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Hanh NTH, Nhung BT, Dao DTA, Tuyet LT, Hop LT, Binh TQ, Thuc VTM. Association of apolipoprotein E polymorphism with plasma lipid disorders, independent of obesity-related traits in Vietnamese children. Lipids Health Dis 2016; 15:176. [PMID: 27724906 PMCID: PMC5057250 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-016-0349-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The dyslipidemia associated with obesity plays a major role in the development of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Dyslipidemia in childhood can progress in adult stage. APOE is one of the most important genes that regulate plasma lipid transport and clearance. The study aimed to assess whether the common APOE polymorphism is associated with lipid profiles and dyslipidemia, and it could be modulated by obesity-related traits (body mass index, waist circumference, hip circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio) in Vietnamese children. Methods A case-control study was designed including 249 cases with dyslipidemia and 600 controls without dyslipidemia. Dyslipidemia is defined as elevated total or low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels, or low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Genotype for APOE polymorphism (rs7412 and rs429358) was determined by the polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism method. The association of APOE genotypes with plasma lipid disorders was tested by binary logistic regression analysis, taking into account the confounding factors of age, sex, residence, province and obesity-related traits. Results In comparison with ε3/ε3 carriers, the ε4 carriers had the highest concentration of serum TC and LDL-C in cases and controls (P ≤ 0.001), while ε2 carriers had the lowest. Carriers without TT haplotype had higher serum TC than those with TT haplotype. The ε4 carriers had higher hypoalphalipoproteinemia risk than ε3/ε3 carriers (OR = 2.78, P = 0.02) before and after adjustment for age, gender, residence and obesity-related traits. Conclusions The study suggested that the APOE genotype and haplotype significantly associated with plasma TC and LDL-C level in Vietnamese children. The association of APOE genotype with hypoalphalipoproteinemia was independent of obesity-related traits. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12944-016-0349-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bui Thi Nhung
- National Institute of Nutrition, 48B Tang Bat Ho Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Duong Thi Anh Dao
- Hanoi National University of Education, 136 Xuan Thuy Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Le Thi Tuyet
- Hanoi National University of Education, 136 Xuan Thuy Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Le Thi Hop
- National Institute of Nutrition, 48B Tang Bat Ho Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tran Quang Binh
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 1 Yersin, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Vu Thi Minh Thuc
- National Hospital of Otorhinolaryngology, 78 Giai Phong Road, Hanoi, Vietnam
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MacIntyre J, McTaggart J, Guerrant RL, Goldfarb DM. Early childhood diarrhoeal diseases and cognition: are we missing the rest of the iceberg? Paediatr Int Child Health 2014; 34:295-307. [PMID: 25146836 DOI: 10.1179/2046905514y.0000000141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Risk factors which interfere with cognitive function are especially important during the first 2 years of life - a period referred to as early child development and a time during which rapid growth and essential development occur. Malnutrition, a condition whose effect on cognitive function is well known, has been shown to be part of a vicious cycle with diarrhoeal diseases, and the two pathologies together continue to be the leading cause of illness and death in young children in developing countries. This paper reviews the burden of early childhood diarrhoeal diseases globally and the emerging evidence of their relationship with global disparities in neurocognitive development. The strength of evidence which indicates that the severe childhood diarrhoeal burden may be implicated in cognitive impairment of children from low- and middle-income counties is discussed. Findings suggest that greater investment in multi-site, longitudinal enteric infection studies that assess long-term repercussions are warranted. Furthermore, economic analyses using the concept of human capital should play a key role in advancing our understanding of the breadth and complexities of the health, social and economic ramifications of early childhood diarrhoeal diseases and enteric infections. This broadened awareness can serve to help advocate for more effective interventions, particularly in developing economies.
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Gavela-Pérez T, Garcés C. [Influence of birth weight on lipid profile in later life]. CLINICA E INVESTIGACION EN ARTERIOSCLEROSIS : PUBLICACION OFICIAL DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPANOLA DE ARTERIOSCLEROSIS 2014; 26:236-238. [PMID: 25270631 DOI: 10.1016/j.arteri.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Carmen Garcés
- Laboratorio de Lípidos, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, España.
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Does low birth weight affect the presence of cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight and obese children? Eur J Pediatr 2013; 172:1687-92. [PMID: 23913313 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-013-2113-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Recent findings suggest that low-birth-weight children with current obesity are more likely to have higher systolic blood pressure levels and impaired β-cell function than those who are obese with normal birth weight. It seems possible, however, that concurrent low birth weight with excess weight gain can exacerbate other risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases. The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of birth weight on the lipid/apolipoprotein profile, visfatin levels, and insulin parameters in overweight/obese children. A cross-sectional study of 68 overweight/obese children was conducted. Among these children, 28 were identified with low birth weight and 40 were of normal birth weight. Blood lipid profile, apolipoproteins, visfatin, glucose, and insulin were measured. Our results show that systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) levels, triglycerides (TG), very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc), apolipoprotein B and E, insulin, apolipoprotein B/A1 ratio, and homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were significantly elevated in overweight/obese low-birth-weight (LBW) children. There was a significant association of the SBP levels with TG (P=0.027), LDLc (P=0.001), HOMA-IR (P<0.001), apolipoprotein B (P=0.001), and apolipoprotein E (P=0.039). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that LBW children with overweight or obesity have an additional risk factor for both atherogenic and insulinogenic profile.
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Tyynelä P, Goebeler S, Ilveskoski E, Mikkelsson J, Perola M, Lehtimäki T, Karhunen PJ. Age-dependent interaction of apolipoprotein E gene with eastern birthplace in Finland affects severity of coronary atherosclerosis and risk of fatal myocardial infarction--Helsinki Sudden Death Study. Ann Med 2013; 45:213-9. [PMID: 23110590 DOI: 10.3109/07853890.2012.727021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mortality from coronary heart disease (CHD) has been constantly higher in eastern late settlement regions compared to western early settlements in Finland, unrelated to classical risk factors. In line with this, eastern birthplace was an age-dependent predictor of severe coronary atherosclerosis and pre-hospital sudden coronary death among male residents of Helsinki. We investigated a possible interaction of apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene with birthplace on the risk of myocardial infarction (MI) and coronary atherosclerosis. METHOD APOE genotypes were analyzed in the Helsinki Sudden Death Study series comprising out-of-hospital deaths among males aged 33-70 years (n = 577), who were born in high (east, n = 273) or low (west, n = 304) CHD mortality area. RESULTS Eastern-born men ≤ 55 years carried 30% more often (P = 0.017) and older men 40% less often (P = 0.022) the APOE ϵ4 allele compared to western-born men (P = 0.003 for birthplace-by-age interaction). In multivariate analysis, the ϵ4 allele associated with the risk of out-of-hospital MI (odds ratio 2.58; 95% CI 1.20-5.55; P = 0.016) only in eastern-born men and with advanced atherosclerosis in both regions of origin, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Birthplace-bound risk of CHD was age-dependently modified by APOE ϵ4 allele, suggesting genetic differences in CHD susceptibility between early and late settlement regions in Finland and providing one explanation for the eastern high mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petri Tyynelä
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
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Garcés C, Gutierrez-Guisado J, Benavente M, Cano B, Viturro E, Ortega H, de Oya M. Obesity in Spanish Schoolchildren: Relationship with Lipid Profile and Insulin Resistance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 13:959-63. [PMID: 15976136 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2005.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This article reports cross-sectional data from a total of 1048 children, 6 to 8 years of age, categorized by presence or absence of obesity, who participated in a voluntary survey of cardiovascular risk factors in Spain over the period of 1998 to 2000, to establish the relationship between obesity and its metabolic consequences at this age. The prevalence of obesity and overweight were 9.4% and 15.7%, respectively, in boys and 10.5% and 18.0%, respectively, in girls. We observed that, in both sexes, obese children had higher triglycerides and lower high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels than non-obese children. No differences were found in plasma glucose or low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels between normal and obese children. However, we observed that insulin levels and the homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance were significantly (p<0.001) higher in obese children of both sexes but that free fatty acid levels were lower in obese children than in nonobese children, with a statistical significance in girls (0.72+/-0.30 vs. 0.61+/-0.16 mEq/liter). In summary, our survey found some metabolic consequences of obesity similar to those found in adults (elevated triglycerides, insulin, and the homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance, and lower high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol). However, other features (glucose, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and free fatty acid levels) were found to behave differently, indicating that the association of obesity with risk factors seems to change as the children age and may depend on the chronology of sexual maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Garcés
- Unidad de Lípidos, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Avda. Reyes Católicos, 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Ramakrishnan L, Sachdev HS, Sharma M, Abraham R, Prakash S, Gupta D, Singh Y, Bhaskar S, Sinha S, Chandak GR, Reddy KS, Santosh B. Relationship of APOA5, PPARγ and HL gene variants with serial changes in childhood body mass index and coronary artery disease risk factors in young adulthood. Lipids Health Dis 2011; 10:68. [PMID: 21548985 PMCID: PMC3120674 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-10-68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Triglycerides is an independent risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD) and is especially important in Indians because of high prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia in this population. Both genetic and environmental factors determine triglyceride levels. In a birth cohort from India, hypertriglyceridemia was found in 41% of men and 11% of women. Subjects who had high triglycerides had more rapid body mass index (BMI) or weight gain than rest of the cohort throughout infancy, childhood and adolescence. We analysed polymorphisms in APOA5, hepatic lipase and PPARγ genes and investigated their association with birth weight and serial changes in BMI. Results Polymorphisms in APOA5 (-1131T > C, S19W), PPARγ (Pro12Ala) and hepatic lipase (-514C > T) were studied by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by restriction digestion in 1492 subjects from the New Delhi Birth Cohort (NDBC). We assessed whether these polymorphisms influence lipid and other variables and serial changes in BMI, both individually and together. The risk allele of APOA5 (-1131C) resulted in 23.6 mg/dl higher triglycerides as compared to normal allele (P < 0.001). Risk allele of HL (-514T) was associated with significantly higher HDL2 levels (P = 0.002). Except for the marginal association of PPARγ Pro12Ala variation with a lower conditional weight at 6 months, (P = 0.020) and APOA5 S19W with a higher conditional BMI at 11 yrs of age (P = 0.030), none of the other associations between the gene polymorphisms and serial changes in body mass index from birth to young adulthood were significant. Conclusion The promoter polymorphism in APOA5 was associated with raised serum triglycerides and that of HL with raised HDL2 levels. None of the polymorphisms had any significant relationship with birth weight or serial changes in anthropometry from birth to adulthood in this cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmy Ramakrishnan
- Department of Cardiac Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India.
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Oriá RB, Patrick PD, Oriá MOB, Lorntz B, Thompson MR, Azevedo OGR, Lobo RNB, Pinkerton RF, Guerrant RL, Lima AAM. ApoE polymorphisms and diarrheal outcomes in Brazilian shanty town children. Braz J Med Biol Res 2010; 43:249-56. [PMID: 20401432 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2010007500003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of studies have shown that the heavy burdens of diarrheal diseases in the first 2 formative years of life in children living in urban shanty towns have negative effects on physical and cognitive development lasting into later childhood. We have shown that APOE4 is relatively common in shanty town children living in Brazil (13.4%) and suggest that APOE4 has a protective role in cognitive development as well as weight-for-height in children with heavy burdens of diarrhea in early childhood (64/123; 52%), despite being a marker for cognitive decline with Alzheimer's and cardiovascular diseases later in life. APOE2 frequency was higher among children with heaviest diarrhea burdens during the first 2 years of life, as detected by PCR using the restriction fragment length polymorphism method, raising the possibility that ApoE-cholesterol balance might be critical for growth and cognitive development under the stress of heavy diarrhea burdens and when an enriched fat diet is insufficient. These findings provide a potential explanation for the survival advantage in evolution of genes, which might raise cholesterol levels during heavy stress of diarrhea burdens and malnutrition early in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Oriá
- Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará
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Takeda M, Martínez R, Kudo T, Tanaka T, Okochi M, Tagami S, Morihara T, Hashimoto R, Cacabelos R. Apolipoprotein E and central nervous system disorders: reviews of clinical findings. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2010; 64:592-607. [PMID: 21105952 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1819.2010.02148.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Dementia is a major health problem in developed countries with over 25 million people affected worldwide and probably over 75 million people at risk during the next 20 years. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most frequent cause of dementia (50-70%), followed by vascular dementia (30-40%), and mixed dementia (15-20%). AD pathogenesis is still to be elucidated but it is believed to be the complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors in later life. Three causative genes for familial AD have been identified: amyloid precursor protein, presenilin-1, and presenilin-2. There are 150 genes involved with increased neuronal vulnerability to premature death in the AD brain. Among these susceptibility genes, the apolipoprotein E (ApoE) gene is the most prevalent as a risk for AD pathogenic process in which complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors are involved, leading to a cascade of pathogenic events converging in final pathways to premature neuronal death. Some of these mechanisms are common to several neurodegenerative disorders that differ depending upon the genes affected and the involvement of environmental conditions. ApoE is a key lipoprotein in lipid and cholesterol metabolism and it is also the major risk gene for AD and many other central nervous system disorders. The pathogenic role of ApoE-4 is still to be clarified; however, diverse evidence suggests that ApoE may play pleiotropic functions in dementia and central nervous system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Takeda
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
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Ordovas JM. Genetic influences on blood lipids and cardiovascular disease risk: tools for primary prevention. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 89:1509S-1517S. [PMID: 19339403 PMCID: PMC2677003 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.27113e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic polymorphism in human populations is part of the evolutionary process that results from the interaction between the environment and the human genome. Recent changes in diet have upset this equilibrium, potentially influencing the risk of most common morbidities such as cardiovascular diseases, obesity, diabetes, and cancer. Reduction of these conditions is a major public health concern, and such a reduction could be achieved by improving our ability to detect disease predisposition early in life and by providing more personalized behavioral recommendations for successful primary prevention. In terms of cardiovascular diseases, polymorphisms at multiple genes have been associated with differential effects in terms of lipid metabolism; however, the connection with cardiovascular disease has been more elusive, and considerable heterogeneity exists among studies regarding the predictive value of genetic markers. This may be because of experimental limitations, the intrinsic complexity of the phenotypes, and the aforementioned interactions with environmental factors. The integration of genetic and environmental complexity into current and future research will drive the field toward the implementation of clinical tools aimed at providing dietary advice optimized for the individual's genome. This may imply that dietary changes are implemented early in life to gain maximum benefit. However, it is important to highlight that most reported studies have focused on adult populations and to extrapolate these findings to children and adolescents may not be justified until proper studies have been carried out in these populations and until the ethical and legal issues associated with this new field are adequately addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Ordovas
- Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, USDA Human Nutrition Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.
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Ruiz JR, Labayen I, Ortega FB, Moreno LA, González-Lamuño D, Martí A, Nova E, Fuentes MG, Redondo-Figuero C, Martínez JA, Sjöström M, Castillo MJ. Birth weight and blood lipid levels in Spanish adolescents: influence of selected APOE, APOC3 and PPARgamma2 gene polymorphisms. The AVENA Study. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2008; 9:98. [PMID: 19000312 PMCID: PMC2615435 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-9-98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2008] [Accepted: 11/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background There is increasing evidence indicating that genes involved in certain metabolic processes of cardiovascular diseases may be of particular influence in people with low body weight at birth. We examined whether the apolipoprotein (APO) E, APOC3 and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ-2 (PPARγ2) polymorphisms influence the association between low birth weight and blood lipid levels in healthy adolescents aged 13–18.5 years. Methods A cross-sectional study of 502 Spanish adolescents born at term was conducted. Total (TC) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc), triglycerides (TG), apolipoprotein (apo) A and B, and lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] were measured. Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc), TC-HDLc, TC/HDLc and apoB/apoA were calculated. Results Low birth weight was associated with higher levels of TC, LDLc, apoB, Lp(a), TC-HDLc, TC/HDLc and apoB/apoA in males with the APOE ε3ε4 genotype, whereas in females, it was associated with lower HDLc and higher TG levels. In males with the APOC3 S1/S2 genotype, low birth weight was associated with lower apoA and higher Lp(a), yet this association was not observed in females. There were no associations between low birth weight and blood lipids in any of the PPARγ2 genotypes. Conclusion The results indicate that low birth weight has a deleterious influence on lipid profile particularly in adolescents with the APOE ε3/ε4 genotype. These findings suggest that intrauterine environment interact with the genetic background affecting the lipid profile in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan R Ruiz
- Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
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Garcés C, López-Simón L, Rubio R, Benavente M, Cano B, Ortega H, de Oya M. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and paraoxonase 1 (PON1) genetics and serum PON1 activity in prepubertal children in Spain. Clin Chem Lab Med 2008; 46:809-13. [PMID: 18601602 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2008.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress plays an important role in atherosclerosis. Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is a high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-associated enzyme that inhibits low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation and may play a protective role against coronary heart disease. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) and PON1 in a Spanish prepubertal population with high plasma HDL-C levels. METHODS The study population included 1,266 children between the ages of 6 and 8 years. Serum PON1 activity was measured by the hydrolysis of paraoxon. PON1 192Q/R and PON1 55L/M polymorphisms were analyzed by PCR and restriction analysis. RESULTS The prevalence of the less common PON1 192R and PON 55M alleles in this population was 30% and 38%, respectively. No significant correlations between serum PON1 activity and lipid profile were observed. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the PON1 192Q/R polymorphism accounts for 69% of PON1 activity in the children in the study, with the PON1 55L/M polymorphism accounting for an additional 5% of this variation in boys, and for an additional 3% together with HDL-C concentration in girls. CONCLUSIONS PON1 192Q/R polymorphism is the main determinant of PON1 activity in the prepubertal population in this study, accounting for around 70% of serum PON1 activity. HDL-C concentration has a small contribution to serum PON1 activity in girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Garcés
- Lipid Laboratory, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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Garcés C, Cano B, Lasunción MA, Mangas A, Benavente M, de Oya I, Studer A, de Oya M. Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels in overweight children. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007; 15:1147-54. [PMID: 17495190 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2007.625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The association of childhood overweight with cardiovascular risk factors seems to change by sex and age, which may indicate that hormonal status could be the cause of this different association. In this study, we analyzed the relationship of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) with the alterations associated with overweight by analyzing the influence of this hormone in the differences found in biochemical variables between normal-weight and overweight prepubertal children. RESEARCH METHODS AND DESIGN: The study included 684 6- to 8-year-old children (350 boys and 334 girls) categorized by the presence or absence of overweight, according to the age- and sex-specific cut-off points proposed for children. Lipid levels were determined by standard methods. DHEA-S and insulin levels were measured by radioimmunoassay. Biochemical variables were compared between normal-weight and overweight children by tertiles of DHEA-S. RESULTS We observed that plasma high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) and apolipoprotein (apo)-AI levels were significantly lower in overweight than in normal-weight boys only in the highest tertile of DHEA-S. No significant differences in plasma glucose levels, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, or apo B were found between overweight and normal-weight children in any DHEA-S tertile. In a Spearman correlation analysis, we observed a significant and negative correlation for weight and BMI with HDL-C and for weight and apo-AI levels only in the highest tertile of DHEA-S. DISCUSSION Our study showed that, in our prepubertal population, the association of overweight with decreased HDL-C and apo-AI levels was present only in boys within the highest levels of DHEA-S, supporting the importance of hormonal influences on the association of metabolic alterations with overweight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Garcés
- Lipid Unit, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Avda. Reyes Católicos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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15
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Oriá RB, Patrick PD, Blackman JA, Lima AAM, Guerrant RL. Role of apolipoprotein E4 in protecting children against early childhood diarrhea outcomes and implications for later development. Med Hypotheses 2006; 68:1099-107. [PMID: 17098371 PMCID: PMC3993898 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2006.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2006] [Accepted: 09/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Our group and others have reported a series of studies showing that heavy burdens of diarrheal diseases in the formative first two years of life in children in urban shantytowns have profound consequences of impaired physical and cognitive development lasting into later childhood and schooling. Based on these previous studies showing that apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) is relatively common in favela children, we review recent data suggesting a protective role for the APOE4 allele in the cognitive and physical development of children with heavy burdens of diarrhea in early childhood. Despite being a marker for cognitive decline with Alzheimer's and cardiovascular diseases later in life, APOE4 appears to be important for cognitive development under the stress of heavy diarrhea. The reviewed findings provide a potential explanation for the survival advantage in evolution of the thrifty APOE4 allele and raise questions about its implications for human development under life-style changes and environmental challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinaldo B Oriá
- Center for Global Health, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, United States.
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16
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Viturro E, de Oya M, Lasunción MA, Gorgojo L, Moreno JMM, Benavente M, Cano B, Garces C. Cholesterol and saturated fat intake determine the effect of polymorphisms at ABCG5/ABCG8 genes on lipid levels in children. Genet Med 2006; 8:594-9. [PMID: 16980816 DOI: 10.1097/01.gim.0000237760.25195.e7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Analysis of mutations in genes of the cholesterol metabolic pathway has not completely explained the interindividual variability of blood cholesterol concentrations attributed to gene-nutrient interactions. Thus, we analyzed polymorphisms in the ABCG5 and ABCG8 genes, involved in the regulation of intestinal cholesterol absorption, with special interest in a potential interaction with diet to determine lipid levels. METHODS The polymorphisms ABCG5 C1950G (Gln604Glu) and ABCG8 C1895T (Ala640Val) were determined by polymerase chain reaction and restriction analysis in 1227 healthy school children, aged 6 to 8 years. RESULTS No significant differences were found in blood lipid levels between subjects with different genotypes of the two analyzed polymorphisms. However, important differences appeared when separating subjects by their different lipid intake. The presence of the ABCG8 C1895T and ABCG5 C1950G polymorphisms was associated with different plasma total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol complex, and apolipoprotein B levels only in low-cholesterol consumers (significantly for the C1895T polymorphism), and among children within the lower tertile of saturated fat intake (significantly for the C1950G polymorphism). CONCLUSION Polymorphisms at the half-transporter ABCG5 and ABCG8 genes affect blood cholesterol concentrations in prepubertal children by influencing dietary responsiveness. This highly significant gene-nutrient interaction could explain the great individual differences in the plasma lipid response to cholesterol and fat intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Viturro
- Lipid Unit, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Avda. Reyes Católicos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Cosín Aguilar J, Rodríguez Padial L, Zamorano Gómez JL, Arístegui Urrestarazu R, Armada Peláez B, Hernándiz Martínez A, Aguilar Llopis A, Masramón Morell X. [Coronary risk differences in hypertensive patients of different autonomous communities. CORONARY study]. Rev Clin Esp 2005; 204:614-25. [PMID: 15710067 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2565(04)71564-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Various articles describe the existence of differences in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality between different Spanish Autonomous Communities (SACs). We have intended to know if there are coherent differences in hypertensive patients cardiovascular risk. MATERIAL AND METHODS 1,720 family physicians distributed in the 17 SACs as the number of inhabitants of each one selected 5 consecutive patients maximum within a period of 2 months, with blood pressure > or = 140/90 mmHg and at least another coronary risk factor. In 6,775 of 7,469 patients (51% males), the risk of a coronary event (CE) in the next 10 years according to Framingham equation and the risk of fatal cardiovascular event (RCV) according to Score formula were calculated. RESULTS CE calculated in the group of patients in primary prevention (and without diabetes) in northern SACs (Cantábrico) was 18.8%, and 20.5% in south-east SACs (Mediterranean) (p < 0.0001). In addition, CE in secondary prevention was 26.1% in northern SACs and 28.6% in south-east SACs (p < 0.0001). The differences remained upon considering diabetics in primary prevention. There were no significant differences, however, in the risk of cardiovascular death (Score) between both areas, being 8.9% in the north and 8.8% in the south-east. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that coronary risk is increased in hypertensive populations of south east SACs with respect to SACs of the north and to national average, while the risk of suffering a fatal cardiovascular event is not different.
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Oriá RB, Patrick PD, Zhang H, Lorntz B, de Castro Costa CM, Brito GAC, Barrett LJ, Lima AAM, Guerrant RL. APOE4 protects the cognitive development in children with heavy diarrhea burdens in Northeast Brazil. Pediatr Res 2005; 57:310-6. [PMID: 15611352 DOI: 10.1203/01.pdr.0000148719.82468.ca] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphisms in the apolipoprotein E (APOE) have constituted the major rationale to identify potential risk groups for developing late-onset Alzheimer's disease and help to predict recovery of cognitive function after brain injury. However, the APOE impact on cognitive development in children living in poor areas of the developing world, where we have discovered profound significant associations of early childhood diarrhea (at 0-2 y) with lasting impairments of growth, cognition, and school performance, is not known. Therefore, we conducted APOE genotyping in 72 Brazilian shantytown children under active surveillance since birth, using purified DNA extracted from buccal cell samples. We found a high frequency of APOE4 alleles (18% versus 9-11% expected) in children with lower diarrhea burdens. When we examined the children who experienced the heavier diarrhea burdens (greater than or equal to the median of seven illnesses in the first 2 y of life), those with APOE4 did significantly better in the coding subtest (p=0.01) when compared with APOE4-negative children with similar diarrhea burdens. Positive correlations between the APOE4 occurrence and coding scores remained, even after adjusting for family income, maternal education, and breast-feeding. Moreover, the APOE4-positive group, under heavy burdens of diarrhea, had preserved semantic fluency and the mean difference in fluency scores, p=0.025, a standardized coefficient for disproportional verbal fluency impairment. Our findings show that APOE4 is relatively common in favela children and suggest a protective role of the APOE4 allele in children with a history of heavy burdens of diarrhea in their first 2 y of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinaldo B Oriá
- Center for Global Health, School of Medicine, Kluge's Children Rehabilitation Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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Laurén L, Järvelin MR, Elliott P, Sovio U, Spellman A, McCarthy M, Emmett P, Rogers I, Hartikainen AL, Pouta A, Hardy R, Wadsworth M, Helmsdal G, Olsen S, Bakoula C, Lekea V, Millwood I. Relationship between birthweight and blood lipid concentrations in later life: evidence from the existing literature. Int J Epidemiol 2003; 32:862-76. [PMID: 14559765 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyg201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been suggested that there is a link between fetal growth and chronic diseases later in life. Several studies have shown a negative association between birthweight and cardiovascular diseases, as well as cardiovascular disease risk factors, such as blood pressure and type 2 diabetes. Far fewer studies have focused on the association between size at birth and blood lipid concentrations. We have conducted a qualitative assessment of the direction and consistency of the relationship between size at birth and blood lipid concentrations to see whether the suggested relationship between intrauterine growth and cardiovascular diseases is mediated by lipid metabolism. METHODS A literature search covering the period January 1966 to January 2003 was performed using Medline, Embase, and Web of Science. All papers written in English and reporting the relationship between size at birth and lipid levels in humans were assessed. Bibliographies were searched for further publications. RESULTS From an initial screen of 1198 references, 39 papers were included involving 28 578 individuals. There was no consistent relationship between size at birth and blood lipid levels; the one exception being triglyceride concentration, which showed statistically significant negative or U-shaped, but not positive, relationships with birthweight. CONCLUSION This review does not strongly support a link between birthweight and blood lipid levels in later life. However, the research in this area is limited and in order to make any definitive conclusions, longitudinal studies with sufficient power, data, and prospective follow-up are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liisa Laurén
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK.
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