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Lee EJ, Ryu JH, Baek JH, Boo YC. Skin Color Analysis of Various Body Parts (Forearm, Upper Arm, Elbow, Knee, and Shin) and Changes with Age in 53 Korean Women, Considering Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2500. [PMID: 38731031 PMCID: PMC11084701 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13092500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Skin color is innately determined by race and other genetic factors, and it also undergoes acquired changes due to various intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Previous studies on skin color have mainly focused on the face, and research has recently expanded to other body parts. However, there is limited information about the age-dependent changes in the skin color of these body parts. The purpose of this study is to analyze the differences in skin color between various body parts and the changes in skin color of each body part with age. Methods: This study examined the skin color of 53 Korean women subjects evenly distributed in age from the 20s to 60s on several body parts: forearm, upper arm, elbow (extended or folded), knee (extended or folded), thigh, and shin. The lightness (L*), redness (a*), and yellowness (b*) were measured using a spectrophotometer, and the individual typology angle (ITA°) was calculated from the L* and b* values. The melanin index and erythema index were measured using the mexameter. Results: The results showed that the elbow skin had the lowest L* and ITA° values and the highest a* and b* values among the examined body parts, followed by the knee. The melanin index and erythema index were also high in the skin of these body parts. In the analysis of age-dependent changes in the skin color of various body parts, the forearm skin exhibited the most notable decrease in the L* and ITA° values and increases in the a* and b* values, followed by upper-arm skin. The melanin and erythema indices in the forearm also increased as the subjects aged, whereas those in the elbow and knee rather decreased with age. Conclusions: This study suggests that differences in intrinsic and extrinsic skin aging in various body parts may be expressed as different changes in skin color and raises the need for cosmetic and dermatological research to identify the physiological significance of these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Ju Lee
- Skin Research Center, Dermapro Ltd., Seoul 06570, Republic of Korea; (E.J.L.); (J.H.R.)
| | - Ja Hyun Ryu
- Skin Research Center, Dermapro Ltd., Seoul 06570, Republic of Korea; (E.J.L.); (J.H.R.)
| | - Ji Hwoon Baek
- Skin Research Center, Dermapro Ltd., Seoul 06570, Republic of Korea; (E.J.L.); (J.H.R.)
| | - Yong Chool Boo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science, The Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
- Cell and Matrix Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
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Liu S, Luo H, Zhang P, Li Y, Hao D, Zhang S, Song T, Xu T, He S. Adaptive Selection of Cis-regulatory Elements in the Han Chinese. Mol Biol Evol 2024; 41:msae034. [PMID: 38377343 PMCID: PMC10917166 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msae034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Cis-regulatory elements have an important role in human adaptation to the living environment. However, the lag in population genomic cohort studies and epigenomic studies, hinders the research in the adaptive analysis of cis-regulatory elements in human populations. In this study, we collected 4,013 unrelated individuals and performed a comprehensive analysis of adaptive selection of genome-wide cis-regulatory elements in the Han Chinese. In total, 12.34% of genomic regions are under the influence of adaptive selection, where 1.00% of enhancers and 2.06% of promoters are under positive selection, and 0.06% of enhancers and 0.02% of promoters are under balancing selection. Gene ontology enrichment analysis of these cis-regulatory elements under adaptive selection reveals that many positive selections in the Han Chinese occur in pathways involved in cell-cell adhesion processes, and many balancing selections are related to immune processes. Two classes of adaptive cis-regulatory elements related to cell adhesion were in-depth analyzed, one is the adaptive enhancers derived from neanderthal introgression, leads to lower hyaluronidase level in skin, and brings better performance on UV-radiation resistance to the Han Chinese. Another one is the cis-regulatory elements regulating wound healing, and the results suggest the positive selection inhibits coagulation and promotes angiogenesis and wound healing in the Han Chinese. Finally, we found that many pathogenic alleles, such as risky alleles of type 2 diabetes or schizophrenia, remain in the population due to the hitchhiking effect of positive selections. Our findings will help deepen our understanding of the adaptive evolution of genome regulation in the Han Chinese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huaxia Luo
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yanyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Di Hao
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Sijia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tingrui Song
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Tao Xu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, Shandong, China
| | - Shunmin He
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetic Regulation and Intervention, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Bajrami D, Zubiaga A, Renggli T, Kirsch C, Spano F, Fehr D, von Schulthess P, Lindhorst‐Peters A, Huber S, Roider E, Rossi RM, Navarini AA, Bonmarin M. Variations of skin thermal diffusivity on different skin regions. Skin Res Technol 2024; 30:e13622. [PMID: 38500350 PMCID: PMC10948952 DOI: 10.1111/srt.13622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Skin thermal diffusivity plays a crucial role in various applications, including laser therapy and cryogenic skin cooling.This study investigates the correlation between skin thermal diffusivity and two important skin parameters, melanin content and erythema, in a cohort of 102 participants. METHODS An in-house developed device based on transient temperature measurement was used to assess thermal diffusivity at different body locations. Melanin content and erythema were measured using a colorimeter. Statistical analysis was performed to examine potential correlations. RESULTS The results showed that the measured thermal diffusivity values were consistent with previous reports, with variations observed among subjects. No significant correlation was found between thermal diffusivity and melanin content or erythema. This suggests that other factors, such as skin hydration or epidermis thickness, may have a more dominant influence on skin thermal properties. CONLCUSION This research provides valuable insights into the complex interplay between skin thermal properties and physiological parameters, with potential implications for cosmetic and clinical dermatology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dardan Bajrami
- School of EngineeringZurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW)WinterthurSwitzerland
- Dermatology ClinicUniversity Hospital BaselUniversitäre Altersmedizin Felix PlatterBaselSwitzerland
| | - Asier Zubiaga
- School of EngineeringZurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW)WinterthurSwitzerland
| | - Timon Renggli
- Dermatology ClinicUniversity Hospital BaselUniversitäre Altersmedizin Felix PlatterBaselSwitzerland
| | - Christoph Kirsch
- School of EngineeringZurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW)WinterthurSwitzerland
| | - Fabrizio Spano
- School of EngineeringZurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW)WinterthurSwitzerland
| | - Daniel Fehr
- School of EngineeringZurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW)WinterthurSwitzerland
| | | | - Alisa Lindhorst‐Peters
- Dermatology ClinicUniversity Hospital BaselUniversitäre Altersmedizin Felix PlatterBaselSwitzerland
| | - Stephanie Huber
- Dermatology ClinicUniversity Hospital BaselUniversitäre Altersmedizin Felix PlatterBaselSwitzerland
| | - Elisabeth Roider
- Dermatology ClinicUniversity Hospital BaselUniversitäre Altersmedizin Felix PlatterBaselSwitzerland
| | - René M. Rossi
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and TechnologyLaboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and TextilesSt. GallenSwitzerland
| | - Alexander A. Navarini
- Dermatology ClinicUniversity Hospital BaselUniversitäre Altersmedizin Felix PlatterBaselSwitzerland
| | - Mathias Bonmarin
- School of EngineeringZurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW)WinterthurSwitzerland
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Orazov A, Yermagambetova M, Myrzagaliyeva A, Mukhitdinov N, Tustubayeva S, Turuspekov Y, Almerekova S. Plant height variation and genetic diversity between Prunus ledebouriana (Schlecht.) YY Yao and Prunus tenella Batsch based on using SSR markers in East Kazakhstan. PeerJ 2024; 12:e16735. [PMID: 38223754 PMCID: PMC10788089 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Genetic differences between isolated endemic populations of plant species and those with widely known twin species are relevant for conserving the biological diversity of our planet's flora. Prunus ledebouriana (Schlecht.) YY Yao is an endangered and endemic species of shrub almond from central Asia. Few studies have explored this species, which is closely related and morphologically similar to the well-known Prunus tenella Batsch. In this article, we present a comparative analysis of studies of three P. ledebouriana populations and one close population of P. tenella in Eastern Kazakhstan in order to determine the particular geographic mutual replacement of the two species. Methods The populations were collected from different ecological niches, including one steppe population near Ust-Kamenogorsk (P. tenella) and three populations (P. ledebouriana) in the mountainous area. Estimation of plant height using a t-test suggested a statistically significant difference between the populations and the two species (P < 0.0001). DNA simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were applied to study the two species' genetic diversity and population structure. Results A total of 19 polymorphic SSR loci were analyzed, and the results showed that the population collected in mountainous areas had a lower variation level than steppe populations. The highest level of Nei's genetic diversity index was demonstrated in the 4-UK population (0.622) of P. tenella. The lowest was recorded in population 3-KA (0.461) of P. ledebouriana, collected at the highest altitude of the four populations (2,086 meters above sea level). The total genetic variation of P. ledebouriana was distributed 73% within populations and 27% between populations. STRUCTURE results showed that two morphologically similar species diverged starting at step K = 3, with limited population mixing. The results confirmed the morphological and genetic differences between P. tenella and P. ledebouriana and described the level of genetic variation for P. ledebouriana. The study's results proved that the steppe zone and mountain altitude factor between P. tenella and isolated mountain samples of P. ledebouriana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidyn Orazov
- School of Natural Sciences, Astana International University, Astana, Kazakhstan
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Almaty, Kazakhstan
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
- Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Moldir Yermagambetova
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Almaty, Kazakhstan
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Anar Myrzagaliyeva
- School of Natural Sciences, Astana International University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Nashtay Mukhitdinov
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Shynar Tustubayeva
- School of Natural Sciences, Astana International University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Yerlan Turuspekov
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Almaty, Kazakhstan
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Shyryn Almerekova
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Almaty, Kazakhstan
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
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Martínez-Ramírez J, Puts D, Nieto J, G-Santoyo I. Effects of facial skin pigmentation on social judgments in a Mexican population. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0279858. [PMID: 38032952 PMCID: PMC10688750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
People quickly and involuntarily form impressions of others based on their facial physical attributes, which can modulate critical social interactions. Skin pigmentation is one of the most variable and conspicuous facial traits among human populations. Empirical evidence suggests that these variations reflect ancestral ecological selective pressures balancing cutaneous vitamin D synthesis with the protection of the dermis from ultraviolet radiation. Nevertheless, skin pigmentation may currently be subject to additional selective pressures. For instance, the colonial era in Central and South America developed a highly stratified society based on ethnic origins, and light skin pigmentation became associated with higher social status and deference. This association could have originated through historical social learning that promoted favorable social perceptions towards individuals with lighter skin color and unfavorable perceptions towards individuals with darker skin color, which could still be present in the perception of current populations. Facial skin pigmentation is also sexually dimorphic, with males tending to exhibit darker skin than females, a difference that could be driven by sexual selection. To explore whether social learning and sexual selection represent additional selective pressures on skin pigmentation, we tested how this facial trait influences fundamental social perceptions in a Mexican population (N = 700, 489 female). We sampled facial images of eight European American males with natural lighter facial skin and eight males from an indigenous pre-Columbian community from Mexico, the Me'Phaa, with natural darker facial skin. We produced stimuli from these images by varying the skin pigmentation while preserving the facial shape. Stimuli were rated on attractiveness, trustworthiness, perceived health, dominance, aggressiveness, and femininity/masculinity. We found that the natural light-skinned faces were perceived as more attractive, trustworthy, and healthy but less dominant than the natural dark faces. Furthermore, by varying the facial skin color in these original groups, we altered the perceptions of them, mainly their attractiveness. These results partially support the hypothesis that dark facial skin color may help males compete for mates. Also, the results strongly support the view that lighter facial skin color became associated with social benefits through social learning in this Mexican population. Our findings, when viewed through the lens of cultural evolution, align with previous research in social psychology and anthropology. They hold the potential to offer a comprehensive understanding of the origin of this social phenomenon of cultural transmission, which currently plays a role in the formation of racial attitudes, stereotyping, and racial inequality in Mexican and other Latin American populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaaziel Martínez-Ramírez
- Faculty of Psychology, Neuroecology Laboratory, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - David Puts
- Department of Anthropology and Center for Human Evolution and Diversity, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, College Township, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Javier Nieto
- Faculty of Psychology, Laboratory of Learning and Adaptation, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Isaac G-Santoyo
- Faculty of Psychology, Neuroecology Laboratory, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
- Unidad de Investigación en Psicobiología y Neurociencias, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
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6
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Wang X, Hivert V, Groot S, Wang Y, Yengo L, McGrath JJ, Kemper KE, Visscher PM, Wray NR, Revez JA. Cross-ancestry analyses identify new genetic loci associated with 25-hydroxyvitamin D. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1011033. [PMID: 37963177 PMCID: PMC10684098 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D status-a complex trait influenced by environmental and genetic factors-is tightly associated with skin colour and ancestry. Yet very few studies have investigated the genetic underpinnings of vitamin D levels across diverse ancestries, and the ones that have, relied on small sample sizes, resulting in inconclusive results. Here, we conduct genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD)-the main circulating form of vitamin D-in 442,435 individuals from four broad genetically-determined ancestry groups represented in the UK Biobank: European (N = 421,867), South Asian (N = 9,983), African (N = 8,306) and East Asian (N = 2,279). We identify a new genetic determinant of 25OHD (rs146759773) in individuals of African ancestry, which was not detected in previous analysis of much larger European cohorts due to low minor allele frequency. We show genome-wide significant evidence of dominance effects in 25OHD that protect against vitamin D deficiency. Given that key events in the synthesis of 25OHD occur in the skin and are affected by pigmentation levels, we conduct GWAS of 25OHD stratified by skin colour and identify new associations. Lastly, we test the interaction between skin colour and variants associated with variance in 25OHD levels and identify two loci (rs10832254 and rs1352846) whose association with 25OHD differs in individuals of distinct complexions. Collectively, our results provide new insights into the complex relationship between 25OHD and skin colour and highlight the importance of diversity in genomic studies. Despite the much larger rates of vitamin D deficiency that we and others report for ancestry groups with dark skin (e.g., South Asian), our study highlights the importance of considering ancestral background and/or skin colour when assessing the implications of low vitamin D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Wang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Valentin Hivert
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Shiane Groot
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ying Wang
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research and Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Loic Yengo
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - John J. McGrath
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus V, Denmark
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kathryn E. Kemper
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Peter M. Visscher
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Naomi R. Wray
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Joana A. Revez
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Zakoh K, Fujiwara K, Takada T, Osada N, Suzuki H. Genealogical characterization of regional populations and dorsal coat color variation in the house mouse Mus musculus from Asia based on haplotype structure analysis of a gene-rich region harboring Mc1r. Genes Genet Syst 2023; 98:73-87. [PMID: 37558462 DOI: 10.1266/ggs.22-00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We analyzed 196 haplotype sequences from a gene-rich region (250 kb) that includes Mc1r, a gene involved in coat color regulation, to gain insight into the evolution of coat color variation in subspecies of the house mouse Mus musculus. Phylogenetic networks revealed haplotype groups from the major subspecies of M. m. castaneus (CAS), M. m. domesticus (DOM), and M. m. musculus (MUS). Using haplotype sequences assigned to each of CAS and MUS through phylogenetic analysis, we proposed migration routes associated with prehistoric humans from west to east across Eurasia. Comparing nucleotide diversity among subspecies-specific haplotypes in different geographic areas showed a marked reduction during migration, particularly in MUS-derived haplotypes from Korea and Japan, suggesting intensive population bottlenecks during migration. We found that a C>T polymorphism at site 302 (c.302C>T) in the Mc1r coding region correlated with a darkening of dorsal fur color in both CAS and MUS. However, C/C homozygous mice in MUS showed marked variation in lightness, indicating the possibility of another genetic determinant that affects the lightness of dorsal fur color. Detailed sequence comparisons of haplotypes revealed that short fragments assigned to DOM were embedded in CAS-assigned fragments, indicating ancient introgression between subspecies. The estimated age of c.302C>T also supports the hypothesis that genetic interaction between subspecies occurred in ancient times. This suggests that the genome of M. musculus evolved through gene flow between subspecies over an extended period before the movement of the species in conjunction with prehistoric humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Zakoh
- Laboratory of Ecology and Genetics, Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University
| | - Kazumichi Fujiwara
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University
| | - Toyoyuki Takada
- Integrated Bioresource Information Division, RIKEN BioResource Research Center
| | - Naoki Osada
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University
| | - Hitoshi Suzuki
- Laboratory of Ecology and Genetics, Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University
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8
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Cha J, Jin D, Kim JH, Kim SC, Lim JA, Chai HH, Jung SA, Lee JH, Lee SH. Genome-wide association study revealed the genomic regions associated with skin pigmentation in an Ogye x White Leghorn F2 chicken population. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102720. [PMID: 37327746 PMCID: PMC10404675 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin color in chickens is an economically important trait that determines the first impression of a consumer toward a broiler and can ultimately affect consumer choice in the market. Therefore, identification of genomic regions associated with skin color is crucial for increasing the sales value of chickens. Although previous studies have attempted to reveal the genetic markers associated with the skin coloration in chickens, most were limited to investigations of candidate genes, such as melanin-related genes, and focused on case/control studies based on a single or small population. In this study, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on 770 F2 intercrosses produced by an experimental population of 2 chicken breeds, namely Ogye and White Leghorns, with different skin colors. The GWAS demonstrated that the L* value among the 3 skin color traits is highly heritable, and the genomic regions located on 2 chromosomes (20 and Z) were detected to harbor SNPs significantly associated with the skin color trait, accounting for most of the total genetic variance. Particular genomic regions spanning a ∼2.94 Mb region on GGA Z and a ∼3.58 Mb region on GGA 20 were significantly associated with skin color traits, and in these regions, certain candidate genes, including MTAP, FEM1C, GNAS, and EDN3, were found. Our findings could help elucidate the genetic mechanisms underlying chicken skin pigmentation. Furthermore, the candidate genes can be used to provide a valuable breeding strategy for the selection of specific chicken breeds with ideal skin coloration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihye Cha
- Animal Genome & Bioinformatics, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, South Korea
| | - Daehyeok Jin
- Animal Genetic Resources Research Center, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Hamyang 50000, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hwan Kim
- Animal Genome & Bioinformatics, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, South Korea
| | - Seung-Chang Kim
- Animal Genetic Resources Research Center, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Hamyang 50000, South Korea
| | - Jin A Lim
- Animal Genome & Bioinformatics, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, South Korea
| | - Han-Ha Chai
- Animal Genome & Bioinformatics, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, South Korea
| | - Seul A Jung
- Animal Genome & Bioinformatics, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, South Korea
| | - Jun-Heon Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, South Korea
| | - Seung-Hwan Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, South Korea.
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9
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Brandon AA, Almeida D, Powder KE. Neural crest cells as a source of microevolutionary variation. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 145:42-51. [PMID: 35718684 PMCID: PMC10482117 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrates have some of the most complex and diverse features in animals, from varied craniofacial morphologies to colorful pigmentation patterns and elaborate social behaviors. All of these traits have their developmental origins in a multipotent embryonic lineage of neural crest cells. This "fourth germ layer" is a vertebrate innovation and the source of a wide range of adult cell types. While others have discussed the role of neural crest cells in human disease and animal domestication, less is known about their role in contributing to adaptive changes in wild populations. Here, we review how variation in the development of neural crest cells and their derivatives generates considerable phenotypic diversity in nature. We focus on the broad span of traits under natural and sexual selection whose variation may originate in the neural crest, with emphasis on behavioral factors such as intraspecies communication that are often overlooked. In all, we encourage the integration of evolutionary ecology with developmental biology and molecular genetics to gain a more complete understanding of the role of this single cell type in trait covariation, evolutionary trajectories, and vertebrate diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Allyson Brandon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Daniela Almeida
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Kara E Powder
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
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Lucock MD. The evolution of human skin pigmentation: A changing medley of vitamins, genetic variability, and UV radiation during human expansion. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2023; 180:252-271. [PMID: 36790744 PMCID: PMC10083917 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
This review examines putative, yet likely critical evolutionary pressures contributing to human skin pigmentation and subsequently, depigmentation phenotypes. To achieve this, it provides a synthesis of ideas that frame contemporary thinking, without limiting the narrative to pigmentation genes alone. It examines how geography and hence the quality and quantity of UV exposure, pigmentation genes, diet-related genes, vitamins, anti-oxidant nutrients, and cultural practices intersect and interact to facilitate the evolution of human skin color. The article has a strong focus on the vitamin D-folate evolutionary model, with updates on the latest biophysical research findings to support this paradigm. This model is examined within a broad canvas that takes human expansion out of Africa and genetic architecture into account. A thorough discourse on the biology of melanization is provided (includes relationship to BH4 and DNA damage repair), with the relevance of this to the UV sensitivity of folate and UV photosynthesis of vitamin D explained in detail, including the relevance of these vitamins to reproductive success. It explores whether we might be able to predict vitamin-related gene polymorphisms that pivot metabolism to the prevailing UVR exposome within the vitamin D-folate evolutionary hypothesis context. This is discussed in terms of a primary adaptive phenotype (pigmentation/depigmentation), a secondary adaptive phenotype (flexible metabolic phenotype based on vitamin-related gene polymorphism profile), and a tertiary adaptive strategy (dietary anti-oxidants to support the secondary adaptive phenotype). Finally, alternative evolutionary models for pigmentation are discussed, as are challenges to future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D. Lucock
- School of Environmental & Life SciencesUniversity of NewcastleOurimbahNew South WalesAustralia
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11
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Asadollahpour Nanaei H, Cai Y, Alshawi A, Wen J, Hussain T, Fu WW, Xu NY, Essa A, Lenstra JA, Wang X, Jiang Y, Wang X, Jiang Y. Genomic analysis of indigenous goats in Southwest Asia reveals evidence of ancient adaptive introgression related to desert climate. Zool Res 2023; 44:20-29. [PMID: 36257823 PMCID: PMC9841177 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2022.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding how evolutionary pressures related to climate change have shaped the current genetic background of domestic animals is a fundamental pursuit of biology. Here, we generated whole-genome sequencing data from native goat populations in Iraq and Pakistan. Combined with previously published data on modern, ancient (Late Neolithic to Medieval periods), and wild Capra species worldwide, we explored the genetic population structure, ancestry components, and signatures of natural positive selection in native goat populations in Southwest Asia (SWA). Results revealed that the genetic structure of SWA goats was deeply influenced by gene flow from the eastern Mediterranean during the Chalcolithic period, which may reflect adaptation to gradual warming and aridity in the region. Furthermore, comparative genomic analysis revealed adaptive introgression of the KITLG locus from the Nubian ibex ( C. nubiana) into African and SWA goats. The frequency of the selected allele at this locus was significantly higher among goat populations located near northeastern Africa. These results provide new insights into the genetic composition and history of goat populations in the SWA region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojjat Asadollahpour Nanaei
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yudong Cai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Akil Alshawi
- Department of Internal and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad, Iraqi Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Bagdad 10090, Iraq
| | - Jiayue Wen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Tanveer Hussain
- Department of Molecular Biology, Virtual University of Pakistan, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Wei-Wei Fu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Nai-Yi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Abdulameer Essa
- Animal Genetics Resources Department, Directorate of Animal Resources, the Ministry of Iraqi Agriculture, Baghdad 10081, Iraq
| | - Johannes A. Lenstra
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Xihong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China,E-mail:
| | - Yu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China,
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Ghanbarzehi A, Sepehrinezhad A, Hashemi N, Karimi M, Shahbazi A. Disclosing common biological signatures and predicting new therapeutic targets in schizophrenia and obsessive-compulsive disorder by integrated bioinformatics analysis. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:40. [PMID: 36641432 PMCID: PMC9840830 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-04543-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a severe mental illness mainly characterized by a number of psychiatric symptoms. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a long-lasting and devastating mental disorder. SCZ has high co-occurrence with OCD resulting in the emergence of a concept entitled "schizo-obsessive disorder" as a new specific clinical entity with more severe psychiatric symptoms. Many studies have been done on SCZ and OCD, but the common pathogenesis between them is not clear yet. Therefore, this study aimed to identify shared genetic basis, potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets between these two disorders. Gene sets were extracted from the Geneweaver and Harmonizome databases for each disorder. Interestingly, the combination of both sets revealed 89 common genes between SCZ and OCD, the most important of which were BDNF, SLC6A4, GAD1, HTR2A, GRIN2B, DRD2, SLC6A3, COMT, TH and DLG4. Then, we conducted a comprehensive bioinformatics analysis of the common genes. Receptor activity as the molecular functions, neuron projection and synapse as the cellular components as well as serotonergic synapse, dopaminergic synapse and alcoholism as the pathways were the most significant commonalities in enrichment analyses. In addition, transcription factor (TFs) analysis predicted significant TFs such as HMGA1, MAPK14, HINFP and TEAD2. Hsa-miR-3121-3p and hsa-miR-495-3p were the most important microRNAs (miRNAs) associated with both disorders. Finally, our study predicted 19 existing drugs (importantly, Haloperidol, Fluoxetine and Melatonin) that may have a potential influence on this co-occurrence. To summarize, this study may help us to better understand and handle the co-occurrence of SCZ and OCD by identifying potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolhakim Ghanbarzehi
- grid.411746.10000 0004 4911 7066Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Sepehrinezhad
- grid.411746.10000 0004 4911 7066Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ,grid.411583.a0000 0001 2198 6209Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran ,grid.411746.10000 0004 4911 7066Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazanin Hashemi
- grid.37728.390000 0001 0730 3862Department of Biotechnology, Bangalore University, Bangalore, Karnataka India
| | - Minoo Karimi
- grid.411705.60000 0001 0166 0922Department of Audiology, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Shahbazi
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Farré X, Blay N, Cortés B, Carreras A, Iraola-Guzmán S, de Cid R. Skin Phototype and Disease: A Comprehensive Genetic Approach to Pigmentary Traits Pleiotropy Using PRS in the GCAT Cohort. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:149. [PMID: 36672889 PMCID: PMC9859115 DOI: 10.3390/genes14010149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human pigmentation has largely been associated with different disease prevalence among populations, but most of these studies are observational and inconclusive. Known to be genetically determined, pigmentary traits have largely been studied by Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS), mostly in Caucasian ancestry cohorts from North Europe, identifying robustly, several loci involved in many of the pigmentary traits. Here, we conduct a detailed analysis by GWAS and Polygenic Risk Score (PRS) of 13 pigmentary-related traits in a South European cohort of Caucasian ancestry (n = 20,000). We observed fair phototype strongly associated with non-melanoma skin cancer and other dermatoses and confirmed by PRS-approach the shared genetic basis with skin and eye diseases, such as melanoma (OR = 0.95), non-melanoma skin cancer (OR = 0.93), basal cell carcinoma (OR = 0.97) and darker phototype with vitiligo (OR = 1.02), cataracts (OR = 1.04). Detailed genetic analyses revealed 37 risk loci associated with 10 out of 13 analyzed traits, and 16 genes significantly associated with at least two pigmentary traits. Some of them have been widely reported, such as MC1R, HERC2, OCA2, TYR, TYRP1, SLC45A2, and some novel candidate genes C1QTNF3, LINC02876, and C1QTNF3-AMACR have not been reported in the GWAS Catalog, with regulatory potential. These results highlight the importance of the assess phototype as a genetic proxy of skin functionality and disease when evaluating open mixed populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Rafael de Cid
- Genomes for Life-GCAT Lab, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
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Amano S, Yoshikawa T, Ito C, Mabuchi I, Kikuchi K, Ooguri M, Yasuda C. Prediction and association analyses of skin phenotypes in Japanese females using genetic, environmental, and physical features. Skin Res Technol 2023; 29:e13231. [PMID: 36437544 PMCID: PMC9838785 DOI: 10.1111/srt.13231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin characteristics show great variation from person to person and are affected by multiple factors, including genetic, environmental, and physical factors, but details of the involvement and contributions of these factors remain unclear. OBJECTIVES We aimed to characterize genetic, environmental, and physical factors affecting 16 skin features by developing models to predict personal skin characteristics. METHODS We analyzed the associations of skin phenotypes with genetic, environmental, and physical features in 1472 Japanese females aged 20-80 years. We focused on 16 skin characteristics, including melanin, brightness/lightness, yellowness, pigmented spots, wrinkles, resilience, moisture, barrier function, texture, and sebum amount. As genetic factors, we selected 74 single-nucleotide polymorphisms of genes related to skin color, vitamin level, hormones, circulation, extracellular matrix (ECM) components and ECM-degrading enzymes, inflammation, and antioxidants. Histories of ultraviolet (UV) exposure and smoking as environmental factors and age, height, and weight as physical factors were acquired by means of a questionnaire. RESULTS A linear association with age was prominent for increase in the area of crow's feet, increase in number of pigmented spots, decrease in forehead sebum, and increase in VISIA wrinkle parameters. Associations were analyzed by constructing linear regression models for skin feature changes and logistic regression models to predict whether subjects show lower or higher skin measurement values in the same age groups. Multiple genetic factors, history of UV exposure and smoking, and body mass index were statistically selected for each skin characteristic. The most important association found for skin spots, such as lentigines and wrinkles, was adolescent sun exposure. CONCLUSION Genetic, environmental, and physical factors associated with interindividual differences of the selected skin features were identified. The developed models should be useful to predict the skin characteristics of individuals and their age-related changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Amano
- Shiseido Co. Ltd., MIRAI Technology Institute, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Yoshikawa
- Shiseido Co. Ltd., MIRAI Technology Institute, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Chiaki Ito
- DYNACOM Co. Ltd., World Business Garden, Mihama-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ikumi Mabuchi
- DYNACOM Co. Ltd., World Business Garden, Mihama-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kumiko Kikuchi
- Shiseido Co. Ltd., MIRAI Technology Institute, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Motoki Ooguri
- Shiseido Co. Ltd., MIRAI Technology Institute, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Chie Yasuda
- Shiseido Co. Ltd., MIRAI Technology Institute, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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15
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Melanoma Management: From Epidemiology to Treatment and Latest Advances. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14194652. [PMID: 36230575 PMCID: PMC9562203 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14194652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Melanoma is a major public health issue that claims the lives of thousands of people every year. Furthermore, the outlook for the coming years is not encouraging with increasing morbidity and mortality trends. This review aims to offer an updated overview of various aspects related to cutaneous melanoma, from epidemiology, etiology, clinical presentation, prevention, diagnosis and staging. Moreover, conventional treatments currently available as well as the latest advances in clinical trials regarding new drugs and/or combinations, including nanotechnology-based strategies are also reviewed. Abstract Melanoma is the deadliest skin cancer, whose morbidity and mortality indicators show an increasing trend worldwide. In addition to its great heterogeneity, melanoma has a high metastatic potential, resulting in very limited response to therapies currently available, which were restricted to surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy for many years. Advances in knowledge about the pathophysiological mechanisms of the disease have allowed the development of new therapeutic classes, such as immune checkpoint and small molecule kinase inhibitors. However, despite the incontestable progress in the quality of life and survival rates of the patients, effectiveness is still far from desired. Some adverse side effects and resistance mechanisms are the main barriers. Thus, the search for better options has resulted in many clinical trials that are now investigating new drugs and/or combinations. The low water solubility of drugs, low stability and rapid metabolism limit the clinical potential and therapeutic use of some compounds. Thus, the research of nanotechnology-based strategies is being explored as the basis for the broad application of different types of nanosystems in the treatment of melanoma. Future development focus on challenges understanding the mechanisms that make these nanosystems more effective.
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16
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Guo Q, Jiang Y, Wang Z, Bi Y, Chen G, Bai H, Chang G. Genome-Wide Association Study for Screening and Identifying Potential Shin Color Loci in Ducks. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13081391. [PMID: 36011302 PMCID: PMC9407491 DOI: 10.3390/genes13081391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Shin color diversity is a widespread phenomenon in birds. In this study, ducks were assessed to identify candidate genes for yellow, black, and spotted tibiae. For this purpose, we performed whole-genome resequencing of an F2 population consisting of 275 ducks crossed between Runzhou crested-white ducks and Cherry Valley ducks. We obtained 12.6 Mb of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data, and the three shin colors were subsequently genotyped. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) were performed to identify candidate and potential SNPs for the three shin colors. According to the results, 2947 and 3451 significant SNPs were associated with black and yellow shins, respectively, and six potential SNPs were associated with spotted shins. Based on the SNP annotations, the MITF, EDNRB2, POU family members, and the SLC superfamily were the candidate genes regulating pigmentation. In addition, the isoforms of EDNRB2, TYR, TYRP1, and MITF-M were significantly different between the black and yellow tibiae. MITF and EDNRB2 may have synergistic roles in the regulation of melanin synthesis, and their mutations may lead to phenotypic differences in the melanin deposition between individuals. This study provides new insights into the genetic factors that may influence tibia color diversity in birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixin Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhixiu Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yulin Bi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Guohong Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Hao Bai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Guobin Chang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence:
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Vitamin D in the Context of Evolution. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14153018. [PMID: 35893872 PMCID: PMC9332464 DOI: 10.3390/nu14153018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
For at least 1.2 billion years, eukaryotes have been able to synthesize sterols and, therefore, can produce vitamin D when exposed to UV-B. Vitamin D endocrinology was established some 550 million years ago in animals, when the high-affinity nuclear receptor VDR (vitamin D receptor), transport proteins and enzymes for vitamin D metabolism evolved. This enabled vitamin D to regulate, via its target genes, physiological process, the first of which were detoxification and energy metabolism. In this way, vitamin D was enabled to modulate the energy-consuming processes of the innate immune system in its fight against microbes. In the evolving adaptive immune system, vitamin D started to act as a negative regulator of growth, which prevents overboarding reactions of T cells in the context of autoimmune diseases. When, some 400 million years ago, species left the ocean and were exposed to gravitation, vitamin D endocrinology took over the additional role as a major regulator of calcium homeostasis, being important for a stable skeleton. Homo sapiens evolved approximately 300,000 years ago in East Africa and had adapted vitamin D endocrinology to the intensive exposure of the equatorial sun. However, when some 75,000 years ago, when anatomically modern humans started to populate all continents, they also reached regions with seasonally low or no UV-B, i.e., and under these conditions vitamin D became a vitamin.
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Guo Q, Jiang Y, Wang Z, Bi Y, Chen G, Bai H, Chang G. Genome-Wide Analysis Identifies Candidate Genes Encoding Beak Color of Duck. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13071271. [PMID: 35886054 PMCID: PMC9322730 DOI: 10.3390/genes13071271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Beak color diversity is a broadly occurring phenomenon in birds. Here, we used ducks to identify candidate genes for yellow, black, and spotted beaks. For this, an F2 population consisting of 275 ducks was genotyped using whole genome resequencing containing 12.6 M single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and three beak colors. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) was used to identify the candidate and potential SNPs for three beak colors in ducks (yellow, spotted, and black). The results showed that 2753 significant SNPs were associated with black beaks, 7462 with yellow, and 17 potential SNPs with spotted beaks. Based on SNP annotation, MITF, EDNRB2, members of the POU family, and the SLC superfamily were the candidate genes regulating pigmentation. Meanwhile, isoforms MITF-M and EDNRB2 were significantly different between black and yellow beaks. MITF and EDNRB2 likely play a synergistic role in the regulation of melanin synthesis, and their mutations contribute to phenotypic differences in beak melanin deposition among individuals. This study provides new insights into genetic factors that may influence the diversity of beak color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixin Guo
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Q.G.); (Y.J.); (Z.W.); (Y.B.); (G.C.)
| | - Yong Jiang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Q.G.); (Y.J.); (Z.W.); (Y.B.); (G.C.)
| | - Zhixiu Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Q.G.); (Y.J.); (Z.W.); (Y.B.); (G.C.)
| | - Yulin Bi
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Q.G.); (Y.J.); (Z.W.); (Y.B.); (G.C.)
| | - Guohong Chen
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Q.G.); (Y.J.); (Z.W.); (Y.B.); (G.C.)
| | - Hao Bai
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Q.G.); (Y.J.); (Z.W.); (Y.B.); (G.C.)
- Correspondence: (H.B.); (G.C.); Tel.: +86-18796608824 (H.B.); +86-17851975060 (G.C.)
| | - Guobin Chang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Q.G.); (Y.J.); (Z.W.); (Y.B.); (G.C.)
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence: (H.B.); (G.C.); Tel.: +86-18796608824 (H.B.); +86-17851975060 (G.C.)
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Hu Y, Hoffman G. What Can a Robot’s Skin Be? Designing Texture-Changing Skin for Human-Robot Social Interaction. ACM TRANSACTIONS ON HUMAN-ROBOT INTERACTION 2022. [DOI: 10.1145/3532772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Biological skin has numerous functions like protection, sensing, expression, and regulation. On the contrary, a robot’s skin is usually regarded as a passive and static separation between the body and environment. In this paper, we explore the design opportunities of a robot’s skin as a socially expressive medium. Inspired by living organisms, we discuss the roles of interactive robotic skin from four perspectives: expression, perception, regulation, and mechanical action. We focus on the expressive function of skin to sketch design concepts and present a flexible technical method for embodiment. The proposed method integrates pneumatically actuated dynamic textures on soft skin, with forms and kinematic patterns generating a variety of visual and haptic expressions. We demonstrate the proposed design space with six texture-changing skin prototypes and discuss their expressive capacities.
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20
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Neitzke-Montinelli V, da Silva Figueiredo Celestino Gomes P, Pascutti PG, Moura-Neto RS, Silva R. Genetic diversity of the melanocortin-1 receptor in an admixed population of Rio de Janeiro: Structural and functional impacts of Cys35Tyr variant. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267286. [PMID: 35452484 PMCID: PMC9032367 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) is one of the key proteins involved in the regulation of melanin production and several polymorphisms have been associated with different phenotypes of skin and hair color in human and nonhuman species. Most of the knowledge is centered on more homogeneous populations and studies involving an admixed group of people should be encouraged due to the great importance of understanding the human color variation. This work evaluates the MC1R diversity and the possible impacts of MC1R variants in an admixed sample population of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, which is a product of Native American, African, and European miscegenation. Sequencing of complete coding region and part of the 3´UTR of MC1R gene identified 31 variants including one insertion and three novel synonymous substitutions in sample population grouped according to skin, hair and eye pigmentation levels. In nonmetric multidimensional scaling analysis (NMDS), three main clusters were identified, in which the Brazilian dark skin group remained in the African cluster whereas the intermediate and the light skin color phenotype in the European one. None gathered with Asians since their immigration to Brazil was a recent event. In silico analyses demonstrated that Cys35Tyr, Ile155Thr and Pro256Ser, found in our population, have a negative effect on receptor function probably due to changes on the receptor structure. Notably, Cys35Tyr mutation could potentially impair agonist binding. Altogether, this work contributes to the understanding of the genetic background of color variation on an admixed population and gives insights into the damaging effects of MC1R variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Neitzke-Montinelli
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro G. Pascutti
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo S. Moura-Neto
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rosane Silva
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Weasel L. How Neanderthals became White: The introgression of race into contemporary human evolutionary genomics. Am Nat 2022; 200:129-139. [DOI: 10.1086/720130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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22
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Qian R, Hu Q, Ma X, Zhang X, Ye Y, Liu H, Gao H, Zheng J. Comparative transcriptome analysis of heat stress responses of Clematis lanuginosa and Clematis crassifolia. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:138. [PMID: 35321648 PMCID: PMC8941805 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03497-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clematis species are attractive ornamental plants with a variety of flower colors and patterns. Heat stress is one of the main factors restricting the growth, development, and ornamental value of Clematis. Clematis lanuginosa and Clematis crassifolia are large-flowered and evergreen Clematis species, respectively, that show different tolerance to heat stress. We compared and analyzed the transcriptome of C. lanuginose and C. crassifolia under heat stress to determine the regulatory mechanism(s) of resistance. RESULTS A total of 1720 and 6178 differentially expressed genes were identified from C. lanuginose and C. crassifolia, respectively. The photosynthesis and oxidation-reduction processes of C. crassifolia were more sensitive than C. lanuginose under heat stress. Glycine/serine/threonine metabolism, glyoxylic metabolism, and thiamine metabolism were important pathways in response to heat stress in C. lanuginose, and flavonoid biosynthesis, phenylalanine metabolism, and arginine/proline metabolism were the key pathways in C. crassifolia. Six sHSPs (c176964_g1, c200771_g1, c204924_g1, c199407_g2, c201522_g2, c192936_g1), POD1 (c200317_g1), POD3 (c210145_g2), DREB2 (c182557_g1), and HSFA2 (c206233_g2) may be key genes in the response to heat stress in C. lanuginose and C. crassifolia. CONCLUSIONS We compared important metabolic pathways and differentially expressed genes in response to heat stress between C. lanuginose and C. crassifolia. The results increase our understanding of the response mechanism and candidate genes of Clematis under heat stress. These data may contribute to the development of new Clematis varieties with greater heat tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjuan Qian
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
| | - Qingdi Hu
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Resource Plant Innovation and Utilization, Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Wenzhou, 325005 Zhejiang China
- Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang 310021 Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaohua Ma
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Resource Plant Innovation and Utilization, Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Wenzhou, 325005 Zhejiang China
- Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang 310021 Wenzhou, China
| | - Xule Zhang
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Resource Plant Innovation and Utilization, Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Wenzhou, 325005 Zhejiang China
- Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang 310021 Wenzhou, China
| | - Youju Ye
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Resource Plant Innovation and Utilization, Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Wenzhou, 325005 Zhejiang China
- Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang 310021 Wenzhou, China
| | - Hongjian Liu
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Resource Plant Innovation and Utilization, Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Wenzhou, 325005 Zhejiang China
- Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang 310021 Wenzhou, China
| | - Handong Gao
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
| | - Jian Zheng
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Resource Plant Innovation and Utilization, Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Wenzhou, 325005 Zhejiang China
- Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang 310021 Wenzhou, China
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23
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Can skin histology be a useful tool for ancestry assessment in forensic settings? Ancestry assessment based on melanin pigment. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2022; 57:102058. [DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2022.102058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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24
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Cugmas B, Štruc E, Kovče U, Lužar K, Olivry T. Evaluation of native canine skin color by smartphone-based dermatoscopy. Skin Res Technol 2022; 28:299-304. [PMID: 35064590 PMCID: PMC9907669 DOI: 10.1111/srt.13130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human skin color, predominantly determined by the chromophores of melanin, hemoglobin, and exogenous carotenoids, is often measured to serve various medical and cosmetic applications. Although colorimetry has been used to evaluate the skin erythema in allergic dogs, the native canine skin color remains unknown. METHODS We measured the skin color in 101 healthy dogs using a calibrated optical system with a smartphone and a mobile dermatoscope DermLite DL1. The results were retrieved in the CIELAB color system and compared to the human color ranges. RESULTS The lightness (L*) of canine skin ranged from 28.5 to 78.3, which is slightly broader than that of human skin. There was a difference of 3.9 in redness (a*) between canine and human skin, but this variation could be attributed to the similarly valued colorimetric error of the optical system. Nonetheless, the skin yellowness was significantly different for dogs and humans (respective median b* of 12.3 versus 16.6, p < 0.01). This difference might be due to canids not being able to accumulate typically yellowish carotenoids. Furthermore, the native canine skin color did not exhibit a typical dependence between the coordinates of lightness (L*) and yellowness (b*), known as the individual typology angle, °ITA. CONCLUSION We reported the first dataset of the native canine skin color in the CIELAB color space. We discovered a similarity in skin lightness and a difference in skin yellowness. However, further studies are needed for a more precise comparison of skin redness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaž Cugmas
- Biophotonics laboratory, Institute of Atomic Physics and Spectroscopy, University of Latvia, Rīga, Latvia.,Veterinary clinic Zamba, Vets4science Ltd, Celje, Slovenia
| | | | - Urška Kovče
- Veterinary clinic Zamba, Vets4science Ltd, Celje, Slovenia
| | - Katja Lužar
- Veterinary clinic Zamba, Vets4science Ltd, Celje, Slovenia
| | - Thierry Olivry
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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25
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Singh L, Phneah KT, Wijayaratne DC, Lee K, Quinn PC. Effects of interracial experience on the race preferences of infants. J Exp Child Psychol 2022; 216:105352. [PMID: 35033787 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2021.105352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Over their first year of life, infants express visual preferences for own- versus other-race faces. This developmental transition has primarily been investigated in monoracial societies where infants have limited personal or societal contact with other races. We investigated whether previously reported visual preferences for race generalize to a multiracial society (i.e., Singapore). In addition, we investigated effects of caregiver race on visual preferences for race. In Experiment 1, race preferences were measured at 3, 6, and 9 months of age for own-race (Chinese) versus other-race (Indian) faces in infants with no regular interaction with Indian-race individuals. Singaporean infants displayed a significant visual preference for Indian-race faces at each age group. Furthermore, infants raised with other-race caregivers demonstrated an age-related increase in other-race visual preferences. The visual preferences of infants for other-race faces were predicted by the extent of other-race contact. In Experiment 2, we confirmed that an other-race visual preference was not exclusive to Indian faces in a sample of 6-month-old Singaporean Chinese infants who demonstrated a similar other-race visual preference for Caucasian faces over Chinese faces. Findings are discussed in terms of the influence of other-race contact on visual preferences for race in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leher Singh
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117570, Singapore.
| | - Kai Ting Phneah
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117570, Singapore
| | - Devni C Wijayaratne
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117570, Singapore
| | - Kang Lee
- Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1V6, Canada
| | - Paul C Quinn
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
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26
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Saitou M, Masuda N, Gokcumen O. Similarity-based analysis of allele frequency distribution among multiple populations identifies adaptive genomic structural variants. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 39:6413645. [PMID: 34718708 PMCID: PMC8896759 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural variants have a considerable impact on human genomic diversity. However, their evolutionary history remains mostly unexplored. Here, we developed a new method to identify potentially adaptive structural variants based on a similarity-based analysis that incorporates genotype frequency data from 26 populations simultaneously. Using this method, we analyzed 57,629 structural variants and identified 576 structural variants that show unusual population differentiation. Of these putatively adaptive structural variants, we further showed that 24 variants are multiallelic and overlap with coding sequences, and 20 variants are significantly associated with GWAS traits. Closer inspection of the haplotypic variation associated with these putatively adaptive and functional structural variants reveals deviations from neutral expectations due to: 1) population differentiation of rapidly evolving multiallelic variants, 2) incomplete sweeps, and 3) recent population-specific negative selection. Overall, our study provides new methodological insights, documents hundreds of putatively adaptive variants, and introduces evolutionary models that may better explain the complex evolution of structural variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Saitou
- Dept. of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260-2900, USA.,Currently at the Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Universitetstunet 3, 1430 Ås, Norway.,Dept. of Medicine, The University of Chicago. Section of Genetic Medicine, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., Chicago, IL, 60637-1447, USA
| | - Naoki Masuda
- Department of Mathematics, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260-2900, USA.,Computational and Data-Enabled Science and Engineering Program, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260-5030, USA
| | - Omer Gokcumen
- Dept. of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260-2900, USA
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27
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Naik PP, Farrukh SN. Influence of Ethnicities and Skin Color Variations in Different Populations: A Review. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 35:65-76. [PMID: 34515229 DOI: 10.1159/000518826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the world scientific tradition, skin color is the primary physical characteristic used to divide humans into groups. Human skin has a wide range of tones and colors, which can be seen in a wide range of demographic populations. Many factors influence the color of people's skin, but the pigment melanin is by far the most important. Melanin is produced by cells called melanocytes in the skin and is the primary determinant of skin color in people with darker skin. Indeed, >150 genes have now been identified as having a direct or indirect effect on skin color. Vitamin D has recently been discovered to regulate cellular proliferation and differentiation in a variety of tissues, including the skin. The mechanisms through which the active vitamin D metabolite 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 (or calcitriol) affects keratinocyte development are numerous and overlap with the mechanisms by which calcium influences keratinocyte differentiation. Ultraviolet (UV) is the most major modifiable risk factor for skin cancer and many other environmental-influenced skin disorders when it is abundant in the environment. Although the UV component of sunlight is known to cause skin damage, few researches have looked at the impact of non-UV solar radiation on skin physiology in terms of inflammation, and there is less information on the role of visible light in pigmentation. SUMMARY The quantity and quality of melanin are regulating by the expression of genes. The enzyme tyrosinase is primarily responsible for the genetic mechanism that controls human skin color. Genetics determines constitutive skin color, which is reinforced by facultative melanogenesis and tanning reactions. High quantities of melanin and melanogenic substances are typically accepted in darker skin to protect against UV radiation-induced molecular damage. Previous research has proposed that skin color variation is caused by a dynamic genetic mechanism, contributing to our understanding of how population demographic history and natural selection shape human genetic and phenotypic diversity. However, the most significant ethnic skin color difference is determined by melanin content. This current review aimed to assess the influence of skin color variations in skin structure and functions as well as difference in dermatological disease patterns. Also, this article reviewed several cases of skin color adaptation in different populations. Key Messages: Skin color impacts the composition and activity. Therefore, the contrast of dermatological ailments between distinct race-related categories is remarkable. Skin color adaptation is a challenging procedure. Refinement of skin color is an age-old craving of humans with ever-evolving drifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyu Parth Naik
- Department of Dermatology, Saudi-German Hospital & Clinic, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Syed Nadir Farrukh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Adam-Vital Hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
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28
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Wang Y. Association of pigmentation related-genes polymorphisms and geographic environmental variables in the Chinese population. Hereditas 2021; 158:24. [PMID: 34238381 PMCID: PMC8268332 DOI: 10.1186/s41065-021-00189-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human skin color is highly heritable and one of the most variable phenotypic traits. However, the genetic causes and environmental selective pressures underlying this phenotypic variation have remained largely unknown. To investigate whether the pigmentation related-genes polymorphisms are associated with the geographic environmental variables. We selected randomly 795 healthy individuals from eight ethnic groups in nine provinces in China. Six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of SLC45A2 and TYR were genotyped using Agena MassARRAY. The Chi-square test and Spearman correlation analysis were used to compare the frequency distribution of genotypes among different ethnic groups and evaluate the relationship between SNP genetic diversity and environmental variables, respectively. Results The results indicated that rs28777 and rs183671 (SLC45A2) and rs1042602 (TYR) genotype frequency distributions were significantly different between the Xinjiang-Uighur and other ethnic groups (P < 0.05). Spearman correlation analysis found that rs28777-A (r = − 0.090, P = 0.011), rs183671-G (r = − 0.105, P = 0.003), rs1042602-A (r = − 0.108, P = 0.002), rs1126809-A (r = − 0.151, P < 0.001) allele frequencies were negatively correlated with the longitude; rs183671-G (r = 0.151), rs1042602-A (r = 0.157) and rs1126809-A (r = 0.138) allele frequencies were positively associated with the latitude (P < 0.001); rs183671-G (r = 0.116, P = 0.001), rs1042602-A (r = 0.105, P = 0.003) and rs1126809-A (r = 0.070, P = 0.048) allele frequencies were positively correlated with the sunshine hours; rs183671-G (r = − 0.076, P = 0.033), rs1042602-A (r = − 0.079, P = 0.027) and rs1126809-A (r = − 0.076, P = 0.031) were negatively correlated with the annual average temperature. Conclusions Our results confirmed the idea that environmental factors have been an important selective pressure upon pigmentation related gene polymorphisms. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s41065-021-00189-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Wang
- Queen Mary School, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China.
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29
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Tiede S, Hundt JE, Paus R. UDP-GlcNAc-1-Phosphotransferase Is a Clinically Important Regulator of Human and Mouse Hair Pigmentation. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 141:2957-2965.e5. [PMID: 34116066 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
UDP-GlcNAc-1-phosphotransferase, a product of two separate genes (GNPTAB, GNPTG), is essential for the sorting and transportation of lysosomal enzymes to lysosomes. GNPTAB gene defects cause extracellular missorting of lysosomal enzymes resulting in lysosomal storage diseases, namely mucolipidosis type II and mucolipidosis type III alpha/beta, which is associated with hair discoloration. Yet, the physiological functions of GNPTAB in the control of hair follicle (HF) pigmentation remain unknown. To elucidate these, we have silenced GNPTAB in organ-cultured human HFs as a human ex vivo model for mucolipidosis type II. GNPTAB silencing profoundly inhibited intrafollicular melanin production, the correct sorting of melanosomes, tyrosinase activity, and HMB45 expression in the HF pigmentary unit and altered HF melanocyte morphology in situ. In isolated primary human HF melanocytes, GNPTAB knockdown significantly reduced melanogenesis, tyrosinase activity, and correct tyrosinase protein sorting as well as POMC expression and caused the expected lysosomal enzyme missorting in vitro. Moreover, transgenic mice overexpressing an inserted missense mutation corresponding to that seen in human mucolipidosis type II and mucolipidosis type III alpha/beta showed significantly reduced HF pigmentation, thus corroborating the in vivo relevance of our ex vivo and in vitro findings in the human system. This identifies GNPTAB as a clinically important enzymatic control of human HF pigmentation, likely by directly controlling tyrosinase sorting and POMC transcription in HF melanocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Tiede
- International Center for Lysosomal Disorders, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; University Children's Research at Kinder-UKE, Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jennifer E Hundt
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology (LIED), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ralf Paus
- Centre for Dermatology Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; The NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom; Dr Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA; Monasterium Laboratory, Münster, Germany.
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30
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Feng Y, McQuillan MA, Tishkoff SA. Evolutionary genetics of skin pigmentation in African populations. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 30:R88-R97. [PMID: 33438000 PMCID: PMC8117430 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin color is a highly heritable human trait, and global variation in skin pigmentation has been shaped by natural selection, migration and admixture. Ethnically diverse African populations harbor extremely high levels of genetic and phenotypic diversity, and skin pigmentation varies widely across Africa. Recent genome-wide genetic studies of skin pigmentation in African populations have advanced our understanding of pigmentation biology and human evolutionary history. For example, novel roles in skin pigmentation for loci near MFSD12 and DDB1 have recently been identified in African populations. However, due to an underrepresentation of Africans in human genetic studies, there is still much to learn about the evolutionary genetics of skin pigmentation. Here, we summarize recent progress in skin pigmentation genetics in Africans and discuss the importance of including more ethnically diverse African populations in future genetic studies. In addition, we discuss methods for functional validation of adaptive variants related to skin pigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanqing Feng
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael A McQuillan
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sarah A Tishkoff
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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31
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Palmal S, Adhikari K, Mendoza-Revilla J, Fuentes-Guajardo M, Silva de Cerqueira CC, Bonfante B, Chacón-Duque JC, Sohail A, Hurtado M, Villegas V, Granja V, Jaramillo C, Arias W, Lozano RB, Everardo-Martínez P, Gómez-Valdés J, Villamil-Ramírez H, Hünemeier T, Ramallo V, Parolin ML, Gonzalez-José R, Schüler-Faccini L, Bortolini MC, Acuña-Alonzo V, Canizales-Quinteros S, Gallo C, Poletti G, Bedoya G, Rothhammer F, Balding D, Faux P, Ruiz-Linares A. Prediction of eye, hair and skin colour in Latin Americans. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2021; 53:102517. [PMID: 33865096 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2021.102517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Here we evaluate the accuracy of prediction for eye, hair and skin pigmentation in a dataset of > 6500 individuals from Mexico, Colombia, Peru, Chile and Brazil (including genome-wide SNP data and quantitative/categorical pigmentation phenotypes - the CANDELA dataset CAN). We evaluated accuracy in relation to different analytical methods and various phenotypic predictors. As expected from statistical principles, we observe that quantitative traits are more sensitive to changes in the prediction models than categorical traits. We find that Random Forest or Linear Regression are generally the best performing methods. We also compare the prediction accuracy of SNP sets defined in the CAN dataset (including 56, 101 and 120 SNPs for eye, hair and skin colour prediction, respectively) to the well-established HIrisPlex-S SNP set (including 6, 22 and 36 SNPs for eye, hair and skin colour prediction respectively). When training prediction models on the CAN data, we observe remarkably similar performances for HIrisPlex-S and the larger CAN SNP sets for the prediction of hair (categorical) and eye (both categorical and quantitative), while the CAN sets outperform HIrisPlex-S for quantitative, but not for categorical skin pigmentation prediction. The performance of HIrisPlex-S, when models are trained in a world-wide sample (although consisting of 80% Europeans, https://hirisplex.erasmusmc.nl), is lower relative to training in the CAN data (particularly for hair and skin colour). Altogether, our observations are consistent with common variation of eye and hair colour having a relatively simple genetic architecture, which is well captured by HIrisPlex-S, even in admixed Latin Americans (with partial European ancestry). By contrast, since skin pigmentation is a more polygenic trait, accuracy is more sensitive to prediction SNP set size, although here this effect was only apparent for a quantitative measure of skin pigmentation. Our results support the use of HIrisPlex-S in the prediction of categorical pigmentation traits for forensic purposes in Latin America, while illustrating the impact of training datasets on its accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagnik Palmal
- UMR 7268 ADES, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, EFS, Faculté de Médecine Timone, Marseille 13005, France
| | - Kaustubh Adhikari
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK; Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, and UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Javier Mendoza-Revilla
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 31, Perú; Unit of Human Evolutionary Genetics, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France
| | - Macarena Fuentes-Guajardo
- Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica 1000000, Chile
| | | | - Betty Bonfante
- UMR 7268 ADES, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, EFS, Faculté de Médecine Timone, Marseille 13005, France
| | - Juan Camilo Chacón-Duque
- Division of Vertebrates and Anthropology, Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Anood Sohail
- Department of Biotechnology, Kinnaird College for Women, 93 - Jail Road, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Malena Hurtado
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 31, Perú
| | - Valeria Villegas
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 31, Perú
| | - Vanessa Granja
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 31, Perú
| | - Claudia Jaramillo
- Department of Biotechnology, Kinnaird College for Women, 93 - Jail Road, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; GENMOL (Genética Molecular), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 5001000, Colombia
| | - William Arias
- GENMOL (Genética Molecular), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 5001000, Colombia
| | - Rodrigo Barquera Lozano
- National Institute of Anthropology and History, Mexico City 6600, Mexico; Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History (MPI-SHH), Jena 07745, Germany
| | | | - Jorge Gómez-Valdés
- National Institute of Anthropology and History, Mexico City 6600, Mexico
| | - Hugo Villamil-Ramírez
- Unidad de Genomica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, UNAM-Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City 4510, Mexico
| | - Tábita Hünemeier
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Virginia Ramallo
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90040-060, Brazil; Instituto Patagónico de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas, Centro Nacional Patagónico, CONICET, Puerto Madryn U9129ACD, Argentina
| | - Maria-Laura Parolin
- Instituto de Diversidad y Evolución Austral (IDEAus), Centro Nacional Patagónico, CONICET, Puerto Madryn, Argentina
| | - Rolando Gonzalez-José
- Instituto Patagónico de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas, Centro Nacional Patagónico, CONICET, Puerto Madryn U9129ACD, Argentina
| | - Lavinia Schüler-Faccini
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90040-060, Brazil
| | - Maria-Cátira Bortolini
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90040-060, Brazil
| | | | - Samuel Canizales-Quinteros
- Unidad de Genomica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, UNAM-Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City 4510, Mexico
| | - Carla Gallo
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 31, Perú
| | - Giovanni Poletti
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 31, Perú
| | - Gabriel Bedoya
- GENMOL (Genética Molecular), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 5001000, Colombia
| | - Francisco Rothhammer
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica 1000000, Chile; Programa de Genetica Humana, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Arica 1000000, Chile
| | - David Balding
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, and UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Melbourne Integrative Genomics, Schools of BioSciences and Mathematics & Statistics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Pierre Faux
- UMR 7268 ADES, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, EFS, Faculté de Médecine Timone, Marseille 13005, France.
| | - Andrés Ruiz-Linares
- UMR 7268 ADES, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, EFS, Faculté de Médecine Timone, Marseille 13005, France; Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, and UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Yangpu District, Shanghai, China.
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32
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Liu Z, Zhang L, Yan Z, Ren Z, Han F, Tan X, Xiang Z, Dong F, Yang Z, Liu G, Wang Z, Zhang J, Que T, Tang C, Li Y, Wang S, Wu J, Li L, Huang C, Roos C, Li M. Genomic Mechanisms of Physiological and Morphological Adaptations of Limestone Langurs to Karst Habitats. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 37:952-968. [PMID: 31846031 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msz301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of the physiological and morphological evolution and adaptation of nonhuman primates is critical to understand hominin origins, physiological ecology, morphological evolution, and applications in biomedicine. Particularly, limestone langurs represent a direct example of adaptations to the challenges of exploiting a high calcium and harsh environment. Here, we report a de novo genome assembly (Tfra_2.0) of a male François's langur (Trachypithecus francoisi) with contig N50 of 16.3 Mb and resequencing data of 23 individuals representing five limestone and four forest langur species. Comparative genomics reveals evidence for functional evolution in genes and gene families related to calcium signaling in the limestone langur genome, probably as an adaptation to naturally occurring high calcium levels present in water and plant resources in karst habitats. The genomic and functional analyses suggest that a single point mutation (Lys1905Arg) in the α1c subunit of the L-type voltage-gated calcium channel Cav1.2 (CACNA1C) attenuates the inward calcium current into the cells in vitro. Population genomic analyses and RNA-sequencing indicate that EDNRB is less expressed in white tail hair follicles of the white-headed langur (T. leucocephalus) compared with the black-colored François's langur and hence might be responsible for species-specific differences in body coloration. Our findings contribute to a new understanding of gene-environment interactions and physiomorphological adaptative mechanisms in ecologically specialized primate taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijin Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Beijing 100101, China.,Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Liye Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhongze Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Beijing 100101, China.,Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Zhijie Ren
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Fengming Han
- Biomarker Technologies Corporation, Beijing 101300, China
| | - Xinxin Tan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiyuan Xiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fang Dong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Beijing 100101, China.,Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Zuomin Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Beijing 100101, China.,School of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, China
| | - Guangjian Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ziming Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiali Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Tengcheng Que
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Terrestrial Wildlife Medical-Aid Monitoring Epidemic Diseases Research Center, Nanning 530001, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Chaohui Tang
- Wuzhou Langur Breeding and Research Center, Wuzhou 543002, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Yifeng Li
- Wuzhou Langur Breeding and Research Center, Wuzhou 543002, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Song Wang
- Nanning Zoo, Nanning 530000, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Junyi Wu
- Nanning Zoo, Nanning 530000, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Legong Li
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Chengming Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Christian Roos
- Gene Bank of Primates and Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Ming Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Beijing 100101, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
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33
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Font-Porterias N, Caro-Consuegra R, Lucas-Sánchez M, Lopez M, Giménez A, Carballo-Mesa A, Bosch E, Calafell F, Quintana-Murci L, Comas D. The Counteracting Effects of Demography on Functional Genomic Variation: The Roma Paradigm. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:2804-2817. [PMID: 33713133 PMCID: PMC8233508 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Demographic history plays a major role in shaping the distribution of genomic variation. Yet the interaction between different demographic forces and their effects in the genomes is not fully resolved in human populations. Here, we focus on the Roma population, the largest transnational ethnic minority in Europe. They have a South Asian origin and their demographic history is characterized by recent dispersals, multiple founder events, and extensive gene flow from non-Roma groups. Through the analyses of new high-coverage whole exome sequences and genome-wide array data for 89 Iberian Roma individuals together with forward simulations, we show that founder effects have reduced their genetic diversity and proportion of rare variants, gene flow has counteracted the increase in mutational load, runs of homozygosity show ancestry-specific patterns of accumulation of deleterious homozygotes, and selection signals primarily derive from preadmixture adaptation in the Roma population sources. The present study shows how two demographic forces, bottlenecks and admixture, act in opposite directions and have long-term balancing effects on the Roma genomes. Understanding how demography and gene flow shape the genome of an admixed population provides an opportunity to elucidate how genomic variation is modeled in human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neus Font-Porterias
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (UPF-CSIC), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rocio Caro-Consuegra
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (UPF-CSIC), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marcel Lucas-Sánchez
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (UPF-CSIC), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marie Lopez
- Human Evolutionary Genetics Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR2000, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Aaron Giménez
- Facultat de Sociologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Elena Bosch
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (UPF-CSIC), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Reus, Spain
| | - Francesc Calafell
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (UPF-CSIC), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluís Quintana-Murci
- Human Evolutionary Genetics Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR2000, CNRS, Paris, France.,Human Genomics and Evolution, Collège de France, Paris, France
| | - David Comas
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (UPF-CSIC), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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34
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Hussain I, Raza RZ, Ali S, Abrar M, Abbasi AA. Molecular signatures of selection on the human GLI3 associated central nervous system specific enhancers. Dev Genes Evol 2021; 231:21-32. [PMID: 33655411 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-021-00672-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The zinc finger-containing transcription factor Gli3 is a key mediator of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway. In vertebrates, Gli3 has widespread expression pattern during early embryonic development. Along the anteroposterior axes of the central nervous system (CNS), dorsoventral neural pattern elaboration is achieved through Hh mediated spatio-temporal deployment of Gli3 transcripts. Previously, we and others uncovered a set of enhancers that mediate many of the known aspects of Gli3 expression during neurogenesis. However, the potential role of Gli3 associated enhancers in trait evolution has not yet received any significant attention. Here, we investigate the evolutionary patterns of Gli3 associated CNS-specific enhancers that have been reported so far. A subset of these enhancers has undergone an accelerated rate of molecular evolution in the human lineage in comparison to other primates/mammals. These fast-evolving enhancers have acquired human-specific changes in transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs). These human-unique changes within subset of Gli3 associated CNS-specific enhancers were further validated as single nucleotide polymorphisms through 1000 Genome Project Phase 3 data. This work not only infers the molecular evolutionary patterns of Gli3 associated enhancers but also provides clues for putative genetic basis of the population-specificity of gene expression regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Hussain
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Program of Comparative and Evolutionary Genomics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Rabail Zehra Raza
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, The Mall, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Ali
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Program of Comparative and Evolutionary Genomics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Abrar
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Program of Comparative and Evolutionary Genomics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Amir Ali Abbasi
- National Center for Bioinformatics, Program of Comparative and Evolutionary Genomics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
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35
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Missaggia BO, Reales G, Cybis GB, Hünemeier T, Bortolini MC. Adaptation and co-adaptation of skin pigmentation and vitamin D genes in native Americans. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2020; 184:1060-1077. [PMID: 33325159 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We carried out an exhaustive review regarding human skin color variation and how much it may be related to vitamin D metabolism and other photosensitive molecules. We discuss evolutionary contexts that modulate this variability and hypotheses postulated to explain them; for example, a small amount of melanin in the skin facilitates vitamin D production, making it advantageous to have fair skin in an environment with little radiation incidence. In contrast, more melanin protects folate from degradation in an environment with a high incidence of radiation. Some Native American populations have a skin color at odds with what would be expected for the amount of radiation in the environment in which they live, a finding challenging the so-called "vitamin D-folate hypothesis." Since food is also a source of vitamin D, dietary habits should also be considered. Here we argue that a gene network approach provides tools to explain this phenomenon since it indicates potential alleles co-evolving in a compensatory way. We identified alleles of the vitamin D metabolism and pigmentation pathways segregated together, but in different proportions, in agriculturalists and hunter-gatherers. Finally, we highlight how an evolutionary approach can be useful to understand current topics of medical interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Oliveira Missaggia
- Genetics Departament, Biosciences Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Guillermo Reales
- Genetics Departament, Biosciences Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gabriela B Cybis
- Statistics Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Tábita Hünemeier
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Biosciences Institute, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Cátira Bortolini
- Genetics Departament, Biosciences Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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36
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Abstract
East Asia constitutes one-fifth of the global population and exhibits substantial genetic diversity. However, genetic investigations on populations in this region have been largely under-represented compared with European populations. Nonetheless, the last decade has seen considerable efforts and progress in genome-wide genotyping and whole-genome sequencing of the East-Asian ethnic groups. Here, we review the recent studies in terms of ancestral origin, population relationship, genetic differentiation, and admixture of major East- Asian groups, such as the Chinese, Korean, and Japanese populations. We mainly focus on insights from the whole-genome sequence data and also include the recent progress based on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and Y chromosome data. We further discuss the evolutionary forces driving genetic diversity in East-Asian populations, and provide our perspectives for future directions on population genetics studies, particularly on underrepresented indigenous groups in East Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqing Pan
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Shuhua Xu
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech Universit, Shanghai, 201210, China.
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
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37
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Hanel A, Carlberg C. Skin colour and vitamin D: An update. Exp Dermatol 2020; 29:864-875. [PMID: 32621306 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Homo sapiens evolved in East Africa and had dark skin, hair, and eyes, in order to protect against deleterious consequences of intensive UV radiation at equatorial latitudes. Intensive skin pigmentation was thought to bear the risk of inefficient vitamin D3 synthesis in the skin. This initiated the hypothesis that within the past 75 000 years, in which humans migrated to higher latitudes in Asia and Europe, the need for vitamin D3 synthesis served as an evolutionary driver for skin lightening. In this review, we summarize the recent archeogenomic reconstruction of population admixture in Europe and demonstrate that skin lightening happened as late as 5000 years ago through immigration of lighter pigmented populations from western Anatolia and the Russian steppe but not primarily via evolutionary pressure for vitamin D3 synthesis. We show that variations in genes encoding for proteins being responsible for the transport, metabolism and signalling of vitamin D provide alternative mechanisms of adaptation to a life in northern latitudes without suffering from consequences of vitamin D deficiency. This includes hypotheses explaining differences in the vitamin D status and response index of European populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Hanel
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Carsten Carlberg
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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38
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Vicuña L, Klimenkova O, Norambuena T, Martinez FI, Fernandez MI, Shchur V, Eyheramendy S. Postadmixture Selection on Chileans Targets Haplotype Involved in Pigmentation, Thermogenesis and Immune Defense against Pathogens. Genome Biol Evol 2020; 12:1459-1470. [PMID: 32614437 PMCID: PMC7487163 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evaa136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Detection of positive selection signatures in populations around the world is helping to uncover recent human evolutionary history as well as the genetic basis of diseases. Most human evolutionary genomic studies have been performed in European, African, and Asian populations. However, populations with Native American ancestry have been largely underrepresented. Here, we used a genome-wide local ancestry enrichment approach complemented with neutral simulations to identify postadmixture adaptations underwent by admixed Chileans through gene flow from Europeans into local Native Americans. The top significant hits (P = 2.4×10-7) are variants in a region on chromosome 12 comprising multiple regulatory elements. This region includes rs12821256, which regulates the expression of KITLG, a well-known gene involved in lighter hair and skin pigmentation in Europeans as well as in thermogenesis. Another variant from that region is associated with the long noncoding RNA RP11-13A1.1, which has been specifically involved in the innate immune response against infectious pathogens. Our results suggest that these genes were relevant for adaptation in Chileans following the Columbian exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Vicuña
- Faculty of Engineering and Sciences, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Peñalolén, Santiago, Chile
| | - Olga Klimenkova
- National Research University Higher School of Economics, Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tomás Norambuena
- Faculty of Engineering and Sciences, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Peñalolén, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe I Martinez
- Center for Intercultural and Indigenous Research, School of Anthropology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mario I Fernandez
- Department of Urology, Clínica Alemana, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Genetics and Genomics, Faculty of Medicine, Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Vladimir Shchur
- National Research University Higher School of Economics, Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Susana Eyheramendy
- Faculty of Engineering and Sciences, Universidad Adolfo Ibañez, Peñalolén, Santiago, Chile
- Instituto Milenio de Investigación sobre los Fundamentos de los Datos (IMFD)
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39
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Boyrie L, Moreau C, Frugier F, Jacquet C, Bonhomme M. A linkage disequilibrium-based statistical test for Genome-Wide Epistatic Selection Scans in structured populations. Heredity (Edinb) 2020; 126:77-91. [PMID: 32728044 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-020-0349-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The quest for signatures of selection using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data has proven efficient to uncover genes involved in conserved and/or adaptive molecular functions, but none of the statistical methods were designed to identify interacting alleles as targets of selective processes. Here, we propose a statistical test aimed at detecting epistatic selection, based on a linkage disequilibrium (LD) measure accounting for population structure and heterogeneous relatedness between individuals. SNP-based ([Formula: see text]) and window-based ([Formula: see text]) statistics fit a Student distribution, allowing to test the significance of correlation coefficients. As a proof of concept, we use SNP data from the Medicago truncatula symbiotic legume plant and uncover a previously unknown gene coadaptation between the MtSUNN (Super Numeric Nodule) receptor and the MtCLE02 (CLAVATA3-Like) signaling peptide. We also provide experimental evidence supporting a MtSUNN-dependent negative role of MtCLE02 in symbiotic root nodulation. Using human HGDP-CEPH SNP data, our new statistical test uncovers strong LD between SLC24A5 (skin pigmentation) and EDAR (hairs, teeth, sweat glands development) world-wide, which persists after correction for population structure and relatedness in Central South Asian populations. This result suggests that epistatic selection or coselection could have contributed to the phenotypic make-up in some human populations. Applying this approach to genome-wide SNP data will facilitate the identification of coadapted gene networks in model or non-model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Boyrie
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales (LRSV), Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Corentin Moreau
- Institute of Plant Sciences-Paris Saclay (IPS2), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Univ Paris-Sud, Univ Paris-Diderot, Univ d'Evry, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Saclay, 91192, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Florian Frugier
- Institute of Plant Sciences-Paris Saclay (IPS2), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Univ Paris-Sud, Univ Paris-Diderot, Univ d'Evry, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Saclay, 91192, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Christophe Jacquet
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales (LRSV), Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Maxime Bonhomme
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales (LRSV), Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Castanet-Tolosan, France.
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40
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Sun S, Wang Y, Zeng W, Du X, Li L, Hong X, Huang X, Zhang H, Zhang M, Fan G, Liu X, Liu S. The genome of Mekong tiger perch (Datnioides undecimradiatus) provides insights into the phylogenetic position of Lobotiformes and biological conservation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8164. [PMID: 32424221 PMCID: PMC7235238 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64398-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Mekong tiger perch (Datnioides undecimradiatus) is an ornamental and vulnerable freshwater fish native to the Mekong basin in Indochina, belonging to the order Lobotiformes. Here, we generated 121X stLFR co-barcode clean reads and 18X Oxford Nanopore MinION reads and obtained a 595 Mb Mekong tiger perch genome, which is the first whole genome sequence in the order Lobotiformes. Based on this genome, the phylogenetic tree analysis suggested that Lobotiformes is more closely related to Sciaenidae than to Tetraodontiformes, resolving a long-time dispute. We depicted the genes involved in pigment development in Mekong tiger perch and results confirmed that the four rate-limiting genes of pigment synthesis had been retained after fish-specific genome duplication. We also estimated the demographic history of Mekong tiger perch, which showed that the effective population size suffered a continuous reduction possibly related to the contraction of immune-related genes. Our study provided a reference genome resource for the Lobotiformes, as well as insights into the phylogenetic position of Lobotiformes and biological conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Sun
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, 266555, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Yue Wang
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, 266555, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Wenhong Zeng
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicin, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Xiao Du
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, 266555, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Lei Li
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, 266555, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518120, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Xiaoning Hong
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, 266555, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518120, China
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 236009, China
| | - Xiaoyun Huang
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, 266555, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - He Zhang
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, 266555, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Mengqi Zhang
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, 266555, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Guangyi Fan
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, 266555, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Xin Liu
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, 266555, China.
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China.
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518120, China.
| | - Shanshan Liu
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, 266555, China.
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China.
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518120, China.
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41
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Schmidt N, Schücker K, Krause I, Dörk T, Klintschar M, Hummel S. Genome‐wide SNP typing of ancient DNA: Determination of hair and eye color of Bronze Age humans from their skeletal remains. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2020; 172:99-109. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Schmidt
- Department of Historical Anthropology and Human EcologyUniversity of Göttingen Göttingen Germany
| | - Katharina Schücker
- Department of Historical Anthropology and Human EcologyUniversity of Göttingen Göttingen Germany
- Max‐Planck‐Institute for Biophysical Chemistry Göttingen Germany
| | - Ina Krause
- Department of Historical Anthropology and Human EcologyUniversity of Göttingen Göttingen Germany
| | - Thilo Dörk
- Gynaecological Research UnitHannover Medical School Hannover Germany
| | | | - Susanne Hummel
- Department of Historical Anthropology and Human EcologyUniversity of Göttingen Göttingen Germany
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Veltre V, De Angelis F, Biondi G, Rickards O. Evaluation of skin-related variants in African ancestry populations and their role in personal identification. FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL GENETICS SUPPLEMENT SERIES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigss.2019.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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43
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The Evolutionary History of Human Skin Pigmentation. J Mol Evol 2019; 88:77-87. [PMID: 31363820 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-019-09902-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Skin pigmentation is a complex, conspicuous, highly variable human trait that exhibits a remarkable correlation with latitude. The evolutionary history and genetic basis of skin color variation has been the subject of intense research in the last years. This article reviews the major hypotheses explaining skin color diversity and explores the implications of recent findings about the genes associated with skin pigmentation for understanding the evolutionary forces that have shaped the current patterns of skin color variation. A major aspect of these findings is that the genetic basis of skin color is less simple than previously thought and that geographic variation in skin pigmentation was influenced by the concerted action of different types of natural selection, rather than just by selective sweeps in a few key genes.
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Lona-Durazo F, Hernandez-Pacheco N, Fan S, Zhang T, Choi J, Kovacs MA, Loftus SK, Le P, Edwards M, Fortes-Lima CA, Eng C, Huntsman S, Hu D, Gómez-Cabezas EJ, Marín-Padrón LC, Grauholm J, Mors O, Burchard EG, Norton HL, Pavan WJ, Brown KM, Tishkoff S, Pino-Yanes M, Beleza S, Marcheco-Teruel B, Parra EJ. Meta-analysis of GWA studies provides new insights on the genetic architecture of skin pigmentation in recently admixed populations. BMC Genet 2019; 20:59. [PMID: 31315583 PMCID: PMC6637524 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-019-0765-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Association studies in recently admixed populations are extremely useful to identify the genetic architecture of pigmentation, due to their high genotypic and phenotypic variation. However, to date only four Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) have been carried out in these populations. RESULTS We present a GWAS of skin pigmentation in an admixed sample from Cuba (N = 762). Additionally, we conducted a meta-analysis including the Cuban sample, and admixed samples from Cape Verde, Puerto Rico and African-Americans from San Francisco. This meta-analysis is one of the largest efforts so far to characterize the genetic basis of skin pigmentation in admixed populations (N = 2,104). We identified five genome-wide significant regions in the meta-analysis, and explored if the markers observed in these regions are associated with the expression of relevant pigmentary genes in human melanocyte cultures. In three of the regions identified in the meta-analysis (SLC24A5, SLC45A2, and GRM5/TYR), the association seems to be driven by non-synonymous variants (rs1426654, rs16891982, and rs1042602, respectively). The rs16891982 polymorphism is strongly associated with the expression of the SLC45A2 gene. In the GRM5/TYR region, in addition to the rs1042602 non-synonymous SNP located on the TYR gene, variants located in the nearby GRM5 gene have an independent effect on pigmentation, possibly through regulation of gene expression of the TYR gene. We also replicated an association recently described near the MFSD12 gene on chromosome 19 (lead variant rs112332856). Additionally, our analyses support the presence of multiple signals in the OCA2/HERC2/APBA2 region on chromosome 15. A clear causal candidate is the HERC2 intronic variant rs12913832, which has a profound influence on OCA2 expression. This variant has pleiotropic effects on eye, hair, and skin pigmentation. However, conditional and haplotype-based analyses indicate the presence of other variants with independent effects on melanin levels in OCA2 and APBA2. Finally, a follow-up of genome-wide signals identified in a recent GWAS for tanning response indicates that there is a substantial overlap in the genetic factors influencing skin pigmentation and tanning response. CONCLUSIONS Our meta-analysis of skin pigmentation GWAS in recently admixed populations provides new insights about the genetic architecture of this complex trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frida Lona-Durazo
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, Health Sciences Complex, room 352, Mississauga, Ontario, L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Natalia Hernandez-Pacheco
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario N.S. de Candelaria, Universidad de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.,Genomics and Health Group, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, Cell Biology and Genetics, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Shaohua Fan
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Tongwu Zhang
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Jiyeon Choi
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Michael A Kovacs
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Stacie K Loftus
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Phuong Le
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, Health Sciences Complex, room 352, Mississauga, Ontario, L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Melissa Edwards
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, Health Sciences Complex, room 352, Mississauga, Ontario, L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Cesar A Fortes-Lima
- Evolutionary Anthropology Team, Laboratory Eco-Anthropology and Ethno-Biology UMR7206, CNRS-MNHN-University Paris Diderot, Musée de l'Homme, Paris, France.,Department of Organismal Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Celeste Eng
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Scott Huntsman
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Donglei Hu
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Jonas Grauholm
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole Mors
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Psychiatric Department, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Esteban G Burchard
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Heather L Norton
- Department of Anthropology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA
| | - William J Pavan
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Kevin M Brown
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Sarah Tishkoff
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Maria Pino-Yanes
- Genomics and Health Group, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, Cell Biology and Genetics, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas (ITB), Universidad de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Sandra Beleza
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | | | - Esteban J Parra
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, Health Sciences Complex, room 352, Mississauga, Ontario, L5L 1C6, Canada.
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46
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Abstract
Nutrigenomics studies how environmental factors, such as food intake and lifestyle, influence the expression of the genome. Vitamin D3 represents a master example of nutrigenomics, since via its metabolite 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, which binds with high-affinity to the vitamin D receptor, the secosteroid directly affects the epigenome and transcriptome at thousands of loci within the human genome. Vitamin D is important for both cellular metabolism and immunity, as it controls calcium homeostasis and modulates the response of the innate and adaptive immune system. At sufficient UV-B exposure, humans can synthesize vitamin D3 endogenously in their skin, but today’s lifestyle often makes the molecule a true vitamin and micronutrient that needs to be taken up by diet or supplementation with pills. The individual’s molecular response to vitamin D requires personalized supplementation with vitamin D3, in order to obtain optimized clinical benefits in the prevention of osteoporosis, sarcopenia, autoimmune diseases, and possibly different types of cancer. The importance of endogenous synthesis of vitamin D3 created an evolutionary pressure for reduced skin pigmentation, when, during the past 50,000 years, modern humans migrated from Africa towards Asia and Europe. This review will discuss different aspects of how vitamin D interacts with the human genome, focusing on nutritional epigenomics in context of immune responses. This should lead to a better understanding of the clinical benefits of vitamin D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Carlberg
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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Mattle-Greminger MP, Bilgin Sonay T, Nater A, Pybus M, Desai T, de Valles G, Casals F, Scally A, Bertranpetit J, Marques-Bonet T, van Schaik CP, Anisimova M, Krützen M. Genomes reveal marked differences in the adaptive evolution between orangutan species. Genome Biol 2018; 19:193. [PMID: 30428903 PMCID: PMC6237011 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-018-1562-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Integrating demography and adaptive evolution is pivotal to understanding the evolutionary history and conservation of great apes. However, little is known about the adaptive evolution of our closest relatives, in particular if and to what extent adaptions to environmental differences have occurred. Here, we used whole-genome sequencing data from critically endangered orangutans from North Sumatra (Pongo abelii) and Borneo (P. pygmaeus) to investigate adaptive responses of each species to environmental differences during the Pleistocene. RESULTS Taking into account the markedly disparate demographic histories of each species after their split ~ 1 Ma ago, we show that persistent environmental differences on each island had a strong impact on the adaptive evolution of the genus Pongo. Across a range of tests for positive selection, we find a consistent pattern of between-island and species differences. In the more productive Sumatran environment, the most notable signals of positive selection involve genes linked to brain and neuronal development, learning, and glucose metabolism. On Borneo, however, positive selection comprised genes involved in lipid metabolism, as well as cardiac and muscle activities. CONCLUSIONS We find strikingly different sets of genes appearing to have evolved under strong positive selection in each species. In Sumatran orangutans, selection patterns were congruent with well-documented cognitive and behavioral differences between the species, such as a larger and more complex cultural repertoire and higher degrees of sociality. However, in Bornean orangutans, selective responses to fluctuating environmental conditions appear to have produced physiological adaptations to generally lower and temporally more unpredictable food supplies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja P. Mattle-Greminger
- Evolutionary Genetics Group, Department of Anthropology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tugce Bilgin Sonay
- Evolutionary Genetics Group, Department of Anthropology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Quartier Sorge - Batiment Genopode, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Nater
- Evolutionary Genetics Group, Department of Anthropology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
- Lehrstuhl für Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Marc Pybus
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (UPF-CSIC), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tariq Desai
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EH UK
| | - Guillem de Valles
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (UPF-CSIC), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ferran Casals
- Servei de Genòmica, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aylwyn Scally
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EH UK
| | - Jaume Bertranpetit
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (UPF-CSIC), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tomas Marques-Bonet
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Doctor Aiguader 88, Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution of Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig de Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, Spain
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 4, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici ICTA-ICP, c/ Columnes s/n, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carel P. van Schaik
- Evolutionary Genetics Group, Department of Anthropology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Maria Anisimova
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Quartier Sorge - Batiment Genopode, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Applied Simulations, School of Life Sciences and Facility Management, Zurich University of Applied Sciences ZHAW, Einsiedlerstrasse 31a, 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Michael Krützen
- Evolutionary Genetics Group, Department of Anthropology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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Abstract
The skin is the first line of defense against the environment, with the epidermis as the outermost tissue providing much of the barrier function. Given its direct exposure to and encounters with the environment, the epidermis must evolve to provide an optimal barrier for the survival of an organism. Recent advances in genomics have identified a number of genes for the human skin barrier that have undergone evolutionary changes since humans diverged from chimpanzees. Here, we highlight a selection of key and innovative genetic findings for skin barrier evolution in our divergence from our primate ancestors and among modern human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A. Brettmann
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Center for the Study of Itch, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Cristina de Guzman Strong
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Center for the Study of Itch, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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49
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Hoseinzadeh E, Taha P, Wei C, Godini H, Ashraf GM, Taghavi M, Miri M. The impact of air pollutants, UV exposure and geographic location on vitamin D deficiency. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 113:241-254. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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