1
|
Moukénet A, Moudiné K, Ngarasta N, Hinzoumbe CK, Seck I. Malaria infection and predictor factors among Chadian nomads' children. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:918. [PMID: 38549091 PMCID: PMC10979592 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18454-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Chad, malaria remains a significant public health concern, particularly among nomadic populations. Geographical factors and the mobility of human populations have shown to be associated with the diversity of Plasmodium species. The study aims to describe the malaria prevalence among nomadic children and to investigate its associated factors. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in February and October 2021 among nomadic communities in Chad. Blood sample were collected and tested from 187 Arab, Fulani and Dazagada nomadic children aged 3-59 months using malaria rapid diagnostic test (RDT). A structured electronic questionnaire was administered to their parents to collect information about the socio‑economic data. Malaria testing results were categorized according to the SD BIOLINE Malaria Ag Pf/Pan RDT procedures. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine key risk factors explaining the prevalence of malaria. STATA version IC 13 was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS The overall malaria prevalence in nomadic children was 24.60%, with 65.20% being Plasmodium falciparum species and 34.8% mixed species. Boys were twice as likely (COR = 1.83; 95% CI, 0.92-3.62; p = 0.083) to have malaria than girls. Children whose parents used to seek traditional drugs were five times more likely (AOR = 5.59; 95% CI, 1.40-22.30, p = 0.015) to have malaria than children whose parents used to seek health facilities. Children whose parents reported spending the last night under a mosquito net were one-fifth as likely (AOR = 0.17; 95% CI, 0.03-0.90, p = 0.037) to have malaria compared to children whose parents did not used a mosquito net. Furthermore, Daza children were seventeen times (1/0.06) less likely (AOR = 0.06; 95% CI, 0.01-0.70, p = 0.024) to have malaria than Fulani children and children from households piped water as the main source were seven times more likely (AOR = 7.05; 95% CI, 1.69-29.45; p = 0.007) to have malaria than those using surface water. CONCLUSIONS Malaria remains a significant public health issue in the nomadic communities of Chad. Community education and sensitization programs within nomad communities are recommended to raise awareness about malaria transmission and control methods, particularly among those living in remote rural areas. The National Malaria Control Program (NMCP) should increase both the coverage and use of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) in addition to promoting treatment-seeking behaviors in nomadic communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azoukalné Moukénet
- Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal.
- University of Ndjamena, Ndjamena, Chad.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pautzke KC, Felsot AS, Reganold JP, Owen JP. Effects of soil on the development, survival, and oviposition of Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:154. [PMID: 38523287 PMCID: PMC10960989 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06202-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Water quality is known to influence the development and survival of larval mosquitoes, which affects mosquito-borne pathogen transmission as a function of the number of mosquitoes that reach adulthood and blood feed. Although water properties are known to affect mosquito development, few studies have investigated the link among soil properties, water quality, and mosquito development. Given the large number of ground-breeding mosquito species, this linkage is a potentially important factor to consider in mosquito ecology. In this study, we explored the effects of different soils on multiple life history parameters of the ground-breeding mosquito species Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). METHODS Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae were reared in water combined with different soil substrates (sandy, silt, or clay loam textures) at increasing soil to water volume ratios, with and without the addition of organic matter (fish food). Gravid mosquitoes were offered different soil-water extracts to investigate soil effects on oviposition preference. RESULTS Without the addition of organic matter, larval survival and development differed significantly among waters with different soil textures and volumes of substrate. Mosquitoes in water with clay loam soil survived longer and developed further than mosquitoes in other soil waters. Larvae survived for longer periods of time with increased volumes of soil substrate. Adding organic matter reduced the differences in larval survival time, development, and pupation among soil-water extracts. Adult female mosquitoes oviposited more frequently in water with clay loam soil, but the addition of organic matter reduced the soil effects on oviposition preference. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests soil composition affects larval mosquito survival and development, as well as the oviposition preference of gravid females. Future studies could differentiate abiotic and biotic soil features that affect mosquitoes and incorporate soil variation at the landscape scale into models to predict mosquito population dynamics and mosquito-borne pathogen transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kellen C Pautzke
- Department of Entomology, College of Agricultural, Human, and Natural Resource Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
| | - Allan S Felsot
- Department of Entomology, College of Agricultural, Human, and Natural Resource Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - John P Reganold
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, College of Agricultural, Human, and Natural Resource Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Jeb P Owen
- Department of Entomology, College of Agricultural, Human, and Natural Resource Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pramasivan S, Ngui R, Jeyaprakasam NK, Low VL, Liew JWK, Vythilingam I. Spatial analyses of Plasmodium knowlesi vectors with reference to control interventions in Malaysia. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:355. [PMID: 37814287 PMCID: PMC10563288 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05984-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria parasites such as Plasmodium knowlesi, P. inui, and P. cynomolgi are spread from macaques to humans through the Leucosphyrus Group of Anopheles mosquitoes. It is crucial to know the distribution of these vectors to implement effective control measures for malaria elimination. Plasmodium knowlesi is the most predominant zoonotic malaria parasite infecting humans in Malaysia. METHODS Vector data from various sources were used to create distribution maps from 1957 to 2021. A predictive statistical model utilizing logistic regression was developed using significant environmental factors. Interpolation maps were created using the inverse distance weighted (IDW) method and overlaid with the corresponding environmental variables. RESULTS Based on the IDW analysis, high vector abundances were found in the southwestern part of Sarawak, the northern region of Pahang and the northwestern part of Sabah. However, most parts of Johor, Sabah, Perlis, Penang, Kelantan and Terengganu had low vector abundance. The accuracy test indicated that the model predicted sampling and non-sampling areas with 75.3% overall accuracy. The selected environmental variables were entered into the regression model based on their significant values. In addition to the presence of water bodies, elevation, temperature, forest loss and forest cover were included in the final model since these were significantly correlated. Anopheles mosquitoes were mainly distributed in Peninsular Malaysia (Titiwangsa range, central and northern parts), Sabah (Kudat, West Coast, Interior and Tawau division) and Sarawak (Kapit, Miri, and Limbang). The predicted Anopheles mosquito density was lower in the southern part of Peninsular Malaysia, the Sandakan Division of Sabah and the western region of Sarawak. CONCLUSION The study offers insight into the distribution of the Leucosphyrus Group of Anopheles mosquitoes in Malaysia. Additionally, the accompanying predictive vector map correlates well with cases of P. knowlesi malaria. This research is crucial in informing and supporting future efforts by healthcare professionals to develop effective malaria control interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandthya Pramasivan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya (UM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Romano Ngui
- Department of ParaClinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), Sarawak, Malaysia.
| | - Nantha Kumar Jeyaprakasam
- Biomedical Science Program, Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Van Lun Low
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research & Education Centre (TIDREC), Universiti Malaya (UM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Indra Vythilingam
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya (UM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kinga H, Kengne-Ouafo JA, King SA, Egyirifa RK, Aboagye-Antwi F, Akorli J. Water Physicochemical Parameters and Microbial Composition Distinguish Anopheles and Culex Mosquito Breeding Sites: Potential as Ecological Markers for Larval Source Surveillance. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:1817-1826. [PMID: 35920087 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The presence of mosquitoes in an area is dependent on the availability of suitable breeding sites that are influenced by several environmental factors. Identification of breeding habitats for vector surveillance and larval source management is key to disease control programs. We investigated water quality parameters and microbial composition in selected mosquito breeding sites in urban Accra, Ghana and associated these with abundance of Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) and Culex (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae. Physicochemical parameters and microbial composition explained up to 72% variance among the breeding sites and separated Anopheles and Culex habitats (P < 0.05). Anopheles and Culex abundances were commonly influenced by water temperature, pH, nitrate, and total hardness with contrasting impacts on the two mosquito species. In addition, total dissolved solids, biochemical oxygen demand, and alkalinity uniquely influenced Anopheles abundance, while total suspended solids, phosphate, sulphate, ammonium, and salinity were significant determinants for Culex. The correlation of these multiple parameters with the occurrence of each mosquito species was high (R2 = 0.99, P < 0.0001). Bacterial content assessment of the breeding ponds revealed that the most abundant bacterial phyla were Patescibacteria, Cyanobacteria, and Proteobacteria, constituting >70% of the total bacterial richness. The oligotrophic Patescibacteria was strongly associated with Anopheles suggestive of the mosquito's adaptation to environments with less nutrients, while predominance of Cyanobacteria, indicative of rich nutritional source was associated with Culex larval ponds. We propose further evaluation of these significant abiotic and biotic parameters in field identification of larval sources and how knowledge of these can be harnessed effectively to reduce conducive breeding sites for mosquitoes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harriet Kinga
- African Regional Postgraduate Program in Insect Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Jonas A Kengne-Ouafo
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
- Medical Entomology Department, Centre of Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Sandra A King
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Richardson K Egyirifa
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Fred Aboagye-Antwi
- African Regional Postgraduate Program in Insect Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
- Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Jewelna Akorli
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zubair Q, Matthews H, Sougoufara S, Mujeeb F, Ashall S, Aboagye-Antwi F, Tripet F. Bulk-up synchronization of successive larval cohorts of Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii through temperature reduction at early larval stages: effect on emergence rate, body size and mating success. Malar J 2021; 20:67. [PMID: 33531024 PMCID: PMC7856783 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03602-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria persists as a huge medical and economic burden. Although the number of cases and death rates have reduced in recent years, novel interventions are a necessity if such gains are to be maintained. Alternative methods to target mosquito vector populations that involve the release of large numbers genetically modified mosquitoes are in development. However, their successful introduction will require innovative strategies to bulk-up mosquito numbers and improve mass rearing protocols for Anopheles mosquitoes. Methods The relationship between mosquito aquatic stage development and temperature was exploited so that multiple cohorts of mosquitoes, from separate egg batches, could be synchronized to ‘bulk-up’ the number of mosquitoes released. First instar larvae were separated into two cohorts: the first, maintained under standard insectary conditions at 27oC, the second subjected to an initial 5-day cooling period at 19oC. Results Cooling of 1st instars slowed the mean emergence times of Anopheles coluzzii and Anopheles gambiae by 2.4 and 3.5 days, respectively, compared to their 27oC counterparts. Pupation and emergence rates were good (> 85 %) in all conditions. Temperature adjustment had no effect on mosquito sex ratio and adult fitness parameters such as body size and mating success. Conclusions Bulk-up larval synchronization is a simple method allowing more operational flexibility in mosquito production towards mark-release-recapture studies and mass release interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qaswa Zubair
- Centre for Applied Entomology and Parasitology, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Holly Matthews
- Centre for Applied Entomology and Parasitology, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Seynabou Sougoufara
- Centre for Applied Entomology and Parasitology, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Fatima Mujeeb
- Centre for Applied Entomology and Parasitology, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Simon Ashall
- Centre for Applied Entomology and Parasitology, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Fred Aboagye-Antwi
- Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, School of Biological Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, Ghana
| | - Frédéric Tripet
- Centre for Applied Entomology and Parasitology, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mamai W, Maiga H, Bimbilé Somda NS, Wallner T, Masso OB, Resch C, Yamada H, Bouyer J. Does Tap Water Quality Compromise the Production of Aedes Mosquitoes in Genetic Control Projects? INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12010057. [PMID: 33445407 PMCID: PMC7826741 DOI: 10.3390/insects12010057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Scientists all over the world are continually rearing and producing insects in laboratories for many purposes including pest control programmes. Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus are mosquitoes of public health importance due to their ability to vector human and animal pathogens and thus vector control represents an important component of many disease control programmes. Water is a factor of great importance in the larval environment of mosquito species. However, obtaining sufficient water of reliable quality for mosquito rearing is still challenging, especially in developing and least developed countries, where access even to clean drinking water is limited. In prospect of cost-effective methods for improved mass-rearing toward SIT application, we assessed the impact of using tap water on the development and quality of Aedes mosquitoes. Results showed that, tap water with hardness/electrical conductivity beyond certain levels (140 mg/l CaCO3 or 368 µS/cm) was shown to have a negative impact on the production of Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti mosquitoes. These results suggest that the quality of water should be checked when using for rearing mosquitoes for release purposes in order to optimize the production performance of mass-rearing facilities. This may have important implications for the implementation of the sterile insect technique in areas where reverse osmosis water is a scarce or costly resource. Abstract A mosquito’s life cycle includes an aquatic phase. Water quality is therefore an important determinant of whether or not the female mosquitoes will lay their eggs and the resulting immature stages will survive and successfully complete their development to the adult stage. In response to variations in laboratory rearing outputs, there is a need to investigate the effect of tap water (TW) (in relation to water hardness and electrical conductivity) on mosquito development, productivity and resulting adult quality. In this study, we compared the respective responses of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus to different water hardness/electrical conductivity. First-instar larvae were reared in either 100% water purified through reverse osmosis (ROW) (low water hardness/electrical conductivity), 100% TW (high water hardness/electrical conductivity) or a 80:20, 50:50, 20:80 mix of ROW and TW. The immature development time, pupation rate, adult emergence, body size, and longevity were determined. Overall, TW (with higher hardness and electrical conductivity) was associated with increased time to pupation, decreased pupal production, female body size in both species and longevity in Ae. albopictus only. However, Ae. albopictus was more sensitive to high water hardness/EC than Ae. aegypti. Moreover, in all water hardness/electrical conductivity levels tested, Ae. aegypti developed faster than Ae. albopictus. Conversely, Ae. albopictus adults survived longer than Ae. aegypti. These results imply that water with hardness of more than 140 mg/l CaCO3 or electrical conductivity more than 368 µS/cm cannot be recommended for the optimal rearing of Aedes mosquitoes and highlight the need to consider the level of water hardness/electrical conductivity when rearing Aedes mosquitoes for release purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wadaka Mamai
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna, Austria; (H.M.); (N.S.B.S.); (T.W.); (O.B.M.); (H.Y.); (J.B.)
- Institut de Recherche Agricole pour le Développement (IRAD), PO. Box 2123 Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Correspondence:
| | - Hamidou Maiga
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna, Austria; (H.M.); (N.S.B.S.); (T.W.); (O.B.M.); (H.Y.); (J.B.)
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Direction Régionale de l’Ouest (IRSS/DRO), 01 PO. Box 545 Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Nanwintoum Sévérin Bimbilé Somda
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna, Austria; (H.M.); (N.S.B.S.); (T.W.); (O.B.M.); (H.Y.); (J.B.)
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Direction Régionale de l’Ouest (IRSS/DRO), 01 PO. Box 545 Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Laboratoire d’Entomologie Fondamentale et Appliquée (LEFA), Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo, 03 PO. Box 7021 Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Thomas Wallner
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna, Austria; (H.M.); (N.S.B.S.); (T.W.); (O.B.M.); (H.Y.); (J.B.)
| | - Odet Bueno Masso
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna, Austria; (H.M.); (N.S.B.S.); (T.W.); (O.B.M.); (H.Y.); (J.B.)
| | - Christian Resch
- Soil and Water Management and Crop Nutrition Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna, Austria;
| | - Hanano Yamada
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna, Austria; (H.M.); (N.S.B.S.); (T.W.); (O.B.M.); (H.Y.); (J.B.)
| | - Jérémy Bouyer
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna, Austria; (H.M.); (N.S.B.S.); (T.W.); (O.B.M.); (H.Y.); (J.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Akpodiete NO, Tripet F. Laboratory and microcosm experiments reveal contrasted adaptive responses to ammonia and water mineralisation in aquatic stages of the sibling species Anopheles gambiae (sensu stricto) and Anopheles coluzzii. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:17. [PMID: 33407790 PMCID: PMC7789177 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04483-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The sibling species of the malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae (sensu stricto) and Anopheles coluzzii co-exist in many parts of West Africa and are thought to have recently diverged through a process of ecological speciation with gene flow. Divergent larval ecological adaptations, resulting in Genotype-by-Environment (G × E) interactions, have been proposed as important drivers of speciation in these species. In West Africa, An. coluzzii tends to be associated with permanent man-made larval habitats such as irrigated rice fields, which are typically more eutrophic and mineral and ammonia-rich than the temporary rain pools exploited by An. gambiae (s.s.) Methods To highlight G × E interactions at the larval stage and their possible role in ecological speciation of these species, we first investigated the effect of exposure to ammonium hydroxide and water mineralisation on larval developmental success. Mosquito larvae were exposed to two water sources and increasing ammonia concentrations in small containers until adult emergence. In a second experiment, larval developmental success was compared across two contrasted microcosms to highlight G × E interactions under conditions such as those found in the natural environment. Results The first experiment revealed significant G × E interactions in developmental success and phenotypic quality for both species in response to increasing ammonia concentrations and water mineralisation. The An. coluzzii strain outperformed the An. gambiae (s.s.) strain under limited conditions that were closer to more eutrophic habitats. The second experiment revealed divergent crisscrossing reaction norms in the developmental success of the sibling species in the two contrasted larval environments. As expected, An. coluzzii had higher emergence rates in the rice paddy environment with emerging adults of superior phenotypic quality compared to An. gambiae (s.s.), and vice versa, in the rain puddle environment. Conclusions Evidence for such G × E interactions lends support to the hypothesis that divergent larval adaptations to the environmental conditions found in man-made habitats such as rice fields in An. coluzzii may have been an important driver of its ecological speciation. ![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nwamaka Oluchukwu Akpodiete
- Centre for Applied Entomology and Parasitology, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Frédéric Tripet
- Centre for Applied Entomology and Parasitology, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Shayo FK, Nakamura K, Al-Sobaihi S, Seino K. Is the source of domestic water associated with the risk of malaria infection? Spatial variability and a mixed-effects multilevel analysis. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 104:224-231. [PMID: 33359948 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.12.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a dearth of information on the relationship between domestic water source and malaria infection in malaria-endemic regions such as Tanzania. This study examined the geospatial variability and association between domestic water source and malaria prevalence in Tanzania. METHODS We analyzed data from a sample of 6707 children, aged 6-59 months, from the 2017 Tanzania Malaria Indicator Survey. The outcome variable was the result of malaria testing (positive or negative) and the main explanatory variable was domestic water source (piped or non-piped). Random effect variables were administrative region and geographical zone. ArcGIS 10.7 was used to create geospatial distribution maps. A STATA MP 14.0 was used to fit a mixed-effects multilevel logistic regression to examine the factors associated with malaria prevalence. RESULTS The prevalence of malaria and non-piped domestic water source was respectively 7.3% and 59.6%. The regions and zones with a higher prevalence of malaria also had a higher percentage of non-piped water. There was a statistically significant variation in the risk of malaria across the regions (variance = 1.27; 95% CI, 0.40-4.07) and zones (variance = 4.75; 95% CI, 1.46-15.46). The final fixed-effects model showed that non-piped domestic water was significantly associated with malaria prevalence (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.18; 95% CI, 1.64-2.89; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS A non-piped source of domestic water was independently associated with positive testing for malaria. Moreover, regions with a high percentage of non-piped domestic water had a correspondingly high prevalence of malaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Festo Kasmir Shayo
- Department of Global Health Entrepreneurship, Division of Public Health, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan; Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O Box 65001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Keiko Nakamura
- Department of Global Health Entrepreneurship, Division of Public Health, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan.
| | - Saber Al-Sobaihi
- Department of Global Health Entrepreneurship, Division of Public Health, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Kaoruko Seino
- Department of Global Health Entrepreneurship, Division of Public Health, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Amprako L, Stenchly K, Wiehle M, Nyarko G, Buerkert A. Arthropod Communities in Urban Agricultural Production Systems under Different Irrigation Sources in the Northern Region of Ghana. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11080488. [PMID: 32752151 PMCID: PMC7469155 DOI: 10.3390/insects11080488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Urban and peri-urban agricultural (UPA) production systems in West African countries do not only mitigate food and financial insecurity, they may also foster biodiversity of arthropods and partly compensate for structural losses of natural environments. However, management practices in UPA systems like irrigation may also contribute to disturbances in arthropod ecology. To fill knowledge gaps in the relationships between UPA management and arthropod populations, we compared arthropods species across different irrigation sources in Tamale. During a 72-h sampling period, 14,226 arthropods were caught with pitfall traps and pan traps from 36 fields. These specimens comprised 13 orders, 103 families, 264 genera, and 329 taxa (243 identified species, 86 unidentified species) and categorized into five feeding guilds (carnivores, decomposers, herbivores, omnivores, and pollinators). Species richness, species accumulation curves, and diversity functions (richness, evenness, and dispersion) were calculated to characterize the arthropod community. Non-metric multidimensional scaling was applied to examine structural similarity of arthropod communities among sites. To account for the effects of soil-related data, we furthermore applied a redundancy analysis. Arthropods grouped according to the irrigation water source, whereby the dipterans were most dominant under wastewater conditions. Here, particularly the eye gnat, Hippelates pusio, a disease-causing vector for humans, accounted for the dipterans. The occurrence of three alien ant species suggested community shifts through invasive species, while the occurrence of seven ant species (at least one ant species occurred under each water source) that form mutualistic relationships with aphids highlighted future risks of aphid pest outbreak. Future studies on these taxa should specifically target their ecological and economic effects and potential countermeasures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louis Amprako
- Organic Plant Production and Agroecosystems Research in the Tropics and Subtropics (OPATS), University of Kassel, Steinstrasse 19, D-37213 Witzenhausen, Germany; (L.A.); (K.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Kathrin Stenchly
- Organic Plant Production and Agroecosystems Research in the Tropics and Subtropics (OPATS), University of Kassel, Steinstrasse 19, D-37213 Witzenhausen, Germany; (L.A.); (K.S.); (A.B.)
- Competence Centre for Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation (CliMA), University of Kassel, Kurt-Schumacher-Straße 25, D-34117 Kassel, Germany
- Grassland Science and Renewable Plant Resources (GNR), University of Kassel, Steinstrasse 19, D-37213 Witzenhausen, Germany
| | - Martin Wiehle
- Organic Plant Production and Agroecosystems Research in the Tropics and Subtropics (OPATS), University of Kassel, Steinstrasse 19, D-37213 Witzenhausen, Germany; (L.A.); (K.S.); (A.B.)
- Tropenzentrum-Centre for International Rural Development, University of Kassel, Steinstrasse 19, D-37213 Witzenhausen, Germany
- International Center for Development and Decent Work, University of Kassel, Kleine Rosenstrasse 1-3, D-34109 Kassel, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - George Nyarko
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University for Development Studies (UDS), P.O. Box TL 1882, Tamale, Ghana;
| | - Andreas Buerkert
- Organic Plant Production and Agroecosystems Research in the Tropics and Subtropics (OPATS), University of Kassel, Steinstrasse 19, D-37213 Witzenhausen, Germany; (L.A.); (K.S.); (A.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chali W, Ashine T, Hailemeskel E, Gashaw A, Tafesse T, Lanke K, Esayas E, Kedir S, Shumie G, Behaksra SW, Bradley J, Yewhalaw D, Mamo H, Petros B, Drakeley C, Gadisa E, Bousema T, Tadesse FG. Comparison of infectivity of Plasmodium vivax to wild-caught and laboratory-adapted (colonized) Anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes in Ethiopia. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:120. [PMID: 32143713 PMCID: PMC7059271 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-3998-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mosquito-feeding assays that assess transmission of Plasmodium from man-to-mosquito typically use laboratory mosquito colonies. The microbiome and genetic background of local mosquitoes may be different and influence Plasmodium transmission efficiency. In order to interpret transmission studies to the local epidemiology, it is therefore crucial to understand the relationship between infectivity in laboratory-adapted and local mosquitoes. METHODS We assessed infectivity of Plasmodium vivax-infected patients from Adama, Ethiopia, using laboratory-adapted (colony) and wild-caught (wild) mosquitoes raised from larval collections in paired feeding experiments. Feeding assays used 4-6 day-old female Anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes after starvation for 12 h (colony) and 18 h (wild). Oocyst development was assessed microscopically 7 days post-feeding. Wild mosquitoes were identified morphologically and confirmed by genotyping. Asexual parasites and gametocytes were quantified in donor blood by microscopy. RESULTS In 36 paired experiments (25 P. vivax infections and 11 co-infections with P. falciparum), feeding efficiency was higher in colony (median: 62.5%; interquartile range, IQR: 47.0-79.0%) compared to wild mosquitoes (median: 27.8%; IQR: 17.0-38.0%; Z = 5.02; P < 0.001). Plasmodium vivax from infectious individuals (51.6%, 16/31) infected a median of 55.0% (IQR: 6.7-85.7%; range: 5.5-96.7%; n = 14) of the colony and 52.7% (IQR: 20.0-80.0%; range: 3.2-95.0%; n = 14) of the wild mosquitoes. A strong association (ρ(16) = 0.819; P < 0.001) was observed between the proportion of infected wild and colony mosquitoes. A positive association was detected between microscopically detected gametocytes and the proportion of infected colony (ρ(31) = 0.452; P = 0.011) and wild (ρ(31) = 0.386; P = 0.032) mosquitoes. CONCLUSIONS Infectivity assessments with colony and wild mosquitoes yielded similar infection results. This finding supports the use of colony mosquitoes for assessments of the infectious reservoir for malaria in this setting whilst acknowledging the importance of mosquito factors influencing sporogonic development of Plasmodium parasites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wakweya Chali
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Temesgen Ashine
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Elifaged Hailemeskel
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Abrham Gashaw
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Temesgen Tafesse
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Kjerstin Lanke
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Endashaw Esayas
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Soriya Kedir
- Oromia Regional Laboratory, Oromia Regional Health Bureau, Adama, Ethiopia
| | - Girma Shumie
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Sinknesh Wolde Behaksra
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - John Bradley
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, WC1E 7HT London, UK
| | - Delenasaw Yewhalaw
- Tropical and Infectious Diseases Research Center, Jimma University, P.O.Box 5195, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Hassen Mamo
- Department of Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Beyene Petros
- Department of Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Chris Drakeley
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, WC1E 7HT London, UK
| | - Endalamaw Gadisa
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Teun Bousema
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, WC1E 7HT London, UK
| | - Fitsum G. Tadesse
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, PO Box 1005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|