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Jiang CL, Lin FJ. Insights into the roles of Apolipoprotein E in adipocyte biology and obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2024:10.1038/s41366-024-01549-9. [PMID: 38839985 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-024-01549-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is a multifunctional protein expressed by various cell types, including hepatocytes, adipocytes, immune cells of the myeloid lineage, vascular smooth muscle cells, astrocytes, etc. Initially, APOE was discovered as an arginine-rich peptide within very-low-density lipoprotein, but it was subsequently found in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in humans and other animals, where its presence facilitates the clearance of these lipoproteins from circulation. Recent epidemiolocal studies and experimental research in mice suggest a link between ApoE and obesity. The latest findings highlight the role of endogenous adipocyte ApoE in regulating browning of white adipose tissue, beige adipocyte differentiation, thermogenesis and energy homeostasis. This review focuses on the emerging evidence showing the involvement of ApoE in the regulation of obesity and its associated metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Lin Jiang
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Jung Lin
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Research Center for Development Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Marottoli FM, Zhang H, Flores-Barrera E, Artur de la Villarmois E, Damen FC, Miguelez Fernández AM, Blesson HV, Chaudhary R, Nguyen AL, Nwokeji AE, Talati R, John AS, Madadakere K, Lutz SE, Cai K, Tseng KY, Tai LM. Endothelial Cell APOE3 Regulates Neurovascular, Neuronal, and Behavioral Function. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2023; 43:1952-1966. [PMID: 37650329 PMCID: PMC10521805 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.123.319816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Specialized brain endothelial cells and human APOE3 are independently important for neurovascular function, yet whether APOE3 expression by endothelial cells contributes to brain function is currently unknown. In the present study, we determined whether the loss of endothelial cell APOE3 impacts brain vascular and neural function. METHODS We developed APOE3fl/fl/Cdh5(PAC)-CreERT2+/- (APOE3Cre+/-) and APOE3fl/fl/Cdh5(PAC)-CreERT2-/- (APOE3Cre-/-, control) mice and induced endothelial cell APOE3 knockdown with tamoxifen at ≈4 to 5 weeks of age. Neurovascular and neuronal function were evaluated by biochemistry, immunohistochemistry, behavioral testing, and electrophysiology at 9 months of age. RESULTS We found that the loss of endothelial APOE3 expression was sufficient to cause neurovascular dysfunction including higher permeability and lower vessel coverage in tandem with deficits in spatial memory and fear memory extinction and a disruption of cortical excitatory/inhibitory balance. CONCLUSIONS Our data collectively support the novel concept that endothelial APOE3 plays a critical role in the regulation of the neurovasculature, neural circuit function, and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felecia M. Marottoli
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology (F.M.M., H.Z., E.F.-B., E.A.d.l.V., A.M.M.M.F., H.V.B., R.C., A.L.N., A.E.N., R.T., A.S.J., K.M., S.E.L., K.Y.T., L.M.T.), University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Hui Zhang
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology (F.M.M., H.Z., E.F.-B., E.A.d.l.V., A.M.M.M.F., H.V.B., R.C., A.L.N., A.E.N., R.T., A.S.J., K.M., S.E.L., K.Y.T., L.M.T.), University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Eden Flores-Barrera
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology (F.M.M., H.Z., E.F.-B., E.A.d.l.V., A.M.M.M.F., H.V.B., R.C., A.L.N., A.E.N., R.T., A.S.J., K.M., S.E.L., K.Y.T., L.M.T.), University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Emilce Artur de la Villarmois
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology (F.M.M., H.Z., E.F.-B., E.A.d.l.V., A.M.M.M.F., H.V.B., R.C., A.L.N., A.E.N., R.T., A.S.J., K.M., S.E.L., K.Y.T., L.M.T.), University of Illinois at Chicago
| | | | - Anabel M.M. Miguelez Fernández
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology (F.M.M., H.Z., E.F.-B., E.A.d.l.V., A.M.M.M.F., H.V.B., R.C., A.L.N., A.E.N., R.T., A.S.J., K.M., S.E.L., K.Y.T., L.M.T.), University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Hannah V. Blesson
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology (F.M.M., H.Z., E.F.-B., E.A.d.l.V., A.M.M.M.F., H.V.B., R.C., A.L.N., A.E.N., R.T., A.S.J., K.M., S.E.L., K.Y.T., L.M.T.), University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Rohan Chaudhary
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology (F.M.M., H.Z., E.F.-B., E.A.d.l.V., A.M.M.M.F., H.V.B., R.C., A.L.N., A.E.N., R.T., A.S.J., K.M., S.E.L., K.Y.T., L.M.T.), University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Anthony L. Nguyen
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology (F.M.M., H.Z., E.F.-B., E.A.d.l.V., A.M.M.M.F., H.V.B., R.C., A.L.N., A.E.N., R.T., A.S.J., K.M., S.E.L., K.Y.T., L.M.T.), University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Amanda E. Nwokeji
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology (F.M.M., H.Z., E.F.-B., E.A.d.l.V., A.M.M.M.F., H.V.B., R.C., A.L.N., A.E.N., R.T., A.S.J., K.M., S.E.L., K.Y.T., L.M.T.), University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Ruju Talati
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology (F.M.M., H.Z., E.F.-B., E.A.d.l.V., A.M.M.M.F., H.V.B., R.C., A.L.N., A.E.N., R.T., A.S.J., K.M., S.E.L., K.Y.T., L.M.T.), University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Ashwin S. John
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology (F.M.M., H.Z., E.F.-B., E.A.d.l.V., A.M.M.M.F., H.V.B., R.C., A.L.N., A.E.N., R.T., A.S.J., K.M., S.E.L., K.Y.T., L.M.T.), University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Kushi Madadakere
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology (F.M.M., H.Z., E.F.-B., E.A.d.l.V., A.M.M.M.F., H.V.B., R.C., A.L.N., A.E.N., R.T., A.S.J., K.M., S.E.L., K.Y.T., L.M.T.), University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Sarah E. Lutz
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology (F.M.M., H.Z., E.F.-B., E.A.d.l.V., A.M.M.M.F., H.V.B., R.C., A.L.N., A.E.N., R.T., A.S.J., K.M., S.E.L., K.Y.T., L.M.T.), University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Kejia Cai
- Radiology (F.C.D., K.C.), University of Illinois at Chicago
- Bioengineering (K.C.), University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Kuei Y. Tseng
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology (F.M.M., H.Z., E.F.-B., E.A.d.l.V., A.M.M.M.F., H.V.B., R.C., A.L.N., A.E.N., R.T., A.S.J., K.M., S.E.L., K.Y.T., L.M.T.), University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Leon M. Tai
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology (F.M.M., H.Z., E.F.-B., E.A.d.l.V., A.M.M.M.F., H.V.B., R.C., A.L.N., A.E.N., R.T., A.S.J., K.M., S.E.L., K.Y.T., L.M.T.), University of Illinois at Chicago
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Huang M, Zheng J, Chen L, You S, Huang H. Advances in the study of the pathogenesis of obesity: Based on apolipoproteins. Clin Chim Acta 2023; 545:117359. [PMID: 37086940 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2023.117359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a state presented by excessive accumulation and abnormal distribution of body fat, with metabolic disorders being one of its distinguishing features. Obesity is associated with dyslipidemia, apolipoproteins are important structural components of plasma lipoproteins, which influence lipid metabolism in the body by participating in lipoprotein metabolism and are closely related to the progression of obesity. Apolipoproteins influence the progression of obesity from lipid metabolism, energy expenditure and inflammatory response. In this review, we discuss the alterations of apolipoproteins in obesity, understand the potential mechanisms by which apolipoproteins affect obesity, as well as provide new targets for the treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjing Huang
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province China; Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Jingyi Zheng
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province China; Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Lijun Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Sufang You
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province China; Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Huibin Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, China.
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Liu M, Chen MY, An L, Ma SQ, Mei J, Huang WH, Zhang W. Effects of apolipoprotein E on regulating insulin sensitivity via regulating insulin receptor signalosome in caveolae. Life Sci 2022; 308:120929. [PMID: 36063979 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Although impaired insulin signaling at a post-receptor level was a well-established key driver of insulin resistance, the role of surface abnormal insulin receptor (INSR) location in insulin resistance pathogenesis tended to be ignored and its molecular mechanisms remained obscure. Herein, this study aimed to investigate hepatic apolipoprotein E (APOE) impaired cellular insulin action via reducing cell surface INSR, especially in caveolae. KEY FINDINGS Downregulation of APOE enhanced the caveolae translocation of INSR and glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2), and improved hepatic cells' sensitivity to insulin. Consistently, mice with selective suppression of liver tissue APOE showed lower fasting insulin and fasting glucose levels, better homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) index (HOMA-IS, HOMA-IR, HOMA-β) and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI). Furthermore, the co-localization of INSR and CAV1 in the liver of these mice were more substantial than controls. SIGNIFICANCE APOE might adversely set the basal gain of INSR signaling implied that APOE could be a new endogenous INSR regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, Hunan, PR China
| | - Man-Yun Chen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, Hunan, PR China
| | - Liang An
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, Hunan, PR China
| | - Si-Qing Ma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, Hunan, PR China
| | - Jie Mei
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, Hunan, PR China
| | - Wei-Hua Huang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, Hunan, PR China; NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defect for Research and Prevention (Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital), Hunan 410008, PR China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, Hunan, PR China.
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Jiang CL, Chen YF, Lin FJ. Apolipoprotein E deficiency activates thermogenesis of white adipose tissues in mice through enhancing β-hydroxybutyrate production from precursor cells. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21760. [PMID: 34309918 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100298rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
White adipose tissue (WAT) has the capacity to undergo a white-to-beige phenotypic switch, known as browning, in response to stimuli such as cold. However, the mechanism underlying beige adipocyte formation is largely unknown. Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is highly induced in WAT and has been implicated in lipid metabolism. Here, we show that ApoE deficiency in mice increased oxygen consumption and thermogenesis and enhanced adipose browning pattern in inguinal WAT (iWAT), with associated characteristics such as increased Ucp1 and Pparγ expression. At the cellular level, ApoE deficient beige adipocytes had increased glucose uptake and higher mitochondrial respiration than wild-type cells. Mechanistically, we showed that ApoE deficient iWAT and primary adipose precursor cells activated the thermogenic genes program by stimulating the production of ketone body β-hydroxybutyrate (βHB), a novel adipose browning promoting factor. This was accompanied by increased expression of genes involved in ketogenesis and could be compromised by the treatment for ketogenesis inhibitors. Consistently, ApoE deficient mice show higher serum βHB level than wild-type mice in the fed state and during cold exposure. Our results further demonstrate that the increased βHB production in ApoE deficient adipose precursor cells could be attributed, at least in part, to enhanced Cd36 expression and CD36-mediated fatty acid utilization. Our findings uncover a previously uncharacterized role for ApoE in energy homeostasis via its cell-autonomous action in WAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Lin Jiang
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Fang Chen
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Jung Lin
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Research Center for Development Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Husain MA, Laurent B, Plourde M. APOE and Alzheimer's Disease: From Lipid Transport to Physiopathology and Therapeutics. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:630502. [PMID: 33679311 PMCID: PMC7925634 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.630502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder characterized by extracellular amyloid β (Aβ) and intraneuronal tau protein aggregations. One risk factor for developing AD is the APOE gene coding for the apolipoprotein E protein (apoE). Humans have three versions of APOE gene: ε2, ε3, and ε4 allele. Carrying the ε4 allele is an AD risk factor while carrying the ε2 allele is protective. ApoE is a component of lipoprotein particles in the plasma at the periphery, as well as in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and in the interstitial fluid (ISF) of brain parenchyma in the central nervous system (CNS). ApoE is a major lipid transporter that plays a pivotal role in the development, maintenance, and repair of the CNS, and that regulates multiple important signaling pathways. This review will focus on the critical role of apoE in AD pathogenesis and some of the currently apoE-based therapeutics developed in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Amir Husain
- Centre de Recherche Sur le Vieillissement, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et Services Sociaux de l'Estrie-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Benoit Laurent
- Centre de Recherche Sur le Vieillissement, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et Services Sociaux de l'Estrie-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Département de Biochimie et Génomique Fonctionnelle, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Mélanie Plourde
- Centre de Recherche Sur le Vieillissement, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et Services Sociaux de l'Estrie-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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ω-3PUFA supplementation ameliorates adipose tissue inflammation and insulin-stimulated glucose disposal in subjects with obesity: a potential role for apolipoprotein E. Int J Obes (Lond) 2021; 45:1331-1341. [PMID: 33753887 PMCID: PMC8159741 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-021-00801-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3PUFA) supplementation in animal models of diet-induced obesity has consistently shown to improve insulin sensitivity. The same is not always reported in human studies with insulin resistant (IR) subjects with obesity. OBJECTIVE We studied whether high-dose ω-3PUFA supplementation for 3 months improves insulin sensitivity and adipose tissue (AT) inflammation in IR subjects with obesity. METHODS Thirteen subjects (BMI = 39.3 ± 1.6 kg/m2) underwent 80 mU/m2·min euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp with subcutaneous (Sc) AT biopsy before and after 3 months of ω-3PUFA (DHA and EPA, 4 g/daily) supplementation. Cytoadipokine plasma profiles were assessed before and after ω-3PUFA. AT-specific inflammatory gene expression was evaluated on Sc fat biopsies. Microarray analysis was performed on the fat biopsies collected during the program. RESULTS Palmitic and stearic acid plasma levels were significantly reduced (P < 0.05) after ω-3PUFA. Gene expression of pro-inflammatory markers and adipokines were improved after ω-3PUFA (P < 0.05). Systemic inflammation was decreased after ω-3PUFA, as shown by cytokine assessment (P < 0.05). These changes were associated with a 25% increase in insulin-stimulated glucose disposal (4.7 ± 0.6 mg/kg ffm•min vs. 5.9 ± 0.9 mg/kg ffm•min) despite no change in body weight. Microarray analysis identified 53 probe sets significantly altered post- ω-3PUFA, with Apolipoprotein E (APOE) being one of the most upregulated genes. CONCLUSION High dose of long chain ω-3PUFA supplementation modulates significant changes in plasma fatty acid profile, AT, and systemic inflammation. These findings are associated with significant improvement of insulin-stimulated glucose disposal. Unbiased microarray analysis of Sc fat biopsy identified APOE as among the most differentially regulated gene after ω-3PUFA supplementation. We speculate that ω-3PUFA increases macrophage-derived APOE mRNA levels with anti-inflammatory properties.
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Beyond the CNS: The many peripheral roles of APOE. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 138:104809. [PMID: 32087284 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is a multifunctional protein synthesized and secreted by multiple mammalian tissues. Although hepatocytes contribute about 75% of the peripheral pool, APOE can also be expressed in adipose tissue, the kidney, and the adrenal glands, among other tissues. High levels of APOE production also occur in the brain, where it is primarily synthesized by glia, and peripheral and brain APOE pools are thought to be distinct. In humans, APOE is polymorphic, with three major alleles (ε2, ε3, and ε4). These allelic forms dramatically alter APOE structure and function. Historically, the vast majority of research on APOE has centered on the important role it plays in modulating risk for cardiovascular disease and Alzheimer's disease. However, the established effects of this pleiotropic protein extend well beyond these two critical health challenges, with demonstrated roles across a wide spectrum of biological conditions, including adipose tissue function and obesity, metabolic syndrome and diabetes, fertility and longevity, and immune function. While the spectrum of biological systems in which APOE plays a role seems implausibly wide at first glance, there are some potential unifying mechanisms that could tie these seemingly disparate disorders together. In the current review, we aim to concisely summarize a wide breadth of APOE-associated pathologies and to analyze the influence of APOE in the development of several distinct disorders in order to provide insight into potential shared mechanisms implied in these various pathophysiological processes.
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Centa M, Prokopec KE, Garimella MG, Habir K, Hofste L, Stark JM, Dahdah A, Tibbitt CA, Polyzos KA, Gisterå A, Johansson DK, Maeda NN, Hansson GK, Ketelhuth DFJ, Coquet JM, Binder CJ, Karlsson MCI, Malin S. Acute Loss of Apolipoprotein E Triggers an Autoimmune Response That Accelerates Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 38:e145-e158. [PMID: 29880490 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.310802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective- Dyslipidemia is a component of the metabolic syndrome, an established risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, and is also observed in various autoimmune and chronic inflammatory conditions. However, there are limited opportunities to study the impact of acquired dyslipidemia on cardiovascular and immune pathology. Approach and Results- We designed a model system that allows for the conversion to a state of acute hyperlipidemia in adult life, so that the consequences of such a transition could be observed, through conditionally deleting APOE (apolipoprotein E) in the adult mouse. The transition to hypercholesterolemia was accompanied by adaptive immune responses, including the expansion of T lymphocyte helper cell 1, T follicular helper cell, and T regulatory subsets and the formation of germinal centers. Unlike steady-state Apoe-/- mice, abrupt loss of APOE induced rapid production of antibodies recognizing rheumatoid disease autoantigens. Genetic ablation of the germinal center reduced both autoimmunity and atherosclerosis, indicating that the immune response that follows loss of APOE is independent of atherosclerosis but nevertheless promotes plaque development. Conclusions- Our findings suggest that immune activation in response to hyperlipidemia could contribute to a wide range of inflammatory autoimmune diseases, including atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Centa
- From the Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital (M.C., K.E.P., K.H., L.H., A.D., K.A.P., A.G., D.K.J., G.K.H., D.F.J.K., S.M.)
| | - Kajsa E Prokopec
- From the Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital (M.C., K.E.P., K.H., L.H., A.D., K.A.P., A.G., D.K.J., G.K.H., D.F.J.K., S.M.)
| | - Manasa G Garimella
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor, and Cell Biology (M.G.G., J.M.S., C.A.T., J.M.C., M.C.I.K.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katrin Habir
- From the Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital (M.C., K.E.P., K.H., L.H., A.D., K.A.P., A.G., D.K.J., G.K.H., D.F.J.K., S.M.)
| | - Lisa Hofste
- From the Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital (M.C., K.E.P., K.H., L.H., A.D., K.A.P., A.G., D.K.J., G.K.H., D.F.J.K., S.M.)
| | - Julian M Stark
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor, and Cell Biology (M.G.G., J.M.S., C.A.T., J.M.C., M.C.I.K.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Albert Dahdah
- From the Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital (M.C., K.E.P., K.H., L.H., A.D., K.A.P., A.G., D.K.J., G.K.H., D.F.J.K., S.M.)
| | - Chris A Tibbitt
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor, and Cell Biology (M.G.G., J.M.S., C.A.T., J.M.C., M.C.I.K.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Konstantinos A Polyzos
- From the Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital (M.C., K.E.P., K.H., L.H., A.D., K.A.P., A.G., D.K.J., G.K.H., D.F.J.K., S.M.)
| | - Anton Gisterå
- From the Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital (M.C., K.E.P., K.H., L.H., A.D., K.A.P., A.G., D.K.J., G.K.H., D.F.J.K., S.M.)
| | - Daniel K Johansson
- From the Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital (M.C., K.E.P., K.H., L.H., A.D., K.A.P., A.G., D.K.J., G.K.H., D.F.J.K., S.M.)
| | - Nobuyo N Maeda
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.N.M.)
| | - Göran K Hansson
- From the Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital (M.C., K.E.P., K.H., L.H., A.D., K.A.P., A.G., D.K.J., G.K.H., D.F.J.K., S.M.)
| | - Daniel F J Ketelhuth
- From the Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital (M.C., K.E.P., K.H., L.H., A.D., K.A.P., A.G., D.K.J., G.K.H., D.F.J.K., S.M.)
| | - Jonathan M Coquet
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor, and Cell Biology (M.G.G., J.M.S., C.A.T., J.M.C., M.C.I.K.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christoph J Binder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria (C.J.B.).,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna (C.J.B.)
| | - Mikael C I Karlsson
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor, and Cell Biology (M.G.G., J.M.S., C.A.T., J.M.C., M.C.I.K.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stephen Malin
- From the Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital (M.C., K.E.P., K.H., L.H., A.D., K.A.P., A.G., D.K.J., G.K.H., D.F.J.K., S.M.)
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10
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Yiew NKH, Greenway C, Zarzour A, Ahmadieh S, Goo B, Kim D, Benson TW, Ogbi M, Tang YL, Chen W, Stepp D, Patel V, Hilton R, Lu XY, Hui DY, Kim HW, Weintraub NL. Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) regulates adipocyte lipid metabolism independent of adipogenic differentiation: Role of apolipoprotein E. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:8577-8591. [PMID: 30971429 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), an epigenetic regulator that plays a key role in cell differentiation and oncogenesis, was reported to promote adipogenic differentiation in vitro by catalyzing trimethylation of histone 3 lysine 27. However, inhibition of EZH2 induced lipid accumulation in certain cancer and hepatocyte cell lines. To address this discrepancy, we investigated the role of EZH2 in adipogenic differentiation and lipid metabolism using primary human and mouse preadipocytes and adipose-specific EZH2 knockout (KO) mice. We found that the EZH2-selective inhibitor GSK126 induced lipid accumulation in human adipocytes, without altering adipocyte differentiation marker gene expression. Moreover, adipocyte-specific EZH2 KO mice, generated by crossing EZH2 floxed mice with adiponectin-Cre mice, displayed significantly increased body weight, adipose tissue mass, and adipocyte cell size and reduced very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) levels, as compared with littermate controls. These phenotypic alterations could not be explained by differences in feeding behavior, locomotor activity, metabolic energy expenditure, or adipose lipolysis. In addition, human adipocytes treated with either GSK126 or vehicle exhibited comparable rates of glucose-stimulated triglyceride accumulation and fatty acid uptake. Mechanistically, lipid accumulation induced by GSK126 in adipocytes was lipoprotein-dependent, and EZH2 inhibition or gene deletion promoted lipoprotein-dependent lipid uptake in vitro concomitant with up-regulated apolipoprotein E (ApoE) gene expression. Deletion of ApoE blocked the effects of GSK126 to promote lipoprotein-dependent lipid uptake in murine adipocytes. Collectively, these results indicate that EZH2 inhibition promotes lipoprotein-dependent lipid accumulation via inducing ApoE expression in adipocytes, suggesting a novel mechanism of lipid regulation by EZH2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole K H Yiew
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Charlotte Greenway
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Abdalrahman Zarzour
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology), Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Samah Ahmadieh
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology), Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Brandee Goo
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology), Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - David Kim
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Tyler W Benson
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Mourad Ogbi
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Yao Liang Tang
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology), Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Weiqin Chen
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - David Stepp
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Vijay Patel
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Renee Hilton
- Department of Minimally Invasive and Digestive Diseases Surgery, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Xin-Yun Lu
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - David Y Hui
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267
| | - Ha Won Kim
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology), Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Neal L Weintraub
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology), Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912.
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11
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Chen L, Gao B, Zhang Y, Lu H, Li X, Pan L, Yin L, Zhi X. PAR2 promotes M1 macrophage polarization and inflammation via FOXO1 pathway. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:9799-9809. [PMID: 30552714 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages polarization plays essential but different roles in most diseases such as atherosclerosis, adipose tissue inflammation, and insulin resistance. Our previous study revealed that protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2), a G-protein coupled receptor influenced macrophage function, but little is known regarding the regulation of macrophage polarization process and its potential mechanisms. In the present study, bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) isolated from C57/BL6 mice and cultured with L929-conditional medium and murine macrophage cell line RAW264.7 were used to study the function of PAR2 activation in vitro. BMDM was stimulated by the small molecular PAR2 agonist, 2-furoyl-LIGRLO-amide trifluoroacetate salt, followed by transcription factor microarray to screen the significantly activated signaling pathways under PAR2 activation. Western blot analysis, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to evaluate the expression of targeted genes and transcription factors. Immunofluorescence was used to observe the subcellular distribution of transcription factors. Our results demonstrated that M1-like polarization was presented by PAR2 agonist treatment with significant upregulation of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, and tumor necrosis factor-α in BMDM and RAW264.7. Microarray identified forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1) was significantly increased under PAR2 agonist stimulation, which was confirmed by qPCR and Western blot analysis. Immunofluorescence demonstrated that increased FOXO1 accumulated in the nucleus, which is necessary to promote transcription for targeted genes. We further knocked down FOXO1 expression using small interfering RNA, which alleviated PAR2-induced proinflammatory gene expression. The PAR2/FOXO1 pathway mediated stimulation of proinflammatory genes was further confirmed by tryptase, an endogenous ligand of PAR2. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that PAR2 activation-induced M1 polarization and inflammation through the FOXO1-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Beiyao Gao
- Department of Rehabilitation, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yadong Zhang
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanyu Lu
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Luanfeng Pan
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lianhua Yin
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuling Zhi
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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12
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Endogenous calcitonin regulates lipid and glucose metabolism in diet-induced obesity mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17001. [PMID: 30451912 PMCID: PMC6242993 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35369-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcitonin (CT) plays an important role in calcium homeostasis, and its precursor, proCT, is positively associated with the body mass index in the general human population. However, the physiological role of endogenous CT in the regulation of metabolism remains unclear. Knockout mice with gene-targeted deletion of exon 4 of Calca (CT KO) were generated by targeted modification in embryonic stem cells. Male mice were used in all experiments and were fed a slightly higher fat diet than the standard diet. The CT KO mice did not exhibit any abnormal findings in appearance, but exhibited weight loss from 15 months old, i.e., significantly decreased liver, adipose tissue, and kidney weights, compared with wild-type control mice. Furthermore, CT KO mice exhibited significantly decreased fat contents in the liver, lipid droplets in adipose tissues, serum glucose, and lipid levels, and significantly increased insulin sensitivity and serum adiponectin levels. CT significantly promoted 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation and suppressed adiponectin release. These results suggested that CT gene deletion prevents obesity, hyperglycemia, and hyperlipidemia in aged male mice. This is the first definitive evidence that CT may contribute to glucose and lipid metabolism in aged male mice, possibly via decreased adiponectin secretion from adipocytes.
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13
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De Witte C, Taminiau B, Flahou B, Hautekiet V, Daube G, Ducatelle R, Haesebrouck F. In-feed bambermycin medication induces anti-inflammatory effects and prevents parietal cell loss without influencing Helicobacter suis colonization in the stomach of mice. Vet Res 2018; 49:35. [PMID: 29636083 PMCID: PMC5894178 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0530-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The minimum inhibitory concentration of bambermycin on three porcine Helicobacter suis strains was shown to be 8 μg/mL. The effect of in-feed medication with this antibiotic on the course of a gastric infection with one of these strains, the host response and the gastric microbiota was determined in mice, as all of these parameters may be involved in gastric pathology. In H. suis infected mice which were not treated with bambermycin, an increased number of infiltrating B-cells, T-cells and macrophages in combination with a Th2 response was demonstrated, as well as a decreased parietal cell mass. Compared to this non-treated, infected group, in H. suis infected mice medicated with bambermycin, gastric H. suis colonization was not altered, but a decreased number of infiltrating T-cells, B-cells and macrophages as well as downregulated expressions of IL-1β, IL-8M, IL-10 and IFN-γ were demonstrated and the parietal cell mass was not affected. In bambermycin treated mice that were not infected with H. suis, the number of infiltrating T-cells and expression of IL-1β were lower than in non-infected mice that did not receive bambermycin. Gastric microbiota analysis indicated that the relative abundance of bacteria that might exert unfavorable effects on the host was decreased during bambermycin supplementation. In conclusion, bambermycin did not affect H. suis colonization, but decreased gastric inflammation and inhibited the effects of a H. suis infection on parietal cell loss. Not only direct interaction of H. suis with parietal cells, but also inflammation may play a role in death of these gastric acid producing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloë De Witte
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Bernard Taminiau
- Department of Food Sciences, FARAH, Université de Liège, Avenue de Cureghem 10, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Bram Flahou
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | - Georges Daube
- Department of Food Sciences, FARAH, Université de Liège, Avenue de Cureghem 10, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Richard Ducatelle
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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14
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Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is a 34-kDa glycoprotein that is secreted from many cells throughout the body. ApoE is best known for its role in lipoprotein metabolism. Recent studies underline the association of circulating lipoprotein-associated apoE levels and the development for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Besides its well-established role in pathology of CVD, it is also implicated in neurodegenerative diseases and recent new data on adipose-produced apoE point to a novel metabolic role for apoE in obesity. The regulation of apoE production and secretion is remarkably cell and tissue specific. Here, we summarize recent insights into the differential regulation apoE production and secretion by hepatocytes, monocytes/macrophages, adipocytes, and the central nervous system and relevant variations in apoE biochemistry and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike Kockx
- Concord Repatriation General Hospital, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mathew Traini
- Concord Repatriation General Hospital, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Leonard Kritharides
- Concord Repatriation General Hospital, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, Australia.
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
- Department of Cardiology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, NSW, 2139, Australia.
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15
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Kozijn AE, Gierman LM, van der Ham F, Mulder P, Morrison MC, Kühnast S, van der Heijden RA, Stavro PM, van Koppen A, Pieterman EJ, van den Hoek AM, Kleemann R, Princen HMG, Mastbergen SC, Lafeber FPJG, Zuurmond AM, Bobeldijk I, Weinans H, Stoop R. Variable cartilage degradation in mice with diet-induced metabolic dysfunction: food for thought. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2018; 26:95-107. [PMID: 29074298 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Human cohort studies have demonstrated a role for systemic metabolic dysfunction in osteoarthritis (OA) pathogenesis in obese patients. To explore the mechanisms underlying this metabolic phenotype of OA, we examined cartilage degradation in the knees of mice from different genetic backgrounds in which a metabolic phenotype was established by various dietary approaches. DESIGN Wild-type C57BL/6J mice and genetically modified mice (hCRP, LDLr-/-. Leiden and ApoE*3Leiden.CETP mice) based on C57BL/6J background were used to investigate the contribution of inflammation and altered lipoprotein handling on diet-induced cartilage degradation. High-caloric diets of different macronutrient composition (i.e., high-carbohydrate or high-fat) were given in regimens of varying duration to induce a metabolic phenotype with aggravated cartilage degradation relative to controls. RESULTS Metabolic phenotypes were confirmed in all studies as mice developed obesity, hypercholesteremia, glucose intolerance and/or insulin resistance. Aggravated cartilage degradation was only observed in two out of the twelve experimental setups, specifically in long-term studies in male hCRP and female ApoE*3Leiden.CETP mice. C57BL/6J and LDLr-/-. Leiden mice did not develop HFD-induced OA under the conditions studied. Osteophyte formation and synovitis scores showed variable results between studies, but also between strains and gender. CONCLUSIONS Long-term feeding of high-caloric diets consistently induced a metabolic phenotype in various C57BL/6J (-based) mouse strains. In contrast, the induction of articular cartilage degradation proved variable, which suggests that an additional trigger might be necessary to accelerate diet-induced OA progression. Gender and genetic modifications that result in a humanized pro-inflammatory state (human CRP) or lipoprotein metabolism (human-E3L.CETP) were identified as important contributing factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Kozijn
- Metabolic Health Research, TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center (UMC) Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - L M Gierman
- Metabolic Health Research, TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - F van der Ham
- Metabolic Health Research, TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - P Mulder
- Metabolic Health Research, TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M C Morrison
- Metabolic Health Research, TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - S Kühnast
- Metabolic Health Research, TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - R A van der Heijden
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, UMC Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - P M Stavro
- Bunge North America, Saint Louis, United States
| | - A van Koppen
- Metabolic Health Research, TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - E J Pieterman
- Metabolic Health Research, TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - R Kleemann
- Metabolic Health Research, TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - H M G Princen
- Metabolic Health Research, TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - S C Mastbergen
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - F P J G Lafeber
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A-M Zuurmond
- Metabolic Health Research, TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - I Bobeldijk
- Metabolic Health Research, TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - H Weinans
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center (UMC) Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - R Stoop
- Metabolic Health Research, TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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16
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Zhang M, Li Y, Wei X, Tian F, Ouyang F, Zhao S, Liu L. Indispensable role of lipoprotein bound-ApoE in adipogenesis and endocytosis induced by postprandial TRL. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 493:298-305. [PMID: 28893538 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Diet-associated obesity is coexisted with postprandial hypertriglyceridemia that indicates increased number of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRL). This study aimed to investigate the effect of postprandial TRL-bound apolipoprotein E (ApoE) on adipogenesis and potential mechanisms. 3T3-L1 cells were cultured with (i) human TRL (h-TRL) with or without insulin, or (ii) TRL from wild type mice (WT-TRL) or ApoE knock-out mice (EKO-TRL) and insulin. The differentiating adipocytes were incubated with different kinds of TRL labeled by red fluorescence and confocal microscopy was performed. Receptor associated protein (RAP), heparin or both were added to inhibit low density lipoprotein receptor family receptors, heparan sulfate proteoglycan or both, respectively. With the aid of insulin, postprandial h-TRL or WT-TRL, instead of EKO-TRL, successfully induced adipogenesis. Confocal microscopy revealed red fluorescence in the differentiating adipocytes treated with h-TRL or WT-TRL, but not with EKO-TRL. RAP markedly reduced red fluorescence within the differentiating adipocytes, while heparin had little impact. The low density lipoprotein receptor related protein 1 protein showed upward trend with the increase of TRL concentrations. Taken together, lipoprotein-bound ApoE was required in both postprandial TRL-induced adipogenesis and TRL endocytosis by the differentiating adipocytes, the latter could be partially through low density lipoprotein receptor family dependent-pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China; Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Yanhong Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China; Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Xuehong Wei
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China; Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Feng Tian
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China; Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Fan Ouyang
- Department of Cardiology, Xiangtan Central Hospital, Xiangtan, Hunan, PR China
| | - Shuiping Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China; Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China; Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China.
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17
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Llobet L, Bayona-Bafaluy MP, Pacheu-Grau D, Torres-Pérez E, Arbones-Mainar JM, Navarro MÁ, Gómez-Díaz C, Montoya J, López-Gallardo E, Ruiz-Pesini E. Pharmacologic concentrations of linezolid modify oxidative phosphorylation function and adipocyte secretome. Redox Biol 2017; 13:244-254. [PMID: 28600981 PMCID: PMC5466587 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The oxidative phosphorylation system is important for adipocyte differentiation. Therefore, xenobiotics inhibitors of the oxidative phosphorylation system could affect adipocyte differentiation and adipokine secretion. As adipokines impact the overall health status, these xenobiotics may have wide effects on human health. Some of these xenobiotics are widely used therapeutic drugs, such as ribosomal antibiotics. Because of its similarity to the bacterial one, mitochondrial translation system is an off-target for these compounds. To study the influence of the ribosomal antibiotic linezolid on adipokine production, we analyzed its effects on adipocyte secretome. Linezolid, at therapeutic concentrations, modifies the levels of apolipoprotein E and several adipokines and proteins related with the extracellular matrix. This antibiotic also alters the global methylation status of human adipose tissue-derived stem cells and, therefore, its effects are not limited to the exposure period. Besides their consequences on other tissues, xenobiotics acting on the adipocyte oxidative phosphorylation system alter apolipoprotein E and adipokine production, secondarily contributing to their systemic effects. Linezolid decreases oxidative phosphorylation system capacity. Linezolid reduces adipocyte differentiation from human adipose-derived stem cells. Linezolid modifies APOE, adipokine and extracellular matrix proteins levels. Linezolid changes DNA methylation of human adipose tissue-derived stem cells. Xenobiotics, acting on adipocyte oxidative phosphorylation, affect human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Llobet
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/ Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón), Universidad de Zaragoza, C/ Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Universidad de Zaragoza, C/ Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - M Pilar Bayona-Bafaluy
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/ Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón), Universidad de Zaragoza, C/ Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - David Pacheu-Grau
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Center, Humboldtalle 23, 37073 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Elena Torres-Pérez
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón), Universidad de Zaragoza, C/ Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; Unidad de Investigación Traslacional, Instituto Aragones de Ciencias de la Salud (IACS), Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Paseo de Isabel la Católica 1-3, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - José M Arbones-Mainar
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón), Universidad de Zaragoza, C/ Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; Unidad de Investigación Traslacional, Instituto Aragones de Ciencias de la Salud (IACS), Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Paseo de Isabel la Católica 1-3, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Paseo de Isabel la Católica 1-3, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - M Ángeles Navarro
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/ Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón), Universidad de Zaragoza, C/ Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Paseo de Isabel la Católica 1-3, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Covadonga Gómez-Díaz
- Servicio de Otorrinolaringología, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Paseo de Isabel la Católica 1-3, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Julio Montoya
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/ Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón), Universidad de Zaragoza, C/ Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Universidad de Zaragoza, C/ Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Ester López-Gallardo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/ Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón), Universidad de Zaragoza, C/ Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Universidad de Zaragoza, C/ Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Eduardo Ruiz-Pesini
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/ Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón), Universidad de Zaragoza, C/ Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Universidad de Zaragoza, C/ Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; Fundación ARAID, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/ Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain.
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Slim KE, Vauzour D, Tejera N, Voshol PJ, Cassidy A, Minihane AM. The effect of dietary fish oil on weight gain and insulin sensitivity is dependent on APOE genotype in humanized targeted replacement mice. FASEB J 2017; 31:989-997. [PMID: 27895108 PMCID: PMC5295733 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600921rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the independent and interactive impact of the common APOE genotype and marine n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on the development of obesity and associated cardiometabolic dysfunction in a murine model. Human APOE3 and APOE4 targeted replacement mice were fed either a control high-fat diet (HFD) or an HFD supplemented with 3% n-3 PUFAs from fish oil (HFD + FO) for 8 wk. We established the impact of intervention on food intake, body weight, and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) mass; plasma, lipids (cholesterol and triglycerides), liver enzymes, and adipokines; glucose and insulin during an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test; and Glut4 and ApoE expression in VAT. HFD feeding induced more weight gain and higher plasma lipids in APOE3 compared to APOE4 mice (P < 0.05), along with a 2-fold higher insulin and impaired glucose tolerance. Supplementing APOE3, but not APOE4, animals with dietary n-3 PUFAs decreased body-weight gain, plasma lipids, and insulin (P < 0.05) and improved glucose tolerance, which was associated with increased VAT Glut4 mRNA levels (P < 0.05). Our findings demonstrate that an APOE3 genotype predisposes mice to develop obesity and its metabolic complications, which was attenuated by n-3 PUFA supplementation.-Slim, K. E., Vauzour, D., Tejera, N., Voshol, P. J., Cassidy, A., Minihane, A. M. The effect of dietary fish oil on weight gain and insulin sensitivity is dependent on APOE genotype in humanized targeted replacement mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenna E Slim
- Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - David Vauzour
- Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Noemi Tejera
- Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J Voshol
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Louis Bolk Institute, Driebergen, The Netherlands; and
- Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Aedin Cassidy
- Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Marie Minihane
- Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom;
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