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Sethuraman V, Vermaas JV, Liang L, Ragauskas AJ, Smith JC, Petridis L. Atomistic Simulations of Polydisperse Lignin Melts Using Simple Polydisperse Residue Input Generator. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:767-777. [PMID: 38157547 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the physics of lignin will help rationalize its function in plant cell walls as well as aiding practical applications such as deriving biofuels and bioproducts. Here, we present SPRIG (Simple Polydisperse Residue Input Generator), a program for generating atomic-detail models of random polydisperse lignin copolymer melts i.e., the state most commonly found in nature. Using these models, we use all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to investigate the conformational and dynamic properties of polydisperse melts representative of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) lignin. Polydispersity, branching and monolignol sequence are found to not affect the calculated glass transition temperature, Tg. The Flory-Huggins scaling parameter for the segmental radius of gyration is 0.42 ± 0.02, indicating that the chains exhibit statistics that lie between a globular chain and an ideal Gaussian chain. Below Tg the atomic mean squared displacements are independent of molecular weight. In contrast, above Tg, they decrease with increasing molecular weight. Therefore, a monodisperse lignin melt is a good approximation to this polydisperse lignin when only static properties are probed, whereas the molecular weight distribution needs to be considered while analyzing lignin dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaidyanathan Sethuraman
- Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1-Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Josh V Vermaas
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Road, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Luna Liang
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Arthur J Ragauskas
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
- Department of Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries, Center for Renewable Carbon, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
- UTK-ORNL Joint Institute for Biological Science, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Jeremy C Smith
- Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1-Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Loukas Petridis
- Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1-Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
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Saulnier BK, Siahkamari M, Singh SK, Nejad M, Hodge DB. Effect of Dilute Acid Pretreatment and Lignin Extraction Conditions on Lignin Properties and Suitability as a Phenol Replacement in Phenol-Formaldehyde Wood Adhesives. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:592-602. [PMID: 36562625 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c07299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Corn stover was subjected to dilute sulfuric acid pretreatment to assess the impact of pretreatment conditions on lignin extractability, properties, and utility as a phenol replacement in wood phenol-formaldehyde (PF) adhesives. It was identified that both formic acid and NaOH could extract and recover 60-70% of the lignin remaining after pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis under the mildest pretreatment conditions while simultaneously achieving reasonable enzymatic hydrolysis yields (>60%). The availability of reaction sites for the incorporation of lignins into the PF polymer matrix (i.e., unsubstituted phenolic hydroxyl groups) was shown to be strongly impacted by the pretreatment time and the recovery. Finally, a lignin-based wood adhesive was formulated by replacing 100% of the phenol with formic-acid-extracted lignin, which exhibited a dry shear strength exceeding a conventional PF adhesive. These findings suggest that both pretreatment and lignin extraction conditions can be tailored to yield lignins with properties targeted for this co-product application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian K Saulnier
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Mohsen Siahkamari
- Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Sandip K Singh
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Mojgan Nejad
- Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - David B Hodge
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
- Division of Sustainable Process Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå 97187, Sweden
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3
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Wang Y, Xu X, Xue H, Zhang D, Li G. Physical-chemical properties of cell wall interface significantly correlated to the complex recalcitrance of corn straw. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:196. [PMID: 34598712 PMCID: PMC8487139 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-02047-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tissue heterogeneity significantly influences the overall saccharification efficiency of plant biomass. However, the mechanisms of specific organ or tissue recalcitrance to enzymatic deconstruction are generally complicated and unclear. A multidimensional analysis of the anatomical fraction from 12 corn cultivars was conducted to understand the essence of recalcitrance. RESULTS The results showed that leaf, leaf sheath, stem pith and stem rind of corn straw exhibited remarkable heterogeneity in chemical composition, physical structure and cell type, which resulted in the different saccharification ratio of cellulose. The high saccharification ratio ranging from 21.47 to 38.96% was in stem pith, whereas the low saccharification ratio ranging from 17.1 to 27.43% was in leaf sheath. High values of lignin, hemicelluloses, degree of polymerization and crystallinity index were critical for the increased recalcitrance, while high value of neutral detergent soluble and pore size generated weak recalcitrance. Interestingly, pore traits of cell wall, especial for microcosmic interface structure, seemed to be a crucial factor that correlated to cellulase adsorption and further affected saccharification. CONCLUSIONS Highly heterogeneity in cell wall traits influenced the overall saccharification efficiency of biomass. Furthermore, the holistic outlook of cell wall interface was indispensable to understand the recalcitrance and promote the biomass conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Herbage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, 49 Xilin Road, Hohhot, 010070, China
| | - Xianyang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Herbage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, 49 Xilin Road, Hohhot, 010070, China
| | - Huiting Xue
- College of Basic Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Jinshan Road, Hohhot, 010110, China
| | - Dejian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Herbage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, 49 Xilin Road, Hohhot, 010070, China.
| | - Guanhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Herbage and Endemic Crop Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, 49 Xilin Road, Hohhot, 010070, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, 49 Xilin Road, Hohhot, 010070, China.
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Bose E, Leal JH, Hoover AN, Zeng Y, Li C, Ray AE, Semelsberger TA, Donohoe BS. Impacts of Biological Heating and Degradation during Bale Storage on the Surface Properties of Corn Stover. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2020; 8:13973-13983. [PMID: 38434216 PMCID: PMC10906940 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c03356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
The variability of chemical, physical, and mechanical properties of lignocellulosic biomass feedstocks has a major impact on the efficiency of biomass processing and conversion to fuels and chemicals. Storage conditions represent a key source of variability that may contribute to biomass quality variations from the time of harvest until delivery to the biorefinery. In some cases, substantial microbial degradation can take place during storage. In this work, we investigate how degradation during storage affects the surface texture, surface energy, and porosity of different corn stover anatomical fractions (e.g., leaf, stalk, and cob). Understanding any potential changes in surface properties is important because interparticle interactions during bioprocessing cause aggregation and blockages that lead to at least process inefficiency and at most complete equipment failure. The surface roughness and texture parameters of corn stover with variable degrees of microbial degradation were calculated directly from stereomicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy micrographs. Surface energy and porosity were measured by inverse gas chromatography. The results show differing trends in the impact of increasing biological heating and degradation depending on the specific corn stover tissue type that was analyzed. These results also indicate that biomass surface properties are scale-dependent and that the scale, which is most industrially relevant, may depend on the specific unit operation within the biorefinery being considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Bose
- Bioenergy
Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory
(NREL), 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United
States
| | - Juan H. Leal
- Material
Physics Applications Division, Los Alamos
National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Amber N. Hoover
- Energy
& Environment Science & Technology, Idaho National Laboratory, 1955 N. Fremont Avenue, Idaho Falls, Idaho 83415, United States
| | - Yining Zeng
- Bioenergy
Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory
(NREL), 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United
States
| | - Chenlin Li
- Energy
& Environment Science & Technology, Idaho National Laboratory, 1955 N. Fremont Avenue, Idaho Falls, Idaho 83415, United States
| | - Allison E. Ray
- Energy
& Environment Science & Technology, Idaho National Laboratory, 1955 N. Fremont Avenue, Idaho Falls, Idaho 83415, United States
| | - Troy A. Semelsberger
- Material
Physics Applications Division, Los Alamos
National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Bryon S. Donohoe
- Bioenergy
Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory
(NREL), 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United
States
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Vahabi H, Rastin H, Movahedifar E, Antoun K, Brosse N, Saeb MR. Flame Retardancy of Bio-Based Polyurethanes: Opportunities and Challenges. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1234. [PMID: 32485825 PMCID: PMC7361950 DOI: 10.3390/polym12061234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustainable polymers are emerging fast and have received much more attention in recent years compared to petro-sourced polymers. However, they inherently have low-quality properties, such as poor mechanical properties, and inadequate performance, such as high flammability. In general, two methods have been considered to tackle such drawbacks: (i) reinforcement of sustainable polymers with additives; and (ii) modification of chemical structure by architectural manipulation so as to modify polymers for advanced applications. Development and management of bio-based polyurethanes with flame-retardant properties have been at the core of attention in recent years. Bio-based polyurethanes are currently prepared from renewable, bio-based sources such as vegetable oils. They are used in a wide range of applications including coatings and foams. However, they are highly flammable, and their further development is dependent on their flame retardancy. The aim of the present review is to investigate recent advances in the development of flame-retardant bio-based polyurethanes. Chemical structures of bio-based flame-retardant polyurethanes have been studied and explained from the point of view of flame retardancy. Moreover, various strategies for improving the flame retardancy of bio-based polyurethanes as well as reactive and additive flame-retardant solutions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri Vahabi
- Université de Lorraine, CentraleSupélec, LMOPS, F-57000 Metz, France
| | - Hadi Rastin
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417466191, Iran;
| | - Elnaz Movahedifar
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology-Mahshahr Campus, Mahshahr 424, Iran;
| | - Karina Antoun
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, LERMAB, F-54000 Nancy, France; (K.A.); (N.B.)
| | - Nicolas Brosse
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, LERMAB, F-54000 Nancy, France; (K.A.); (N.B.)
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Department of Resin and Additives, Institute for Color Science and Technology, Tehran 16765-654, Iran
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Mazarei M, Baxter HL, Srivastava A, Li G, Xie H, Dumitrache A, Rodriguez M, Natzke JM, Zhang JY, Turner GB, Sykes RW, Davis MF, Udvardi MK, Wang ZY, Davison BH, Blancaflor EB, Tang Y, Stewart CN. Silencing Folylpolyglutamate Synthetase1 ( FPGS1) in Switchgrass ( Panicum virgatum L.) Improves Lignocellulosic Biofuel Production. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:843. [PMID: 32636863 PMCID: PMC7317012 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is a lignocellulosic perennial grass with great potential in bioenergy field. Lignocellulosic bioenergy crops are mostly resistant to cell wall deconstruction, and therefore yield suboptimal levels of biofuel. The one-carbon pathway (also known as C1 metabolism) is critical for polymer methylation, including that of lignin and hemicelluloses in cell walls. Folylpolyglutamate synthetase (FPGS) catalyzes a biochemical reaction that leads to the formation of folylpolyglutamate, an important cofactor for many enzymes in the C1 pathway. In this study, the putatively novel switchgrass PvFPGS1 gene was identified and its functional role in cell wall composition and biofuel production was examined by RNAi knockdown analysis. The PvFPGS1-downregulated plants were analyzed in the field over three growing seasons. Transgenic plants with the highest reduction in PvFPGS1 expression grew slower and produced lower end-of-season biomass. Transgenic plants with low-to-moderate reduction in PvFPGS1 transcript levels produced equivalent biomass as controls. There were no significant differences observed for lignin content and syringyl/guaiacyl lignin monomer ratio in the low-to-moderately reduced PvFPGS1 transgenic lines compared with the controls. Similarly, sugar release efficiency was also not significantly different in these transgenic lines compared with the control lines. However, transgenic plants produced up to 18% more ethanol while maintaining congruent growth and biomass as non-transgenic controls. Severity of rust disease among transgenic and control lines were not different during the time course of the field experiments. Altogether, the unchanged lignin content and composition in the low-to-moderate PvFPGS1-downregulated lines may suggest that partial downregulation of PvFPGS1 expression did not impact lignin biosynthesis in switchgrass. In conclusion, the manipulation of PvFPGS1 expression in bioenergy crops may be useful to increase biofuel potential with no growth penalty or increased susceptibility to rust in feedstock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Mazarei
- Department of Plant Sciences, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Holly L. Baxter
- Department of Plant Sciences, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Avinash Srivastava
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, OK, United States
| | - Guifen Li
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, OK, United States
| | - Hongli Xie
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, OK, United States
| | - Alexandru Dumitrache
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Miguel Rodriguez
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Jace M. Natzke
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Ji-Yi Zhang
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, OK, United States
| | - Geoffrey B. Turner
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, United States
| | - Robert W. Sykes
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, United States
| | - Mark F. Davis
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, United States
| | - Michael K. Udvardi
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, OK, United States
| | - Zeng-Yu Wang
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, OK, United States
| | - Brian H. Davison
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Elison B. Blancaflor
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, OK, United States
| | - Yuhong Tang
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Noble Research Institute, Ardmore, OK, United States
- *Correspondence: Yuhong Tang,
| | - Charles Neal Stewart
- Department of Plant Sciences, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- The Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Charles Neal Stewart Jr.,
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8
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da Costa RMF, Simister R, Roberts LA, Timms-Taravella E, Cambler AB, Corke FMK, Han J, Ward RJ, Buckeridge MS, Gomez LD, Bosch M. Nutrient and drought stress: implications for phenology and biomass quality in miscanthus. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 124:553-566. [PMID: 30137291 PMCID: PMC6821376 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The cultivation of dedicated biomass crops, including miscanthus, on marginal land provides a promising approach to the reduction of dependency on fossil fuels. However, little is known about the impact of environmental stresses often experienced on lower-grade agricultural land on cell-wall quality traits in miscanthus biomass crops. In this study, three different miscanthus genotypes were exposed to drought stress and nutrient stress, both separately and in combination, with the aim of evaluating their impact on plant growth and cell-wall properties. METHODS Automated imaging facilities at the National Plant Phenomics Centre (NPPC-Aberystwyth) were used for dynamic phenotyping to identify plant responses to separate and combinatorial stresses. Harvested leaf and stem samples of the three miscanthus genotypes (Miscanthus sinensis, Miscanthus sacchariflorus and Miscanthus × giganteus) were separately subjected to saccharification assays, to measure sugar release, and cell-wall composition analyses. KEY RESULTS Phenotyping showed that the M. sacchariflorus genotype Sac-5 and particularly the M. sinensis genotype Sin-11 coped better than the M. × giganteus genotype Gig-311 with drought stress when grown in nutrient-poor compost. Sugar release by enzymatic hydrolysis, used as a biomass quality measure, was significantly affected by the different environmental conditions in a stress-, genotype- and organ-dependent manner. A combination of abundant water and low nutrients resulted in the highest sugar release from leaves, while for stems this was generally associated with the combination of drought and nutrient-rich conditions. Cell-wall composition analyses suggest that changes in fine structure of cell-wall polysaccharides, including heteroxylans and pectins, possibly in association with lignin, contribute to the observed differences in cell-wall biomass sugar release. CONCLUSIONS The results highlight the importance of the assessment of miscanthus biomass quality measures in addition to biomass yield determinations and the requirement for selecting suitable miscanthus genotypes for different environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo M F da Costa
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - Rachael Simister
- CNAP, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
| | - Luned A Roberts
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - Emma Timms-Taravella
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - Arthur B Cambler
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fiona M K Corke
- The National Plant Phenomics Centre, Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - Jiwan Han
- The National Plant Phenomics Centre, Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - Richard J Ward
- Department of Chemistry, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos S Buckeridge
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo D Gomez
- CNAP, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
| | - Maurice Bosch
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, UK
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9
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Alinejad M, Henry C, Nikafshar S, Gondaliya A, Bagheri S, Chen N, Singh SK, Hodge DB, Nejad M. Lignin-Based Polyurethanes: Opportunities for Bio-Based Foams, Elastomers, Coatings and Adhesives. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1202. [PMID: 31323816 PMCID: PMC6680961 DOI: 10.3390/polym11071202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyurethane chemistry can yield diverse sets of polymeric materials exhibiting a wide range of properties for various applications and market segments. Utilizing lignin as a polyol presents an opportunity to incorporate a currently underutilized renewable aromatic polymer into these products. In this work, we will review the current state of technology for utilizing lignin as a polyol replacement in different polyurethane products. This will include a discussion of lignin structure, diversity, and modification during chemical pulping and cellulosic biofuels processes, approaches for lignin extraction, recovery, fractionation, and modification/functionalization. We will discuss the potential of incorporation of lignins into polyurethane products that include rigid and flexible foams, adhesives, coatings, and elastomers. Finally, we will discuss challenges in incorporating lignin in polyurethane formulations, potential solutions and approaches that have been taken to resolve those issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Alinejad
- Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Christián Henry
- Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Saeid Nikafshar
- Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Akash Gondaliya
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Sajad Bagheri
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Nusheng Chen
- Eastern Regional Research Center, USDA-ARS, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA
| | - Sandip K Singh
- Chemical & Biological Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - David B Hodge
- Chemical & Biological Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden.
| | - Mojgan Nejad
- Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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10
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Bhatia R, Dalton S, Roberts LA, Moron-Garcia OM, Iacono R, Kosik O, Gallagher JA, Bosch M. Modified expression of ZmMYB167 in Brachypodium distachyon and Zea mays leads to increased cell wall lignin and phenolic content. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8800. [PMID: 31217516 PMCID: PMC6584667 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45225-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the challenges to enable targeted modification of lignocellulosic biomass from grasses for improved biofuel and biochemical production lies within our limited understanding of the transcriptional control of secondary cell wall biosynthesis. Here, we investigated the role of the maize MYB transcription factor ZmMYB167 in secondary cell wall biosynthesis and how modified ZmMYB167 expression in two distinct grass model species affects plant biomass and growth phenotypes. Heterologous expression of ZmMYB167 in the C3 model system Brachypodium led to mild dwarf phenotypes, increased lignin (~7% to 13%) and S-lignin monomer (~11% to 16%) content, elevated concentrations of cell wall-bound p-coumaric acid (~15% to 24%) and reduced biomass sugar release (~20%) compared to controls. Overexpression of ZmMYB167 in the C4 model system Zea mays increased lignin (~4% to 13%), p-coumaric acid (~8% to 52%) and ferulic acid (~13% to 38%) content but did not affect plant growth and development nor biomass recalcitrance. Taken together, modifying ZmMYB167 expression represents a target to alter lignin and phenolic content in grasses. The ZmMYB167 expression-induced discrepancies in plant phenotypic and biomass properties between the two grass model systems highlight the challenges and opportunities for MYB transcription factor-based genetic engineering approaches of grass biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Bhatia
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, SY23 3EE, UK.
| | - Sue Dalton
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, SY23 3EE, UK
| | - Luned A Roberts
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, SY23 3EE, UK
| | - Odin M Moron-Garcia
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, SY23 3EE, UK
| | - Rosario Iacono
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, SY23 3EE, UK
| | - Ondrej Kosik
- Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Joe A Gallagher
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, SY23 3EE, UK
| | - Maurice Bosch
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, SY23 3EE, UK.
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11
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Mohapatra S, Mishra C, Merritt BB, Pattathil S, Thatoi H. Evaluating the Role of Ultrasonication-Assisted Alkali Pretreatment and Enzymatic Hydrolysis on Cellwall Polysaccharides of Pennisetum
Grass Varieties as Potential Biofuel Feedstock. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201802187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Mohapatra
- Department of Biotechnology; College of Engineering and Technology; Biju Pattnaik University of Technology; Bhubaneswar- 751003 India
| | - Chinmaya Mishra
- Department of Biotechnology; College of Engineering and Technology; Biju Pattnaik University of Technology; Bhubaneswar- 751003 India
| | - Brian B Merritt
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center; University of Georgia, GA 30602 USA and BioEnergy Science Center (BESC); Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Sivakumar Pattathil
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center; University of Georgia, GA 30602 USA and BioEnergy Science Center (BESC); Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Hrudayanath Thatoi
- Department of Biotechnology; North Orissa University; Sriram Chandra vihar, Takatpur Baripada- 757003, Odisha India
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12
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da Costa RMF, Pattathil S, Avci U, Winters A, Hahn MG, Bosch M. Desirable plant cell wall traits for higher-quality miscanthus lignocellulosic biomass. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:85. [PMID: 31011368 PMCID: PMC6463665 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1426-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lignocellulosic biomass from dedicated energy crops such as Miscanthus spp. is an important tool to combat anthropogenic climate change. However, we still do not exactly understand the sources of cell wall recalcitrance to deconstruction, which hinders the efficient biorefining of plant biomass into biofuels and bioproducts. RESULTS We combined detailed phenotyping, correlation studies and discriminant analyses, to identify key significantly distinct variables between miscanthus organs, genotypes and most importantly, between saccharification performances. Furthermore, for the first time in an energy crop, normalised total quantification of specific cell wall glycan epitopes is reported and correlated with saccharification. CONCLUSIONS In stems, lignin has the greatest impact on recalcitrance. However, in leaves, matrix glycans and their decorations have determinant effects, highlighting the importance of biomass fine structures, in addition to more commonly described cell wall compositional features. The results of our interrogation of the miscanthus cell wall promote the concept that desirable cell wall traits for increased biomass quality are highly dependent on the target biorefining products. Thus, for the development of biorefining ideotypes, instead of a generalist miscanthus variety, more realistic and valuable approaches may come from defining a collection of specialised cultivars, adapted to specific conditions and purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo M. F. da Costa
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3EE UK
- Present Address: Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sivakumar Pattathil
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd., Athens, GA 30602-4712 USA
- Present Address: Mascoma LLC (Lallemand, Inc.), 67 Etna Road, Lebanon, NH 03766 USA
| | - Utku Avci
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd., Athens, GA 30602-4712 USA
- Present Address: Faculty of Engineering, Bioengineering Department, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, 53100 Rize, Turkey
| | - Ana Winters
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3EE UK
| | - Michael G. Hahn
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd., Athens, GA 30602-4712 USA
- DOE-BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Maurice Bosch
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3EE UK
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13
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Crowe JD, Zarger RA, Hodge DB. Relating Nanoscale Accessibility within Plant Cell Walls to Improved Enzyme Hydrolysis Yields in Corn Stover Subjected to Diverse Pretreatments. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:8652-8662. [PMID: 28876068 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous chemical modification and physical reorganization of plant cell walls via alkaline hydrogen peroxide or liquid hot water pretreatment can alter cell wall structural properties impacting nanoscale porosity. Nanoscale porosity was characterized using solute exclusion to assess accessible pore volumes, water retention value as a proxy for accessible water-cell walls surface area, and solute-induced cell wall swelling to measure cell wall rigidity. Key findings concluded that delignification by alkaline hydrogen peroxide pretreatment decreased cell wall rigidity and that the subsequent cell wall swelling resulted increased nanoscale porosity and improved enzyme binding and hydrolysis compared to limited swelling and increased accessible surface areas observed in liquid hot water pretreated biomass. The volume accessible to a 90 Å dextran probe within the cell wall was found to be correlated to both enzyme binding and glucose hydrolysis yields, indicating cell wall porosity is a key contributor to effective hydrolysis yields.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David B Hodge
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology , Luleå 97187, Sweden
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