and the resulting neuroinflammation play an important role in the development of AD pathology. Activated microglia have both M1 and M2 phenotypes and inhibition of M1 phenotype while stimulating M2 phenotype has been considered as a potential treatment for neuroinflammation-related diseases. Baicalein is a class of flavonoids with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and other biological activities, but its role in AD and the regulation of microglia are limited. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of baicalein on the activation of microglia in AD model mice and the related molecular mechanism. Our results showed that baicalein significantly improved the learning and memory ability and AD-related pathology of 3 × Tg-AD mice, inhibited the level of pro-inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6, promoted the production of anti-inflammatory factors IL-4 and IL-10, and regulated the microglia phenotype through CX3CR1/NF-κB signaling pathway. In conclusion, baicalein can regulate the phenotypic transformation of activated microglia and reduce neuroinflammation through CX3CR1/NF-κB pathway, thereby improving the learning and memory ability of 3 × Tg-AD mice.
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Penke B, Szűcs M, Bogár F. New Pathways Identify Novel Drug Targets for the Prevention and Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065383. [PMID: 36982456 PMCID: PMC10049476 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an incurable, progressive neurodegenerative disorder. AD is a complex and multifactorial disease that is responsible for 60–80% of dementia cases. Aging, genetic factors, and epigenetic changes are the main risk factors for AD. Two aggregation-prone proteins play a decisive role in AD pathogenesis: β-amyloid (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau (pTau). Both of them form deposits and diffusible toxic aggregates in the brain. These proteins are the biomarkers of AD. Different hypotheses have tried to explain AD pathogenesis and served as platforms for AD drug research. Experiments demonstrated that both Aβ and pTau might start neurodegenerative processes and are necessary for cognitive decline. The two pathologies act in synergy. Inhibition of the formation of toxic Aβ and pTau aggregates has been an old drug target. Recently, successful Aβ clearance by monoclonal antibodies has raised new hopes for AD treatments if the disease is detected at early stages. More recently, novel targets, e.g., improvements in amyloid clearance from the brain, application of small heat shock proteins (Hsps), modulation of chronic neuroinflammation by different receptor ligands, modulation of microglial phagocytosis, and increase in myelination have been revealed in AD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Botond Penke
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm Square 8, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Correspondence:
| | - Mária Szűcs
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm Square 8, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Bogár
- ELKH-SZTE Biomimetic Systems Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Dóm Square 8, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
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26
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Wang H, Zong Y, Zhu L, Wang W, Han Y. Chemokines in patients with Alzheimer's disease: A meta-analysis. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1047810. [PMID: 36967827 PMCID: PMC10033959 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1047810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundAlzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease in elderly people. Many researches have reported that neuroinflammation is related to AD. Chemokines are a class of small cytokines that play important roles in cell migration and cell communication, which involved in neuroinflammation. Up to now there is no meta-analysis to explore the difference of chemokines between AD patients and healthy elderly individuals.MethodWe searched PubMed, Web of science, Cochrane library, EMBASE and Scopus databases from inception to January 2022. Data were extracted by two independent reviewers, and the Review Manager 5.3 was used for the meta-analysis.ResultThirty-two articles were included and analyzed. The total number of participants in the included study was 3,331. We found that the levels of CCL5 (SMD = 2.56, 95% CI: 1.91–3.21), CCL15 (SMD = 3.30, 95% CI: 1.48–5.13) and IP-10 (SMD = 3.88, 95% CI: 1.84–5.91) in the plasma of AD patients were higher than healthy people. MCP-1 protein (SMD = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.29–1.05) in the AD patients' CSF was higher than healthy controls.ConclusionThese results suggested that chemokines may play an important role in AD. These findings could provide evidences for the diagnosis and treatment of AD.Systematic review registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021278736, identifier: CRD42021278736.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hecheng Wang
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, China
| | - Yu Zong
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, China
| | - Weiyi Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Civil Aviation General Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Weiyi Wang
| | - Yanshuo Han
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, China
- Yanshuo Han
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27
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Morrison VE, Houpert MG, Trapani JB, Brockman AA, Kingsley PJ, Katdare KA, Layden HM, Nguena-Jones G, Trevisan AJ, Maguire-Zeiss KA, Marnett LJ, Bix GJ, Ihrie RA, Carter BD. Jedi-1/MEGF12-mediated phagocytosis controls the pro-neurogenic properties of microglia in the ventricular-subventricular zone. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.03.531012. [PMID: 36945622 PMCID: PMC10028845 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.03.531012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are the primary phagocytes in the central nervous system and are responsible for clearing dead cells generated during development or disease. The phagocytic process shapes the phenotype of the microglia, which affects the local environment. A unique population of microglia reside in the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ) of neonatal mice, but how they influence this neurogenic niche is not well-understood. Here, we demonstrate that phagocytosis creates a pro-neurogenic microglial phenotype in the V-SVZ and that these microglia phagocytose apoptotic cells via the engulfment receptor Jedi-1. Deletion of Jedi-1 decreases apoptotic cell clearance, triggering the development of a neuroinflammatory phenotype, reminiscent of neurodegenerative and-age-associated microglia, that reduces neural precursor proliferation via elevated interleukin (IL)-1β signaling; inhibition of IL-1 receptor rescues precursor proliferation in vivo. Together, these results reveal a critical role for Jedi-1 in connecting microglial phagocytic activity to a phenotype that promotes neurogenesis in the developing V-SVZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivianne E Morrison
- Vanderbilt University Department of Biochemistry
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute
- Tulane University Center for Clinical Neuroscience Research
| | - Matthew G Houpert
- Vanderbilt University Department of Biochemistry
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute
| | - Jonathan B Trapani
- Vanderbilt University Department of Biochemistry
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute
| | - Asa A Brockman
- Vanderbilt University Department of Cell and Developmental Biology
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute
| | | | | | | | | | - Alexandra J Trevisan
- Vanderbilt University Department of Biochemistry
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
| | | | - Lawrence J Marnett
- Vanderbilt University Department of Biochemistry
- Vanderbilt University Department of Chemistry
- Vanderbilt University Department of Pharmacology
- A.B. Hancock Jr. Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research
| | - Gregory J Bix
- Tulane University Center for Clinical Neuroscience Research
| | - Rebecca A Ihrie
- Vanderbilt University Department of Cell and Developmental Biology
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute
| | - Bruce D Carter
- Vanderbilt University Department of Biochemistry
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute
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28
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Morrison VE, Bix GJ. The meal Maketh the Microglia: Why studying microglial phagocytosis is critical to stroke research. Neurochem Int 2023; 164:105488. [PMID: 36707032 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2023.105488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vivianne E Morrison
- Tulane University School of Medicine Center for Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, United States
| | - Gregory J Bix
- Tulane University School of Medicine Center for Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, United States.
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29
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Karahan H, Smith DC, Kim B, McCord B, Mantor J, John SK, Al-Amin MM, Dabin LC, Kim J. The effect of Abi3 locus deletion on the progression of Alzheimer's disease-related pathologies. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1102530. [PMID: 36895556 PMCID: PMC9988916 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1102530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Human genetics studies of Alzheimer's disease (AD) have identified the ABI3 gene as a candidate risk gene for AD. Because ABI3 is highly expressed in microglia, the brain's immune cells, it was suggested that ABI3 might impact AD pathogenesis by regulating the immune response. Recent studies suggest that microglia have multifaceted roles in AD. Their immune response and phagocytosis functions can have beneficial effects in the early stages of AD by clearing up amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques. However, they can be harmful at later stages due to their continuous inflammatory response. Therefore, it is important to understand the role of genes in microglia functions and their impact on AD pathologies along the progression of the disease. To determine the role of ABI3 at the early stage of amyloid pathology, we crossed Abi3 knock-out mice with the 5XFAD Aβ-amyloidosis mouse model and aged them until 4.5-month-old. Here, we demonstrate that deletion of the Abi3 locus increased Aβ plaque deposition, while there was no significant change in microgliosis and astrogliosis. Transcriptomic analysis indicates alterations in the expression of immune genes, such as Tyrobp, Fcer1g, and C1qa. In addition to the transcriptomic changes, we found elevated cytokine protein levels in Abi3 knock-out mouse brains, strengthening the role of ABI3 in neuroinflammation. These findings suggest that loss of ABI3 function may exacerbate AD progression by increasing Aβ accumulation and inflammation starting from earlier stages of the pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hande Karahan
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Daniel C. Smith
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Medical Neuroscience Graduate Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Byungwook Kim
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Brianne McCord
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Jordan Mantor
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Sutha K. John
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Md Mamun Al-Amin
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Luke C. Dabin
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Jungsu Kim
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Medical Neuroscience Graduate Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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30
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Maurya SK, Gupta S, Mishra R. Transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of microglia in maintenance of brain homeostasis and neurodegeneration. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 15:1072046. [PMID: 36698776 PMCID: PMC9870594 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1072046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The emerging role of microglia in brain homeostasis, neurodegeneration, and neurodevelopmental disorders has attracted considerable interest. In addition, recent developments in microglial functions and associated pathways have shed new light on their fundamental role in the immunological surveillance of the brain. Understanding the interconnections between microglia, neurons, and non-neuronal cells have opened up additional avenues for research in this evolving field. Furthermore, the study of microglia at the transcriptional and epigenetic levels has enhanced our knowledge of these native brain immune cells. Moreover, exploring various facets of microglia biology will facilitate the early detection, treatment, and management of neurological disorders. Consequently, the present review aimed to provide comprehensive insight on microglia biology and its influence on brain development, homeostasis, management of disease, and highlights microglia as potential therapeutic targets in neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Kumar Maurya
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India,*Correspondence: Shashank Kumar Maurya, ;
| | - Suchi Gupta
- Tech Cell Innovations Private Limited, Centre for Medical Innovation and Entrepreneurship (CMIE), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajnikant Mishra
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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31
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Fractalkine/CX3CR1-Dependent Modulation of Synaptic and Network Plasticity in Health and Disease. Neural Plast 2023; 2023:4637073. [PMID: 36644710 PMCID: PMC9833910 DOI: 10.1155/2023/4637073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CX3CR1 is a G protein-coupled receptor that is expressed exclusively by microglia within the brain parenchyma. The only known physiological CX3CR1 ligand is the chemokine fractalkine (FKN), which is constitutively expressed in neuronal cell membranes and tonically released by them. Through its key role in microglia-neuron communication, the FKN/CX3CR1 axis regulates microglial state, neuronal survival, synaptic plasticity, and a variety of synaptic functions, as well as neuronal excitability via cytokine release modulation, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis. Thus, the absence of CX3CR1 or any failure in the FKN/CX3CR1 axis has been linked to alterations in different brain functions, including changes in synaptic and network plasticity in structures such as the hippocampus, cortex, brainstem, and spinal cord. Since synaptic plasticity is a basic phenomenon in neural circuit integration and adjustment, here, we will review its modulation by the FKN/CX3CR1 axis in diverse brain circuits and its impact on brain function and adaptation in health and disease.
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32
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De Chirico F, Poeta E, Babini G, Piccolino I, Monti B, Massenzio F. New models of Parkinson's like neuroinflammation in human microglia clone 3: Activation profiles induced by INF-γ plus high glucose and mitochondrial inhibitors. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:1038721. [PMID: 36523814 PMCID: PMC9744797 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1038721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia activation and neuroinflammation have been extensively studied in murine models of neurodegenerative diseases; however, to overcome the genetic differences between species, a human cell model of microglia able to recapitulate the activation profiles described in patients is needed. Here we developed human models of Parkinson's like neuroinflammation by using the human microglia clone 3 (HMC3) cells, whose activation profile in response to classic inflammatory stimuli has been controversial and reported only at mRNA levels so far. In fact, we showed the increased expression of the pro-inflammatory markers iNOS, Caspase 1, IL-1β, in response to IFN-γ plus high glucose, a non-specific disease stimulus that emphasized the dynamic polarization and heterogenicity of the microglial population. More specifically, we demonstrated the polarization of HMC3 cells through the upregulation of iNOS expression and nitrite production in response to the Parkinson's like stimuli, 6-hydroxidopamine (6-OHDA) and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), the latter depending on the NF-κB pathway. Furthermore, we identified inflammatory mediators that promote the pro-inflammatory activation of human microglia as function of different pathways that can simulate the phenotypic transition according to the stage of the pathology. In conclusion, we established and characterized different systems of HMC3 cells activation as in vitro models of Parkinson's like neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Francesca Massenzio
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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33
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Zhao L, Hou C, Yan N. Neuroinflammation in retinitis pigmentosa: Therapies targeting the innate immune system. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1059947. [PMID: 36389729 PMCID: PMC9647059 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1059947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is an important cause of irreversible blindness worldwide and lacks effective treatment strategies. Although mutations are the primary cause of RP, research over the past decades has shown that neuroinflammation is an important cause of RP progression. Due to the abnormal activation of immunity, continuous sterile inflammation results in neuron loss and structural destruction. Therapies targeting inflammation have shown their potential to attenuate photoreceptor degeneration in preclinical models. Regardless of variations in genetic background, inflammatory modulation is emerging as an important role in the treatment of RP. We summarize the evidence for the role of inflammation in RP and mention therapeutic strategies where available, focusing on the modulation of innate immune signals, including TNFα signaling, TLR signaling, NLRP3 inflammasome activation, chemokine signaling and JAK/STAT signaling. In addition, we describe epigenetic regulation, the gut microbiome and herbal agents as prospective treatment strategies for RP in recent advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhao
- Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chen Hou
- Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Naihong Yan
- Research Laboratory of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,*Correspondence: Naihong Yan,
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34
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Lu R, Zhang L, Yang X. Interaction between autophagy and the NLRP3 inflammasome in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:1018848. [PMID: 36262883 PMCID: PMC9574200 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1018848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy degrades phagocytosed damaged organelles, misfolded proteins, and various pathogens through lysosomes as an essential way to maintain cellular homeostasis. Autophagy is a tightly regulated cellular self-degradation process that plays a crucial role in maintaining normal cellular function and homeostasis in the body. The NLRP3 inflammasome in neuroinflammation is a vital recognition receptor in innate cellular immunity, sensing external invading pathogens and endogenous stimuli and further triggering inflammatory responses. The NLRP3 inflammasome forms an inflammatory complex by recognizing DAMPS or PAMPS, and its activation triggers caspase-1-mediated cleavage of pro-IL-1β and pro-IL-18 to promote the inflammatory response. In recent years, it has been reported that there is a complex interaction between autophagy and neuroinflammation. Strengthening autophagy can regulate the expression of NLRP3 inflammasome to reduce neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative disease and protect neurons. However, the related mechanism is not entirely clear. The formation of protein aggregates is one of the standard features of Neurodegenerative diseases. A large number of toxic protein aggregates can induce inflammation. In theory, activation of the autophagy pathway can remove the potential toxicity of protein aggregates and delay the progression of the disease. This article aims to review recent research on the interaction of autophagy, NLRP3 inflammasome, and protein aggregates in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD), analyze the mechanism and provide theoretical references for further research in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranran Lu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease Research, Ürümqi, China
| | - Lijie Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease Research, Ürümqi, China
| | - Xinling Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Ürümqi, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Neurological Disease Research, Ürümqi, China
- *Correspondence: Xinling Yang,
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