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Saidi O, Souabni M, Del Sordo GC, Maviel C, Peyrel P, Maso F, Vercruyssen F, Duché P. Association between Low Energy Availability (LEA) and Impaired Sleep Quality in Young Rugby Players. Nutrients 2024; 16:609. [PMID: 38474738 DOI: 10.3390/nu16050609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Low energy availability (LEA) has been associated with several physiological consequences, but its impact on sleep has not been sufficiently investigated, especially in the context of young athletes. This study examined the potential association between energy availability (EA) status and objective sleep quality in 42 male rugby players (mean age: 16.2 ± 0.8 years) during a 7-day follow-up with fixed sleep schedules in the midst of an intensive training phase. Participants' energy intake was weighed and recorded. Exercise expenditure was estimated using accelerometry. Portable polysomnography devices captured sleep on the last night of the follow-up. Mean EA was 29.3 ± 9.14 kcal·kg FFM-1·day-1, with 47.6% of athletes presenting LEA, 35.7% Reduced Energy Availability (REA), and 16.7% Optimal Energy Availability (OEA). Lower sleep efficiency (SE) and N3 stage proportion, along with higher wake after sleep onset (WASO), were found in participants with LEA compared to those with OEA (p = 0.04, p = 0.03 and p = 0.005, respectively, with large effect sizes). Segmented regression models of the EA-sleep outcomes (SE, sleep onset latency [SOL]), WASO and N3) relationships displayed two separate linear regions and produced a best fit with a breakpoint between 21-33 kcal·kg FFM-1·day-1. Below these thresholds, sleep quality declines considerably. It is imperative for athletic administrators, nutritionists, and coaches to conscientiously consider the potential impact of LEA on young athletes' sleep, especially during periods of heavy training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oussama Saidi
- Laboratory Youth-Physical Activity and Sports-Health (JAP2S), Toulon University, F-83041 Toulon, France
| | - Maher Souabni
- Laboratory Youth-Physical Activity and Sports-Health (JAP2S), Toulon University, F-83041 Toulon, France
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Neurosciences, Physiology and Psychology-Physical Activity, Health and Learning (LINP2), Paris Nanterre University, F-39200 Nanterre, France
| | - Giovanna C Del Sordo
- Psychology Department, New Mexico State University, 1780 E University Blvd, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
| | - Clément Maviel
- Laboratory Youth-Physical Activity and Sports-Health (JAP2S), Toulon University, F-83041 Toulon, France
| | - Paul Peyrel
- Department of Kinesiology, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Freddy Maso
- Rugby Training Center of the Sportive Association Montferrandaise, F-63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Fabrice Vercruyssen
- Laboratory Youth-Physical Activity and Sports-Health (JAP2S), Toulon University, F-83041 Toulon, France
| | - Pascale Duché
- Laboratory Youth-Physical Activity and Sports-Health (JAP2S), Toulon University, F-83041 Toulon, France
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Jászberényi M, Thurzó B, Bagosi Z, Vécsei L, Tanaka M. The Orexin/Hypocretin System, the Peptidergic Regulator of Vigilance, Orchestrates Adaptation to Stress. Biomedicines 2024; 12:448. [PMID: 38398050 PMCID: PMC10886661 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12020448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The orexin/hypocretin neuropeptide family has emerged as a focal point of neuroscientific research following the discovery that this family plays a crucial role in a variety of physiological and behavioral processes. These neuropeptides serve as powerful neuromodulators, intricately shaping autonomic, endocrine, and behavioral responses across species. Notably, they serve as master regulators of vigilance and stress responses; however, their roles in food intake, metabolism, and thermoregulation appear complementary and warrant further investigation. This narrative review provides a journey through the evolution of our understanding of the orexin system, from its initial discovery to the promising progress made in developing orexin derivatives. It goes beyond conventional boundaries, striving to synthesize the multifaceted activities of orexins. Special emphasis is placed on domains such as stress response, fear, anxiety, and learning, in which the authors have contributed to the literature with original publications. This paper also overviews the advancement of orexin pharmacology, which has already yielded some promising successes, particularly in the treatment of sleep disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miklós Jászberényi
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Szeged, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary; (M.J.); (B.T.); (Z.B.)
| | - Balázs Thurzó
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Szeged, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary; (M.J.); (B.T.); (Z.B.)
- Emergency Patient Care Unit, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Centre, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Bagosi
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Szeged, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary; (M.J.); (B.T.); (Z.B.)
| | - László Vécsei
- Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary;
- HUN-REN-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Hungarian Research Network, University of Szeged (HUN-REN-SZTE), Danube Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Tisza Lajos krt. 113, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Masaru Tanaka
- HUN-REN-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Hungarian Research Network, University of Szeged (HUN-REN-SZTE), Danube Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Tisza Lajos krt. 113, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
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Logesh R, Das N, Sellappan G, Piesik D, Mondal A. Unripe fruits of Litchi chinensis (Gaertn.) Sonn.: An overview of its toxicity. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2023; 81:925-934. [PMID: 37442293 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2023.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Litchi (Litchi chinensis) is a widely consumed fruit that has been used in many food and health-promoting products worldwide. Litchi is a good source of nutrients including vitamin and minerals, dietary fibers, proteins, and carbohydrates. Of note, several studies have reported that the constituents of litchi fruits elicit antioxidant properties and help to maintain blood pressure, and reduce the risk of stroke and heart attack. An unclearly explained outbreak occurred in June 2019 in Muzaffarpur (Bihar), India resulted in the death of more than 150 children in a week, followed by a total of 872 cases and 176 deaths. This outbreak was associated with the consumption of Litchi fruits and the occurrence of acute encephalitis syndrome. In this high Litchi production region, a huge number of acute encephalitis syndrome cases have been registered in children in the past two decades with high mortality due to these neurological disorders linked to the consumption of litchi. While finding out the causes for this recurrent outbreak, whether or not it is caused by a virus or the phytotoxins of litchi is to be considered critical. Amongst the probable causes were observed to be methylene cyclopropyl acetic acid and hypoglycin-A found in unripe Litchi fruits which can cause hypoglycemia and as a plausible cause of AES outbreaks. This review addresses this recurrent outbreak in-depth exploring the possible causes and discusses the possible mechanisms by which phytotoxins of litchi such as hypoglycin A and methylene cyclopropylglycine which may elicit such toxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajan Logesh
- Department of Pharmacognosy, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, 570015 Karnataka, India
| | - Niranjan Das
- Department of Chemistry, Ramthakur College, Badharghat, Agartala, 799003 Tripura, India.
| | - Gobi Sellappan
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education& Research, Rockland's, Ooty, 643001 Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dariusz Piesik
- Department of Biology and Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, 7 Prof. S. Kaliskiego Avenue, building I, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Arijit Mondal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, M.R. College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Balisha, 743234 West Bengal, India
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Barrile F, Cassano D, Fernandez G, De Francesco PN, Reynaldo M, Cantel S, Fehrentz JA, Donato J, Schiöth HB, Zigman JM, Perello M. Ghrelin's orexigenic action in the lateral hypothalamic area involves indirect recruitment of orexin neurons and arcuate nucleus activation. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2023; 156:106333. [PMID: 37454647 PMCID: PMC10530520 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ghrelin is a potent orexigenic hormone, and the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) has been suggested as a putative target mediating ghrelin's effects on food intake. Here, we aimed to investigate the presence of neurons expressing ghrelin receptor (a.k.a. growth hormone secretagogue receptor, GHSR) in the mouse LHA (LHAGHSR neurons), its physiological implications and the neuronal circuit recruited by local ghrelin action. METHODS We investigated the distribution of LHAGHSR neurons using different histologic strategies, including the use of a reporter mice expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein under the control of the GHSR promoter. Also, we investigated the physiological implications of local injections of ghrelin within the LHA, and the extent to which the orexigenic effect of intra-LHA-injected ghrelin involves the arcuate nucleus (ARH) and orexin neurons of the LHA (LHAorexin neurons) RESULTS: We found that: 1) LHAGHSR neurons are homogeneously distributed throughout the entire LHA; 2) intra-LHA injections of ghrelin transiently increase food intake and locomotor activity; 3) ghrelin's orexigenic effect in the LHA involves the indirect recruitment of LHAorexin neurons and the activation of ARH neurons; and 4) LHAGHSR neurons are not targeted by plasma ghrelin. CONCLUSIONS We provide a compelling neuroanatomical and functional characterization of LHAGHSR neurons in male mice that indicates that LHAGHSR cells are part of a hypothalamic neuronal circuit that potently induces food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Barrile
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata], La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniela Cassano
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata], La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gimena Fernandez
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata], La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo N De Francesco
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata], La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mirta Reynaldo
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata], La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sonia Cantel
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Alain Fehrentz
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - José Donato
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helgi B Schiöth
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jeffrey M Zigman
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Mario Perello
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), National University of La Plata], La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Surgical Sciences, Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Heberden C, Maximin E, Rabot S, Naudon L. Male mice engaging differently in emotional eating present distinct plasmatic and neurological profiles. Nutr Neurosci 2023; 26:1034-1044. [PMID: 36154930 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2022.2122137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Stressed individuals tend to turn to calorie-rich food, also known as 'comfort food' for the temporary relief it provides. The emotional eating drive is highly variable among subjects. Using a rodent model, we explored the plasmatic and neurobiological differences between 'high and low emotional eaters' (HEE and LEE).Methods: 40 male mice were exposed for 5 weeks to a protocol of unpredictable chronic mild stress. Every 3 or 4 days, they were submitted to a 1-h restraint stress, immediately followed by a 3-h period during which a choice between chow and chocolate sweet cereals was proposed. The dietary intake was measured by weighing. Plasmatic and neurobiological characteristics were compared in mice displaying high vs low intakes.Results: Out of 40 mice, 8 were considered as HEE because of their high post-stress eating score, and 8 as LEE because of their consistent low intake. LEE displayed higher plasma corticosterone and lower levels of NPY than HEE, but acylated and total ghrelin were similar in both groups. In the brain, the abundance of NPY neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus was similar in both groups, but was higher in the ventral hippocampus and the basal lateral amygdala of LEE. The lateral hypothalamus LEE had also more orexin (OX) positive neurons. Both NPY and OX are orexigenic peptides and mood regulators.Discussion: Emotional eating difference was reflected in plasma and brain structures implicated in emotion and eating regulation. These results concur with the psychological side of food consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Heberden
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Elise Maximin
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Sylvie Rabot
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Laurent Naudon
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Bouâouda H, Jha PK. Orexin and MCH neurons: regulators of sleep and metabolism. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1230428. [PMID: 37674517 PMCID: PMC10478345 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1230428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep-wake and fasting-feeding are tightly coupled behavioral states that require coordination between several brain regions. The mammalian lateral hypothalamus (LH) is a functionally and anatomically complex brain region harboring heterogeneous cell populations that regulate sleep, feeding, and energy metabolism. Significant attempts were made to understand the cellular and circuit bases of LH actions. Rapid advancements in genetic and electrophysiological manipulation help to understand the role of discrete LH cell populations. The opposing action of LH orexin/hypocretin and melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons on metabolic sensing and sleep-wake regulation make them the candidate to explore in detail. This review surveys the molecular, genetic, and neuronal components of orexin and MCH signaling in the regulation of sleep and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Bouâouda
- Pharmacology Institute, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pawan Kumar Jha
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Maruyama T, Ueta Y. Internal and external modulation factors of the orexin system (REVIEW). Peptides 2023; 165:171009. [PMID: 37054895 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2023.171009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Orexin-A and -B (identical to hypocretin-1 and -2) are neuropeptides synthesized in the lateral hypothalamus and perifornical area, and orexin neurons project their axon terminals broadly throughout the entire central nervous system (CNS). The activity of orexins is mediated by two specific G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), termed orexin type1 receptor (OX1R) and orexin type2 receptor (OX2R). The orexin system plays a relevant role in various physiological functions, including arousal, feeding, reward, and thermogenesis, and is key to human health. Orexin neurons receive various signals related to environmental, physiological, and emotional stimuli. Previous studies have reported that several neurotransmitters and neuromodulators influence the activation or inhibition of orexin neuron activity. In this review, we summarize the modulating factors of orexin neurons in the sleep/wake rhythm and feeding behavior, particularly in the context of the modulation of appetite, body fluids, and circadian signaling. We also describe the effects of life activity, behavior, and diet on the orexin system. Some studies have observed phenomena that have been verified in animal experiments, revealing the detailed mechanism and neural pathway, while their applications to humans is expected in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Maruyama
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan.
| | - Yoichi Ueta
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
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A Delayed Evening Meal Enhances Sleep Quality in Young Rugby Players. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2023; 33:39-46. [PMID: 36410338 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2022-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of delayed evening mealtime on sleep quality in young athletes. Twelve rugby players (age 15.8 ± 0.7 years) participated in a crossover within-participant design. Adolescents spent five consecutive days in each of two conditions, separated by a 2-week washout period: routine dinner (3.5 hr before bedtime) and late dinner (LD, 1.5 hr before bedtime). Other mealtimes as well as bedtime and wake-up time were usual and remained the same in both conditions. Their schedules, dietary intakes, and physical activity were controlled and kept constant throughout the study. Sleep was assessed using polysomnography on the first and the last nights in the individual rooms of the boarding school. An increase in total sleep time by 24 min (p = .001, d = 1.24) and sleep efficiency by 4.8% was obtained during LD (p = .001, d = 1.24). Improvement in sleep efficiency was mainly due to a lower wake after sleep onset (-25 min, p = .014, d = -3.20), a decrease of microarousals (-25%, p = .049, d = -0.64), and awakenings ≥90 s (-30%, p < .01, d = -0.97) in LD compared to routine dinner. There were no significant differences in sleep architecture except for a shorter slow-wave sleep (N3) latency (-6.9 min, p = .03, d = -0.778) obtained during LD. In this study, evening dinner 1.5 hr before bedtime leads to better quality and less fragmented sleep compared to evening dinner 3.5 hr before bedtime in young athletes.
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Wu Y, Berisha A, Borniger JC. Neuropeptides in Cancer: Friend and Foe? Adv Biol (Weinh) 2022; 6:e2200111. [PMID: 35775608 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202200111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Neuropeptides are small regulatory molecules found throughout the body, most notably in the nervous, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal systems. They serve as neurotransmitters or hormones in the regulation of diverse physiological processes. Cancer cells escape normal growth control mechanisms by altering their expression of growth factors, receptors, or intracellular signals, and neuropeptides have recently been recognized as mitogens in cancer growth and development. Many neuropeptides and their receptors exist in multiple subtypes, coupling with different downstream signaling pathways and playing distinct roles in cancer progression. The consideration of neuropeptide/receptor systems as anticancer targets is already leading to new biological and diagnostic knowledge that has the potential to enhance the understanding and treatment of cancer. In this review, recent discoveries regarding neuropeptides in a wide range of cancers, emphasizing their mechanisms of action, signaling cascades, regulation, and therapeutic potential, are discussed. Current technologies used to manipulate and analyze neuropeptides/receptors are described. Applications of neuropeptide analogs and their receptor inhibitors in translational studies and radio-oncology are rapidly increasing, and the possibility for their integration into therapeutic trials and clinical treatment appears promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wu
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, One Bungtown Rd, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
| | - Adrian Berisha
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, One Bungtown Rd, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
| | - Jeremy C Borniger
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, One Bungtown Rd, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
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Watts AG, Kanoski SE, Sanchez-Watts G, Langhans W. The physiological control of eating: signals, neurons, and networks. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:689-813. [PMID: 34486393 PMCID: PMC8759974 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00028.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During the past 30 yr, investigating the physiology of eating behaviors has generated a truly vast literature. This is fueled in part by a dramatic increase in obesity and its comorbidities that has coincided with an ever increasing sophistication of genetically based manipulations. These techniques have produced results with a remarkable degree of cell specificity, particularly at the cell signaling level, and have played a lead role in advancing the field. However, putting these findings into a brain-wide context that connects physiological signals and neurons to behavior and somatic physiology requires a thorough consideration of neuronal connections: a field that has also seen an extraordinary technological revolution. Our goal is to present a comprehensive and balanced assessment of how physiological signals associated with energy homeostasis interact at many brain levels to control eating behaviors. A major theme is that these signals engage sets of interacting neural networks throughout the brain that are defined by specific neural connections. We begin by discussing some fundamental concepts, including ones that still engender vigorous debate, that provide the necessary frameworks for understanding how the brain controls meal initiation and termination. These include key word definitions, ATP availability as the pivotal regulated variable in energy homeostasis, neuropeptide signaling, homeostatic and hedonic eating, and meal structure. Within this context, we discuss network models of how key regions in the endbrain (or telencephalon), hypothalamus, hindbrain, medulla, vagus nerve, and spinal cord work together with the gastrointestinal tract to enable the complex motor events that permit animals to eat in diverse situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan G Watts
- The Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Scott E Kanoski
- The Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Graciela Sanchez-Watts
- The Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Wolfgang Langhans
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule-Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
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Yousefvand S, Hamidi F. Role of Lateral Hypothalamus Area in the Central Regulation of Feeding. Int J Pept Res Ther 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-022-10391-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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The Influence of Ketone Bodies on Circadian Processes Regarding Appetite, Sleep and Hormone Release: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14071410. [PMID: 35406023 PMCID: PMC9002750 DOI: 10.3390/nu14071410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Chrononutrition is an emerging branch of chronobiology focusing on the profound interactions between biological rhythms and metabolism. This framework suggests that, just like all biological processes, even nutrition follows a circadian pattern. Recent findings elucidated the metabolic roles of circadian clocks in the regulation of both hormone release and the daily feeding–fasting cycle. Apart from serving as energy fuel, ketone bodies play pivotal roles as signaling mediators and drivers of gene transcription, promoting food anticipation and loss of appetite. Herein we provide a comprehensive review of the literature on the effects of the ketogenic diets on biological processes that follow circadian rhythms, among them appetite, sleep, and endocrine function.
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Bukhari SNA. An insight into the multifunctional role of ghrelin and structure activity relationship studies of ghrelin receptor ligands with clinical trials. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 235:114308. [PMID: 35344905 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a multifunctional gastrointestinal acylated peptide, primarily synthesized in the stomach and regulates the secretion of growth hormone and energy homeostasis. It plays a central role in modulating the diverse biological, physiological and pathological functions in vertebrates. The synthesis of ghrelin receptor ligands after the finding of growth hormone secretagogue developed from Met-enkephalin led to reveal the endogenous ligand ghrelin and the receptors. Subsequently, many peptides, small molecules and peptidomimetics focusing on the ghrelin receptor, GHS-R1a, were derived. In this review, the key features of ghrelin's structure, forms, its bio-physiological functions, pathological roles and therapeutic potential have been highlighted. A few peptidomimetics and pseudo peptide synthetic perspectives have also been discussed to make ghrelin receptor ligands, clinical trials and their success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Nasir Abbas Bukhari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Aljouf, 2014, Saudi Arabia.
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Viskaitis P, Arnold M, Garau C, Jensen LT, Fugger L, Peleg-Raibstein D, Burdakov D. Ingested non-essential amino acids recruit brain orexin cells to suppress eating in mice. Curr Biol 2022; 32:1812-1821.e4. [PMID: 35316652 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.02.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ingested nutrients are proposed to control mammalian behavior by modulating the activity of hypothalamic orexin/hypocretin neurons (HONs). Previous in vitro studies showed that nutrients ubiquitous in mammalian diets, such as non-essential amino acids (AAs) and glucose, modulate HONs in distinct ways. Glucose inhibits HONs, whereas non-essential (but not essential) AAs activate HONs. The latter effect is of particular interest because its purpose is unknown. Here, we show that ingestion of a dietary-relevant mix of non-essential AAs activates HONs and shifts behavior from eating to exploration. These effects persisted despite ablation of a key neural gut → brain communication pathway, the cholecystokinin-sensitive vagal afferents. The behavioral shift induced by the ingested non-essential AAs was recapitulated by targeted HON optostimulation and abolished in mice lacking HONs. Furthermore, lick microstructure analysis indicated that intragastric non-essential AAs and HON optostimulation each reduce the size, but not the frequency, of consumption bouts, thus implicating food palatability modulation as a mechanism for the eating suppression. Collectively, these results suggest that a key purpose of HON activation by ingested, non-essential AAs is to suppress eating and re-initiate food seeking. We propose and discuss possible evolutionary advantages of this, such as optimizing the limited stomach capacity for ingestion of essential nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulius Viskaitis
- ETH Zürich, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Schorenstrasse, Schwerzenbach 8603, Switzerland
| | - Myrtha Arnold
- ETH Zürich, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Schorenstrasse, Schwerzenbach 8603, Switzerland
| | - Celia Garau
- University of Leicester, Department of Neuroscience, Psychology & Behaviour, University Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Lise T Jensen
- Aarhus University, Department of Clinical Medicine - Department of Clinical Immunology, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard, Aarhus 8200, Denmark
| | - Lars Fugger
- Aarhus University, Department of Clinical Medicine - Department of Clinical Immunology, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard, Aarhus 8200, Denmark; University of Oxford, Oxford Centre for Neuroinflammation, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Clinical Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Daria Peleg-Raibstein
- ETH Zürich, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Schorenstrasse, Schwerzenbach 8603, Switzerland
| | - Denis Burdakov
- ETH Zürich, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Schorenstrasse, Schwerzenbach 8603, Switzerland.
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15
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Protective and Healing Effects of Ghrelin and Risk of Cancer in the Digestive System. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910571. [PMID: 34638910 PMCID: PMC8509076 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin is an endogenous ligand for the ghrelin receptor, previously known as the growth hormone secretagogue receptor. This hormone is mainly produced by endocrine cells present in the gastric mucosa. The ghrelin-producing cells are also present in other organs of the body, mainly in the digestive system, but in much smaller amount. Ghrelin exhibits a broad spectrum of physiological effects, such as stimulation of growth hormone secretion, gastric secretion, gastrointestinal motility, and food intake, as well as regulation of glucose homeostasis and bone formation, and inhibition of inflammatory processes. This review summarizes the recent findings concerning animal and human data showing protective and therapeutic effects of ghrelin in the gut, and also presents the role of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 in these effects. In addition, the current data on the possible influence of ghrelin on the carcinogenesis, its importance in predicting the risk of developing gastrointestinal malignances, as well as the potential usefulness of ghrelin in the treatment of cancer, have been presented.
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16
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Al-Zaid FS, Alhader AFA, Al-Ayadhi LY. A potential role for the adrenal gland in autism. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17743. [PMID: 34493761 PMCID: PMC8423764 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97266-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgens have been implicated in autism pathophysiology as recently, prenatal exposure to elevated androgens has been proposed as risk factor. However, published data on postnatal sex hormone levels in autistic children are controversial and the source of prenatal androgen exposure in autism remains unknown. Therefore, this study investigated postnatal sex hormone levels and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) to shed light on a potential role for the adrenal gland in autism pathophysiology. A case-control study investigating estradiol (E2), DHEA, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels was conducted with 31 Saudi males with autism and 28 healthy, age-matched boys plasma. Moreover, correlation analysis with measured hormones and previously measured total testosterone (TT) and free testosterone (FT) in the same group of autism was conducted. DHEA was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the autism group compared to controls. DHEA positively correlated with previously measured TT (r = + 0.79, p < 0.001) and FT (r = + 0.72, p < 0.001) levels in the same autism group. FSH levels were also significantly higher in the autism group than in the control group (p < 0.01). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report a strong positive correlation between TT, FT and DHEA, suggesting an adrenal source for elevated androgen levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felwah S Al-Zaid
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, P O Box 2925, Riyadh, 11461, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
- Autism Research and Treatment Center, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdel Fattah A Alhader
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, P O Box 2925, Riyadh, 11461, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Autism Research and Treatment Center, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Laila Y Al-Ayadhi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, P O Box 2925, Riyadh, 11461, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Autism Research and Treatment Center, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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17
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Micioni Di Bonaventura E, Botticelli L, Del Bello F, Giorgioni G, Piergentili A, Quaglia W, Cifani C, Micioni Di Bonaventura MV. Assessing the role of ghrelin and the enzyme ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT) system in food reward, food motivation, and binge eating behavior. Pharmacol Res 2021; 172:105847. [PMID: 34438062 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The peripheral peptide hormone ghrelin is a powerful stimulator of food intake, which leads to body weight gain and adiposity in both rodents and humans. The hormone, thus, increases the vulnerability to obesity and binge eating behavior. Several studies have revealed that ghrelin's functions are due to its interaction with the growth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1a (GHSR1a) in the hypothalamic area; besides, ghrelin also promotes the reinforcing properties of hedonic food, acting at extra-hypothalamic sites and interacting with dopaminergic, cannabinoid, opioid, and orexin signaling. The hormone is primarily present in two forms in the plasma and the enzyme ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT) allows the acylation reaction which causes the transformation of des-acyl-ghrelin (DAG) to the active form acyl-ghrelin (AG). DAG has been demonstrated to show antagonist properties; it is metabolically active, and counteracts the effects of AG on glucose metabolism and lipolysis, and reduces food consumption, body weight, and hedonic feeding response. Both peptides seem to influence the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the corticosterone/cortisol level that drive the urge to eat under stressful conditions. These findings suggest that DAG and inhibition of GOAT may be targets for obesity and bingeing-related eating disorders and that AG/DAG ratio may be an important potential biomarker to assess the risk of developing maladaptive eating behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luca Botticelli
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, via Madonna delle Carceri, 9, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Fabio Del Bello
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, via S. Agostino, 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Gianfabio Giorgioni
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, via S. Agostino, 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Piergentili
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, via S. Agostino, 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Wilma Quaglia
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, via S. Agostino, 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Carlo Cifani
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, via Madonna delle Carceri, 9, 62032 Camerino, Italy.
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18
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Chudtong M, Gaetano AD. A mathematical model of food intake. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2021; 18:1238-1279. [PMID: 33757185 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2021067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic, hormonal and psychological determinants of the feeding behavior in humans are numerous and complex. A plausible model of the initiation, continuation and cessation of meals taking into account the most relevant such determinants would be very useful in simulating food intake over hours to days, thus providing input into existing models of nutrient absorption and metabolism. In the present work, a meal model is proposed, incorporating stomach distension, glycemic variations, ghrelin dynamics, cultural habits and influences on the initiation and continuation of meals, reflecting a combination of hedonic and appetite components. Given a set of parameter values (portraying a single subject), the timing and size of meals are stochastic. The model parameters are calibrated so as to reflect established medical knowledge on data of food intake from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database during years 2015 and 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mantana Chudtong
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Mathematics, the Commission on Higher Education, Si Ayutthaya Rd., Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Andrea De Gaetano
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Ricerca e l'Innovazione Biomedica (CNR-IRIB), Palermo, Italy
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Analisi dei Sistemi ed Informatica "A. Ruberti" (CNR-IASI), Rome, Italy
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19
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Lu K, Chen X, Deng X, Long J, Yan J. Potential Role of Hypothalamic and Plasma Ghrelin in the Feeding Behavior of Obese Type 2 Diabetic Rats with Intraventricular Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist Intervention. Obes Facts 2021; 14:10-20. [PMID: 33341811 PMCID: PMC7983563 DOI: 10.1159/000509956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship of central and peripheral ghrelin during an exendin-4 (Ex-4) intervention to feeding in obese type 2 diabetic rodents. METHODS Animal models of diet-induced obesity (DIO) and type 2 diabetes were developed using male Sprague-Dawley rats fed with a high-fat diet and induced into DIO-streptozotocin diabetic rats. Ex-4 or the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist exendin fragment-[9-39] (Ex-9) was intracerebroventricularly (ICV) administered. Multivariate linear regression analysis was performed to investigate potential predictors of food intake after Ex-4 administration. RESULTS ICV administration of Ex-4 significantly inhibited feeding and decreased weight, plasma active ghrelin, hypothalamic ghrelin, and gastric ghrelin levels. The changes in hypothalamic ghrelin and plasma ghrelin could predict the amount of 8-h average food intake. Central preadministration of Ex-9 followed by treatment with Ex-4 could inhibit the decrease in feeding at 0.5, 2, and 8 h. It could also inhibit the decrease in hypothalamic ghrelin at 0.5, 2, and 8 h, as well as in plasma and gastric ghrelin at 2 and 8 h. CONCLUSIONS In a GLP-1 receptor-dependent manner, central and peripheral ghrelin play a vital role in the inhibition of feeding by Ex-4 administration. Hypothalamic ghrelin, but not plasma ghrelin, may be involved in central Ex-4 inhibition of feeding in the very early feeding period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Xiaoyan Chen, Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiangxi Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120 (China),
| | - Xuelian Deng
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Long
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Yan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- **Jianhua Yan, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, 279 Zhouzhu Road, Shanghai 201318 (China),
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20
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Cornejo MP, Mustafá ER, Barrile F, Cassano D, De Francesco PN, Raingo J, Perello M. THE INTRIGUING LIGAND-DEPENDENT AND LIGAND-INDEPENDENT ACTIONS OF THE GROWTH HORMONE SECRETAGOGUE RECEPTOR ON REWARD-RELATED BEHAVIORS. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 120:401-416. [PMID: 33157147 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) is a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) highly expressed in the brain, and also in some peripheral tissues. GHSR activity is evoked by the stomach-derived peptide hormone ghrelin and abrogated by the intestine-derived liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP2). In vitro, GHSR displays ligand-independent actions, including a high constitutive activity and an allosteric modulation of other GPCRs. Beyond its neuroendocrine and metabolic effects, cumulative evidence shows that GHSR regulates the activity of the mesocorticolimbic pathway and modulates complex reward-related behaviors towards different stimuli. Here, we review current evidence indicating that ligand-dependent and ligand-independent actions of GHSR enhance reward-related behaviors towards appetitive stimuli and drugs of abuse. We discuss putative neuronal networks and molecular mechanisms that GHSR would engage to modulate such reward-related behaviors. Finally, we briefly discuss imaging studies showing that ghrelin would also regulate reward processing in humans. Overall, we conclude that GHSR is a key regulator of the mesocorticolimbic pathway that influences its activity and, consequently, modulates reward-related behaviors via ligand-dependent and ligand-independent actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- María P Cornejo
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA). National University of La Plata], 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Emilio R Mustafá
- Laboratory of Electrophysiology of the IMBICE, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Franco Barrile
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA). National University of La Plata], 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniela Cassano
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA). National University of La Plata], 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo N De Francesco
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA). National University of La Plata], 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jesica Raingo
- Laboratory of Electrophysiology of the IMBICE, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mario Perello
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of the Multidisciplinary Institute of Cell Biology [IMBICE, Argentine Research Council (CONICET) and Scientific Research Commission, Province of Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA). National University of La Plata], 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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21
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Lee J, Raycraft L, Johnson AW. The dynamic regulation of appetitive behavior through lateral hypothalamic orexin and melanin concentrating hormone expressing cells. Physiol Behav 2020; 229:113234. [PMID: 33130035 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) is a heterogeneous brain structure extensively studied for its potent role in regulating energy balance. The anatomical and molecular diversity of the LHA permits the orchestration of responses to energy sensing cues from the brain and periphery. Two of the primary cell populations within the LHA associated with integration of this information are Orexin (ORX) and Melanin Concentrating Hormone (MCH). While both of these non-overlapping populations exhibit orexigenic properties, the activities of these two systems support feeding behavior through contrasting mechanisms. We describe the anatomical and functional properties as well as interaction with other neuropeptides and brain reward and hedonic systems. Specific outputs relating to arousal, food seeking, feeding, and metabolism are coordinated through these mechanisms. We then discuss how both the ORX and MCH systems harmonize in a divergent yet overall cooperative manner to orchestrate feeding behavior through transitions between various appetitive states, and thus offer novel insights into LHA allostatic control of appetite.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alexander W Johnson
- Department of Psychology; Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing.
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22
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Ruddick-Collins LC, Morgan PJ, Johnstone AM. Mealtime: A circadian disruptor and determinant of energy balance? J Neuroendocrinol 2020; 32:e12886. [PMID: 32662577 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms play a critical role in the physiological processes involved in energy metabolism and energy balance (EB). A large array of metabolic processes, including the expression of many energy-regulating endocrine hormones, display temporal rhythms that are driven by both the circadian clock and food intake. Mealtime has been shown to be a compelling zeitgeber in peripheral tissue rhythms. Inconsistent signalling to the periphery, because of mismatched input from the central clock vs time of eating, results in circadian disruption in which central and/or peripheral rhythms are asynchronously time shifted or their amplitudes reduced. A growing body of evidence supports the negative health effects of circadian disruption, with strong evidence in murine models that mealtime-induced circadian disruption results in various metabolic consequences, including energy imbalance and weight gain. Increased weight gain has been reported to occur even without differences in energy intake, indicating an effect of circadian disruption on energy expenditure. However, the translation of these findings to humans is not well established because the ability to undertake rigorously controlled dietary studies that explore the chronic effects on energy regulation is challenging. Establishing the neuroendocrine changes in response to both acute and chronic variations in mealtime, along with observations in populations with routinely abnormal mealtimes, may provide greater insight into underlying mechanisms that influence long-term weight management under different meal patterns. Human studies should explore mechanisms through relevant biomarkers; for example, cortisol, leptin, ghrelin and other energy-regulating neuroendocrine factors. Mistiming between aggregate hormonal signals, or between hormones with their receptors, may cause reduced signalling intensity and hormonal resistance. Understanding how mealtimes may impact on the coordination of endocrine factors is essential for untangling the complex regulation of EB. Here a review is provided on current evidence of the impacts of mealtime on energy metabolism and the underlying neuroendocrine mechanisms, with a specific focus on human research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter J Morgan
- The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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23
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Kumar U, Singh S. Role of Somatostatin in the Regulation of Central and Peripheral Factors of Satiety and Obesity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072568. [PMID: 32272767 PMCID: PMC7177963 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is one of the major social and health problems globally and often associated with various other pathological conditions. In addition to unregulated eating behaviour, circulating peptide-mediated hormonal secretion and signaling pathways play a critical role in food intake induced obesity. Amongst the many peptides involved in the regulation of food-seeking behaviour, somatostatin (SST) is the one which plays a determinant role in the complex process of appetite. SST is involved in the regulation of release and secretion of other peptides, neuronal integrity, and hormonal regulation. Based on past and recent studies, SST might serve as a bridge between central and peripheral tissues with a significant impact on obesity-associated with food intake behaviour and energy expenditure. Here, we present a comprehensive review describing the role of SST in the modulation of multiple central and peripheral signaling molecules. In addition, we highlight recent progress and contribution of SST and its receptors in food-seeking behaviour, obesity (orexigenic), and satiety (anorexigenic) associated pathways and mechanism.
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24
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Natalicchio A, Marrano N, Biondi G, Dipaola L, Spagnuolo R, Cignarelli A, Perrini S, Laviola L, Giorgino F. Irisin increases the expression of anorexigenic and neurotrophic genes in mouse brain. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2020; 36:e3238. [PMID: 31742872 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Irisin, a newly discovered muscle-derived hormone, acts in different organs and tissues, improving energy homeostasis. In this study, we assessed, for the first time, the effects of intraperitoneal irisin injections on circulating levels of leptin and ghrelin, mRNA expression of the major hypothalamic appetite regulators and brain neurotrophic factors, as well as feeding behaviour in healthy mice. METHODS Twelve male 6-week-old C57BL/6 mice were randomized into two groups and intraperitoneally injected daily with irisin (0.5 μg/g body weight) or vehicle (phosphate-buffered saline [PBS]) for 14 days. On the last day of observation, leptin and ghrelin levels were measured with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). mRNA levels of genes of interest were analysed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in brain extracts. RESULTS Irisin administration did not change leptin or ghrelin serum concentrations. However, irisin injection increased CART, POMC, NPY, and BDNF mRNA levels, without affecting the mRNA expression of AgRP, orexin, PMCH, and UCP2. Finally, over the time frame of irisin treatment, body weight and feeding behaviour were unaltered. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that intraperitoneal injection of irisin, although without effects on feeding behaviour and body weight, can increase the expression of anorexigenic and neurotrophic genes in mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Natalicchio
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Marrano
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Biondi
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Lucia Dipaola
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Rosaria Spagnuolo
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Angelo Cignarelli
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Sebastio Perrini
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Luigi Laviola
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Giorgino
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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25
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Leidmaa E, Gazea M, Patchev AV, Pissioti A, Christian Gassen N, Kimura M, Liposits Z, Kallo I, Almeida OFX. Blunted leptin sensitivity during hedonic overeating can be reinstated by activating galanin 2 receptors (Gal2R) in the lateral hypothalamus. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2020; 228:e13345. [PMID: 31310704 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM Since foods with high hedonic value are often consumed in excess of energetic needs, this study was designed to identify the mechanisms that may counter anorexigenic signalling in the presence of hedonic foods in lean animals. METHODS Mice, in different states of satiety (fed/fasted, or fed/fasted and treated with ghrelin or leptin, respectively), were allowed to choose between high-fat/high-sucrose and standard foods. Intake of each food type and the activity of hypothalamic neuropetidergic neurons that regulate appetite were monitored. In some cases, food choice was monitored in leptin-injected fasted mice that received microinjections of galanin receptor agonists into the lateral hypothalamus. RESULTS Appetite-stimulating orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus are rapidly activated when lean, satiated mice consume a highly palatable food (PF); such activation (upregulated c-Fos expression) occurred even after administration of the anorexigenic hormone leptin and despite intact leptin signalling in the hypothalamus. The ability of leptin to restrain PF eating is restored when a galanin receptor 2 (Gal2R) agonist is injected into the lateral hypothalamus. CONCLUSION Hedonically-loaded foods interrupt the inhibitory actions of leptin on orexin neurons and interfere with the homeostatic control of feeding. Overeating of palatable foods can be curtailed in lean animals by activating Gal2R in the lateral hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Este Leidmaa
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry Munich Germany
- Graduate School of Systems Neuroscience Munich University Planegg‐Martinsried Germany
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry Bonn Germany
| | - Mary Gazea
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry Munich Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Zsolt Liposits
- Institute of Experimental Medicine Hungarian Academy of Sciences Budapest Hungary
| | - Imre Kallo
- Institute of Experimental Medicine Hungarian Academy of Sciences Budapest Hungary
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Liu L, Wang Q, Liu A, Lan X, Huang Y, Zhao Z, Jie H, Chen J, Zhao Y. Physiological Implications of Orexins/Hypocretins on Energy Metabolism and Adipose Tissue Development. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:547-555. [PMID: 31956801 PMCID: PMC6964296 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Orexins/hypocretins and their receptors (OXRs) are ubiquitously distributed throughout the nervous system and peripheral tissues. Recently, various reports have indicated that orexins play regulatory roles in numerous physiological processes involved in obesity, energy homeostasis, sleep-wake cycle, analgesia, alcoholism, learning, and memory. This review aims to outline recent progress in the research and development of orexins used in biochemical signaling pathways, secretion pathways, and the regulation of energy metabolism/adipose tissue development. Orexins regulate a variety of physiological functions in the body by activating phospholipase C/protein kinase C and AC/cAMP/PKA pathways, through receptors coupled to Gq and Gi/Gs, respectively. The secretion of orexins is modulated by blood glucose, blood lipids, hormones, and neuropeptides. Orexins have critical functions in energy metabolism, regulating both feeding behavior and energy expenditure. Increasing the sensitivity of orexin-coupled hypothalamic neurons concurrently enhances spontaneous physical activity, non-exercise activity thermogenesis, white adipose tissue lipolysis, and brown adipose tissue thermogenesis. With this comprehensive review of the current literature on the subject, we hope to provide an integrated perspective for the prevention/treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingbin Liu
- College of Animal
Science and Technology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage & Herbivore,
Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Herbivores Resource Protection
and Utilization, Southwest University, Beibei, 400715 Chongqing, P. R. China
- E-mail: (L.L.)
| | - Qigui Wang
- ChongQing Academy
of Animal Sciences, Rongchang, 402460 Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Anfang Liu
- College of Animal Science, Southwest University, Rongchang Campus, Rongchang, 402460 Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Xi Lan
- College of Animal
Science and Technology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage & Herbivore,
Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Herbivores Resource Protection
and Utilization, Southwest University, Beibei, 400715 Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Yongfu Huang
- College of Animal
Science and Technology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage & Herbivore,
Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Herbivores Resource Protection
and Utilization, Southwest University, Beibei, 400715 Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Zhongquan Zhao
- College of Animal
Science and Technology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage & Herbivore,
Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Herbivores Resource Protection
and Utilization, Southwest University, Beibei, 400715 Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Hang Jie
- Chongqing Institute of Medicinal Plant
Cultivation, Nanchuan, 408435 Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Juncai Chen
- College of Animal
Science and Technology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage & Herbivore,
Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Herbivores Resource Protection
and Utilization, Southwest University, Beibei, 400715 Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Yongju Zhao
- College of Animal
Science and Technology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage & Herbivore,
Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Herbivores Resource Protection
and Utilization, Southwest University, Beibei, 400715 Chongqing, P. R. China
- E-mail: (Y.Z.)
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Cavalcante DP, Turones LC, Camargo-Silva G, Santana JS, Colugnati DB, Pansani AP, Xavier CH, Henschel Pobbe RL. Role of dorsal raphe nucleus GHS-R1a receptors in the regulation of inhibitory avoidance and escape behaviors in rats. Behav Brain Res 2019; 365:178-184. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
Cancer is a systemic disease. In order to fully understand it, we must take a holistic view on how cancer interacts with its host. The brain monitors and responds to natural and aberrant signals arriving from the periphery, particularly those of metabolic or immune origin. As has been well described, a hallmark of cancer is marked disruption of metabolic and inflammatory processes. Depending on the salience and timing of these inputs, the brain responds via neural and humoral routes to alter whole-body physiology. These responses have consequences for tumor growth and metastasis, directly influencing patient quality of life and subsequent mortality. Additionally, environmental inputs such as light, diet, and stress, can promote inappropriate neural activity that benefits cancer. Here, I discuss evidence for brain-tumor interactions, with special emphasis on subcortical neuromodulator neural populations, and potential ways of harnessing this cross-talk as a novel approach for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy C Borniger
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, P154 MSLS Building, 1201 Welch Rd., Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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29
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Stempniewicz A, Ceranowicz P, Warzecha Z. Potential Therapeutic Effects of Gut Hormones, Ghrelin and Obestatin in Oral Mucositis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071534. [PMID: 30934722 PMCID: PMC6479885 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy and/or head and neck radiotherapy are frequently associated with oral mucositis. Oral pain, odynophagia and dysphagia, opioid use, weight loss, dehydration, systemic infection, hospitalization and introduction of a feeding tube should be mentioned as the main determinated effect of oral mucositis. Oral mucositis leads to a decreased quality of life and an increase in treatment costs. Moreover, oral mucositis is a life-threatening disease. In addition to its own direct life-threatening consequences, it can also lead to a reduced survival due to the discontinuation or dose reduction of anti-neoplasm therapy. There are numerous strategies for the prevention or treatment of oral mucositis; however, their effectiveness is limited and does not correspond to expectations. This review is focused on the ghrelin and obestatin as potentially useful candidates for the prevention and treatment of chemo- or/and radiotherapy-induced oral mucositis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Stempniewicz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Grzegórzecka 16 St., 31-531 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Piotr Ceranowicz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Grzegórzecka 16 St., 31-531 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Zygmunt Warzecha
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Grzegórzecka 16 St., 31-531 Krakow, Poland.
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Kirsch M. On the Abilities of Unconscious Freudian Motivational Drives to Evoke Conscious Emotions. Front Psychol 2019; 10:470. [PMID: 30899234 PMCID: PMC6416170 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human beings use conscious emotions to direct their behaviors. There is some agreement in the scientific community that unconscious motivations are able to evoke conscious emotions. This manuscript focuses on Freudian motivational drives as inductors for unconscious motivation, and also on Panksepp's framework of affective neuroscience for describing the generation of emotions. Recently, it has been suggested that imperative motor factors of Freudian drives (i.e., the hormones ghrelin, testosterone, angiotensin II and adenosine) have the ability to activate both a drive-specific brain area and brain areas of the SEEKING command system. In fact, this manuscript contends that all imperative motor factors have typical SEEKING targets (i.e., so-called receptors) in the brain areas of both nucleus accumbens and lateral hypothalamus. In addition, all imperative motor factors are able to target the central amygdala directly, a brain area classified by Panksepp as the instinctual part of the FEAR command system. Another point of interest may be the evaluation that imperative motor factors of the sexual drive, hunger and thirst can directly activate the RAGE command system by targeting the medial amygdala. Surprisingly, all imperative motor factors are able to modulate Panksepp's granddaddy mechanism, i.e., to stimulate all seven command systems via the lateral hypothalamus. Orexinergic neurons exclusively located in the lateral hypothalamus have targets for imperative motor factors and project axons to characteristic brain areas of all seven command systems. From the fact that the imperative motor factors of the sexual drive and hunger act in an excitatory manner on orexinergic neurons whereas those of thirst and sleep inhibit such neurons, temporary termination of hunger by thirst may be understood as a very simple example of a co-regulation of Freudian drives. The author wishes to note that there are motivational drives other than the ones described by Freud. Bowlby was obviously the first in describing such drives, and Bowlbyian drive activities cannot be explained with the intermediacy of imperative motor factors. Nevertheless, the ignorance of the magnificent importance of imperative motor factors must be discarded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kirsch
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Essen University Hospital, Essen, Germany
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31
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Kitazawa T, Kaiya H. Regulation of Gastrointestinal Motility by Motilin and Ghrelin in Vertebrates. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:278. [PMID: 31156548 PMCID: PMC6533539 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The energy balance of vertebrates is regulated by the difference in energy input and energy expenditure. Generally, most vertebrates obtain their energy from nutrients of foods through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Therefore, food intake and following food digestion, including motility of the GI tract, secretion and absorption, are crucial physiological events for energy homeostasis. GI motility changes depending on feeding, and GI motility is divided into fasting (interdigestive) and postprandial (digestive) contraction patterns. GI motility is controlled by contractility of smooth muscles of the GI tract, extrinsic and intrinsic neurons (motor and sensory) and some hormones. In mammals, ghrelin (GHRL) and motilin (MLN) stimulate appetite and GI motility and contribute to the regulation of energy homeostasis. GHRL and MLN are produced in the mucosal layer of the stomach and upper small intestine, respectively. GHRL is a multifunctional peptide and is involved in glucose metabolism, endocrine/exocrine functions and cardiovascular and reproductive functions, in addition to feeding and GI motility in mammals. On the other hand, the action of MLN is restricted and species such as rodentia, including mice and rats, lack MLN peptide and its receptor. From a phylogenetic point of view, GHRL and its receptor GHS-R1a have been identified in various vertebrates, and their structural features and various physiological functions have been revealed. On the other hand, MLN or MLN-like peptide (MLN-LP) and its receptors have been found only in some fish, birds and mammals. Here, we review the actions of GHRL and MLN with a focus on contractility of the GI tract of species from fish to mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takio Kitazawa
- Comparative Animal Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Science, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan
- *Correspondence: Takio Kitazawa
| | - Hiroyuki Kaiya
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Japan
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Alpár A, Harkany T. Novel insights into the spatial and temporal complexity of hypothalamic organization through precision methods allowing nanoscale resolution. J Intern Med 2018; 284:568-580. [PMID: 30027599 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian hypothalamus contains an astounding heterogeneity of neurons to achieve its role in coordinating central responses to virtually any environmental stressor over the life-span of an individual. Therefore, while core features of intrahypothalamic neuronal modalities and wiring patterns are stable during vertebrate evolution, integration of the hypothalamus into hierarchical brain-wide networks evolved to coordinate its output with emotionality, cognition and conscious decision-making. The advent of single-cell technologies represents a recent milestone in the study of hypothalamic organization by allowing the dissection of cellular heterogeneity and establishing causality between opto- and chemogenetic activity modulation of molecularly-resolved neuronal contingents and specific behaviours. Thus, organizational rules to accumulate an unprecedented variety of hierarchical neuroendocrine command networks into a minimal brain volume are being unravelled. Here, we review recent understanding at nanoscale resolution on how neuronal heterogeneity in the mammalian hypothalamus underpins the diversification of hormonal and synaptic output and keeps those sufficiently labile for continuous adaptation to meet environmental demands. Particular emphasis is directed towards the dissection of neuronal circuitry for aggression and food intake. Mechanistic data encompass cell identities, synaptic connectivity within and outside the hypothalamus to link vegetative and conscious levels of innate behaviours, and context- and circadian rhythm-dependent rules of synaptic neurophysiology to distinguish hypothalamic foci that either tune the body's metabolic set-point or specify behaviours. Consequently, novel insights emerge to explain the evolutionary advantages of non-laminar organization for neuroendocrine circuits coincidently using fast neurotransmitters and neuropeptides. These are then accrued into novel therapeutic principles that meet therapeutic criteria for human metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Alpár
- SE NAP Research Group of Experimental Neuroanatomy and Developmental Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - T Harkany
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
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33
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Berrendero F, Flores Á, Robledo P. When orexins meet cannabinoids: Bidirectional functional interactions. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 157:43-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Ghrelin, a gastrointestinal hormone, regulates energy balance and lipid metabolism. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20181061. [PMID: 30177523 PMCID: PMC6153372 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20181061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin, an acylated peptide hormone of 28 amino acids, is an endogenous ligand of the released growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR). Ghrelin has been isolated from human and rat stomach and is also detected in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus. Ghrelin receptor is primarily located in the neuropeptide Y and agouti-related protein neurons. Many previous studies have shown that ghrelin and GHSR are involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis, and its administration can increase food intake and body weight gain. AMP-activated protein kinase is activated by ghrelin in the hypothalamus, which contributes to lower intracellular long-chain fatty acid level. Ghrelin appears to modulate the response to food cues via a neural network involved in the regulation of feeding and in the appetitive response to food cues. It also increases the response of brain areas involved in visual processing, attention, and memory to food pictures. Ghrelin is also an important factor linking the central nervous system with peripheral tissues that regulate lipid metabolism. It promotes adiposity by the activation of hypothalamic orexigenic neurons and stimulates the expression of fat storage-related proteins in adipocytes. Meanwhile, ghrelin exerts direct peripheral effects on lipid metabolism, including increase in white adipose tissue mass, stimulation of lipogenesis in the liver, and taste sensitivity modulation.
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35
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Borniger JC, Walker Ii WH, Surbhi, Emmer KM, Zhang N, Zalenski AA, Muscarella SL, Fitzgerald JA, Smith AN, Braam CJ, TinKai T, Magalang UJ, Lustberg MB, Nelson RJ, DeVries AC. A Role for Hypocretin/Orexin in Metabolic and Sleep Abnormalities in a Mouse Model of Non-metastatic Breast Cancer. Cell Metab 2018; 28:118-129.e5. [PMID: 29805100 PMCID: PMC6031468 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigated relationships among immune, metabolic, and sleep abnormalities in mice with non-metastatic mammary cancer. Tumor-bearing mice displayed interleukin-6 (IL-6)-mediated peripheral inflammation, coincident with altered hepatic glucose processing and sleep. Tumor-bearing mice were hyperphagic, had reduced serum leptin concentrations, and enhanced sensitivity to exogenous ghrelin. We tested whether these phenotypes were driven by inflammation using neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against IL-6; despite the reduction in IL-6 signaling, metabolic and sleep abnormalities persisted. We next investigated neural populations coupling metabolism and sleep, and observed altered activity within lateral-hypothalamic hypocretin/orexin (HO) neurons. We used a dual HO-receptor antagonist to test whether increased HO signaling was causing metabolic abnormalities. This approach rescued metabolic abnormalities and enhanced sleep quality in tumor-bearing mice. Peripheral sympathetic denervation prevented tumor-induced increases in serum glucose. Our results link metabolic and sleep abnormalities via the HO system, and provide evidence that central neuromodulators contribute to tumor-induced changes in metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy C Borniger
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Neuroscience Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Behavioral Neuroendocrinology Group, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - William H Walker Ii
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Neuroscience Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Behavioral Neuroendocrinology Group, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Surbhi
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Neuroscience Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Behavioral Neuroendocrinology Group, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Kathryn M Emmer
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Neuroscience Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Behavioral Neuroendocrinology Group, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Veterinary Preventative Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Neuroscience Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Behavioral Neuroendocrinology Group, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Abigail A Zalenski
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Neuroscience Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Behavioral Neuroendocrinology Group, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Stevie L Muscarella
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Neuroscience Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Behavioral Neuroendocrinology Group, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Julie A Fitzgerald
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Neuroscience Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Behavioral Neuroendocrinology Group, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Alexandra N Smith
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Neuroscience Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Behavioral Neuroendocrinology Group, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Cornelius J Braam
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Neuroscience Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Behavioral Neuroendocrinology Group, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Tial TinKai
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Neuroscience Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Behavioral Neuroendocrinology Group, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ulysses J Magalang
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Neuroscience Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Maryam B Lustberg
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Randy J Nelson
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Neuroscience Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Behavioral Neuroendocrinology Group, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - A Courtney DeVries
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Neuroscience Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Behavioral Neuroendocrinology Group, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Tyree SM, Borniger JC, de Lecea L. Hypocretin as a Hub for Arousal and Motivation. Front Neurol 2018; 9:413. [PMID: 29928253 PMCID: PMC5997825 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The lateral hypothalamus is comprised of a heterogeneous mix of neurons that serve to integrate and regulate sleep, feeding, stress, energy balance, reward, and motivated behavior. Within these populations, the hypocretin/orexin neurons are among the most well studied. Here, we provide an overview on how these neurons act as a central hub integrating sensory and physiological information to tune arousal and motivated behavior accordingly. We give special attention to their role in sleep-wake states and conditions of hyper-arousal, as is the case with stress-induced anxiety. We further discuss their roles in feeding, drug-seeking, and sexual behavior, which are all dependent on the motivational state of the animal. We further emphasize the application of powerful techniques, such as optogenetics, chemogenetics, and fiber photometry, to delineate the role these neurons play in lateral hypothalamic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Tyree
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Jeremy C Borniger
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Luis de Lecea
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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37
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Tsuneki H, Wada T, Sasaoka T. Chronopathophysiological implications of orexin in sleep disturbances and lifestyle-related disorders. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 186:25-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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38
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Teegala SB, Sheng Z, Dalal MS, Hirschberg PR, Beck KD, Routh VH. Lateral hypothalamic orexin glucose-inhibited neurons may regulate reward-based feeding by modulating glutamate transmission in the ventral tegmental area. Brain Res 2018; 1731:145808. [PMID: 29787770 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Glucose inhibits ∼60% of lateral hypothalamic (LH) orexin neurons. Fasting increases the activation of LH orexin glucose-inhibited (GI) neurons in low glucose. Increases in spontaneous glutamate excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs) onto putative VTA DA neurons in low glucose are orexin dependent (Sheng et al., 2014). VTA DA neurons modulate reward-based feeding. We tested the hypothesis that increased activation of LH orexin-GI neurons in low glucose increases glutamate signaling onto VTA DA neurons and contributes to reward-based feeding in food restricted animals. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) currents on putative VTA DA neurons were measured using whole cell voltage clamp recording in horizontal brain slices containing the LH and VTA. Decreased glucose increased the NMDA receptor current for at least one hour after returning glucose to basal levels (P < 0.05; N = 8). The increased current was blocked by an orexin 1 receptor antagonist (P < 0.05; N = 5). Low glucose caused a similar persistent enhancement of AMPA receptor currents (P < 0.05; N = 7). An overnight fast increased the AMPA/NMDA receptor current ratio, an in vivo index of glutamate plasticity, on putative VTA DA neurons. Conditioned place preference (CPP) for palatable food was measured during LH dialysis with glucose. CPP score was negatively correlated with increasing LH glucose (P < 0.05; N = 20). These data suggest that increased activation of LH orexin-GI neurons in low glucose after weight loss, leads to enhanced glutamate signaling on VTA DA neurons, increases the drive to eat rewarding food, and may contribute to weight regain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj B Teegala
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, United States
| | - Zhenyu Sheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, United States
| | - Miloni S Dalal
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, United States
| | - Pamela R Hirschberg
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, United States
| | - Kevin D Beck
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, United States; Neurobehavioral Research Laboratory, VA New Jersey Health Care System, East Orange, NJ 07018, United States
| | - Vanessa H Routh
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, United States.
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López-Ferreras L, Richard JE, Noble EE, Eerola K, Anderberg RH, Olandersson K, Taing L, Kanoski SE, Hayes MR, Skibicka KP. Lateral hypothalamic GLP-1 receptors are critical for the control of food reinforcement, ingestive behavior and body weight. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:1157-1168. [PMID: 28894301 PMCID: PMC5984105 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Increased motivation for highly rewarding food is a major contributing factor to obesity. Most of the literature focuses on the mesolimbic nuclei as the core of reward behavior regulation. However, the lateral hypothalamus (LH) is also a key reward-control locus in the brain. Here we hypothesize that manipulating glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) activity selectively in the LH can profoundly affect food reward behavior, ultimately leading to obesity. Progressive ratio operant responding for sucrose was examined in male and female rats, following GLP-1R activation and pharmacological or genetic GLP-1R blockade in the LH. Ingestive behavior and metabolic parameters, as well as molecular and efferent targets, of the LH GLP-1R activation were also evaluated. Food motivation was reduced by activation of LH GLP-1R. Conversely, acute pharmacological blockade of LH GLP-1R increased food motivation but only in male rats. GLP-1R activation also induced a robust reduction in food intake and body weight. Chronic knockdown of LH GLP-1R induced by intraparenchymal delivery of an adeno-associated virus-short hairpin RNA construct was sufficient to markedly and persistently elevate ingestive behavior and body weight and ultimately resulted in a doubling of fat mass in males and females. Interestingly, increased food reinforcement was again found only in males. Our data identify the LH GLP-1R as an indispensable element of normal food reinforcement, food intake and body weight regulation. These findings also show, for we believe the first time, that brain GLP-1R manipulation can result in a robust and chronic body weight gain. The broader implications of these findings are that the LH differs between females and males in its ability to control motivated and ingestive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- L López-Ferreras
- Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - J E Richard
- Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - E E Noble
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - K Eerola
- Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - R H Anderberg
- Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - K Olandersson
- Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - L Taing
- Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - S E Kanoski
- Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - M R Hayes
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - K P Skibicka
- Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Gothenburg, Sweden,Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 11, PO Box 434, Gothenburg SE-405 30, Sweden. E-mail:
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So M, Hashimoto H, Saito R, Yamamoto Y, Motojima Y, Ueno H, Sonoda S, Yoshimura M, Maruyama T, Kusuhara K, Ueta Y. Inhibition of ghrelin-induced feeding in rats by pretreatment with a novel dual orexin receptor antagonist. J Physiol Sci 2018; 68:129-136. [PMID: 28054308 PMCID: PMC6394659 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-016-0517-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Orexin-A and -B, and ghrelin are potent orexigenic peptides. The effects of ACT462206, a novel dual orexin receptor antagonist (DORA), on ghrelin-induced feeding were examined in adult male Wistar rats. Hyperphagia induced by the intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of ghrelin was significantly suppressed for at least 2 h by pretreatment with icv administration of DORA. A marked increase was observed in the number of neurons showing Fos immunoreactivity in the paraventricular nucleus, arcuate nucleus and lateral hypothalamic area (LHA), 90 min after icv administration of ghrelin. Pretreatment with DORA significantly decreased the number of Fos-immunoreactive (IR) neurons; however, Fos immunoreactivity remained significantly increased. Double-immunostaining for Fos and orexin-A showed that many orexin-A-IR neurons in the LHA coexisted with Fos immunoreactivity after icv administration of ghrelin, but their number was reduced significantly by DORA pretreatment. These results suggest that centrally administered ghrelin may activate the orexinergic and non-orexinergic pathways responsible for the regulation of feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko So
- Department of Health and Nutritional Care, Faculty of Medical Science, University of East Asia, Shimonoseki, 751-0807, Japan
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Hashimoto
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Reiko Saito
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Yukiyo Yamamoto
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Motojima
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Ueno
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Satomi Sonoda
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Yoshimura
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Takashi Maruyama
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Koichi Kusuhara
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Yoichi Ueta
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan.
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Hsu TM, McCutcheon JE, Roitman MF. Parallels and Overlap: The Integration of Homeostatic Signals by Mesolimbic Dopamine Neurons. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:410. [PMID: 30233430 PMCID: PMC6129766 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Motivated behaviors are often initiated in response to perturbations of homeostasis. Indeed, animals and humans have fundamental drives to procure (appetitive behaviors) and eventually ingest (consummatory behaviors) substances based on deficits in body fluid (e.g., thirst) and energy balance (e.g., hunger). Consumption, in turn, reinforces motivated behavior and is therefore considered rewarding. Over the years, the constructs of homeostatic (within the purview of the hypothalamus) and reward (within the purview of mesolimbic circuitry) have been used to describe need-based vs. need-free consumption. However, many experiments have demonstrated that mesolimbic circuits and "higher-order" brain regions are also profoundly influenced by changes to physiological state, which in turn generate behaviors that are poised to maintain homeostasis. Mesolimbic pathways, particularly dopamine neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and their projections to nucleus accumbens (NAc), can be robustly modulated by a variety of energy balance signals, including post-ingestive feedback relaying nutrient content and hormonal signals reflecting hunger and satiety. Moreover, physiological states can also impact VTA-NAc responses to non-nutritive rewards, such as drugs of abuse. Coupled with recent evidence showing hypothalamic structures are modulated in anticipation of replenished need, classic boundaries between circuits that convey perturbations in homeostasis and those that drive motivated behavior are being questioned. In the current review, we examine data that have revealed the importance of mesolimbic dopamine neurons and their downstream pathways as a dynamic neurobiological mechanism that provides an interface between physiological state, perturbations to homeostasis, and reward-seeking behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ted M Hsu
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - James E McCutcheon
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behavior, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Mitchell F Roitman
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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Kalafateli AL, Vallöf D, Jörnulf JW, Heilig M, Jerlhag E. A cannabinoid receptor antagonist attenuates ghrelin-induced activation of the mesolimbic dopamine system in mice. Physiol Behav 2017; 184:211-219. [PMID: 29221808 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Ghrelin has been attributed various physiological processes including food intake and reward regulation, through activation of the mesolimbic dopamine system. Reward modulation involves the mesolimbic dopamine system, consisting of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons targeting nucleus accumbens (NAc), a system that ghrelin activates through VTA-dependent mechanisms. In the first study, we found that systemic intraperitoneal (ip) administration of rimonabant attenuated intracerebroventricular (icv) ghrelin's ability to cause locomotor stimulation and NAc dopamine release in mice. Ghrelin-induced (icv) chow intake was not altered by rimonabant administration (ip). Finally, we showed that bilateral VTA administration of rimonabant blocks the ability of intra-VTA administered ghrelin to increase locomotor activity, but does not affect food intake in mice. Collectively, these data indicate clear dissociation between regulation of food intake and activation of the mesolimbic dopamine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimilia Lydia Kalafateli
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Pharmacology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Daniel Vallöf
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Pharmacology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Julia Winsa Jörnulf
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Pharmacology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Markus Heilig
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Division of Neuro and Inflammation Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Elisabet Jerlhag
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Pharmacology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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43
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Goforth PB, Myers MG. Roles for Orexin/Hypocretin in the Control of Energy Balance and Metabolism. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2017; 33:137-156. [PMID: 27909992 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2016_51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The neuropeptide hypocretin is also commonly referred to as orexin, since its orexigenic action was recognized early. Orexin/hypocretin (OX) neurons project widely throughout the brain and the physiologic and behavioral functions of OX are much more complex than initially conceived based upon the stimulation of feeding. OX most notably controls functions relevant to attention, alertness, and motivation. OX also plays multiple crucial roles in the control of food intake, metabolism, and overall energy balance in mammals. OX signaling not only promotes food-seeking behavior upon short-term fasting to increase food intake and defend body weight, but, conversely, OX signaling also supports energy expenditure to protect against obesity. Furthermore, OX modulates the autonomic nervous system to control glucose metabolism, including during the response to hypoglycemia. Consistently, a variety of nutritional cues (including the hormones leptin and ghrelin) and metabolites (e.g., glucose, amino acids) control OX neurons. In this chapter, we review the control of OX neurons by nutritional/metabolic cues, along with our current understanding of the mechanisms by which OX and OX neurons contribute to the control of energy balance and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulette B Goforth
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, 1000 Wall St, 5131 Brehm Tower, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
| | - Martin G Myers
- Departments of Internal Medicine, and Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, 1000 Wall St, 6317 Brehm Tower, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA.
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Molecular mechanisms of appetite and obesity: a role for brain AMPK. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 130:1697-709. [PMID: 27555613 DOI: 10.1042/cs20160048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Feeding behaviour and energy storage are both crucial aspects of survival. Thus, it is of fundamental importance to understand the molecular mechanisms regulating these basic processes. The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has been revealed as one of the key molecules modulating energy homoeostasis. Indeed, AMPK appears to be essential for translating nutritional and energy requirements into generation of an adequate neuronal response, particularly in two areas of the brain, the hypothalamus and the hindbrain. Failure of this physiological response can lead to energy imbalance, ultimately with extreme consequences, such as leanness or obesity. Here, we will review the data that put brain AMPK in the spotlight as a regulator of appetite.
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The role of ghrelin-responsive mediobasal hypothalamic neurons in mediating feeding responses to fasting. Mol Metab 2017; 6:882-896. [PMID: 28752052 PMCID: PMC5518774 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Ghrelin is a stomach-derived hormone that affects food intake and regulates blood glucose. The best-characterized actions of ghrelin are mediated by its binding to and activation of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR; ghrelin receptor). Adequate examination of the identity, function, and relevance of specific subsets of GHSR-expressing neurons has been hampered by the absence of a suitable Cre recombinase (Cre)-expressing mouse line with which to manipulate gene expression in a targeted fashion within GHSR-expressing neurons. The present study aims to characterize the functional significance and neurocircuitry of GHSR-expressing neurons in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH), as they relate to ghrelin-induced food intake and fasting-associated rebound hyperphagia, using a novel mouse line in which Cre expression is controlled by the Ghsr promoter. Methods A Ghsr-IRES-Cre mouse line that expresses Cre directed by the Ghsr promoter was generated. The line was validated by comparing Cre activity in reporter mice to the known brain distribution pattern of GHSR. Next, the requirement of MBH GHSR-expressing neuronal activity in mediating food intake in response to administered ghrelin and in response to fasting was assessed after stereotaxic delivery of inhibitory designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADD) virus to the MBH. In a separate cohort of Ghsr-IRES-Cre mice, stereotaxic delivery of stimulatory DREADD virus to the MBH was performed to assess the sufficiency of MBH GHSR-expressing neuronal activity on food intake. Finally, the distribution of MBH GHSR-expressing neuronal axonal projections was assessed in the DREADD virus-injected animals. Results The pattern of Cre activity in the Ghsr-IRES-Cre mouse line mostly faithfully reproduced the known GHSR expression pattern. DREADD-assisted inhibition of MBH GHSR neuronal activity robustly suppressed the normal orexigenic response to ghrelin and fasting-associated rebound food intake. DREADD-assisted stimulation of MBH GHSR neuronal activity was sufficient to induce food intake. Axonal projections of GHSR-expressing MBH neurons were observed in a subset of hypothalamic and extra-hypothalamic regions. Conclusions These results suggest that 1) activation of GHSR-expressing neurons in the MBH is required for the normal feeding responses following both peripheral administration of ghrelin and fasting, 2) activation of MBH GHSR-expressing neurons is sufficient to induce feeding, and 3) axonal projections to a subset of hypothalamic and/or extra-hypothalamic regions likely mediate these responses. The Ghsr-IRES-Cre line should serve as a valuable tool to further our understanding of the functional significance of ghrelin-responsive/GHSR-expressing neurons and the neuronal circuitry within which they act. We generated a novel Ghsr-IRES-Cre knock-in mouse line. Cre activity in the line mirrors the known GHSR expression pattern. Chemogenetic modulation of neuronal activity reveals a required role of MBH GHSR neurons in rebound food intake after a fast. Neuronal projections of mediobasal hypothalamic GHSR neurons are reminiscent of AgRP neuronal projections.
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Brown JA, Bugescu R, Mayer TA, Gata-Garcia A, Kurt G, Woodworth HL, Leinninger GM. Loss of Action via Neurotensin-Leptin Receptor Neurons Disrupts Leptin and Ghrelin-Mediated Control of Energy Balance. Endocrinology 2017; 158:1271-1288. [PMID: 28323938 PMCID: PMC5460836 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The hormones ghrelin and leptin act via the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) to modify energy balance, but the underlying neural mechanisms remain unclear. We investigated how leptin and ghrelin engage LHA neurons to modify energy balance behaviors and whether there is any crosstalk between leptin and ghrelin-responsive circuits. We demonstrate that ghrelin activates LHA neurons expressing hypocretin/orexin (OX) to increase food intake. Leptin mediates anorectic actions via separate neurons expressing the long form of the leptin receptor (LepRb), many of which coexpress the neuropeptide neurotensin (Nts); we refer to these as NtsLepRb neurons. Because NtsLepRb neurons inhibit OX neurons, we hypothesized that disruption of the NtsLepRb neuronal circuit would impair both NtsLepRb and OX neurons from responding to their respective hormonal cues, thus compromising adaptive energy balance. Indeed, mice with developmental deletion of LepRb specifically from NtsLepRb neurons exhibit blunted adaptive responses to leptin and ghrelin that discoordinate the mesolimbic dopamine system and ingestive and locomotor behaviors, leading to weight gain. Collectively, these data reveal a crucial role for LepRb in the proper formation of LHA circuits, and that NtsLepRb neurons are important neuronal hubs within the LHA for hormone-mediated control of ingestive and locomotor behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette A. Brown
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Raluca Bugescu
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Thomas A. Mayer
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Adriana Gata-Garcia
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Gizem Kurt
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Hillary L. Woodworth
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Gina M. Leinninger
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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Ghrelin's control of food reward and body weight in the lateral hypothalamic area is sexually dimorphic. Physiol Behav 2017; 176:40-49. [PMID: 28213203 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a stomach-produced hormone that stimulates ingestive behavior and increases motivated behavior to obtain palatable foods. Ghrelin receptors (growth hormone secretagogue receptors; Ghsr) are expressed in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA), and LHA-targeted ghrelin application increases ingestive behavior in male rodents. However, the effects of LHA ghrelin signaling in females are unexplored. Here we investigated whether LHA ghrelin signaling is necessary and sufficient for control of ingestive and motivated behavior for food in male and female rats. Ghrelin delivered to the LHA increased food intake and motivated behavior for sucrose in both male and female rats, whereas increased food-seeking behavior and body weight were only observed in females. Females had slightly higher Ghsr levels in the LHA compared to males, and importantly, acute blockade of the Ghsr in the LHA significantly reduced food intake, body weight, and motivated behavior for sucrose in female but not male rats. Chronic LHA Ghsr reduction in female rats achieved by RNA inference-mediated Ghsr knockdown, resulting in a 25% reduction in LHA Ghsr mRNA, abolished the reward-driven behavioral effects of LHA-targeted ghrelin, but was not sufficient to affect baseline food intake or food reward responding. Collectively we show that ghrelin acts in the LHA to alter ingestive and motivated behaviors in a sex-specific manner.
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48
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Al Massadi O, López M, Tschöp M, Diéguez C, Nogueiras R. Current Understanding of the Hypothalamic Ghrelin Pathways Inducing Appetite and Adiposity. Trends Neurosci 2017; 40:167-180. [PMID: 28108113 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a multifaceted regulator of metabolism. Ghrelin regulates energy balance in the short term via induction of appetite and in the long term via increased body weight and adiposity. Recently, several central pathways modulating the metabolic actions of ghrelin were unmasked, and it was shown to act through different hypothalamic nuclei to induce feeding. Ghrelin also modulates glucose homeostasis, but the central mechanisms responsible for this action have not been studied in detail. Although ghrelin also acts through extrahypothalamic areas to promote feeding, this review specifically dissects hypothalamic control of ghrelin's orexigenic and adipogenic actions and presents current understanding of the intracellular ghrelin orexigenic pathways, including their dependence on other relevant systems implicated in energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Al Massadi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine-CiMUS, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Av de Barcelona s/n Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Spain.
| | - Miguel López
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine-CiMUS, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Av de Barcelona s/n Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Spain
| | - Matthias Tschöp
- Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine-CiMUS, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Av de Barcelona s/n Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Spain
| | - Ruben Nogueiras
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine-CiMUS, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Av de Barcelona s/n Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Spain.
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Ueta Y, Ozaki Y, Saito J, Onaka T. Involvement of Novel Feeding-Related Peptides in Neuroendocrine Response to Stress. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 228:1168-74. [PMID: 14610256 DOI: 10.1177/153537020322801011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Various stressors are known to cause eating disorders. However, it is not known in detail about the neural network and molecular mechanism that are involved in the stress-induced changes of feeding behavior in the central nervous system. Many novel feeding-regulated peptides such as orexins/hypocretins and ghrelin have been discovered since the discovery of leptin derived from adipocytes as a product of the ob gene. These novel peptides were identified as endogenous ligands of orphan G protein-coupled receptors. The accumulating evidence reveals that these peptides may be involved in stress responses via the central nervous system, as well as feeding behavior. The possible involvement of novel feeding-related peptides in neuroendocrine responses to stress is reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Ueta
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan.
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Yalcin O, Iseri E, Bukan N, Ercin U. Effects of Long Acting Methylphenidate on Ghrelin Levels in Male Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: An Open Label Trial. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.5455/bcp.20130708042604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ozhan Yalcin
- Bakirkoy Training and Research Hospital for Mental Disorders and Neurological Diseases, Istanbul - Turkey
| | - Elvan Iseri
- Gazi University School of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ankara - Turkey
| | - Neslihan Bukan
- Gazi University School of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Ankara - Turkey
| | - Ugur Ercin
- Gazi University School of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Ankara - Turkey
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