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Zhao L, Yu Y. Editorial: Transcription factors in cardiovascular development and remodeling. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1225947. [PMID: 37346178 PMCID: PMC10281052 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1225947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
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Afouda BA. Towards Understanding the Gene-Specific Roles of GATA Factors in Heart Development: Does GATA4 Lead the Way? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5255. [PMID: 35563646 PMCID: PMC9099915 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors play crucial roles in the regulation of heart induction, formation, growth and morphogenesis. Zinc finger GATA transcription factors are among the critical regulators of these processes. GATA4, 5 and 6 genes are expressed in a partially overlapping manner in developing hearts, and GATA4 and 6 continue their expression in adult cardiac myocytes. Using different experimental models, GATA4, 5 and 6 were shown to work together not only to ensure specification of cardiac cells but also during subsequent heart development. The complex involvement of these related gene family members in those processes is demonstrated through the redundancy among them and crossregulation of each other. Our recent identification at the genome-wide level of genes specifically regulated by each of the three family members and our earlier discovery that gata4 and gata6 function upstream, while gata5 functions downstream of noncanonical Wnt signalling during cardiac differentiation, clearly demonstrate the functional differences among the cardiogenic GATA factors. Such suspected functional differences are worth exploring more widely. It appears that in the past few years, significant advances have indeed been made in providing a deeper understanding of the mechanisms by which each of these molecules function during heart development. In this review, I will therefore discuss current evidence of the role of individual cardiogenic GATA factors in the process of heart development and emphasize the emerging central role of GATA4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boni A Afouda
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill Health Campus, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
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3
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Henley MJ, Koehler AN. Advances in targeting 'undruggable' transcription factors with small molecules. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2021; 20:669-688. [PMID: 34006959 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-021-00199-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) represent key biological players in diseases including cancer, autoimmunity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. However, outside nuclear receptors, TFs have traditionally been considered 'undruggable' by small-molecule ligands due to significant structural disorder and lack of defined small-molecule binding pockets. Renewed interest in the field has been ignited by significant progress in chemical biology approaches to ligand discovery and optimization, especially the advent of targeted protein degradation approaches, along with increasing appreciation of the critical role a limited number of collaborators play in the regulation of key TF effector genes. Here, we review current understanding of TF-mediated gene regulation, discuss successful targeting strategies and highlight ongoing challenges and emerging approaches to address them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Henley
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Angela N Koehler
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Peterson JC, Kelder TP, Goumans MJTH, Jongbloed MRM, DeRuiter MC. The Role of Cell Tracing and Fate Mapping Experiments in Cardiac Outflow Tract Development, New Opportunities through Emerging Technologies. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2021; 8:47. [PMID: 33925811 PMCID: PMC8146276 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd8050047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Whilst knowledge regarding the pathophysiology of congenital heart disease (CHDs) has advanced greatly in recent years, the underlying developmental processes affecting the cardiac outflow tract (OFT) such as bicuspid aortic valve, tetralogy of Fallot and transposition of the great arteries remain poorly understood. Common among CHDs affecting the OFT, is a large variation in disease phenotypes. Even though the different cell lineages contributing to OFT development have been studied for many decades, it remains challenging to relate cell lineage dynamics to the morphologic variation observed in OFT pathologies. We postulate that the variation observed in cellular contribution in these congenital heart diseases might be related to underlying cell lineage dynamics of which little is known. We believe this gap in knowledge is mainly the result of technical limitations in experimental methods used for cell lineage analysis. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of historical fate mapping and cell tracing techniques used to study OFT development and introduce emerging technologies which provide new opportunities that will aid our understanding of the cellular dynamics underlying OFT pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua C. Peterson
- Department Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands; (J.C.P.); (T.P.K.); (M.R.M.J.)
| | - Tim P. Kelder
- Department Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands; (J.C.P.); (T.P.K.); (M.R.M.J.)
| | - Marie José T. H. Goumans
- Department Cellular and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - Monique R. M. Jongbloed
- Department Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands; (J.C.P.); (T.P.K.); (M.R.M.J.)
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marco C. DeRuiter
- Department Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands; (J.C.P.); (T.P.K.); (M.R.M.J.)
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Tremblay M, Sanchez-Ferras O, Bouchard M. GATA transcription factors in development and disease. Development 2018; 145:145/20/dev164384. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.164384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The GATA family of transcription factors is of crucial importance during embryonic development, playing complex and widespread roles in cell fate decisions and tissue morphogenesis. GATA proteins are essential for the development of tissues derived from all three germ layers, including the skin, brain, gonads, liver, hematopoietic, cardiovascular and urogenital systems. The crucial activity of GATA factors is underscored by the fact that inactivating mutations in most GATA members lead to embryonic lethality in mouse models and are often associated with developmental diseases in humans. In this Primer, we discuss the unique and redundant functions of GATA proteins in tissue morphogenesis, with an emphasis on their regulation of lineage specification and early organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Tremblay
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre and Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Oraly Sanchez-Ferras
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre and Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Maxime Bouchard
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre and Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal H3A 1A3, Canada
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Sun C, Kontaridis MI. Physiology of Cardiac Development: From Genetics to Signaling to Therapeutic Strategies. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2017. [PMID: 29532042 DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The heart is one of the first organs to form and function during embryonic development. It is comprised of multiple cell lineages, each integral for proper cardiac development, and include cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, epicardial cells and neural crest cells. The molecular mechanisms regulating cardiac development and morphogenesis are dependent on signaling crosstalk between multiple lineages through paracrine interactions, cell-ECM interactions, and cell-cell interactions, which together, help facilitate survival, growth, proliferation, differentiation and migration of cardiac tissue. Aberrant regulation of any of these processes can induce developmental disorders and pathological phenotypes. Here, we will discuss each of these processes, the genetic factors that contribute to each step of cardiac development, as well as the current and future therapeutic targets and mechanisms of heart development and disease. Understanding the complex interactions that regulate cardiac development, proliferation and differentiation is not only vital to understanding the causes of congenital heart defects, but to also finding new therapeutics that can treat both pediatric and adult cardiac disease in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Sun
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maria I Kontaridis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Cipollone D, Cozzi DA, Businaro R, Marino B. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia after exposure to a triple retinoic acid antagonist during pregnancy. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2017; 18:389-392. [PMID: 21107276 DOI: 10.2459/jcm.0b013e3283410329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AIM To establish a mouse model for the study of congenital defects, using exposure of pregnant females to the teratogen BMS-189453, a multiple retinoic acid competitive antagonist.We found not less than 60% of fetuses had transposition of the great arteries and l5% had other congenital heart defects such as double outlet right ventricle, tetralogy of Fallot, truncus and right aortic arch. Newborns exposed in utero to BMS-189453 were affected by thymus aplasia or hypoplasia, and severe congenital anomalies of the central nervous system due to neural tube defects. An anterior rotation of the right lung was also frequently present in our model. We also report a case of murine congenital diaphragmatic hernia associated with thymic aplasia and transposition of the great arteries. CONCLUSION These findings support the hypothesis that the combination of diaphragmatic hernia and congenital heart defects may be related to an alteration of the retinoic acid signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Cipollone
- aDepartment of Pediatrics bDepartment of Human Anatomy, University 'La Sapienza', Rome, Italy
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Abstract
Our limited ability to improve the survival of patients with heart failure is attributable, in part, to the inability of the mammalian heart to meaningfully regenerate itself. The recent identification of distinct families of multipotent cardiovascular progenitor cells from endogenous, as well as exogenous, sources, such as embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells, has raised much hope that therapeutic manipulation of these cells may lead to regression of many forms of cardiovascular disease. Although the exact source and cell type remains to be clarified, our greater understanding of the scientific underpinning behind developmental cardiovascular progenitor cell biology has helped to clarify the origin and properties of diverse cells with putative cardiogenic potential. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the understanding of cardiovascular progenitor cell biology from embryogenesis to adulthood and their implications for therapeutic cardiac regeneration. We believe that a detailed understanding of cardiogenesis will inform future applications of cardiovascular progenitor cells in heart failure therapy and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony C Sturzu
- CPZN 3224 Simches Building, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Sanchez-Soria P, Camenisch TD. ErbB signaling in cardiac development and disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2010; 21:929-35. [PMID: 20933094 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2010.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Revised: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The ErbB family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) is a family of receptors that allow cells to interact with the extracellular environment and transduce signals to the nucleus that promote differentiation, migration and proliferation necessary for proper heart morphogenesis and function. This review focuses on the role of the ErbB family of receptor tyrosine kinases, and their importance in proper heart morphogenesis, as well as their role in maintenance and function of the adult heart. Studies from transgenic mouse models have shown the importance of ErbB receptors in heart development, and provide insight into potential future therapeutic targets to help reduce congenital heart defect (CHD) mortality rates and prevent disease in adults. Cancer therapeutics have also shed light to the ErbB receptors and signaling network, as undesired side effects have demonstrated their importance in adult cardiomyocytes and prevention of cardiomyopathies. This review will discuss ErbB receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) in heart development and disease including valve formation and partitioning of a four-chambered heart as well as cardiotoxicity when ErbB signaling is attenuated in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Sanchez-Soria
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0207, USA.
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10
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Multipotent progenitor cells in regenerative cardiovascular medicine. Pediatr Cardiol 2009; 30:690-8. [PMID: 19415155 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-009-9450-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2009] [Accepted: 02/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Regenerative therapies for heart diseases require the understanding of the molecular mechanisms that govern the fates and differentiation of the diverse muscle and nonmuscle cell lineages that form during heart development. During mouse cardiogenesis, the major lineages of the mature heart, cardiomyocytes, smooth muscle, endothelial cells, and cardiac mesenchyme, arise from multipotent cardiovascular progenitors expressing the transcription factors Mesp1, Isl1, Nkx2-5, and Tbx18. Recent identification of stem/progenitor cells of embryonic origin with intrinsic competence to differentiate into multiple lineages of the heart offers exciting new possibilities for cardiac regeneration. When combined with new advances in nuclear reprogramming, the prospect of achieving autologous, cardiomyogenic, stem-cell-based therapy might be within reach.
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11
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Lack of Gata3 results in conotruncal heart anomalies in mouse. Mech Dev 2009; 126:80-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2008.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2006] [Revised: 09/10/2008] [Accepted: 10/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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12
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Laugwitz KL, Moretti A, Caron L, Nakano A, Chien KR. Islet1 cardiovascular progenitors: a single source for heart lineages? Development 2008; 135:193-205. [PMID: 18156162 DOI: 10.1242/dev.001883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The creation of regenerative stem cell therapies for heart disease requires that we understand the molecular mechanisms that govern the fates and differentiation of the diverse muscle and non-muscle cell lineages of the heart. Recently, different cardiac cell types have been reported to arise from a common, multipotent Islet1 (Isl1)-positive progenitor, suggesting that a clonal model of heart lineage diversification might occur that is analogous to hematopoiesis. The ability to isolate, renew and differentiate Isl1(+) precursors from postnatal and embryonic hearts and from embryonic stem cells provides a powerful cell-based system for characterizing the signaling pathways that control cardiovascular progenitor formation, renewal, lineage specification and conversion to specific differentiated progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Ludwig Laugwitz
- Massachusetts General Hospital - Cardiovascular Research Center, Charles River Plaza/CPZN 3208, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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13
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Snider P, Olaopa M, Firulli AB, Conway SJ. Cardiovascular development and the colonizing cardiac neural crest lineage. ScientificWorldJournal 2007; 7:1090-113. [PMID: 17619792 PMCID: PMC2613651 DOI: 10.1100/tsw.2007.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it is well established that transgenic manipulation of mammalian neural crest-related gene expression and microsurgical removal of premigratory chicken and Xenopus embryonic cardiac neural crest progenitors results in a wide spectrum of both structural and functional congenital heart defects, the actual functional mechanism of the cardiac neural crest cells within the heart is poorly understood. Neural crest cell migration and appropriate colonization of the pharyngeal arches and outflow tract septum is thought to be highly dependent on genes that regulate cell-autonomous polarized movement (i.e., gap junctions, cadherins, and noncanonical Wnt1 pathway regulators). Once the migratory cardiac neural crest subpopulation finally reaches the heart, they have traditionally been thought to participate in septation of the common outflow tract into separate aortic and pulmonary arteries. However, several studies have suggested these colonizing neural crest cells may also play additional unexpected roles during cardiovascular development and may even contribute to a crest-derived stem cell population. Studies in both mice and chick suggest they can also enter the heart from the venous inflow as well as the usual arterial outflow region, and may contribute to the adult semilunar and atrioventricular valves as well as part of the cardiac conduction system. Furthermore, although they are not usually thought to give rise to the cardiomyocyte lineage, neural crest cells in the zebrafish (Danio rerio) can contribute to the myocardium and may have different functions in a species-dependent context. Intriguingly, both ablation of chick and Xenopus premigratory neural crest cells, and a transgenic deletion of mouse neural crest cell migration or disruption of the normal mammalian neural crest gene expression profiles, disrupts ventral myocardial function and/or cardiomyocyte proliferation. Combined, this suggests that either the cardiac neural crest secrete factor/s that regulate myocardial proliferation, can signal to the epicardium to subsequently secrete a growth factor/s, or may even contribute directly to the heart. Although there are species differences between mouse, chick, and Xenopus during cardiac neural crest cell morphogenesis, recent data suggest mouse and chick are more similar to each other than to the zebrafish neural crest cell lineage. Several groups have used the genetically defined Pax3 (splotch) mutant mice model to address the role of the cardiac neural crest lineage. Here we review the current literature, the neural crest-related role of the Pax3 transcription factor, and discuss potential function/s of cardiac neural crest-derived cells during cardiovascular developmental remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige Snider
- Cardiovascular Development Group,
Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research,
Indiana University School of Medicine,
Indianapolis, IN 46202,
USA
| | - Michael Olaopa
- Cardiovascular Development Group,
Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research,
Indiana University School of Medicine,
Indianapolis, IN 46202,
USA
| | - Anthony B. Firulli
- Cardiovascular Development Group,
Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research,
Indiana University School of Medicine,
Indianapolis, IN 46202,
USA
| | - Simon J. Conway
- Cardiovascular Development Group,
Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research,
Indiana University School of Medicine,
Indianapolis, IN 46202,
USA
- *Simon J. Conway:
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Cipollone D, Amati F, Carsetti R, Placidi S, Biancolella M, D'Amati G, Novelli G, Siracusa G, Marino B. A multiple retinoic acid antagonist induces conotruncal anomalies, including transposition of the great arteries, in mice. Cardiovasc Pathol 2007; 15:194-202. [PMID: 16844550 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2006.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2005] [Revised: 02/08/2006] [Accepted: 04/10/2006] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The morphogenetic mechanisms that are responsible for the transposition of the great arteries are still largely unknown, mainly because this malformation is very difficult to experimentally reproduce. The aim of the present study was to test the effect of BMS-189453, a retinoic acid antagonist, on murine heart morphogenesis. METHODS We administered this drug at 5 mg/kg body weight (twice, at a 12-h interval) to pregnant mice on 6.25/6.75 days postcoitum (dpc) (Group A), 6.75/7.25 dpc (Group B), 7.25/7.75 dpc (Group C), 7.75/8.25 dpc (Group D), or 8.25/8.75 dpc (Group E). At birth, the anatomical features of fetuses were evaluated by stereomicroscopic examination. RESULTS In Group A (18 fetuses), cardiovascular anatomy was normal in 10 (56%) cases, and 8 (44%) fetuses presented with transposition of the great arteries. In Group B, no fetuses were obtained. In Group C (78 fetuses), cardiovascular anatomy was normal in 19 (24%) cases, while 59 (76%) mice presented with various types of cardiac defects, including 48 transpositions of the great arteries (61%). In Group D (80 fetuses), cardiac defects were seen in 22 (27%) mice: 14 of these (17%) were transpositions of the great arteries. In Group E (72 fetuses), cardiovascular anatomy was normal in all cases. Of 248 fetuses analyzed, 87% presented with thymic aplasia or hypoplasia, and 20% presented with meroanencephalia and/or rachischisis. CONCLUSIONS Transposition of the great arteries can be consistently reproduced in mice by administration of a retinoic acid competitive antagonist on 7.5 dpc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Cipollone
- Department of Public Health and Cell Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00173 Rome, Italy
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Mori AD, Zhu Y, Vahora I, Nieman B, Koshiba-Takeuchi K, Davidson L, Pizard A, Seidman JG, Seidman CE, Chen XJ, Henkelman RM, Bruneau BG. Tbx5-dependent rheostatic control of cardiac gene expression and morphogenesis. Dev Biol 2006; 297:566-86. [PMID: 16870172 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2006] [Revised: 05/08/2006] [Accepted: 05/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dominant mutations in the T-box transcription factor gene TBX5 cause Holt-Oram syndrome (HOS), an inherited human disease characterized by upper limb malformations and congenital heart defects (CHDs) of variable severity. We hypothesize that minor alterations in the dosage of Tbx5 directly influences severity of CHDs. Using a mouse allelic series, we show a sensitive inverse correlation between Tbx5 dosage and abnormal cardiac morphogenesis and gene expression. The CHDs found in mice harbouring a hypomorphic allele of Tbx5 (Tbx5(lox/+) mice) are less pronounced than those found in Tbx5 haploinsufficient mice (Tbx5(del/+)), and homozygous hypomorphic (Tbx5(lox/lox)) embryos have noticeably more advanced cardiac development than Tbx5 null (Tbx5(del/del)) embryos. Examination of target gene expression across the allelic series uncovers very fine sensitivity across the range of Tbx5 dosages, in which some genes respond dramatically differently to only 15% differences in Tbx5 mRNA levels. This analysis was expanded to a genome-wide level, which uncovered a Tbx5 dosage-sensitive genetic program involving a network of cardiac transcription factors, developmentally important cell-cell signaling molecules, and ion channel proteins. These results indicate an exquisite sensitivity of the developing heart to Tbx5 dosage and provide significant insight into the transcriptional and cellular mechanisms that are disrupted in CHDs.
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St Amand TR, Lu JT, Zamora M, Gu Y, Stricker J, Hoshijima M, Epstein JA, Ross JJ, Ruiz-Lozano P, Chien KR. Distinct roles of HF-1b/Sp4 in ventricular and neural crest cells lineages affect cardiac conduction system development. Dev Biol 2006; 291:208-17. [PMID: 16430881 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2005] [Revised: 10/13/2005] [Accepted: 10/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The heterogeneous cell types of the cardiac conduction system are responsible for coordinating and maintaining rhythmic contractions of the heart. While it has been shown that the cells of the conduction system are derived from myocytes, additional cell types, including neural crest cells, may play a role in the development and maturation of these specialized cell lineages. Previous work has shown that the expression of the hf-1b gene is required for specification of the cardiac conduction system. Using Cre-Lox technology, we conditionally mutated the hf-1b gene in the ventricular and the neural crest cell lineages. Cx40 immunohistochemistry on HF-1b tissue-restricted knockouts revealed a requirement for HF-1b in the cardiomyogenic lineage. Electrophysiological studies identified a second requirement for HF-1b in the neural crest-derived cells. Absence of HF-1b in the neural crest led to atrial and atrioventricular dysfunction resulting from deficiencies in the neurotrophin receptor trkC. Therefore, in this study, we document that a single transcription factor, HF-1b, acts through two separate cell types to direct distinct functions of the cardiac conduction system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara R St Amand
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92092, USA
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Epstein JA, Parmacek MS. Recent advances in cardiac development with therapeutic implications for adult cardiovascular disease. Circulation 2006; 112:592-7. [PMID: 16043659 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.104.479857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Epstein
- Molecular Cardiology Research Center, Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, USA.
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Abstract
Cardiac progenitors of the splanchnic mesoderm (primary and secondary heart field), cardiac neural crest, and the proepicardium are the major embryonic contributors to chick heart development. Their contribution to cardiac development occurs with precise timing and regulation during such processes as primary heart tube fusion, cardiac looping and accretion, cardiac septation, and the development of the coronary vasculature. Heart development is even more complex if one follows the development of the cardiac innervation, cardiac pacemaking and conduction system, endocardial cushions, valves, and even the importance of apoptosis for proper cardiac formation. This review is meant to provide a reference guide (Table 1) on the developmental timing according to the staging of Hamburger and Hamilton (1951) (HH) of these important topics in heart development for those individuals new to a chick heart research laboratory. Even individuals outside of the heart field, who are working on a gene that is also expressed in the heart, will gain information on what to look for during chick heart development. This reference guide provides complete and easy reference to the stages involved in heart development, as well as a global perspective of how these cardiac developmental events overlap temporally and spatially, making it a good bench top companion to the many recently written in-depth cardiac reviews of the molecular aspects of cardiac development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad J Martinsen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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19
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Abstract
Congenital heart disease remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. In recent years, significant advances in molecular genetics, improved understanding of morphogenesis, recognition of specific patterning of abnormalities within and between species, and the impact of the Human Genome Project have accounted for these advances. Continued rapid developments in genomics and proteomics are anticipated. Epidemiologic investigations continue to be necessary to assess the influence of the environment on genetics. We are on the threshold of influencing the occurrence of congenital heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N Pelech
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, PO Box 26509, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53266-0509, USA.
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20
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Villar AJ, Kim J, De Blank P, Gillespie AM, Kozy HM, Ursell PC, Epstein CJ. Effects of genetic background on cardiovascular anomalies in the Ts16 mouse. Dev Dyn 2005; 232:131-9. [PMID: 15580624 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.20216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the genetic contribution to phenotypic variability in aneuploidy, we generated mice with trisomy 16 (Ts16) by mating [Rb(6.16)24Lub x Rb(16.17)7Bnr]F1 males with females from four inbred strains, BALB/cJ, C3H/HeJ, C57BL/6J, and DBA/2J. Among the four Ts16 strains that were generated, there were no significant differences in survival, weight, or length relative to euploid control littermates at either embryonic day (E) 14.5 or E17.5. All Ts16 fetuses at E14.5 had edema that ranged from mild to severe, increased amniotic fluid volume, and a thickened neck. At E17.5, Ts16 fetuses exhibited two distinct phenotypes, one with an edematous morphology and the other runt-like. None of these gross morphological abnormalities was strain-specific either in occurrence or frequency. At E10.5, there were pharyngeal arch artery (PAA) anomalies in all Ts16 embryos on the C3H/HeJ background, but none in trisomics on the other three backgrounds. However, at E17.5, there was in addition to ventricular and atrioventricular septal defects, a high frequency of aortic arch defects in Ts16 fetuses, irrespective of genetic background. Taken together, these findings indicate that there are at least two mechanistic responses to the presence of three copies of mouse chromosome 16 in the modeling of the cardiovascular system: one, development of PAA defects, is strongly influenced by genetic background; but the second, development of aortic arch anomalies in the absence of preexisting PAA anomalies, is not.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Villar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.
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Meyer-Wittkopf M, Kaulitz R, Abele H, Schauf B, Hofbeck M, Wallwiener D. Interventional fetal balloon valvuloplasty for congenital heart disease—current shortcomings and possible perspectives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10397-005-0090-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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22
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Firulli AB, Conway SJ. Combinatorial transcriptional interaction within the cardiac neural crest: a pair of HANDs in heart formation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 72:151-61. [PMID: 15269889 PMCID: PMC2561314 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.20009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The cardiac neural crest cells migrate from the rostral dorsal neural folds and populate the branchial arches, which contribute directly to the cardiac-outflow structures. Although neural crest cell specification is associated with a number of morphogenic factors, little is understood about the mechanisms by which transcription factors actually implement the transcriptional programs that dictate cell migration and later the differentiation into the proper cell types within the great vessels and the heart. It is clear from genetic evidence that members of the paired box family and basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors from the twist family of proteins are expressed in and play an important function in cardiac neural crest specification and differentiation. Interestingly, both paired box and bHLH factors can function as dimers and, in the case of twist family bHLH factors, partner choice can clearly dictate a change in transcriptional program. The focus of this review is to consider what role the protein-protein interactions of these transcription factors may play in determining cardiac neural crest specification and differentiation, and how genetic alteration of transcription factor stoichiometry within the cell may reflect more than a simple null event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony B Firulli
- Wells Center for Pediatric Research, James Whitcomb Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-5225, USA.
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23
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Abstract
The heart is the first organ to form in the embryo, and all subsequent events in the life of the organism depend on its function. Inherited mutations in cardiac regulatory genes give rise to congenital heart disease, the most common form of human birth defects, and abnormalities of the adult heart represent the most prevalent cause of morbidity and mortality in the industrialized world. The past decade has marked a transition from physiological and functional studies of the heart toward a deeper understanding of cardiac function (and dysfunction) at genetic and molecular levels. These discoveries have provided new therapeutic approaches for prevention and palliation of cardiac disease and have raised new questions, challenges and opportunities for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric N Olson
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, Texas 75390-9148, USA.
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24
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Fedak PWM, de Sa MPL, Verma S, Nili N, Kazemian P, Butany J, Strauss BH, Weisel RD, David TE. Vascular matrix remodeling in patients with bicuspid aortic valve malformations: implications for aortic dilatation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003; 126:797-806. [PMID: 14502156 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5223(03)00398-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with bicuspid aortic valve malformations are at an increased risk of aortic dilatation, aneurysm formation, and dissection. Vascular tissues with deficient fibrillin-1 microfibrils release matrix metalloproteinases, enzymes that weaken the vessel wall by degrading elastic matrix components. In bicuspid aortic valve disease a deficiency of fibrillin-1 and increased matrix metalloproteinase matrix degradation might result in aortic degeneration and dilatation. METHODS Samples of the pulmonary artery and aorta were obtained from surgical patients with bicuspid aortic valves (n = 21) and tricuspid aortic valves (n = 16). RESULTS Fibrillin-1 content was reduced in bicuspid aortic valve aortas compared with that seen in tricuspid aortic valve aortas (P =.001), whereas the associated matrix components, elastin and collagen, were unchanged (P =.51 and P =.21). Reductions of aortic fibrillin-1 content were independent of valve function and patient age. Compared with tricuspid aortic valve aorta, matrix metalloproteinase 2 activity was increased more than 2-fold in bicuspid aortic valve aortas (P =.04) and correlated positively with aortic diameter (r = 0.74, P =.05). Matrix metalloproteinase 9 activity was not significantly different. Fibrillin-1 content was also reduced in the pulmonary arteries of patients with bicuspid aortic valves (P =.06), suggesting a systemic deficiency of fibrillin-1. Promatrix metalloproteinase 2 was increased (P =.04), reflecting an increased production of matrix metalloproteinase 2 in these fibrillin-1-deficient tissues, whereas active matrix metalloproteinase 2 and matrix metalloproteinase 9 species were unchanged, and correspondingly, the pulmonary arteries were not dilated. CONCLUSIONS Deficient fibrillin-1 content in the vasculature of patients with bicuspid aortic valves might trigger matrix metalloproteinase production, leading to matrix disruption and dilatation. This process of vascular matrix remodeling in patients with bicuspid aortic valves offers novel therapeutic targets to prevent the aortic degeneration and dilatation characteristic of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W M Fedak
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Toronto and Toronto General Hospital, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C4
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25
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Huang C, Sheikh F, Hollander M, Cai C, Becker D, Chu PH, Evans S, Chen J. Embryonic atrial function is essential for mouse embryogenesis, cardiac morphogenesis and angiogenesis. Development 2003; 130:6111-9. [PMID: 14573518 DOI: 10.1242/dev.00831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The requirement for atrial function in developing heart is unknown. To address this question, we have generated mice deficient in atrial myosin light chain 2 (MLC2a), a major structural component of the atrial myofibrillar apparatus. Inactivation of the Mlc2a gene resulted in severely diminished atrial contraction and consequent embryonic lethality at ED10.5-11.5, demonstrating that atrial function is essential for embryogenesis. Our data also address two longstanding questions in cardiovascular development: the connection between function and form during cardiac morphogenesis, and the requirement for cardiac function during vascular development. Diminished atrial function in MLC2a-null embryos resulted in a number of consistent secondary abnormalities in both cardiac morphogenesis and angiogenesis. Our results unequivocally demonstrate that normal cardiac function is directly linked to normal morphogenic development of heart and vasculature. These data have important implications for the etiology of congenital heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengqun Huang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0641, USA
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26
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Gitler AD, Brown CB, Kochilas L, Li J, Epstein JA. Neural crest migration and mouse models of congenital heart disease. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2003; 67:57-62. [PMID: 12858524 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2002.67.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A D Gitler
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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27
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Conway SJ, Kruzynska-Frejtag A, Kneer PL, Machnicki M, Koushik SV. What cardiovascular defect does my prenatal mouse mutant have, and why? Genesis 2003; 35:1-21. [PMID: 12481294 DOI: 10.1002/gene.10152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Since the advent of mouse targeted mutations, gene traps, an escalating use of a variety of complex transgenic manipulations, and large-scale chemical mutagenesis projects yielding many mutants with cardiovascular defects, it has become increasingly evident that defects within the heart and vascular system are largely responsible for the observed in utero lethality of the embryo and early fetus. If a transgenically altered embryo survives implantation but fails to be born, it usually indicates that there is some form of lethal cardiovascular defect present. A number of embryonic organ and body systems, including the central nervous system, gut, lungs, urogenital system, and musculoskeletal system appear to have little or no survival value in utero (Copp, 1995). Cardiovascular abnormalities include the failure to establish an adequate yolk-sac vascular circulation, which results in early lethality (E8.5-10.5); poor cardiac function (E9.0-birth); failure to undergo correct looping and chamber formation of the primitive heart tube (E9.0-11.0); improper septation, including division of the common ventricle and atria and the establishment of a divided outflow tract (E11.0-13.0); inadequate establishment of the cardiac conduction system (E12.0-birth); and the failure of the in utero cardiovascular system to adapt to adult life (birth) and close the interatrial and aorta-pulmonary trunk shunts that are required for normal fetal life. Importantly, the developmental timing of lethality is usually a good indicator of both the type of the cardiovascular defect present and may also suggest the possible underlying cause/s. The purpose of this review is both to review the literature and to provide a beginner's guide for analysing cardiovascular defects in mouse mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Conway
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics and Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia.
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28
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Meyer-Wittkopf M. Interventional fetal cardiac therapy -- possible perspectives and current shortcomings. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2002; 20:527-531. [PMID: 12493038 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-0705.2002.00858.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
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29
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Fedak PWM, Verma S, David TE, Leask RL, Weisel RD, Butany J. Clinical and pathophysiological implications of a bicuspid aortic valve. Circulation 2002; 106:900-4. [PMID: 12186790 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000027905.26586.e8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 511] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul W M Fedak
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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30
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Abstract
Knowledge of the early development of the heart has increased rapidly in recent years as microscopic techniques, experimental models using animal, avian and insect species, and various genetic techniques have been brought to bear on the mysteries of human fetal cardiac development. The development of the heart occurs rapidly from embryonic day 18 in humans to the twelfth week of fetal life. The stages include gastrulation and formation of the primitive heart tube with rhythmic contractions appearing at day 21, segmentation of the primitive heart tube, looping, realignment of inflow and outflow segments, septation of the atria, ventricles and outflow segments, formation of atrio-ventricular valves, and development of aortic and pulmonary trunks and aortic arches. The genes and factors currently known to be involved in cardiac development are reviewed, but much is still to be determined as the field is evolving with extraordinary rapidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Collins-Nakai
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, 4C2 Walter Mackenzie Health Sciences Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2B7.
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31
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Amati F, Conti E, Botta A, Amicucci P, Dallapiccola B, Novelli G. Functional characterization of the 5' flanking region of human ubiquitin fusion degradation 1 like gene (UFD1L). Cell Biochem Funct 2002; 20:163-70. [PMID: 11979512 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
UFD1L (Ubiquitin Fusion Degradation 1 Like) gene encodes for a component of a multi-complex involved in the degradation of ubiquitin fusion proteins. The gene maps on chromosome 22q11, in a region commonly deleted in severe congenital disorders such as DiGeorge (DGS) and velo-cardio-facial (VCFS) syndromes. UFD1L is a single copy gene ubiquitously expressed in high levels in the pharyngeal pouches and fourth branchial arch artery during development. To understand the regulation of UFD1L expression we performed a functional analysis of its 5' regulatory region. 5'-RACE and primer extension analyses revealed the presence of different transcription start sites in adult and fetal tissues. UFD1L 5' flanking region contains a TATA-box motif and is also very GC-rich with a CpG island encompassing exon 1. Transcriptional activity of this region was examined by transfection experiments of promoter-GFP reporter gene constructs in a human epithelial cell line. These experiments revealed the importance of the region between -17 and -463 nt which contains the TATA-box. EMSA assay resulted in the detection of five functional consensus sequences respectively for the transcription complex TFIID and for the transcription factors AP-1 (one site), AP-2 (one) and Sp1 (two).
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Amati
- Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Diagnostica per Immagini, Università Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Roma, Italy
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Epstein JA, Rader DJ, Parmacek MS. Perspective: cardiovascular disease in the postgenomic era--lessons learned and challenges ahead. Endocrinology 2002; 143:2045-50. [PMID: 12021168 DOI: 10.1210/endo.143.6.8910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite remarkable advances in medical therapeutics and technology over the last 40 yr, cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of mortality in the United States. Elucidation of the human genome and the application of gene mapping techniques to kindreds harboring rare monogenic cardiovascular syndromes have provided fundamental insights into the pathogenesis of common cardiovascular diseases including hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, cardiomyopathy with and without conduction system disease, cardiac arrhythmias, and most recently congenital heart disease. These findings led to the unanticipated conclusion that common cardiovascular pathologies (e.g. cardiomyopathy, congenital heart disease, hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias) are united by association with distinct subsets of genes. In this review, the impact of these data on the molecular pathogenesis and development of future therapies for cardiomyopathy, congenital heart disease, and atherosclerosis are highlighted. In addition, the application and limitations of evolving genetic and genomic technologies to acquired and/or multigenic cardiovascular states including atherosclerosis and high density lipoprotein (HDL) metabolism is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Epstein
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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Volpe P, Gentile M, Marasini M. Interrupted aortic arch type A with 22q11 deletion: prenatal detection of an unusual association. Prenat Diagn 2002; 22:371-4. [PMID: 12001189 DOI: 10.1002/pd.320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Interrupted aortic arch is a rare, severe congenital heart defect subdivided into three types, A, B and C, according to the site of interruption. Type C is by far the least common form of interrupted aortic arch (less than 5% of cases), type A is commonly an isolated defect whereas type B is frequently associated with 22q11 deletion. Differentiation of interrupted aortic arch type A from type B by prenatal echocardiography is possible but difficult; it needs to be done on the basis of observation of reliable morphological indicators which point to the correct diagnosis. Here we report the first case of prenatal diagnosis of interrupted aortic arch type A associated with 22q11 deletion. The significance of this association is not yet clear, since 22q11 genes mainly affect embryonic cardiovascular morphogenesis of those regions whose development is critically dependent on neural crest cell migration and function, affected in type B defect but not in type A.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Volpe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital Di Venere-Giovanni XXIII, Bari, Italy
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Abstract
DiGeorge syndrome is a common congenital disorder characterized by neural-crest-related developmental defects. Mouse models of DiGeorge syndrome have been created that recapitulate defects seen in human patients. Here, the genetic pathways regulating cardiac neural crest development are reviewed and the evidence implicating TBX1 and other genes on chromosome 22q11 in the pathogenesis of DiGeorge syndrome is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Epstein
- BRB II, Room 954, Cardiovascular Division, Dept of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Health System, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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35
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Feiner L, Webber AL, Brown CB, Lu MM, Jia L, Feinstein P, Mombaerts P, Epstein JA, Raper JA. Targeted disruption of semaphorin 3C leads to persistent truncus arteriosus and aortic arch interruption. Development 2001; 128:3061-70. [PMID: 11688556 DOI: 10.1242/dev.128.16.3061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Semaphorin 3C is a secreted member of the semaphorin gene family. To investigate its function in vivo, we have disrupted the semaphorin 3Clocus in mice by targeted mutagenesis. semaphorin 3C mutant mice die within hours after birth from congenital cardiovascular defects consisting of interruption of the aortic arch and improper septation of the cardiac outflow tract. This phenotype is similar to that reported following ablation of the cardiac neural crest in chick embryos and resembles congenital heart defects seen in humans. Semaphorin 3C is expressed in the cardiac outflow tract as neural crest cells migrate into it. Their entry is disrupted in semaphorin 3C mutant mice. These data suggest that semaphorin 3C promotes crest cell migration into the proximal cardiac outflow tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Feiner
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19104, USA
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36
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Merscher S, Funke B, Epstein JA, Heyer J, Puech A, Lu MM, Xavier RJ, Demay MB, Russell RG, Factor S, Tokooya K, Jore BS, Lopez M, Pandita RK, Lia M, Carrion D, Xu H, Schorle H, Kobler JB, Scambler P, Wynshaw-Boris A, Skoultchi AI, Morrow BE, Kucherlapati R. TBX1 is responsible for cardiovascular defects in velo-cardio-facial/DiGeorge syndrome. Cell 2001; 104:619-29. [PMID: 11239417 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(01)00247-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 669] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Velo-cardio-facial syndrome (VCFS)/DiGeorge syndrome (DGS) is a human disorder characterized by a number of phenotypic features including cardiovascular defects. Most VCFS/DGS patients are hemizygous for a 1.5-3.0 Mb region of 22q11. To investigate the etiology of this disorder, we used a cre-loxP strategy to generate mice that are hemizygous for a 1.5 Mb deletion corresponding to that on 22q11. These mice exhibit significant perinatal lethality and have conotruncal and parathyroid defects. The conotruncal defects can be partially rescued by a human BAC containing the TBX1 gene. Mice heterozygous for a null mutation in Tbx1 develop conotruncal defects. These results together with the expression patterns of Tbx1 suggest a major role for this gene in the molecular etiology of VCFS/DGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Merscher
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, 10461, Bronx, NY, USA
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