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Roa CC, de Los Reyes MRA, Plennevaux E, Smolenov I, Hu B, Gao F, Ilagan H, Ambrosino D, Siber G, Clemens R, Han HH. SCB-2019 protein vaccine as heterologous booster of neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants after immunization with other COVID-19 vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2301632. [PMID: 38206168 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2301632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
We assessed the non-inferiority of homologous boosting compared with heterologous boosting with the recombinant protein vaccine, SCB-2019, in adults previously immunized with different COVID-19 vaccines. Three equal cohorts (N ~ 420) of Philippino adults (18-80 years) previously immunized with Comirnaty, CoronaVac or Vaxzevria COVID-19 vaccines were randomized 1:1 to receive homologous or heterologous (SCB-2019) boosters. Neutralizing antibodies against prototype SARS-CoV-2 (Wuhan-Hu-1) were measured in all participants and against Delta variant and Omicron sub-lineages in subsets (30‒50 per arm) 15 days after boosting. Participants recorded solicited adverse events for 7 days and unsolicited and serious adverse events until Day 60. Prototype SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing responses on Day 15 after SCB-2019 were statistically non-inferior to homologous Vaxzevria boosters, superior to CoronaVac, but lower than homologous Comirnaty. Neutralizing responses against Delta and Omicron BA.1, BA.2, BA.4 and BA.5 variants after heterologous SCB-2019 were higher than homologous CoronaVac or Vaxzevria, but lower than homologous Comirnaty. Responses against Omicron BF.7, BQ.1.1.3, and XBB1.5 following heterologous SCB-2019 were lower than after homologous Comirnaty booster but significantly higher than after Vaxzevria booster. SCB-2019 reactogenicity was similar to CoronaVac or Vaxzevria, but lower than Comirnaty; most frequent events were mild/moderate injection site pain, headache and fatigue. No vaccine-related serious adverse events were reported. Heterologous SCB-2019 boosting was well tolerated and elicited neutralizing responses against all tested SARS-COV-2 viruses including Omicron BA.1, BA.2, BA.4, BA.5, BF.7, BQ.1.1.3, and XBB1.5 sub-lineages that were non-inferior to homologous boosting with CoronaVac or Vaxzevria, but not homologous Comirnaty booster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo C Roa
- Department of Physiology, Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines
| | | | - Eric Plennevaux
- Clinical Development, Clover Biopharmaceuticals, Cambridge, UK
| | - Igor Smolenov
- Clinical Development, Clover Biopharmaceuticals, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Branda Hu
- Clinical Development, Clover Biopharmaceuticals, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Faith Gao
- Clinical Development, Clover Biopharmaceuticals, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hannalyn Ilagan
- Clinical Development, Clover Biopharmaceuticals, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Ralf Clemens
- Global Research in Infectious Diseases, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Htay Htay Han
- Clinical Development, Clover Biopharmaceuticals, Boston, MA, USA
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Samanta S, Banerjee J, Das A, Das S, Ahmed R, Das S, Pal A, Ali KM, Mukhopadhyay R, Giri B, Dash SK. Enhancing Immunological Memory: Unveiling Booster Doses to Bolster Vaccine Efficacy Against Evolving SARS-CoV-2 Mutant Variants. Curr Microbiol 2024; 81:91. [PMID: 38311669 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03597-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
A growing number of re-infections with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in previously immunized individuals has sparked discussions about the potential need for a booster vaccine dosage to counteract declining antibody levels and new strains. The protective immunity produced by vaccinations, and past illnesses relies on immunological memory. CD4 + T cells, CD8 + T cells, B cells, and long-lasting antibody responses are all components of the adaptive immune system that can generate and maintain this immunological memory. Since novel mutant variants have emerged one after the other, the world has been hit by repeated waves. Various vaccine formulations against SARS-CoV-2 have been administered across the globe. Thus, estimating the efficacy of those vaccines against gradually developed mutant stains is the essential parameter regarding the fate of those vaccine formulations and the necessity of booster doses and their frequency. In this review, focus has also been given to how vaccination stacks up against moderate and severe acute infections in terms of the longevity of the immune cells, neutralizing antibody responses, etc. However, hybrid immunity shows a greater accuracy of re-infection of variants of concern (VOCs) of SARS-CoV-2 than infection and immunization. The review conveys knowledge of detailed information about several marketed vaccines and the status of their efficacy against specific mutant strains of SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, this review discusses the status of immunological memory after infection, mixed infection, and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sovan Samanta
- Department of Physiology, University of Gour Banga, Malda, 732103, West Bengal, India
| | - Jhimli Banerjee
- Department of Physiology, University of Gour Banga, Malda, 732103, West Bengal, India
| | - Aparna Das
- Department of Physiology, University of Gour Banga, Malda, 732103, West Bengal, India
| | - Sourav Das
- Department of Physiology, University of Gour Banga, Malda, 732103, West Bengal, India
| | - Rubai Ahmed
- Department of Physiology, University of Gour Banga, Malda, 732103, West Bengal, India
| | - Swarnali Das
- Department of Physiology, University of Gour Banga, Malda, 732103, West Bengal, India
| | - Amitava Pal
- Department of Physiology, City College, 102/1, Raja Rammohan Sarani, Kolkata, 700009, West Bengal, India
| | - Kazi Monjur Ali
- Department of Nutrition, Maharajadhiraj Uday Chand Women's College, B.C. Road, Bardhaman, 713104, West Bengal, India
| | - Rupanjan Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Physiology, City College, 102/1, Raja Rammohan Sarani, Kolkata, 700009, West Bengal, India
| | - Biplab Giri
- Department of Physiology, University of Gour Banga, Malda, 732103, West Bengal, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar Dash
- Department of Physiology, University of Gour Banga, Malda, 732103, West Bengal, India.
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Dibenedetto JR, Cetrone M, Antonacci M, Cannone DP, Antonacci S, Bratta P, Leonetti F, Tricarico D. The Community Pharmacy as a Study Center for the Epidemiological Analysis of the Population Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2: Evaluation of Vaccine Safety and Pharmaceutical Service. PHARMACY 2024; 12:16. [PMID: 38392923 PMCID: PMC10892165 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy12010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
We conducted a monocentric observational study aimed at evaluating the vaccine safety and the pharmaceutical service provided at a community pharmacy (C.PHARM) in the Puglia Region in the period from 29 December 2021 to 12 March 2022 using data from 550 patients of various ages and sexes and with concomitant diseases. We collected anamnestic data, the number of hospitalizations, and any post-vaccination adverse reactions. Interviews using the integrated EQ5 method were also performed to evaluate the quality of the service offered and any therapy preference. As expected, the vaccines were reactogenic after the first dose in the patients with mild-moderate reactions, with younger age and female gender as risk factors. Immune-allergic reactions of a moderate-severe degree were observed in adult females. In the elderly, the vaccination was well tolerated. Comirnaty® showed a favorable O.R. < 1 vs. other vaccines. No cardiovascular events or hospitalizations were observed up to May 2023. Regional data indicate that all treatments during May 2023 were correlated with the viremia. PaxlovidTM was prescribed in 3% of the patients in our center and in 1.46% in the region, and distributed/dispensed on behalf of third parties in accordance with a novel distribution/dispensation protocol of the C.PHARM that resulted in a safe vaccination center providing appropriate patient inclusion during vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Raffaele Dibenedetto
- Management Control Unit, Puglia Regional PHT Office, Pharmaceutical Territorial Area (ASL BA), Via L. Starita, 6, 70132 Bari, Italy; (J.R.D.); (M.C.); (M.A.); (S.A.); (P.B.)
| | - Michela Cetrone
- Management Control Unit, Puglia Regional PHT Office, Pharmaceutical Territorial Area (ASL BA), Via L. Starita, 6, 70132 Bari, Italy; (J.R.D.); (M.C.); (M.A.); (S.A.); (P.B.)
| | - Marina Antonacci
- Management Control Unit, Puglia Regional PHT Office, Pharmaceutical Territorial Area (ASL BA), Via L. Starita, 6, 70132 Bari, Italy; (J.R.D.); (M.C.); (M.A.); (S.A.); (P.B.)
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy;
| | | | - Stefania Antonacci
- Management Control Unit, Puglia Regional PHT Office, Pharmaceutical Territorial Area (ASL BA), Via L. Starita, 6, 70132 Bari, Italy; (J.R.D.); (M.C.); (M.A.); (S.A.); (P.B.)
| | - Pasquale Bratta
- Management Control Unit, Puglia Regional PHT Office, Pharmaceutical Territorial Area (ASL BA), Via L. Starita, 6, 70132 Bari, Italy; (J.R.D.); (M.C.); (M.A.); (S.A.); (P.B.)
| | - Francesco Leonetti
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy;
| | - Domenico Tricarico
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy;
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Alrehaily A, Elfiky AA, Ibrahim IM, Ibrahim MN, Sonousi A. Novel sofosbuvir derivatives against SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase: an in silico perspective. Sci Rep 2023; 13:23080. [PMID: 38155165 PMCID: PMC10754943 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49712-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The human coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, had a negative impact on both the economy and human health, and the emerging resistant variants are an ongoing threat. One essential protein to target to prevent virus replication is the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). Sofosbuvir, a uridine nucleotide analog that potently inhibits viral polymerase, has been found to help treat SARS-CoV-2 patients. This work combines molecular docking and dynamics simulation (MDS) to test 14 sofosbuvir-based modifications against SARS-CoV-2 RdRp. The results reveal comparable (slightly better) average binding affinity of five modifications (compounds 3, 4, 11, 12, and 14) to the parent molecule, sofosbuvir. Compounds 3 and 4 show the best average binding affinities against SARS-CoV-2 RdRp (- 16.28 ± 5.69 and - 16.25 ± 5.78 kcal/mol average binding energy compared to - 16.20 ± 6.35 kcal/mol for sofosbuvir) calculated by Molecular Mechanics Generalized Born Surface Area (MM-GBSA) after MDS. The present study proposes compounds 3 and 4 as potential SARS-CoV-2 RdRp blockers, although this has yet to be proven experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulwahed Alrehaily
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Islamic University of Madinah, 42351, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdo A Elfiky
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Ibrahim M Ibrahim
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed N Ibrahim
- Clinical Laboratories Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Qurrayat, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amr Sonousi
- Pharmaceutical Organic Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- University of Hertfordshire Hosted By Global Academic Foundation, New Administrative Capital, Cairo, Egypt
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5
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Wang J, Shao L, Liang J, Wu Q, Zhu B, Deng Q, Liu Z, Liu L, Wang D, Yu Z, Tan X, Wang F, Meng J, Xu X, Xia Z, Li Z, Wang H, Wang L, Wu W, Xie Q, Huang X, Sun Z, Zhang Y, Zhou H, Zhou H, Yang W, Ren H, Liu Z, Qiao M, Tang F, Qi X, Wu H, Deng L, Gao L, Zhang H, Chen P, Zhang H, Zhang X, Zhou J, Chuanqing TU, Guan L, Yin Q, Shu R, Chen F, He M, Wang Q, Guo Z. Chinese expert consensus on the management of patients with hematologic malignancies infected with SARS-CoV-2. J Cancer Res Ther 2023; 19:1495-1500. [PMID: 38156914 DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_782_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
In December 2022, the Omicron variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) became dominant in China due to its high infectivity and lower mortality rate. The risk of critical illness and mortality among patients with hematologic malignancies who contracted SARS-CoV-2 was particularly high. The aim of this study was to draft a consensus to facilitate effective treatments for these patients based on the type and severity of the disease. Following the outbreak of the novel coronavirus in China, a steering committee consisting of experienced hematologists was formed by the Specialized Committee of Oncology and Microecology of the Chinese Anti-Cancer Association. The expert group drafted a consensus on the management and intervention measures for different types of hematologic malignancies based on the clinical characteristics of the Omicron variant of the SARS-CoV-2 infection, along with relevant guidelines and literature. The expert group drafted independent recommendations on several important aspects based on the epidemiology of the Omicron variant in China and the unique vulnerability of patients with hematologic malignancies. These included prophylactic vaccinations for those with hematologic malignancies, the use of plasma from blood donors who recovered from the novel coronavirus infection, the establishment of negative pressure wards, the use of steady-state mobilization of peripheral blood hematopoietic stem cells, the provision of psychological support for patients and medical staff, and a focus on maintaining a healthy intestinal microecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liang Shao
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Key Laboratory of Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, Shandong Lung Cancer Institute, Jinan, China
| | - Jing Liang
- Institute of Infection, Immunology and Tumor Microenvironment, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingming Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Baoli Zhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiwen Deng
- Department of Hematology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zelin Liu
- Department of Hematology & Oncology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liqiong Liu
- Department of Hematology & Oncology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Danyu Wang
- Department of Hematology & Oncology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhijian Yu
- Department of Hematology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaohua Tan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fuxiang Wang
- Department of Hematology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jingye Meng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaojun Xu
- Department of Hematology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongjun Xia
- Medical Department, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiming Li
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Medical Department, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi Xie
- Institute of Infection, Immunology and Tumor Microenvironment, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoxing Huang
- Department of Hematology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhiqiang Sun
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Department of Lymphoma & Hematology, Hunan Cancer Hospital/The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Shangdong First Medical University & Shangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Wenyan Yang
- National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Cancer for Cancer/Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hua Ren
- National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Cancer for Cancer/Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhe Liu
- Medical College, Tianjin University, PR China
| | - Mingqiang Qiao
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Feifei Tang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofei Qi
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Huijing Wu
- Department of Lymphoma Medicine (Breast Cancer & Soft Tissue Tumor Medicine), Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology 116 South Zhuodaoquan Road, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lijuan Deng
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Li Gao
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Hematology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinyou Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, China
| | - Jihao Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, China
| | - T U Chuanqing
- Department of Hematology, Shenzhen Baoan Hospital, Shenzhen University Second Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ling Guan
- Affiliated Dongguan Hospital Southern Medical University (Dongguan People's Hospital), Dongguan, China
| | - Qian Yin
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Rong Shu
- The Third People's Hospital of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Chen
- The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingxin He
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Medical College, Wuhan Asia General Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi Guo
- Department of Hematology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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6
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Roa CC, de Los Reyes MRA, Plennevaux E, Smolenov I, Hu B, Gao F, Ilagan H, Ambrosino D, Siber G, Clemens R. Superior Boosting of Neutralizing Titers Against Omicron SARS-CoV-2 Variants by Heterologous SCB-2019 Vaccine vs a Homologous Booster in CoronaVac-Primed Adults. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:1253-1262. [PMID: 37439701 PMCID: PMC10629704 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We compared homologous and heterologous boosting in adults in the Philippines primed with 2 or 3 doses of CoronaVac, with recombinant protein vaccine, SCB-2019. METHODS CoronaVac-immunized adults (18-72 years) received a homologous or heterologous full or half dose SCB-2019 booster. We assessed all neutralizing antibody (NAb) responses against prototype SARS-CoV-2 after 15 days and NAb against SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron variants in subsets (30‒50 per arm). Participants recorded adverse events. RESULTS In 2-dose CoronaVac-primed adults prototype NAb geometric mean titers (GMT) were 203 IU/mL (95% confidence interval [CI], 182-227) and 939 IU/mL (95% CI, 841-1049) after CoronaVac and SCB-2019 boosters; the GMT ratio (4.63; 95% CI, 3.95-5.41) met predefined noninferiority and post-hoc superiority criteria. After 3-dose CoronaVac-priming prototype NAb GMTs were 279 IU/mL (95% CI, 240-325), 1044 IU/mL (95% CI, 898-1213), and 668 IU/mL (95% CI, 520-829) following CoronaVac, full and half-dose SCB-2019 boosters, respectively. NAb GMT ratios against Delta and Omicron comparing SCB-2019 with CoronaVac were all greater than 2. Mild to moderate reactogenicity was evenly balanced between groups. No vaccine-related serious adverse events were reported. CONCLUSIONS Full or half dose SCB-2019 boosters were well tolerated with superior immunogenicity than homologous CoronaVac, particularly against newly emerged variants. Clinical Trials Registration. NCT05188677.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo C Roa
- Department of Physiology, Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines
| | | | | | - Igor Smolenov
- Clover Biopharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Branda Hu
- Clover Biopharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Faith Gao
- Clover Biopharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ralf Clemens
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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7
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Liu Y, Zhao L, Wang L, Li Y, Wang L, Yu B, Hu D, Weng H, Guo J, Yang J, Yang J, Yu X. Clinical and humoral immune response characterization of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2.38 infection in pediatric patients. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18093. [PMID: 37519697 PMCID: PMC10372234 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Omicron variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a health concern for both unvaccinated and vaccinated individuals against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). To date, the humoral immune response following vaccination and natural infection remains uncharacterized in children ages 17 years and younger. To address this concern, we performed clinical and immunological analyses of IgM and IgG antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2.38 infection in 64 pediatric patients. COVID-19 symptom severity decreased with age in pediatric patients, from 70.8% (17/24) in patients 0-2 years of age to 50% (6/12) and 50% (14/28) in patients 3-5 years and 6-17 years of age, respectively. Furthermore, fewer patients experienced symptoms when vaccinated with the CoronaVac or BBIBP-CorV vaccine (50%, 13/26) than unvaccinated patients (71%, 22/31). Using a protein array, we found that the Omicron BA.2.38 infection induced antibody responses to other Omicron variants (Omicron BA.1-BA.5), which increased with vaccination. Notably, non-Omicron and Omicron variants showed distinct serotypes. Altogether, our results provide insight into the clinical and immunological characteristics of pediatric patients with COVID-19 Omicron BA.2.38 who have and have not been vaccinated against COVID-19. These data may help develop more effective diagnostic tests and vaccines in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences-Beijing (PHOENIX Center), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics Co., Ltd., Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Liunuobei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences-Beijing (PHOENIX Center), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics Co., Ltd., Beijing, 102206, China
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, PR China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Laboratory, The No.2 People's Hospital of Lanzhou, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yuxia Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Longde Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Bo Yu
- Department of Laboratory, The No.2 People's Hospital of Lanzhou, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Di Hu
- ProteomicsEra Medical Co., Ltd., Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Heng Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianwen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinghua Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine; Ying Lv's School Studio of Chinese Medicine; Xiaorong Luo's Renowned Expert Inheritance Studio of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Yang
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences-Beijing (PHOENIX Center), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics Co., Ltd., Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Xiaobo Yu
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences-Beijing (PHOENIX Center), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics Co., Ltd., Beijing, 102206, China
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, PR China
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8
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Wassef O, Elgendy S, Dawah AELM, Elawady M, Khedr E. Effect of a health education program about COVID-19 on the knowledge, attitude, and practices of paramedical students in Egypt: an interventional study. J Public Health Afr 2023; 14:2322. [PMID: 37441116 PMCID: PMC10334433 DOI: 10.4081/jphia.2023.2322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In December 2019, an outbreak of novel coronavirus disease 2019, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, has been reported in China. Objective This study aims to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) of Benha Health Technical Institute (BHTI) students and to evaluate the impact of a health education program about COVID-19 on their KAP. Methods This is an interventional study that recruited 398 students from BHTI and was conducted in 3 phases. Firstly, an assessment of students' KAP was done using a structured questionnaire concerning COVID-19. Secondly, an education program about COVID-19 was conducted. Lastly, the reassessment of KAP was carried out using the same questionnaire after one month. Results The median knowledge, attitude, and practice scores among the studied students in the pre-interventional stage were 12, 15, and 26 which had significantly increased to 15, 16, and 28 respectively after the intervention. The knowledge score of the participants was significantly affected by students' age and grade of education; the attitude score was affected by age, gender, and grade of education, while the practice score was only affected by participants' age. Conclusion The educational program significantly increased the KAP of BHTI students.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Enjy Khedr
- Public Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, 13518 Benha, Qualybeia, Egypt. +20.1289239656.
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Lim SH, Kim HJ, Kim SH, Choi SH, Kim B, Kim JY, Ji YS, Kim T, Choo EJ, Jung JC, Moon JE, Kim CK, Park SK, Yun J. Effects of Omicron Infection and Changes in Serum Antibody Response to Wild-Type, Delta, and Omicron After a Booster Dose With BNT163b2 Vaccine in Korean Healthcare Workers. J Korean Med Sci 2023; 38:e103. [PMID: 37012688 PMCID: PMC10070050 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2023.38.e103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the primary vaccine coverage rate for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in South Korea has exceeded 80%, the coronavirus continues to spread, with reports of a rapid decline in vaccine effectiveness. South Korea is administering booster shots despite concerns about the effectiveness of the existing vaccine. METHODS Neutralizing antibody inhibition scores were evaluated in two cohorts after the booster dose. For the first cohort, neutralizing activity against the wild-type, delta, and omicron variants after the booster dose was evaluated. For the second cohort, we assessed the difference in neutralizing activity between the omicron infected and uninfected groups after booster vaccination. We also compared the effectiveness and adverse events (AEs) between homologous and heterologous booster doses for BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1 vaccines. RESULTS A total of 105 healthcare workers (HCWs) that were additionally vaccinated with BNT162b2 at Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital were enrolled in this study. Significantly higher surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT) inhibition (%) was observed for the wild-type and delta variants compared to sVNT (%) for the omicron after the booster dose (97%, 98% vs. 75%; P < 0.001). No significant difference in the neutralizing antibody inhibition score was found between variants in the BNT/BNT/BNT group (n = 48) and the ChA/ChA/BNT group (n = 57). Total AEs were not significantly different between the ChA/ChA/BNT group (85.96%) and the BNT/BNT group (95.83%; P = 0.11). In the second cohort with 58 HCWs, markedly higher sVNT inhibition to omicron was observed in the omicron-infected group (95.13%) compared to the uninfected group (mean of 48.44%; P < 0.001) after four months of the booster dose. In 41 HCWs (39.0%) infected with the omicron variant, no difference in immunogenicity, AEs, or effectiveness between homogeneous and heterogeneous boosters was observed. CONCLUSION Booster vaccination with BNT162b2 was significantly less effective for the neutralizing antibody responses to omicron variant compared to the wild-type or delta variant in healthy population. Humoral immunogenicity was sustained significantly high after 4 months of booster vaccine in the infected population after booster vaccination. Further studies are needed to understand the characteristics of immunogenicity in these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hee Lim
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Han Jo Kim
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Se Hyung Kim
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Seong Hyeok Choi
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Bora Kim
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Ji Youn Kim
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Young Sok Ji
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Tark Kim
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Eun Ju Choo
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Jung Chan Jung
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Korea
| | - Ji Eun Moon
- Department of Biostatistics, Clinical Trial Center, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Chan Kyu Kim
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Seong Kyu Park
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Jina Yun
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Korea.
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10
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Guo Q, Yang L, Peng R, Gao T, Chu X, Jiang D, Ke D, Ren H. Safety and immunogenicity of inactivated COVID-19 vaccine in patients with metabolic syndrome: A cross-sectional observational study. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1067342. [PMID: 36620297 PMCID: PMC9817001 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1067342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS), wich mainly including hypertension, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, remains high, and the safety and antibody response of inactivated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination in patients with metabolic syndrome (MS) is still inconsistency, therefore it is necessary to explore the safety and antibody responses of inactivated COVID-19 vaccination in MS patients in clinical practice. Methods 157 adults patients who were suffering from MS and 117 health controls (HC) at an interval of at least 21 days after full-course (2nd dose) vaccination were enrolled. The safety of inactivated COVID-19 vaccination was evaluated through collected adverse events (AEs) by questionnaire. The immunogenicity of included participant to inactivated COVID-19 vaccination was represented by serum seropositivity rate of anti-receptor binding domain (RBD) IgG, SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies (CoV-2 Nab) and titers of anti-RBD IgG, CoV-2 Nab. The B cells, mainly including RBD-specific B cells, RBD-specific memory B cell (MBC), RBD+ resting MBC cells, RBD+ activated MBC cells, RBD+ atypical MBC cells (atyMBCs), and RBD+ intermediate MBC cells, were also analyzed. Results In terms of safety, all AEs in MS patients were mild and self-limiting, and the incidence was comparable to that of HC participants, with overall AEs within seven days reported in 9.6% (15/157) of 3H and 11.1% (13/117) of HC. Both groups experienced no serious adverse events. As for immunogenicity of MS patients to inactivated COVID-19 vaccination, compared with health controls, the seroprevalence of anti-RBD IgG and CoV-2 Nab was significantly decreased in MS patients (p = 0.000, p = 0.003, respectively), while the titers of anti-RBD IgG (AU/ml) and CoV-2 Nab (μg/ml) were also significant lower in MS patients (p = 0.014, p = 0.002, respectively). As for frequencies of B cells, MS patients had lower frequencies of RBD-specific B cells, RBD+ resting MBCs, and RBD+ intermediate MBCs (p = 0.003, p = 0.000, p = 0.000, respectively), but had a higher frequencies of RBD+ atypical MBCs (p = 0.000) than HC. In comorbidity number subgroups analysis of MS, except frequencies of RBD+ resting MBC cells, RBD+ activated MBC cells and RBD+ intermediate MBC cells had significant difference among three groups (p = 0.035, p = 0.042, p = 0.046, respectively), antibody response had no significant difference among 1H, 2H, and 3H groups (p > 0.05). And took 70 years old as a boundary, also no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) were found in age subgroups. Lastly, comprehensive analysis in MS patients indicated that interval time after 2nd dose vaccine was the statistical significant factor which impacting antibody response in MS individuals. Conclusions Inactivated COVID-19 vaccines were well-tolerated, but induced a poorer antibody response against SARS-CoV-2 in MS patients comparing to HC participants. Patients with MS should therefore be more proactive in receiving inactivated COVID-19 vaccine, and a booster vaccination may be considered necessary. Clinical trial registration https://clinicaltrials.gov/, identifier: NCT05043246.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Guo
- Department of General Practice, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ran Peng
- Department of General Practice, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tao Gao
- Department of General Practice, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinglin Chu
- Department of General Practice, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Depeng Jiang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,*Correspondence: Depeng Jiang ✉
| | - Dazhi Ke
- Department of General Practice, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,Dazhi Ke ✉
| | - Hong Ren
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,Hong Ren ✉
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11
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Choonong R, Ruangdachsuwan S, Churod T, Palabodeewat S, Punyahathaikul S, Juntarapornchai S, Ketsuwan K, Komaikul J, Masrinoul P, Kitisripanya T, Juengwatanatrakul T, Yusakul G, Kanchanapoom T, Putalun W. Evaluating the in Vitro Efficacy of Quassinoids from Eurycoma longifolia and Eurycoma harmandiana against Common Cold Human Coronavirus OC43 and SARS-CoV-2 Using In-Cell Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2022; 85:2779-2788. [PMID: 36399766 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c00736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, has become a pandemic and public health crisis. SARS-CoV-2 and the seasonal common cold coronavirus (HCoV-OC43) belong to the beta genus of human coronaviruses (HCoVs). In-cell ELISA assays were performed using HCoV-OC43 and SARS-CoV-2 and evaluated the antiviral activity of herbal plants. Eurycoma longifolia (EL) and Eurycoma harmandiana (EH) roots (antipyretic properties) and their constituent quassinoids, especially chaparrinone and eurycomalactone, showed potent anti-HCoV-OC43 and SARS-CoV-2 activities, and the low IC50 values of the mentioned constituents were observed in the range of 0.32-0.51 μM. Eurycomanone and 13β,21-dihydroeurycomanone may contribute to the antiviral activity of EL, whereas chaparrinone is the major and active antiviral constituent of EH root. The content of quassinoids, β-carboline, and canthin-6-one alkaloids and the cytotoxicity profile of EL and EH extracts were varied regarding extraction solvents. The boiled water and 50% EtOH extractions of both plants were less toxic than those with 95% EtOH as the extraction solvent. Our research suggests that quassinoids, which come from EL and EH roots and are anti-coronavirus compounds, are potential treatment candidates for COVID-19 and merit further in vivo investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sasiporn Ruangdachsuwan
- Center for Vaccine Development, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Theeraporn Churod
- Center for Vaccine Development, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Somnuek Palabodeewat
- Center for Vaccine Development, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Surat Punyahathaikul
- Center for Vaccine Development, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Sanjira Juntarapornchai
- Center for Vaccine Development, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Kunjimas Ketsuwan
- Center for Vaccine Development, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Jukrapun Komaikul
- Center for Vaccine Development, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Promsin Masrinoul
- Center for Vaccine Development, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Tharita Kitisripanya
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | | | - Gorawit Yusakul
- School of Pharmacy, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | | | - Waraporn Putalun
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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Jaggaiahgari S, Munigela A, Mitnala S, Gujjarlapudi D, Simhadri V, D NR. Heterologous Booster Dose with CORBEVAX following Primary Vaccination with COVISHIELD Enhances Protection against SARS-CoV-2. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10122146. [PMID: 36560556 PMCID: PMC9781398 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10122146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite effective vaccination programs, waning immunity in the vaccinated populations and the emergence of variants of concern posed a risk of breakthrough infections. A booster dose was demonstrated to provide substantially increased protection against symptomatic disease and hospitalization. We aimed to evaluate immune memory and the efficacy of reducing the rate of SARS-CoV-2 infection post heterologous booster with CORBEVAX after primary vaccination with two doses of COVISHIELD. SARS-CoV-2 S1/S2 spike IgG and RBD-specific antibody responses were elicited with both booster vaccines, with a greater response in individuals receiving heterologous booster. T and B memory responses were increased with booster dose, whereas B memory needed a longer duration to develop in individuals who received a homologous booster (90 days) in comparison to a heterologous booster (30 days). RBD-specific B memory and antibody-secreting (non-memory) B lymphocytes were enhanced with both boosters; however, the duration of response was longer with the heterologous booster compared to the homologous, indicating greater protection with the heterologous booster. The rate of infection 14 days after administration of the heterologous booster was comparatively lower than that of the homologous booster, with the symptoms being much less or asymptomatic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashidhar Jaggaiahgari
- Institute of Translational Research, Asian Healthcare Foundation, AIG Hospitals, Hyderabad 500032, India
| | - Apoorva Munigela
- Department of Internal Medicine, AIG Hospitals, Hyderabad 500032, India
| | - Sasikala Mitnala
- Institute of Translational Research, Asian Healthcare Foundation, AIG Hospitals, Hyderabad 500032, India
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Venu Simhadri
- Institute of Translational Research, Asian Healthcare Foundation, AIG Hospitals, Hyderabad 500032, India
| | - Nageshwar Reddy D
- Institute of Translational Research, Asian Healthcare Foundation, AIG Hospitals, Hyderabad 500032, India
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Vishweshwaraiah YL, Hnath B, Rackley B, Wang J, Gontu A, Chandler M, Afonin KA, Kuchipudi SV, Christensen N, Yennawar NH, Dokholyan NV. Adaptation-proof SARS-CoV-2 vaccine design. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2022; 32:2206055. [PMID: 36590650 PMCID: PMC9799234 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202206055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) surface spike glycoprotein - a major antibody target - is critical for virus entry via engagement of human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. Despite successes with existing vaccines and therapies that primarily target the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein, the susceptibility of RBD to mutations provides escape routes for the SARS-CoV-2 from neutralizing antibodies. On the other hand, structural conservation in the spike protein can be targeted to reduce escape mutations and achieve broad protection. Here, we designed candidate stable immunogens that mimic surface features of selected conserved regions of spike protein through 'epitope grafting,' in which we present the target epitope topology on diverse heterologous scaffolds that can structurally accommodate the spike epitopes. Structural characterization of the epitope-scaffolds showed stark agreement with our computational models and target epitopes. The sera from mice immunized with engineered designs display epitope-scaffolds and spike binding activity. We also demonstrated the utility of the designed epitope-scaffolds in diagnostic applications. Taken all together, our study provides important methodology for targeting the conserved, non-RBD structural motifs of spike protein for SARS-CoV-2 epitope vaccine design and demonstrates the potential utility of 'epitope grafting' in rational vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brianna Hnath
- Department of PharmacologyPenn State College of MedicineHersheyPA17033‐0850USA
| | - Brendan Rackley
- Department of PharmacologyPenn State College of MedicineHersheyPA17033‐0850USA
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of PharmacologyPenn State College of MedicineHersheyPA17033‐0850USA
| | - Abhinay Gontu
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and The Huck Institutes of the Life SciencesThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPA16802USA
| | - Morgan Chandler
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of North Carolina at CharlotteCharlotteNC28223USA
| | - Kirill A. Afonin
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of North Carolina at CharlotteCharlotteNC28223USA
| | - Suresh V. Kuchipudi
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and The Huck Institutes of the Life SciencesThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPA16802USA
| | - Neil Christensen
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyPenn State College of MedicineHersheyPA17033‐0850USA
| | - Neela H. Yennawar
- The Huck Institutes of the Life SciencesThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPA16802USA
| | - Nikolay V. Dokholyan
- Department of PharmacologyPenn State College of MedicineHersheyPA17033‐0850USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular BiologyPenn State College of MedicineHersheyPA17033‐0850USA
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14
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Kudlay D, Svistunov A, Satyshev O. COVID-19 Vaccines: An Updated Overview of Different Platforms. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:714. [PMID: 36421115 PMCID: PMC9687223 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9110714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination has been identified as a critical method of disease control in the context of the current COVID-19 pandemic. The goal of this review is to update information on vaccine development and to identify areas of concern that require further research. We reviewed the literature on the development of COVID-19 vaccines, their efficacy, and use in special populations, as well as current vaccination strategies. To date, 170 vaccines are in clinical development, with 41 being already approved for use in various countries. The majority of vaccines approved for human use are vector-, subunit-, DNA-, or mRNA-based vaccines, or inactivated viruses. Because of the ongoing mutation of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, well-studied vector vaccines are losing relevance due to the ability of new virus strains to bypass neutralizing antibodies. Simultaneously, PS-based vaccines are becoming more popular. There is mounting evidence that the immunogenicity of COVID-19 vaccines is linked to their clinical efficacy. This has resulted in a shift in vaccination strategies, as well as the use of booster doses and revaccination. Furthermore, vaccination restrictions for children, pregnant women, the elderly, and people with chronic immunosuppressive diseases have been lifted, allowing more people to be vaccinated. New data on vaccine safety, including the incidence of serious adverse events, have been collected. Despite significant advances in the development of and research on COVID-19 vaccines, many questions remain that require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Kudlay
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey Svistunov
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Normal Physiology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Host Protective Immunity against Severe Acute Respiratory Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the COVID-19 Vaccine-Induced Immunity against SARS-CoV-2 and Its Variants. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112541. [PMID: 36423150 PMCID: PMC9697230 DOI: 10.3390/v14112541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The world is now apparently at the last/recovery stage of the COVID-19 pandemic, starting from 29 December 2019, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). With the progression of time, several mutations have taken place in the original SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan strain, which have generated variants of concern (VOC). Therefore, combatting COVID-19 has required the development of COVID-19 vaccines using several platforms. The immunity induced by those vaccines is vital to study in order to assure total protection against SARS-CoV-2 and its emerging variants. Indeed, understanding and identifying COVID-19 protection mechanisms or the host immune responses are of significance in terms of designing both new and repurposed drugs as well as the development of novel vaccines with few to no side effects. Detecting the immune mechanisms for host protection against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants is crucial for the development of novel COVID-19 vaccines as well as to monitor the effectiveness of the currently used vaccines worldwide. Immune memory in terms of the production of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) during reinfection is also very crucial to formulate the vaccine administration schedule/vaccine doses. The response of antigen-specific antibodies and NAbs as well as T cell responses, along with the protective cytokine production and the innate immunity generated upon COVID-19 vaccination, are discussed in the current review in comparison to the features of naturally induced protective immunity.
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16
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Noor R. How do the severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its variants escape the host protective immunity and mediate pathogenesis? BULLETIN OF THE NATIONAL RESEARCH CENTRE 2022; 46:255. [PMID: 36254244 PMCID: PMC9556142 DOI: 10.1186/s42269-022-00945-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Background To protect the global population from the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory β-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a number of vaccines are currently being used in three dosages (i.e., along with the booster dose) to induce the immunity required to combat the SARS-CoV-2 and its variants. So far, several antivirals and the commercial vaccines have been found to evoke the required humoral and cellular immunity within a huge population around world. However, an important aspect to consider is the avoidance mechanism of the host protective immunity by SARS-CoV-2 variants. Main body of the abstract Indeed, such an immune escape strategy has been noticed previously in case of SARS-CoV-1 and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Regarding the SARS-CoV-2 variants, the most important aspect on vaccine development is to determine whether the vaccine is actually capable to elicit the immune response or not, especially the viral spike (S) protein. Short conclusion Present review thus focused on such elicitation of immunity as well as pondered to the avoidance of host immunity by the SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan strain and its variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashed Noor
- Department of Life Sciences (DLS), School of Environment and Life Sciences (SELS), Independent University, Bangladesh (IUB), Plot 16, Block B, Aftabuddin Ahmed Road, Bashundhara, Dhaka 1229 Bangladesh
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17
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Wollina U. Inflammatory reaction to recently applied red tattoo ink after COVID-19. J Cosmet Dermatol 2022; 21:7237-7239. [PMID: 36106520 PMCID: PMC9538287 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.15389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Wollina
- Department of Dermatology and AllergologyStädtisches Klinikum Dresden, Academic Teaching HospitalDresdenGermany
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Clemens SAC, Milan EP, Sprinz E, Neto JC, Pacciarini F, Li P, Chen HL, Smolenov I, Pollard A, Clemens R. Homologous and heterologous boosting of the ChAdOx1-S1-S COVID-19 vaccine with the SCB-2019 vaccine candidate: a randomized, controlled, phase 2 study. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022; 9:ofac418. [PMID: 36043184 PMCID: PMC9384758 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ongoing outbreaks of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are driven by waning immunity following primary immunizations and emergence of new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants that escape vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies. It has been suggested that heterologous boosters could enhance and potentially maintain population immunity. Methods We assessed the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of booster doses of different formulations of aluminium hydroxide–adjuvanted SCB-2019 vaccine (9 μg of SCB-2019, with or without CpG-1018 adjuvant, or 30 μg of SCB-2019 with CpG-1018) in Brazilian adults primed with ChAdOx1-S vector vaccine. S-protein antibodies and ACE2-binding inhibition were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) on days 1, 15, and 29. Participants self-reported solicited adverse events and reactions. Results All SCB-2019 formulations increased S-protein ELISA antibodies and ACE2 binding inhibition to a greater extent than ChAdOx1-S. After 30 μg of SCB-2019 + CpG + aluminium hydroxide, titers against wild-type S-protein were significantly higher than after ChAdOx1-S on days 15 and 29, as were titers of neutralizing antibodies against the wild-type strain and Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron variants. Boosting with SCB-2019 or ChAdOx1-S was well tolerated, with no vaccine-related serious or severe adverse events. Conclusions Boosting ChAdOx1-S-primed adults with SCB-2019 induced higher levels of antibodies against a wild-type strain and SARS-CoV-2 variants than a homologous ChAdOx1-S booster, with the highest responses being with the 30-μg SCB-2019 + CpG + aluminium hydroxide formulation. Clinical Trials Registration NCT05087368
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Ann Costa Clemens
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Pediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre , Oxford , United Kingdom
- Siena University , Siena , Italy
| | - Eveline Pipolo Milan
- Centro de Estudos e Pesquisa em Moléstias Infecciosas Ltda. (CEPCLIN) , Natal , Brazil
| | - Eduardo Sprinz
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre , Porto Alegre , Brazil
| | | | | | - Ping Li
- Clover Biopharmaceuticals Inc. , Cambridge, MA , USA
| | - Hui Ling Chen
- Clover Biopharmaceuticals Inc. , Cambridge, MA , USA
| | - Igor Smolenov
- Clover Biopharmaceuticals Inc. , Cambridge, MA , USA
| | - Andrew Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Pediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre , Oxford , United Kingdom
| | - Ralf Clemens
- International Vaccine Institute , Seoul , Republic of Korea
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19
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AlJamaan F, Temsah MH, Alhasan K, Alenezi S, Alhaboob A, Alrabiaah A, Batais M, Alshahrani F, Assiri RA, Bafaqih H, Alaraj A, Al Qadrah B, Alhaidary A, Saad K, Saddik B, Halwani R, Rabaan AA, Al-Subaie S, Barry M, Al-Tawfiq JA. SARS-CoV-2 variants and the global pandemic challenged by vaccine uptake during the emergence of the Delta variant: A national survey seeking vaccine hesitancy causes. J Infect Public Health 2022; 15:773-780. [PMID: 35728424 PMCID: PMC9212873 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2022.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herd immunity for COVID-19 is the ultimate goal to end the pandemic. Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants has been a subject of considerable debate regarding vaccines effectiveness. This ongoing discussion and other evolving variables contribute to the hesitancy toward vaccines and levels of vaccination acceptance among both the healthcare workers and the public. This study was conducted to assess COVID-19 vaccine uptake and hesitancy among the Saudi Arabian population during the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant. METHODS A national cross-sectional survey conducted between June 28 and July 5, 2021. The survey collected sociodemographic information, personal and family history of previous COVID-19 infection, adherence to precautionary measures, COVID-19 vaccination status, parental willingness to vaccinate their teenage children, and address variable associated with hesitancy to receive vaccination. RESULTS Among the 4071 participants, 67 % were women, 86 % of the participants received COVID-19 vaccine, 70 % had very high or high commitment with COVID-19 precautionary measures. On multivariate analysis, vaccine hesitancy was less likely in men (OR 0.652, p-value < 0.001), those who had direct family members infected with COVID-19 (OR 0.455, p-value < 0.001), and those who reported using the Ministry of Health official channels as information sources (OR 0.522, p-value < 0.001), while those younger than 44 years had higher hesitancy to receive the vaccine (1.5-2.1 times). Of the participants, only 42 % showed willingness to vaccinate their teenage (12-18 years old) children. CONCLUSIONS The participants in this study had high COVID-19 vaccination rate; however, hesitancy was reported more commonly among women. Their willingness to vaccinate their teenage children was much lower. Participants relying on social media platforms were highly hesitant to receive vaccination. Public health officials should scale up their efforts targeting females, young population, and parents by vaccination awareness campaigns, and refute misinformation spread on social media, especially with the emergence of variants and the news burst that coincide with them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadi AlJamaan
- Critical Care Department, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohamad-Hani Temsah
- Pediatric Department, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Prince Abdullah Ben Khaled Celiac Disease Research Chair, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Khalid Alhasan
- Pediatric Department, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Pediatric Kidney Transplant, Organ Transplant Center of Excellence, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Shuliweeh Alenezi
- Department of Psychiatry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ali Alhaboob
- Pediatric Department, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdulkarim Alrabiaah
- Pediatric Department, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammed Batais
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Fatimah Alshahrani
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University and King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Rasha Asaad Assiri
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hind Bafaqih
- Pediatric Critical Care Department, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ali Alaraj
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia; Dr Sulaiman Al Habib Medical Group, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Bedoor Al Qadrah
- Pediatric Department, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdulilah Alhaidary
- Nursing Department, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Khaled Saad
- Department of Pediatrics, Assiut University, 71516, Egypt.
| | - Basema Saddik
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, the United Arab Emirates; Sharjah Institute of Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, the United Arab Emirates.
| | - Rabih Halwani
- Sharjah Institute of Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, the United Arab Emirates; Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, the United Arab Emirates.
| | - Ali A Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia; Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22610, Pakistan.
| | - Sarah Al-Subaie
- Critical Care Department, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mazin Barry
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University and King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, K1H 8M5, Canada.
| | - Jaffar A Al-Tawfiq
- Specialty Internal Medicine and Quality Department, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia; Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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20
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Awaya T, Moroi M, Enomoto Y, Kunimasa T, Nakamura M. What Should We Do after the COVID-19 Vaccination? Vaccine-Associated Diseases and Precautionary Measures against Adverse Reactions. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10060866. [PMID: 35746474 PMCID: PMC9228524 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10060866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 vaccines have been used to counteract the global COVID-19 pandemic. While these are effective, adverse reactions have been reported, such as injection-site pain, muscle ache, fever, palpitation, and chest discomfort. The release of inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β, is a potential mechanism for post-vaccine side-effects. Chest discomfort after the vaccination, including myocarditis and acute coronary syndrome, is a particularly serious adverse reaction. It is important to be familiar with the differential diagnoses of chest discomfort and organ-specific diseases associated with COVID-19 vaccines as the preparation for booster shots and vaccinations among children aged 5–11 years begins. High-intensity exercise, alcohol, tobacco smoking, and baths promote inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, which may exacerbate the adverse reactions after vaccination. Japanese data show that deaths during baths are the most common for several days after mRNA vaccination. Additionally, alcohol and tobacco smoking were identified as predictive factors of lower antibody titers after vaccination. In this review, we aimed to provide a few recommendations to prevent vaccine-associated disease.
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Vishweshwaraiah YL, Hnath B, Rackley B, Wang J, Gontu A, Chandler M, Afonin KA, Kuchipudi SV, Christensen N, Yennawar NH, Dokholyan NV. Adaptation-proof SARS-CoV-2 vaccine design. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022:2022.05.17.492310. [PMID: 35611332 PMCID: PMC9128779 DOI: 10.1101/2022.05.17.492310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) surface spike glycoprotein - a major antibody target - is critical for virus entry via engagement of human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. Despite successes with existing vaccines and therapies that primarily target the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein, the susceptibility of RBD to mutations provides escape routes for the SARS-CoV-2 from neutralizing antibodies. On the other hand, structural conservation in the spike protein can be targeted to reduce escape mutations and achieve broad protection. Here, we designed candidate stable immunogens that mimic surface features of selected conserved regions of spike protein through 'epitope grafting,' in which we present the target epitope topology on diverse heterologous scaffolds that can structurally accommodate the spike epitopes. Structural characterization of the epitope-scaffolds showed stark agreement with our computational models and target epitopes. The sera from mice immunized with engineered designs display epitope-scaffolds and spike binding activity. We also demonstrated the utility of the designed epitope-scaffolds in diagnostic applications. Taken all together, our study provides important methodology for targeting the conserved, non-RBD structural motifs of spike protein for SARS-CoV-2 epitope vaccine design and demonstrates the potential utility of 'epitope grafting' in rational vaccine design.
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22
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Bhuiyan AA, Brahmachari S, Ripa IJ, Noor R. Overview of dreadful consequences of SARS-CoV-2 invasion in Italy from March 2020 to March 2022. BULLETIN OF THE NATIONAL RESEARCH CENTRE 2022; 46:176. [PMID: 35756396 PMCID: PMC9207835 DOI: 10.1186/s42269-022-00867-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The unpredicted pandemic disease COVID-19 first flared up adversely in Europe by imparting interminable force of infected and fatality cases to Italy. In late February 2020, the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in northern Italy and swiftly proliferated to the entire country, albeit continuous to date (23 March 2022) with a lesser extent of deadliness. Current review focused on the invasions and the associated consequences by SARS-CoV-2 during the period of March 2020-March 2022. MAIN BODY OF THE ABSTRACT Initially, the lethality and transmissibility of the novel virus made Italy stunned within 1 month, the number of death cases reached 12,428 at the end of March 2020. The Italian Government announced an immediate emergency phase in entire country, educational institutions to local businesses, manufacturing works, cultural activities to elective activities were rescinded and all the hospitals to morgues were swamped, ensuing that fear of epidemic was impended. Besides, the Italian National Health System and Service coordinated massive public health interventions and conferred unprecedented efforts to limit the high mortality rate of the first wave of infection. Amidst 2 years of epidemic (as of 23 March 2022), Italy has documented 14,070,450 (23.74% of the population) confirmed infected cases, 12,685,306 (21.41% of the population) healed cases, 158,254 death cases (0.27% of the population) and ranking 9th worldwide in the number of deaths. SHORT CONCLUSION Based on publicly available Italian Ministry of Health COVID-19 data, current review has comprehended region-wise total infected cases, death cases and healed cases for three consecutive years 2020-2022 to foresee different patterns of the regional outbreak and gradual subservience. At a glance, we highlighted the overview of the exhaustion and exertion of COVID-19 crisis throughout the periods in Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Akter Bhuiyan
- Molecular Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Department of Industrial Biotechnologies, Universita Degli Studi di Milano, 20134 Milan, Italy
| | - Sreyashi Brahmachari
- Molecular Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Department of Industrial Biotechnologies, Universita Degli Studi di Milano, 20134 Milan, Italy
| | - Israt Jahan Ripa
- Medical Biotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutical, Veterinary and Medical Biotechnologies, Università di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Rashed Noor
- Department of Life Sciences (DLS), School of Environment and Life Sciences (SELS), Independent University, Bangladesh (IUB), Plot 16, Block B, Bashundhara, Dhaka, 1229 Bangladesh
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