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Cénat JM, Moshirian Farahi SMM, Rousseau C, Bukaka J, Darius WP, Derivois D, Dalexis RD, Luyeye N. Prevalence and Factors Related to Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Depression Symptoms Among Children and Adolescents Survivors and Orphans of Ebola Virus Disease in Democratic Republic of the Congo Eastern Regions During the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Adolesc Health 2023; 73:1019-1029. [PMID: 37737753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although previous studies have shown a high prevalence of mental health problems among adult Ebola virus disease survivors, no studies have yet been conducted on mental health problems among children and adolescents in affected regions. Consequently, the current study aimed to examine the prevalence and factors associated with depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among children and adolescent survivors and orphans by utilizing a cross-sectional survey following the 2018-2020 epidemic in Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. METHODS A total of 146 survivors (mean age = 13.62, standard deviation [SD] = 2.50, 49.32% female), 233 orphans (mean age = 13.18, SD = 2.96, 53.32% female), and 34 orphan-survivor participants (mean age = 13.39, SD = 2.87, 44.12% female) were recruited. Participants completed measures assessing depression and PTSD symptoms, traumatic experiences, and stigma related to Ebola and COVID-19. RESULTS The prevalence of depression and PTSD symptoms was 87.32% and 44.42%, respectively. Results showed significant differences in depression and PTSD symptoms between orphan-survivors (100% and 97.06%), survivors (90.21% and 75.86%), and orphans (83.48% and 16.52%; χ2(2) = 9.02; p = .011 and χ2(2) = 168.85; p < .001). Experience of traumatic events, Ebola stigmatization, and COVID-19 stigmatization positively predicted depression and PTSD symptoms. The regression models explained 61%-72% of the variance of depression and PTSD. DISCUSSION The results reveal that the Ebola virus disease and its associated grief severely jeopardize the mental health of children and adolescents in affected regions. Despite the relative paucity of resources, intervention programs may be helpful to minimize associated stigma and promote psychological support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jude Mary Cénat
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Interdisciplinary Centre for Black Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; University of Ottawa Research Chair on Black Health, School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | | | - Cécile Rousseau
- Division of Social and Transcultural Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jacqueline Bukaka
- Department of Psychology, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, DR of Congo
| | - Wina Paul Darius
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel Derivois
- Department of Psychology, Université Bourgogne Franche Comté, Bourgogne, France
| | - Rose Darly Dalexis
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Noble Luyeye
- Department of Psychology, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, DR of Congo
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Kokou-Kpolou CK, Derivois D, Rousseau C, Balayulu-Makila O, Hajizadeh S, Birangui JP, Guerrier M, Bukaka J, Cénat JM. Enacted Ebola Stigma and Health-related Quality of Life in Post Ebola Epidemic: A Psychosocial Mediation Framework Through Social Support, Self-Efficacy, and Coping. APPLIED RESEARCH IN QUALITY OF LIFE 2022; 17:2809-2832. [PMID: 35966804 PMCID: PMC9362404 DOI: 10.1007/s11482-022-10039-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
On-site experiences and reports have shown that the multiple outbreaks of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) resulted in pervasive experience of stigma against many people who have recovered from EVD as well as their families and close relatives. Three evidence-based protective factors which are supposed to mitigate the impact of enacted Ebola stigma on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of individuals in this epidemic context were identified. We expected that positive religious coping, perceived social support, and general self-efficacy would mediate the relationship between enacted Ebola stigma and HRQoL. These hypotheses were tested through multiple mediation model using the structural equation modeling among a large sample of adult populations (N = 1614; 50% women) in the province of Equateur in the DRC, in the aftermath of the 9th Ebola outbreak. The mediation model yielded adequate fit statistics and the results provided strong evidence that higher levels of enacted Ebola stigma were associated with lower HRQoL. They confirmed the synergetic mediating effects of positive religious coping, perceived social support from family (but not from others sources) and general self-efficacy. Futher exploratory findings revealed that the perceived social support from family buffered the impact of enacted Ebola stigma on HRQoL. If replicated by a longitudinal study, our findings lay a solid foundation for empirical-based community mental health interventions for reducing enacted Ebola stigma and promoting HRQoL during epidemics, especially in the DRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille Kossigan Kokou-Kpolou
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques-Lussier 5045, Vanier Hall, K1N 6N5 Ottawa, Ontario Canada
- School of Psychology, Laval University, Pavillon Félix-Antoine-Savard ; 2325, rue des Bibliothèques, G1V 0A6, Québec, Canada
| | - Daniel Derivois
- Laboratory of Psychology Psy-DREPI, Université Bourgogne Franche Comté, 7458 Dijon, EA France
| | - Cécile Rousseau
- Division of Social and Transcultural Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Oléa Balayulu-Makila
- Laboratory of Psychology Psy-DREPI, Université Bourgogne Franche Comté, 7458 Dijon, EA France
- Department of psychology, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Saba Hajizadeh
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques-Lussier 5045, Vanier Hall, K1N 6N5 Ottawa, Ontario Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Birangui
- Department of psychology, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Mireille Guerrier
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques-Lussier 5045, Vanier Hall, K1N 6N5 Ottawa, Ontario Canada
| | - Jacqueline Bukaka
- Department of psychology, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Jude Mary Cénat
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques-Lussier 5045, Vanier Hall, K1N 6N5 Ottawa, Ontario Canada
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Cénat JM, Noorishad PG, Dalexis RD, Rousseau C, Derivois D, Kokou-Kpolou CK, Bukaka J, Balayulu-Makila O, Guerrier M. Prevalence and risk factors of depression symptoms among rural and urban populations affected by Ebola virus disease in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: a representative cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e053375. [PMID: 35017247 PMCID: PMC8753092 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-053375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES High mortality rates, anxiety and distress associated with Ebola virus disease (EVD) are risk factors for mood disorders in affected communities. This study aims to document the prevalence and risk factors associated with depressive symptoms among a representative sample of individuals affected by EVD. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING The current study was conducted 7 months (March 11, 2019 to April 23, 2019) after the end of the ninth outbreak of EVD in the province of Equateur in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). PARTICIPANTS A large population-based sample of 1614 adults (50% women, Mage=34.05; SD=12.55) in health zones affected by the ninth outbreak in DRC. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES Participants completed questionnaires assessing EVD exposure level, stigmatisation related to EVD and depressive symptoms. The ORs associated with sociodemographic data, EVD exposure level and stigmatisation were analysed through logistic regressions. RESULTS Overall, 62.03% (95% CI 59.66% to 64.40%) of individuals living in areas affected by EVD were categorised as having severe depressive symptoms. The multivariable logistic regression analyses showed that adults in the two higher score categories of exposure to EVD were at two times higher risk of developing severe depressive symptoms (respectively, OR 1.94 (95% CI 1.22 to 3.09); OR 2.34 (95% CI 1.26 to 4.34)). Individuals in the two higher categories of stigmatisation were two to four times more at risk (respectively, OR 2.42 (95% CI 1.53 to 3.83); OR 4.73 (95% CI 2.34 to 9.56)). Living in rural areas (OR 0.19 (95% CI 0.09 to 0.38)) and being unemployed (OR 0.68 (95% CI 0.50 to 0.93)) increased the likelihood of having severe depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Results indicate that depressive symptoms in EVD affected populations is a major public health problem that must be addressed through culturally adapted mental health programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rose Darly Dalexis
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Daniel Derivois
- Department of Psychology, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, Franche-Comté, France
| | | | - Jacqueline Bukaka
- Department of Psychology, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Congo (the Democratic Republic of the)
| | - Oléa Balayulu-Makila
- Department of Psychology, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, Franche-Comté, France
- Department of Psychology, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Congo (the Democratic Republic of the)
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Chung S, Kim HJ, Ahn MH, Yeo S, Lee J, Kim K, Kang S, Suh S, Shin YW. Development of the Stress and Anxiety to Viral Epidemics-9 (SAVE-9) Scale for Assessing Work-related Stress and Anxiety in Healthcare Workers in Response to Viral Epidemics. J Korean Med Sci 2021; 36:e319. [PMID: 34873885 PMCID: PMC8648611 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease 2019, or COVID-19, has had a major psychological impact on healthcare workers. However, very few scales are available to specifically assess work-related stress and anxiety in healthcare workers responding to a viral epidemic. This study developed a new assessment tool, the Stress and Anxiety to Viral Epidemics-9 (SAVE-9) and aimed to validate it among healthcare workers directly affected by COVID-19 in Korea. METHODS A total of 1,019 healthcare workers responded through anonymous questionnaires during April 20-30, 2020. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted to explore the construct validity, and the reliability was assessed using internal consistency measures of Cronbach's alpha coefficients. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was conducted to define the most appropriate cut-off point of SAVE-9 using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 scale (GAD-7; ≥ 5). Second, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was used to establish convergent validity for the SAVE-9 questionnaire with GAD-7 and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. RESULTS The nine-item scale had satisfactory internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.795). It adopted a two-factor structure: 1) anxiety regarding viral epidemics and 2) work-related stress associated with viral epidemics. A cut-off score of 22 for the SAVE-9 ascertained levels of stress and anxiety in response to a viral epidemic in healthcare workers that warranted clinical attention. Correlations between the SAVE-9 and the other scales were statistically significant (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The results suggest that the SAVE-9 is a useful, reliable, and valid tool to evaluate stress and anxiety responses in healthcare workers during viral epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seockhoon Chung
- Department of Psychiatry, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Hwa Jung Kim
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myung Hee Ahn
- Division of Psychiatry, Health Screening and Promotion Center, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sungook Yeo
- Department of Psychiatry, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joohee Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyumin Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Solbi Kang
- Department of Psychology, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sooyeon Suh
- Department of Psychology, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Yong-Wook Shin
- Department of Psychiatry, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Cénat JM, McIntee SE, Guerrier M, Derivois D, Rousseau C, Dalexis RD, Bukaka J, Makila-Balayulu O. Psychological distress among adults from the urban and rural areas affected by the Ebola virus disease in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2021; 56:57-62. [PMID: 32537693 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-020-01904-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ebola virus disease (EVD) is associated with high anxiety and multiple bereavement that can induce severe psychological distress (SPD) in individuals living in affected communities. Using data from the EVD and Mental Health project (EboMH), this study assessed the prevalence and determinants of SPD symptoms in a representative sample of adults in communities affected by EVD. METHODS A representative sample of 1614 adults (50% women) aged 18-85 years completed measures assessing exposure level to EVD, stigmatization related to EVD, and psychological distress. RESULTS In total, 45.58% of individuals from the cities and villages affected by EVD reported SPD. Results showed significant differences for residence area, employment, age, education level, and religion, but not for gender. Exposure level to EVD (β = 0.11, p < 0.001; OR = 1.12, 95% CI [1.08-1.16]), stigmatization related to EVD (β = 0.06, p < 0.001; OR = 1.06, 95% CI [1.05-1.07]), and living in rural areas (β = 0.67, p < 0.001; OR = .51, 95% CI [.36-.72]) predicted SPD symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Evidence-based global mental health programs in high-risk mortality epidemic contexts should take into account the high psychological distress in the affected areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jude Mary Cénat
- School of Psychology (Clinical), University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques-Lussier, 4017, Vanier Hall, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Sara- Emilie McIntee
- School of Psychology (Clinical), University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques-Lussier, 4017, Vanier Hall, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Mireille Guerrier
- School of Psychology (Clinical), University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques-Lussier, 4017, Vanier Hall, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Daniel Derivois
- Laboratory of Psychology Psy-DREPI (EA 7458), Université Bourgogne Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Cécile Rousseau
- Division of Social and Transcultural Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Rose Darly Dalexis
- School of Industrial Relations, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jacqueline Bukaka
- Department of Psychology, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Oléa Makila-Balayulu
- Division of Social and Transcultural Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The ability to effectively prepare for and respond to the psychological fallout from large-scale disasters is a core competency of military mental health providers, as well as civilian emergency response teams. Disaster planning should be situation specific and data driven; vague, broad-spectrum planning can contribute to unprepared mental health teams and underserved patient populations. Herein, we review data on mental health sequelae from the twenty-first century pandemics, including SARS-CoV2 (COVID-19), and offer explanations for observed trends, insights regarding anticipated needs, and recommendations for preliminary planning on how to best allocate limited mental health resources. RECENT FINDINGS Anxiety and distress, often attributed to isolation, were the most prominent mental health complaints during previous pandemics and with COVID-19. Additionally, post-traumatic stress was surprisingly common and possibly more enduring than depression, insomnia, and alcohol misuse. Predictions regarding COVID-19's economic impact suggest that depression and suicide rates may increase over time. Available data suggest that the mental health sequelae of COVID-19 will mirror those of previous pandemics. Clinicians and mental health leaders should focus planning efforts on the negative effects of isolation, particularly anxiety and distress, as well as post-traumatic stress symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel H Han
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Behavioral Health Consultation and Education, 8960 Brown Drive, Building 7 Room 5309, Bethesda, MD, 20889, USA.
| | | | - Wendi M Waits
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Behavioral Health Consultation and Education, 8960 Brown Drive, Building 7 Room 5309, Bethesda, MD, 20889, USA
| | - Alexa K C Bell
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tashina L Miller
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Behavioral Health Consultation and Education, 8960 Brown Drive, Building 7 Room 5309, Bethesda, MD, 20889, USA
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Cénat JM, Dalexis RD, Kokou-Kpolou CK, Mukunzi JN, Rousseau C. Social inequalities and collateral damages of the COVID-19 pandemic: when basic needs challenge mental health care. Int J Public Health 2020; 65:717-718. [PMID: 32651593 PMCID: PMC7348102 DOI: 10.1007/s00038-020-01426-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jude Mary Cénat
- School of Psychology (Clinical), University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques-Lussier, 4085, Vanier Hall, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | | | | | - Joana N Mukunzi
- School of Psychology (Clinical), University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques-Lussier, 4085, Vanier Hall, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Cécile Rousseau
- Division of Social and Transcultural Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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Epidemic psychiatry: The opportunities and challenges of COVID-19. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2020; 64:68-71. [PMID: 32279023 PMCID: PMC7194518 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2020.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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