1
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Rees JM, Kirk K, Gattoni G, Hockman D, Sleight VA, Ritter DJ, Benito-Gutierrez È, Knapik EW, Crump JG, Fabian P, Gillis JA. A pre-vertebrate endodermal origin of calcitonin-producing neuroendocrine cells. Development 2024; 151:dev202821. [PMID: 39109637 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
Vertebrate calcitonin-producing cells (C-cells) are neuroendocrine cells that secrete the small peptide hormone calcitonin in response to elevated blood calcium levels. Whereas mouse C-cells reside within the thyroid gland and derive from pharyngeal endoderm, avian C-cells are located within ultimobranchial glands and have been reported to derive from the neural crest. We use a comparative cell lineage tracing approach in a range of vertebrate model systems to resolve the ancestral embryonic origin of vertebrate C-cells. We find, contrary to previous studies, that chick C-cells derive from pharyngeal endoderm, with neural crest-derived cells instead contributing to connective tissue intimately associated with C-cells in the ultimobranchial gland. This endodermal origin of C-cells is conserved in a ray-finned bony fish (zebrafish) and a cartilaginous fish (the little skate, Leucoraja erinacea). Furthermore, we discover putative C-cell homologs within the endodermally-derived pharyngeal epithelium of the ascidian Ciona intestinalis and the amphioxus Branchiostoma lanceolatum, two invertebrate chordates that lack neural crest cells. Our findings point to a conserved endodermal origin of C-cells across vertebrates and to a pre-vertebrate origin of this cell type along the chordate stem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenaid M Rees
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Katie Kirk
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Giacomo Gattoni
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York City, NY 10027, USA
| | - Dorit Hockman
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7935, South Africa
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7935, South Africa
| | | | - Dylan J Ritter
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | | | - Ela W Knapik
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - J Gage Crump
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Peter Fabian
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - J Andrew Gillis
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
- Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
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2
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Gunjača I, Babić Leko M, Pleić N, Jurić A, Brdar D, Torlak V, Vuletić M, Punda A, Polašek O, Hayward C, Zemunik T. Impact of dietary, lifestyle and sociodemographic factors on calcitonin levels in a healthy population. Bone 2024; 187:117214. [PMID: 39068960 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2024.117214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Calcitonin (CT), a hormone secreted by thyroid parafollicular C cells, plays a role in calcium homeostasis and bone health. Understanding the relationship between CT levels and dietary, sociodemographic, and lifestyle factors is essential for public health and hormonal balance studies. This study encompassed 3323 healthy participants from the Croatian biobank. We utilized principal component analysis (PCA) to reduce food items into dietary patterns. Regression analysis was used to investigate the relationship between CT levels and data collected through questionnaires, accounting for age and sex. CT levels exhibited sex-specific differences, with higher values observed in males. Positive associations were found between CT levels and age, body mass index (BMI), as well as weekly consumption of white and red wine mixed with water. While height and sternal notch-finger length initially correlated positively with CT levels, this relationship reversed upon adjusting for age and sex. Regarding sport activities, CT levels were significantly increased in non-participants compared to occasional sport participants (p = 0.043). Dietary factors yielded intriguing findings, with frequent consumption of butter, animal fat and veal associated with lower CT levels, while higher CT levels were associated with the frequent consumption of white fish, blue fish, pasta, and rice. However, no significant correlation was found between CT levels and bone mineral density (BMD), weight, or body surface area (BSA). This study highlights the complex interplay of dietary, lifestyle, and sociodemographic factors influencing CT levels. These findings suggest that a broad range of factors should be considered in hormonal balance studies, underlining their potential implications for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Gunjača
- Department of Biology and Human Genetics, University of Split, School of Medicine, Šoltanska 2a, 21 000 Split, Croatia.
| | - Mirjana Babić Leko
- Department of Biology and Human Genetics, University of Split, School of Medicine, Šoltanska 2a, 21 000 Split, Croatia.
| | - Nikolina Pleić
- Department of Biology and Human Genetics, University of Split, School of Medicine, Šoltanska 2a, 21 000 Split, Croatia.
| | - Ante Jurić
- Department of Biology and Human Genetics, University of Split, School of Medicine, Šoltanska 2a, 21 000 Split, Croatia.
| | - Dubravka Brdar
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Split, Spinčićeva 1, 21 000 Split, Croatia.
| | - Vesela Torlak
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Split, Spinčićeva 1, 21 000 Split, Croatia.
| | - Marko Vuletić
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Split, Spinčićeva 1, 21 000 Split, Croatia.
| | - Ante Punda
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Split, Spinčićeva 1, 21 000 Split, Croatia.
| | - Ozren Polašek
- Department of Public Health, University of Split, School of Medicine Split, Šoltanska 2a, 21 000 Split, Croatia.
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Tatijana Zemunik
- Department of Biology and Human Genetics, University of Split, School of Medicine, Šoltanska 2a, 21 000 Split, Croatia.
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3
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Amroodi MN, Maghsoudloo M, Amiri S, Mokhtari K, Mohseni P, Pourmarjani A, Jamali B, Khosroshahi EM, Asadi S, Tabrizian P, Entezari M, Hashemi M, Wan R. Unraveling the molecular and immunological landscape: Exploring signaling pathways in osteoporosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 177:116954. [PMID: 38906027 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis, characterized by compromised bone density and microarchitecture, represents a significant global health challenge, particularly in aging populations. This comprehensive review delves into the intricate signaling pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis, providing valuable insights into the pivotal role of signal transduction in maintaining bone homeostasis. The exploration encompasses cellular signaling pathways such as Wnt, Notch, JAK/STAT, NF-κB, and TGF-β, all of which play crucial roles in bone remodeling. The dysregulation of these pathways is a contributing factor to osteoporosis, necessitating a profound understanding of their complexities to unveil the molecular mechanisms underlying bone loss. The review highlights the pathological significance of disrupted signaling in osteoporosis, emphasizing how these deviations impact the functionality of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, ultimately resulting in heightened bone resorption and compromised bone formation. A nuanced analysis of the intricate crosstalk between these pathways is provided to underscore their relevance in the pathophysiology of osteoporosis. Furthermore, the study addresses some of the most crucial long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) associated with osteoporosis, adding an additional layer of academic depth to the exploration of immune system involvement in various types of osteoporosis. Finally, we propose that SKP1 can serve as a potential biomarker in osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Nakhaei Amroodi
- Bone and Joint Reconstruction Research Center, Shafa Orthopedic Hospital, department of orthopedic, school of medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mazaher Maghsoudloo
- Key Laboratory of Epigenetics and Oncology, the Research Center for Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Shayan Amiri
- Bone and Joint Reconstruction Research Center, Shafa Orthopedic Hospital, department of orthopedic, school of medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khatere Mokhtari
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Parnaz Mohseni
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Pourmarjani
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Behdokht Jamali
- Department of microbiology and genetics, kherad Institute of higher education, Busheher, lran
| | - Elaheh Mohandesi Khosroshahi
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saba Asadi
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pouria Tabrizian
- Bone and Joint Reconstruction Research Center, Shafa Orthopedic Hospital, department of orthopedic, school of medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maliheh Entezari
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mehrdad Hashemi
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Runlan Wan
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education & Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, (Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases), Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
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4
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Hakimi S, Dutta P, Layton AT. Renal calcium and magnesium handling during pregnancy: modeling and analysis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2024; 327:F77-F90. [PMID: 38721663 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00001.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy is associated with elevated demand of most nutrients, with many trace elements and minerals critical for the development of fetus. In particular, calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) are essential for cellular function, and their deficiency can lead to impaired fetal growth. A key contributor to the homeostasis of these ions is the kidney, which in a pregnant rat undergoes major changes in morphology, hemodynamics, and molecular structure. The goal of this study is to unravel the functional implications of these pregnancy-induced changes in renal handling of Ca2+ and Mg2+, two cations that are essential in a healthy pregnancy. To achieve that goal, we developed computational models of electrolyte and water transport along the nephrons of a rat in mid and late pregnancy. Model simulations reveal a substantial increase in the reabsorption of Mg2+ along the proximal tubules and thick ascending limbs. In contrast, the reabsorption of Ca2+ is increased in the proximal tubules but decreased in the thick ascending limbs, due to the lower transepithelial concentration gradient of Ca2+ along the latter. Despite the enhanced transport capacity, the marked increase in glomerular filtration rate results in elevated urinary excretions of Ca2+ and Mg2+ in pregnancy. Furthermore, we conducted simulations of hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia. We found that hypocalcemia lowers Ca2+ excretion substantially more than Mg2+ excretion, with this effect being more pronounced in virgin rats than in pregnant ones. Conversely, hypomagnesemia reduces the excretion of Mg2+ and Ca2+ to more similar degrees. These differences can be explained by the greater sensitivity of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) to Ca2+ compared with Mg2+.NEW & NOTEWORTHY A growing fetus' demands of minerals, notably calcium and magnesium, necessitate adaptations in pregnancy. In particular, the kidney undergoes major changes in morphology, hemodynamics, and molecular structure. This computational modeling study provides insights into how these pregnancy-induced renal adaptation impact calcium and magnesium transport along different nephron segments. Model simulations indicate that, despite the enhanced transport capacity, the marked increase in glomerular filtration rate results in elevated urinary excretions of calcium and magnesium in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shervin Hakimi
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pritha Dutta
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anita T Layton
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biology, Cheriton School of Computer Science, and School of Pharmacology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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5
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Hartery SA, Kirby BJ, Walker EC, Kaufmann M, Jones G, St-Arnaud R, Sims NA, Kovacs CS. Loss of maternal calcitriol reversibly alters early offspring growth and skeletal development in mice. J Bone Miner Res 2024; 39:595-610. [PMID: 38477809 PMCID: PMC11206081 DOI: 10.1093/jbmr/zjae035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Ablation of Cyp27b1 eliminates calcitriol but does not disturb fetal mineral homeostasis or skeletal development. However, independent of fetal genotypes, maternal loss of Cyp27b1 altered fetal mineral and hormonal levels compared to offspring of WT dams. We hypothesized that these maternal influences would alter postnatal skeletal development. Cyp27b1 null and WT females were mated to bear only Cyp27b1+/- offspring. Forty-eight hours after birth, pups were cross-fostered to dams of the same or opposite genotype that bore them. Maternal and offspring samples were collected on days 21 (weaning) and 42. Offspring measurements included minerals and hormones, BMC by DXA, ash weight and mineral content, gene expression, 3-point bending tests, and microCT. Maternal lactational behavior was evaluated. Milk was analyzed for nutritional content. At day 21, offspring fostered by nulls, independent of birth dam, had ~20% lower weight, BMC, ash weight, and ash calcium than pups fostered by WT dams. Adjustment for body weight accounted for the lower BMC but not the lower ash weight and ash calcium. Hormones and serum/urine minerals did not differ across offspring groups. Offspring fostered by nulls had shorter femurs and lower cortical thickness, mean polar moment of inertia, cortical area, trabecular bone volume, and trabecular number. Dam lactational behaviors and milk nutritional content did not differ between groups. At day 42, body weight, ash weight, lengths, BMC, and tibial bone strength were no longer different between pups fostered by null vs WT dams. In summary, pups fostered by Cyp27b1 nulls, regardless of birth dam, have proportionately smaller skeletons at 21 d, impaired microstructure, but normal mineral homeostasis. The skeletal effects are largely recovered by day 42 (3 wk after weaning). In conclusion, maternal loss of calcitriol impairs early postnatal cortical bone growth and trabecular bone mass, but affected offspring catch up after weaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Hartery
- Faculty of Medicine – Endocrinology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland, A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Beth J Kirby
- Faculty of Medicine – Endocrinology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland, A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Emma C Walker
- St. Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3065, Australia
| | - Martin Kaufmann
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Glenville Jones
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - René St-Arnaud
- Shriners Hospitals for Children – Canada and McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, H4A 0A9, Canada
| | - Natalie A Sims
- St. Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3065, Australia
| | - Christopher S Kovacs
- Faculty of Medicine – Endocrinology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland, A1B 3V6, Canada
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6
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Bennin D, Hartery SA, Kirby BJ, Maekawa AS, St-Arnaud R, Kovacs CS. Loss of 24-hydroxylated catabolism increases calcitriol and fibroblast growth factor 23 and alters calcium and phosphate metabolism in fetal mice. JBMR Plus 2024; 8:ziae012. [PMID: 38577520 PMCID: PMC10993470 DOI: 10.1093/jbmrpl/ziae012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Calcitriol circulates at low levels in normal human and rodent fetuses, in part due to increased 24-hydroxylation of calcitriol and 25-hydroxyvitamin D by 24-hydroxylase (CYP24A1). Inactivating mutations of CYP24A1 cause high postnatal levels of calcitriol and the human condition of infantile hypercalcemia type 1, but whether the fetus is disturbed by the loss of CYP24A1 is unknown. We hypothesized that loss of Cyp24a1 in fetal mice will cause high calcitriol, hypercalcemia, and increased placental calcium transport. The Cyp24a1+/- mice were mated to create pregnancies with wildtype, Cyp24a1+/-, and Cyp24a1 null fetuses. The null fetuses were hypercalcemic, modestly hypophosphatemic (compared to Cyp24a1+/- fetuses only), with 3.5-fold increased calcitriol, 4-fold increased fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), and unchanged parathyroid hormone. The quantitative RT-PCR confirmed the absence of Cyp24a1 and 2-fold increases in S100g, sodium-calcium exchanger type 1, and calcium-sensing receptor in null placentas but not in fetal kidneys; these changes predicted an increase in placental calcium transport. However, placental 45Ca and 32P transport were unchanged in null fetuses. Fetal ash weight and mineral content, placental weight, crown-rump length, and skeletal morphology did not differ among the genotypes. Serum procollagen 1 intact N-terminal propeptide and bone expression of sclerostin and Blgap were reduced while calcitonin receptor was increased in nulls. In conclusion, loss of Cyp24a1 in fetal mice causes hypercalcemia, modest hypophosphatemia, and increased FGF23, but no alteration in skeletal development. Reduced incorporation of calcium into bone may contribute to the hypercalcemia without causing a detectable decrease in the skeletal mineral content. The results predict that human fetuses bearing homozygous or compound heterozygous inactivating mutations of CYP24A1 will also be hypercalcemic in utero but with normal skeletal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bennin
- Faculty of Medicine – Endocrinology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Sarah A Hartery
- Faculty of Medicine – Endocrinology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Beth J Kirby
- Faculty of Medicine – Endocrinology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Alexandre S Maekawa
- Faculty of Medicine – Endocrinology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - René St-Arnaud
- Shriners Hospitals for Children–Canada and McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, H4A 0A9, Canada
| | - Christopher S Kovacs
- Faculty of Medicine – Endocrinology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, A1B 3V6, Canada
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Mara A, Caredda M, Addis M, Sanna F, Deroma M, Georgiou CA, Langasco I, Pilo MI, Spano N, Sanna G. Elemental Fingerprinting of Pecorino Romano and Pecorino Sardo PDO: Characterization, Authentication and Nutritional Value. Molecules 2024; 29:869. [PMID: 38398621 PMCID: PMC10892592 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29040869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Sardinia, located in Italy, is a significant producer of Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) sheep cheeses. In response to the growing demand for high-quality, safe, and traceable food products, the elemental fingerprints of Pecorino Romano PDO and Pecorino Sardo PDO were determined on 200 samples of cheese using validated, inductively coupled plasma methods. The aim of this study was to collect data for food authentication studies, evaluate nutritional and safety aspects, and verify the influence of cheesemaking technology and seasonality on elemental fingerprints. According to European regulations, one 100 g serving of both cheeses provides over 30% of the recommended dietary allowance for calcium, sodium, zinc, selenium, and phosphorus, and over 15% of the recommended dietary intake for copper and magnesium. Toxic elements, such as Cd, As, Hg, and Pb, were frequently not quantified or measured at concentrations of toxicological interest. Linear discriminant analysis was used to discriminate between the two types of pecorino cheese with an accuracy of over 95%. The cheese-making process affects the elemental fingerprint, which can be used for authentication purposes. Seasonal variations in several elements have been observed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mara
- Department of Chemical, Physical, Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, I-07100 Sassari, Italy; (I.L.); (M.I.P.); (N.S.)
| | - Marco Caredda
- Department of Animal Science, Agris Sardegna, S.S. 291 Sassari-Fertilia, Km. 18,600, I-07040 Sassari, Italy; (M.C.); (M.A.)
| | - Margherita Addis
- Department of Animal Science, Agris Sardegna, S.S. 291 Sassari-Fertilia, Km. 18,600, I-07040 Sassari, Italy; (M.C.); (M.A.)
| | - Francesco Sanna
- Department of Environmental Studies, Crop Protection and Production Quality Agris Sardegna, Viale Trieste 111, I-09123 Cagliari, Italy;
| | - Mario Deroma
- Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari, Viale Italia, 39A, I-07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Constantinos A. Georgiou
- Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, 118 55 Athens, Greece;
- FoodOmics.GR Research Infrastructure, Agricultural University of Athens, 118 55 Athens, Greece
| | - Ilaria Langasco
- Department of Chemical, Physical, Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, I-07100 Sassari, Italy; (I.L.); (M.I.P.); (N.S.)
| | - Maria I. Pilo
- Department of Chemical, Physical, Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, I-07100 Sassari, Italy; (I.L.); (M.I.P.); (N.S.)
| | - Nadia Spano
- Department of Chemical, Physical, Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, I-07100 Sassari, Italy; (I.L.); (M.I.P.); (N.S.)
| | - Gavino Sanna
- Department of Chemical, Physical, Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, I-07100 Sassari, Italy; (I.L.); (M.I.P.); (N.S.)
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8
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Fricke HP, Krajco CJ, Perry MJ, Brettingen LJ, Wake LA, Charles JF, Hernandez LL. Fluoxetine treatment during the postpartal period may have short-term impacts on murine maternal skeletal physiology. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1244580. [PMID: 38074149 PMCID: PMC10701399 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1244580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Postpartum depression affects many individuals after parturition, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are often used as the first-line treatment; however, both SSRIs and lactation are independently associated with bone loss due to the role of serotonin in bone remodeling. Previously, we have established that administration of the SSRI fluoxetine during the peripartal period results in alterations in long-term skeletal characteristics. In the present study, we treated mice with either a low or high dose of fluoxetine during lactation to determine the consequences of the perturbation of serotonin signaling during this time period on the dam skeleton. We found that lactational fluoxetine exposure affected both cortical and trabecular parameters, altered gene expression and circulating markers of bone turnover, and affected mammary gland characteristics, and that these effects were more pronounced in the dams that were exposed to the low dose of fluoxetine in comparison to the high dose. Fluoxetine treatment during the postpartum period in rodents had short term effects on bone that were largely resolved 3 months post-weaning. Despite the overall lack of long-term insult to bone, the alterations in serotonin-driven lactational bone remodeling raises the question of whether fluoxetine is a safe option for the treatment of postpartum depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah P. Fricke
- Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Chandler J. Krajco
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Molly J. Perry
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Lauren J. Brettingen
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Lella A. Wake
- Departments of Orthopedics and Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Julia F. Charles
- Departments of Orthopedics and Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Laura L. Hernandez
- Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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9
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Zhivodernikov IV, Kirichenko TV, Markina YV, Postnov AY, Markin AM. Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Osteoporosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15772. [PMID: 37958752 PMCID: PMC10648156 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a widespread systemic disease characterized by a decrease in bone mass and an imbalance of the microarchitecture of bone tissue. Experimental and clinical studies devoted to investigating the main pathogenetic mechanisms of osteoporosis revealed the important role of estrogen deficiency, inflammation, oxidative stress, cellular senescence, and epigenetic factors in the development of bone resorption due to osteoclastogenesis, and decreased mineralization of bone tissue and bone formation due to reduced function of osteoblasts caused by apoptosis and age-depended differentiation of osteoblast precursors into adipocytes. The current review was conducted to describe the basic mechanisms of the development of osteoporosis at molecular and cellular levels and to elucidate the most promising therapeutic strategies of pathogenetic therapy of osteoporosis based on articles cited in PubMed up to September 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yuliya V. Markina
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.V.Z.); (T.V.K.); (A.Y.P.); (A.M.M.)
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10
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Fricke HP, Hernandez LL. The Serotonergic System and Bone Metabolism During Pregnancy and Lactation and the Implications of SSRI Use on the Maternal-Offspring Dyad. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2023; 28:7. [PMID: 37086330 PMCID: PMC10122632 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-023-09535-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactation is a physiological adaptation of the class Mammalia and is a product of over 200 million years of evolution. During lactation, the mammary gland orchestrates bone metabolism via serotonin signaling in order to provide sufficient calcium for the offspring in milk. The role of serotonin in bone remodeling was first discovered over two decades ago, and the interplay between serotonin, lactation, and bone metabolism has been explored in the years following. It is estimated that postpartum depression affects 10-15% of the population, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) are often used as the first-line treatment. Studies conducted in humans, nonhuman primates, sheep, and rodents have provided evidence that there are consequences on both parent and offspring when serotonin signaling is disrupted during the peripartal period; however, the long-term consequences of disruption of serotonin signaling via SSRIs during the peripartal period on the maternal and offspring skeleton are not fully known. This review will focus on the relationship between the mammary gland, serotonin, and bone remodeling during the peripartal period and the skeletal consequences of the dysregulation of the serotonergic system in both human and animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah P Fricke
- Animal and Dairy Sciences Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Laura L Hernandez
- Animal and Dairy Sciences Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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11
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Brent MB. Pharmaceutical treatment of bone loss: From animal models and drug development to future treatment strategies. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 244:108383. [PMID: 36933702 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Animal models are fundamental to advance our knowledge of the underlying pathophysiology of bone loss and to study pharmaceutical countermeasures against it. The animal model of post-menopausal osteoporosis from ovariectomy is the most widely used preclinical approach to study skeletal deterioration. However, several other animal models exist, each with unique characteristics such as bone loss from disuse, lactation, glucocorticoid excess, or exposure to hypobaric hypoxia. The present review aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of these animal models to emphasize the importance and significance of investigating bone loss and pharmaceutical countermeasures from perspectives other than post-menopausal osteoporosis only. Hence, the pathophysiology and underlying cellular mechanisms involved in the various types of bone loss are different, and this might influence which prevention and treatment strategies are the most effective. In addition, the review sought to map the current landscape of pharmaceutical countermeasures against osteoporosis with an emphasis on how drug development has changed from being driven by clinical observations and enhancement or repurposing of existing drugs to today's use of targeted anti-bodies that are the result of advanced insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms of bone formation and resorption. Moreover, new treatment combinations or repurposing opportunities of already approved drugs with a focus on dabigatran, parathyroid hormone and abaloparatide, growth hormone, inhibitors of the activin signaling pathway, acetazolamide, zoledronate, and romosozumab are discussed. Despite the considerable progress in drug development, there is still a clear need to improve treatment strategies and develop new pharmaceuticals against various types of osteoporosis. The review also highlights that new treatment indications should be explored using multiple animal models of bone loss in order to ensure a broad representation of different types of skeletal deterioration instead of mainly focusing on primary osteoporosis from post-menopausal estrogen deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel Bo Brent
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Denmark, Wilhelm Meyers Allé 3, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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12
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Athonvarangkul D, Wysolmerski JJ. Crosstalk within a brain-breast-bone axis regulates mineral and skeletal metabolism during lactation. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1121579. [PMID: 36875035 PMCID: PMC9979219 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1121579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
To support the increased calcium demands for milk production during lactation, a dramatic and reversible physiological response occurs to alter bone and mineral metabolism. This coordinated process involves a brain-breast-bone axis that integrates hormonal signals that allow for adequate calcium delivery to milk yet also protects the maternal skeletal from excessive bone loss or decreases in bone quality or function. Here, we review the current knowledge on the crosstalk between the hypothalamus, mammary gland, and skeleton during lactation. We discuss the rare entity of pregnancy and lactation associated osteoporosis and consider how the physiology of bone turnover in lactation may impact the pathophysiology of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Further understanding of the regulators of bone loss during lactation, particularly in humans, may provide insights into new therapies for osteoporosis and other diseases of excess bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Athonvarangkul
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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13
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Ryan BA, McGregor NE, Kirby BJ, Al-Tilissi A, Poulton IJ, Sims NA, Kovacs CS. Calcitriol-Dependent and -Independent Regulation of Intestinal Calcium Absorption, Osteoblast Function, and Skeletal Mineralization during Lactation and Recovery in Mice. J Bone Miner Res 2022; 37:2483-2497. [PMID: 36128890 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Recovery from lactation-induced bone loss appears to be calcitriol-independent, since mice lacking 1-alpha-hydroxylase or vitamin D receptor (VDR) exhibit full skeletal recovery. However, in those studies mice consumed a calcium-, phosphorus-, and lactose-enriched "rescue" diet. Here we assessed whether postweaning skeletal recovery of Vdr null mice required that rescue diet. Wild type (WT) and Vdr null mice were raised on the rescue diet and switched to a normal (1% calcium) diet at Day 21 of lactation until 28 days after weaning. Unmated mice received the same regimen. In WT mice, cortical thickness was significantly reduced by 25% at 21 days of lactation and was completely restored by 28 days after weaning. Three-point bending tests similarly showed a significant reduction during lactation and full recovery of ultimate load and energy absorbed. Although Vdr null mice exhibited a similar lactational reduction in cortical thickness and mechanical strength, neither was even partially restored after weaning. Unmated mice showed no significant changes. In micro-computed tomography scans, diaphyses of Vdr null femora at 28 days after weaning were highly porous and exhibited abundant low-density bone extending into the marrow space from the endocortical surface. To quantify, we segregated bone into low-, mid-, and high-density components. In WT diaphyses, high-density bone was lost during lactation and restored after weaning. Vdr null mice also lost high-density bone during lactation but did not replace it; instead, they demonstrated a threefold increase in low-density bone mass. Histology revealed that intracortical and endocortical surfaces of Vdr null bones after weaning contained very thick (up to 20 micron) osteoid seams, covered with multiple layers of osteoblasts and precursors. We conclude that during the postweaning period, osteoblasts are potently stimulated to produce osteoid despite lacking VDRs, and that either calcitriol or a calcium-enriched diet are needed for this immature bone to become mineralized. © 2022 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany A Ryan
- Faculty of Medicine-Endocrinology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Narelle E McGregor
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Beth J Kirby
- Faculty of Medicine-Endocrinology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Abdelkhayoum Al-Tilissi
- Faculty of Medicine-Endocrinology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Ingrid J Poulton
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Natalie A Sims
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine at St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher S Kovacs
- Faculty of Medicine-Endocrinology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
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14
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Ali NI, Zain H, Choudhary RK, Satti HA. The efficiency of using maternal markers in early detection and management of congenital anomalies in Majmaah city, KSA. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrras.2022.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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15
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Bertuccio MP, Currò M, Caccamo D, Ientile R. Dietary Intake and Genetic Background Influence Vitamin Needs during Pregnancy. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10050768. [PMID: 35627905 PMCID: PMC9141544 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10050768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous approaches demonstrate how nutritional intake can be sufficient to ensure the necessary supply of vitamins. However, it is evident that not all vitamins are contained in all foods, so it is necessary either to combine different food groups or to use a vitamin supplement to be well-fed. During pregnancy, deficiencies are often exacerbated due to increased energy and nutritional demands, causing adverse outcomes in mother and child. Micronutrient supplementation could lead to optimal pregnancy outcomes being essential for proper metabolic activities that are involved in tissue growth and functioning in the developing fetus. In order to establish adequate vitamin supplementation, various conditions should be considered, such as metabolism, nutrition and genetic elements. This review accurately evaluated vitamin requirements and possible toxic effects during pregnancy. Much attention was given to investigate the mechanisms of cell response and risk assessment of practical applications to improve quality of life. Importantly, genetic studies suggest that common allelic variants and polymorphisms may play an important role in vitamin metabolism during pregnancy. Changes in gene expression of different proteins involved in micronutrients’ metabolism may influence the physiological needs of the pregnant woman.
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Scurt FG, Morgenroth R, Bose K, Mertens PR, Chatzikyrkou C. Pr-AKI: Acute Kidney Injury in Pregnancy – Etiology, Diagnostic Workup, Management. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2022; 82:297-316. [PMID: 35250379 PMCID: PMC8893985 DOI: 10.1055/a-1666-0483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractDespite significant improvements in inpatient and outpatient management, pregnancy-related acute kidney injury (Pr-AKI) remains an important risk factor for early and late maternal and
fetal morbidity and mortality. There is a discrepancy between the incidence of Pr-AKI in developing and in developed countries, with the former experiencing a decrease and the latter an
increase in Pr-AKI in recent decades. Whereas septic and hemorrhagic complications predominated in the past, nowadays hypertensive disorders and thrombotic microangiopathy are the leading
causes of Pr-AKI. Modern lifestyles and the availability and widespread use of in-vitro fertilization techniques in industrialized countries have allowed more women of advanced age to become
pregnant. This has led to a rise in the percentage of high-risk pregnancies due to the disorders and comorbidities inherent to or accompanying aging, such as diabetes, arterial hypertension
and preexisting chronic kidney disease. Last but not least, the heterogeneity of symptoms, the often overlapping clinical and laboratory characteristics and the pathophysiological changes
related to pregnancy make the diagnosis and management of Pr-AKI a difficult and challenging task for the treating physician. In addition to general supportive management strategies such as
volume substitution, blood pressure control, prevention of seizures or immediate delivery, each disease entity requires a specific therapy to reduce maternal and fetal complications. In this
review, we used the current literature to provide a summary of the physiologic and pathophysiologic changes in renal physiology which occur during pregnancy. In the second part, we present
common and rare disorders which lead to Pr-AKI and provide an overview of the available treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian G. Scurt
- Klinik für Nieren- und Hochdruckerkrankungen, Diabetologie und Endokrinologie, Medizinische Fakultät der Otto-von-Guericke-Universität, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ronnie Morgenroth
- Klinik für Nieren- und Hochdruckerkrankungen, Diabetologie und Endokrinologie, Medizinische Fakultät der Otto-von-Guericke-Universität, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Bose
- Universitätsklinik für Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie und Infektiologie, Medizinische Fakultät der Otto-von-Guericke-Universität, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Peter R. Mertens
- Klinik für Nieren- und Hochdruckerkrankungen, Diabetologie und Endokrinologie, Medizinische Fakultät der Otto-von-Guericke-Universität, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christos Chatzikyrkou
- PHV-Dialysezentrum, Halberstadt, Germany
- Klinik für Nephrologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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17
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Eckelt F, Pfaeffle R, Kiess W, Kratzsch J. Calcitonin and complementary biomarkers in the diagnosis of hereditary medullary thyroid carcinoma in children and adolescents. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2021; 34:1491-1504. [PMID: 34543539 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2021-0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a rare malignancy that is effectively curable by surgery. Unlike in adults, hereditary MTC has a predominant role in children. A fast and safe diagnosis is important to assure the good prognosis for the patients. A major cornerstone is the assessment of biomarkers, but the interpretation must respect their pre-, post- and analytical features. Especially calcitonin (Ctn) is a challenging biomarker in daily laboratory diagnostics. However, Ctn is of particular relevance for the diagnostic in MTC. The American Thyroid Association recommends thyroidectomy if the upper reference range of Ctn is exceeded. Interestingly, age-dependent reference ranges for children and adolescents have become available only recently for Ctn assays. With this review, we aim to highlight the importance of a timely diagnosis of MTC in children and adolescents. CONTENT Recent developments in pediatric biochemical diagnostics of MTC were summarized. This includes guidance on interpretation of RET, Ctn, procalcitonin, carcinoembryonic antigen, carbohydrate antigen 19-9, and chromogranin A. SUMMARY Currently, Ctn is the most investigated biomarker in the diagnosis of MTC in children and adolescents. Other biomarkers as PCT suggest complementary evidence about pediatric MTC but their interpretation based largely on adult's data. A successful treatment of MTC requires, besides results of biomarkers, information about medical history, RET gene analysis and recent guideline knowledge. OUTLOOK More research is required to validate complementary biomarkers of Ctn in children. Additionally, the effect of different confounder on pediatric Ctn levels has to be further clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Eckelt
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Roland Pfaeffle
- Department Woman and Child Health, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wieland Kiess
- Department Woman and Child Health, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Juergen Kratzsch
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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McAlpine MD, Yumol JL, Ward WE. Pregnancy and Lactation in Sprague-Dawley Rats Result in Permanent Reductions of Tibia Trabecular Bone Mineral Density and Structure but Consumption of Red Rooibos Herbal Tea Supports the Partial Recovery. Front Nutr 2021; 8:798936. [PMID: 34950693 PMCID: PMC8689395 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.798936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
During pregnancy and lactation, maternal bone mineral density (BMD) is reduced as calcium is mobilized to support offspring bone development. In humans, BMD returns to pre-pregnancy levels shortly after delivery, shifting from a high rate of bone resorption during pregnancy and lactation, into a rapid phase of bone formation post-lactation. This rapid change in bone turnover may provide an opportunity to stimulate a greater gain in BMD and stronger trabecular and cortical structure than present pre-pregnancy. Providing polyphenols present in red rooibos herbal tea may promote such an effect. In vitro, red rooibos polyphenols stimulate osteoblast activity, reduce osteoclastic resorption, and increase mineral production. The study objective was to determine if consuming red rooibos from pre-pregnancy through to 4 months post-lactation resulted in a higher BMD and improved trabecular and cortical bone structure in a commonly used rat model. Female Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 42) were randomized to one of the following groups: PREG TEA (pregnant, received supplemental level of red rooibos in water: ~2.6 g /kg body weight/day in water), PREG WATER (pregnant, received water), or NONPREG CON (age-matched, non-pregnant control, received water) from 2 weeks pre-pregnancy (age 8 weeks) through to 4 months post-lactation. Rats were fed AIN-93G (pre-pregnancy through to the end of lactation) and AIN-93M (post-lactation onwards). BMD and trabecular structure (bone volume fraction, trabecular number, trabecular separation) were improved (p < 0.05) by 1- or 2-months post-lactation when comparing PREG TEA to PREG CON, though neither group recovered to the level of NONPREG CON. Cortical outcomes (cortical area fraction, cortical thickness, tissue mineral density) for PREG TEA and PREG CON were reduced (p < 0.05) following lactation but returned to the level of NONPREG CON by 2-months post-lactation, with the exception of cortical thickness. The lack of recovery of BMD and key outcomes of trabecular bone structure was unexpected. While consumption of red rooibos did not result in stronger bone post-lactation, red rooibos did support the partial recovery of trabecular BMD and bone structure following pregnancy and lactation. The findings also provide insight into the timing and dose of polyphenols to study in future interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. McAlpine
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
- Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Jenalyn L. Yumol
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
- Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Wendy E. Ward
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
- Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
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Lee S, Hong N, Kim KJ, Park CH, Lee J, Rhee Y. Bone Density After Teriparatide Discontinuation With or Without Antiresorptive Therapy in Pregnancy- and Lactation-Associated Osteoporosis. Calcif Tissue Int 2021; 109:544-553. [PMID: 34037833 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-021-00869-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pregnancy- and lactation-associated osteoporosis (PLO) is a rare and severe disorder that causes low-trauma or spontaneous fractures, most commonly multiple vertebral fractures, in the late pregnancy or lactation period [1]. In severe PLO, teriparatide (TPTD) might aid in bone mineral density (BMD) recovery and subsequent fracture risk reduction. However, it is unclear whether TPTD can be discontinued without sequential antiresorptive therapy (ART) in premenopausal women with PLO. In this retrospective cohort study, we investigated the changes in BMD in premenopausal women with PLO treated with TPTD 20 mcg daily with or without sequential ART. Data for 67 patients diagnosed with PLO from 2007 through 2017 were reviewed. Among 43 women with annual follow-up dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry data for 3 years, 33 were treated with TPTD (median 12 months) with (TPTD-ART, n = 13; median, 18 months) or without (TPTD-no ART, n = 20) sequential ART. The two groups showed no differences in the mean age (31 vs. 31 years), body mass index (BMI, 20.5 vs. 21.0 kg/m2), and baseline lumbar spine (LS) BMD (0.666 vs. 0.707 g/cm2; p > 0.05 for all). LSBMD increased at 1, 2, and 3 years from baseline in both the TPTD-ART (14.1%, 21.8%, and 24.0%, respectively) and TPTD-no ART (17.3%, 24.1%, and 23.4%, respectively) groups, without significant between-group differences. Similar results were observed for the total hip BMD. LSBMD gain at 3 years did not differ by ART use (adjusted β, 0.40; p = 0.874) in univariable and multivariable models adjusted for age, BMI, and baseline LSBMD. In summary, BMD gain by TPTD administration in premenopausal women with PLO can be well maintained without sequential ART treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghyun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Endocrine Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Namki Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Endocrine Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Jin Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Endocrine Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chung Hyun Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Endocrine Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jooyeon Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Endocrine Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yumie Rhee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Endocrine Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Connelly MK, Cheng AA, Hernandez LL. Graduate Student Literature Review: Serotonin and calcium metabolism: A story unfolding. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:13008-13019. [PMID: 34531048 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The peripartum period is characterized by dynamic shifts in metabolic, mineral, and immune metabolism as the dairy cow adapts to the demands of lactation. Emphasis over the past decade has been placed on understanding the biology of the large shift in calcium metabolism in particular. Moreover, research has also focused on exploring the role of serotonin during the transition period and lactation and further unraveling its relationship with calcium. This review aimed to demonstrate the integration of calcium physiology during the peripartal period and throughout lactation. More specifically, we sought to discuss the knowledge gained in recent years on calcium metabolism, mammary calcium transport, serotonin metabolism, and the serotonin-calcium axis. Herein we also discuss the challenges and limitations of current research and where that leaves the present understanding of the serotonin-calcium axis as we seek to move forward and continue exploring this interesting relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Connelly
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706.
| | - A A Cheng
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
| | - L L Hernandez
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
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21
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Rostamzadeh Mahdabi E, Esmailizadeh A, Ayatollahi Mehrgardi A, Asadi Fozi M. A genome-wide scan to identify signatures of selection in two Iranian indigenous chicken ecotypes. Genet Sel Evol 2021; 53:72. [PMID: 34503452 PMCID: PMC8428137 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-021-00664-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Various regions of the chicken genome have been under natural and artificial selection for thousands of years. The substantial diversity that exits among chickens from different geographic regions provides an excellent opportunity to investigate the genomic regions under selection which, in turn, will increase our knowledge about the mechanisms that underlie chicken diversity and adaptation. Several statistics have been developed to detect genomic regions that are under selection. In this study, we applied approaches based on differences in allele or haplotype frequencies (FST and hapFLK, respectively) between populations, differences in long stretches of consecutive homozygous sequences (ROH), and differences in allele frequencies within populations (composite likelihood ratio (CLR)) to identify inter- and intra-populations traces of selection in two Iranian indigenous chicken ecotypes, the Lari fighting chicken and the Khazak or creeper (short-leg) chicken. Results Using whole-genome resequencing data of 32 individuals from the two chicken ecotypes, approximately 11.9 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected and used in genomic analyses after quality processing. Examination of the distribution of ROH in the two populations indicated short to long ROH, ranging from 0.3 to 5.4 Mb. We found 90 genes that were detected by at least two of the four applied methods. Gene annotation of the detected putative regions under selection revealed candidate genes associated with growth (DCN, MEOX2 and CACNB1), reproduction (ESR1 and CALCR), disease resistance (S1PR1, ALPK1 and MHC-B), behavior pattern (AGMO, GNAO1 and PSEN1), and morphological traits (IHH and NHEJ1). Conclusions Our findings show that these two phenotypically different indigenous chicken populations have been under selection for reproduction, immune, behavioral, and morphology traits. The results illustrate that selection can play an important role in shaping signatures of differentiation across the genomic landscape of two chicken populations. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12711-021-00664-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaheh Rostamzadeh Mahdabi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, 22 Bahman Blvd, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ali Esmailizadeh
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, 22 Bahman Blvd, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ayatollahi Mehrgardi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, 22 Bahman Blvd, Kerman, Iran
| | - Masood Asadi Fozi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, 22 Bahman Blvd, Kerman, Iran.
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22
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Scioscia MF, Vidal M, Sarli M, Guelman R, Danilowicz K, Mana D, Longobardi V, Zanchetta MB. Severe Bone Microarchitecture Impairment in Women With Pregnancy and Lactation-Associated Osteoporosis. J Endocr Soc 2021; 5:bvab031. [PMID: 33860131 PMCID: PMC8035983 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvab031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Context Pregnancy- and lactation-associated osteoporosis (PLO) is a rare condition characterized by fragility fractures, mostly vertebral, during the third trimester of pregnancy or the early postpartum period. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate bone microarchitecture in women with PLO to better understand the pathophysiology of this disease. Methods In this retrospective study, we included women with PLO referred to our bone center between November 2007 and July 2012. We assessed bone mineral density (BMD) by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, bone turnover markers, and bone microarchitecture by high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography. Results were compared with a control group of healthy lactating women. Results Of the 7 primiparous patients with PLO, 6 suffered vertebral fractures and 1 developed a hip fracture during the seventh month of gestation. Fractures occurred within the eighth month of pregnancy and the fourth month post partum; vertebral fractures were multiple in 85.7%. Major or minor risk factors for osteoporosis were present in 86% of our patients. Trabecular density, number, and thickness were 34%, 20% and 22% lower than controls (P < .01, P = .01, and P = .01, respectively). Cortical parameters were also deteriorated but to a lesser extent. Conclusion In comparison with healthy lactating women, patients with PLO presented severe deterioration of bone trabecular and cortical microarchitecture. This significant compromise may explain the occurrence of multiple fractures in these otherwise healthy young women. Further prospective studies are needed to determine whether bone microarchitecture might be able to be restored in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Florencia Scioscia
- Instituto de Diagnóstico e Investigaciones Metabólicas (IDIM), Universidad del Salvador, ZC 1012 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maritza Vidal
- Centro de Diagnóstico de Osteoporosis y Enfermedades Reumáticas (CEDOR), San Isidro 15047, Lima, Peru
| | - Marcelo Sarli
- Instituto de Diagnóstico e Investigaciones Metabólicas (IDIM), Universidad del Salvador, ZC 1012 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rodolfo Guelman
- Servicio de Endocrinología del Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Sector Osteopatías Metabólicas, 1199 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Karina Danilowicz
- División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 1120 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniela Mana
- Instituto de Diagnóstico e Investigaciones Metabólicas (IDIM), Universidad del Salvador, ZC 1012 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Vanesa Longobardi
- Instituto de Diagnóstico e Investigaciones Metabólicas (IDIM), Universidad del Salvador, ZC 1012 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Belén Zanchetta
- Instituto de Diagnóstico e Investigaciones Metabólicas (IDIM), Universidad del Salvador, ZC 1012 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Panahi N, Ostovar A, Fahimfar N, Gharibzadeh S, Shafiee G, Heshmat R, Raeisi A, Nabipour I, Larijani B, Ghasem-Zadeh A. Grand multiparity associations with low bone mineral density and degraded trabecular bone pattern. Bone Rep 2021; 14:101071. [PMID: 33997148 PMCID: PMC8102397 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2021.101071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pregnancy is associated with changes in bone remodeling and calcium metabolism, which may increase the risk of fragility fracture after menopause. We hypothesized that in postmenopausal women, with history of grand multiparity, the magnitude of trabecular bone deterioration is associated with number of deliveries. Methods 1217 women aged 69.2 ± 6.4 years, from the Bushehr Elderly Health (BEH) program were recruited. The areal bone mineral density (aBMD) of the lumbar spine and femoral neck and trabecular bone score (TBS) of 916 postmenopausal women, with grand multiparity defined as more than 4 deliveries, were compared with those of 301 postmenopausal women with 4 or fewer deliveries. The association of multiparity with aBMDs and TBS were evaluated after adjustment for possible confounders including age, years since menopause, body mass index, and other relevant parameters. Results The aBMD of femoral neck (0.583 ± 0.110 vs. 0.603 ± 0.113 g/cm2), lumbar spine (0.805 ± 0.144 vs. 0.829 ± 0.140 g/cm2) and TBS (1.234 ± 0.086 vs. 1.260 ± 0.089) were significantly lower in women with history of grand multiparity than others. In the multiple regression analysis, after adjusting for confounders, the negative association did persist for lumbar spine aBMD (beta = −0.02, p value = 0.01), and the TBS (beta = −0.01, p value = 0.03), not for femoral neck aBMD. Conclusion We infer that grand multiparity have deleterious effects on the aBMD and the trabecular pattern of the lumbar spine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nekoo Panahi
- Osteoporosis Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afshin Ostovar
- Osteoporosis Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Noushin Fahimfar
- Osteoporosis Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Safoora Gharibzadeh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gita Shafiee
- Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Heshmat
- Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Raeisi
- School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Iraj Nabipour
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Ghasem-Zadeh
- Department of Medicine and Endocrinology, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Ryan BA, Kovacs CS. Maternal and fetal vitamin D and their roles in mineral homeostasis and fetal bone development. J Endocrinol Invest 2021; 44:643-659. [PMID: 32772256 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-020-01387-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
During pregnancy, female physiology adapts to meet the additional mineral demands of the developing fetus. Meanwhile, the fetus actively transports minerals across the placenta and maintains high circulating levels to mineralize the rapidly developing skeleton. Most of this mineral is accreted during the last trimester, including 30 g of calcium, 20 g of phosphate and 0.8 g of magnesium. Given the dependence of calcium homeostasis on vitamin D and calcitriol in the adult and child, it may be expected that vitamin D sufficiency would be even more critical during pregnancy and fetal development. However, the pregnant mother and fetus appear to meet their mineral needs independent of vitamin D. Adaptations in maternal mineral and bone metabolism during pregnancy appear to be invoked independent of maternal vitamin D, while fetal mineral metabolism and skeletal development appear to be protected from vitamin D deficiency and genetic disorders of vitamin D physiology. This review discusses key data from both animal models and human studies to address our current knowledge on the role of vitamin D and calcitriol during pregnancy and fetal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Ryan
- Faculty of Medicine - Endocrinology, Health Sciences Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 300 Prince Philip Drive, St. John's, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - C S Kovacs
- Faculty of Medicine - Endocrinology, Health Sciences Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 300 Prince Philip Drive, St. John's, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada.
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25
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Timlin M, Tobin JT, Brodkorb A, Murphy EG, Dillon P, Hennessy D, O’Donovan M, Pierce KM, O’Callaghan TF. The Impact of Seasonality in Pasture-Based Production Systems on Milk Composition and Functionality. Foods 2021; 10:607. [PMID: 33809356 PMCID: PMC7998991 DOI: 10.3390/foods10030607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Seasonal calving, pasture-based dairy systems are widely practiced in countries with a temperate climate and plentiful rainfall such as Ireland and New Zealand. This approach maximizes milk production from pasture and, consequently, is a low-cost, low-input dairy production system. On the other hand, the majority of global milk supply is derived from high input indoor total mixed ration systems where seasonal calving is not practiced due to the dependence on ensiled silages, grains and concentrated feeds, which are available year-round. Synchronous changes in the macro and micronutrients in milk are much more noticeable as lactation progresses through early, mid and late stages in seasonal systems compared to non-seasonal systems-which can have implications on the processability and functionality of milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Timlin
- Teagasc, Moorepark Research Centre, Fermoy, P61 C996 Co. Cork, Ireland; (M.T.); (J.T.T.); (A.B.); (E.G.M.)
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin 4, Ireland;
- Food for Health Ireland, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - John T. Tobin
- Teagasc, Moorepark Research Centre, Fermoy, P61 C996 Co. Cork, Ireland; (M.T.); (J.T.T.); (A.B.); (E.G.M.)
| | - André Brodkorb
- Teagasc, Moorepark Research Centre, Fermoy, P61 C996 Co. Cork, Ireland; (M.T.); (J.T.T.); (A.B.); (E.G.M.)
- Food for Health Ireland, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Eoin G. Murphy
- Teagasc, Moorepark Research Centre, Fermoy, P61 C996 Co. Cork, Ireland; (M.T.); (J.T.T.); (A.B.); (E.G.M.)
- Food for Health Ireland, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Pat Dillon
- Teagasc, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Fermoy, P61 P302 Co. Cork, Ireland; (P.D.); (D.H.); (M.O.)
| | - Deirdre Hennessy
- Teagasc, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Fermoy, P61 P302 Co. Cork, Ireland; (P.D.); (D.H.); (M.O.)
| | - Michael O’Donovan
- Teagasc, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Fermoy, P61 P302 Co. Cork, Ireland; (P.D.); (D.H.); (M.O.)
| | - Karina M. Pierce
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin 4, Ireland;
- Food for Health Ireland, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Tom F. O’Callaghan
- Teagasc, Moorepark Research Centre, Fermoy, P61 C996 Co. Cork, Ireland; (M.T.); (J.T.T.); (A.B.); (E.G.M.)
- Food for Health Ireland, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Co. Cork, Ireland
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland
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Sellars KB, Ryan BA, Hartery SA, Kirby BJ, Kovacs CS. Murine Fetal Serum Phosphorus is Set Independent of FGF23 and PTH, Except in the Presence of Maternal Phosphate Loading. Endocrinology 2021; 162:5956315. [PMID: 33150413 PMCID: PMC7737482 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) appears to play no role until after birth, given unaltered phosphate and bone metabolism in Fgf23- and Klotho-null fetuses. However, in those studies maternal serum phosphorus was normal. We studied whether maternal phosphate loading alters fetal serum phosphorus and invokes a fetal FGF23 or parathyroid hormone (PTH) response. C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) female mice received low (0.3%), normal (0.7%), or high (1.65%) phosphate diets beginning 1 week prior to mating to WT males. Fgf23+/- female mice received the normal or high-phosphate diets 1 week before mating to Fgf23+/- males. One day before expected birth, we harvested maternal and fetal blood, intact fetuses, placentas, and fetal kidneys. Increasing phosphate intake in WT resulted in progressively higher maternal serum phosphorus and FGF23 during pregnancy, while PTH remained undetectable. Fetal serum phosphorus was independent of the maternal phosphorus and PTH remained low, but FGF23 showed a small nonsignificant increase with high maternal serum phosphorus. There were no differences in fetal ash weight and mineral content, or placental gene expression. High phosphate intake in Fgf23+/- mice also increased maternal serum phosphorus and FGF23, but there was no change in PTH. WT fetuses remained unaffected by maternal high-phosphate intake, while Fgf23-null fetuses became hyperphosphatemic but had no change in PTH, skeletal ash weight or mineral content. In conclusion, fetal phosphate metabolism is generally regulated independently of maternal serum phosphorus and fetal FGF23 or PTH. However, maternal phosphate loading reveals that fetal FGF23 can defend against the development of fetal hyperphosphatemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Berit Sellars
- Faculty of Medicine – Endocrinology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Brittany A Ryan
- Faculty of Medicine – Endocrinology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Sarah A Hartery
- Faculty of Medicine – Endocrinology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Beth J Kirby
- Faculty of Medicine – Endocrinology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Christopher S Kovacs
- Faculty of Medicine – Endocrinology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
- Correspondence: Dr Christopher Kovacs, Health Sciences Centre, 300 Prince Philip Drive, St. John’s, Newfoundland, A1B 3V6, Canada. E-mail:
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Grinman D, Athonvarungkul D, Wysolmerski J, Jeong J. Calcium Metabolism and Breast Cancer: Echoes of Lactation? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 15:63-70. [PMID: 33299957 DOI: 10.1016/j.coemr.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lactation requires a series of adaptations in maternal calcium and bone metabolism to ensure a steady supply of calcium to the lactating mammary gland. The alterations in systemic metabolism are accompanied by alterations in the expression of calcium receptors, channels, binding proteins, pumps and transporters in mammary epithelial cells to increase the uptake of calcium from the extracellular fluid and to transport it into milk. Intracellular calcium regulates signaling pathways that mediate changes in cell proliferation, differentiation and death and many of the molecules involved in supporting and coordinating calcium secretion into milk are re-expressed and redeployed to support malignant behavior in breast cancer cells. In this article, we review adaptations of systemic calcium homeostasis during lactation, as well as the mechanisms of milk calcium transport. We then discuss how reactivation of these pathways contributes to the pathophysiology of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Grinman
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine
| | - Diana Athonvarungkul
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine
| | - John Wysolmerski
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine
| | - Jaekwang Jeong
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine
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28
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Sheftel CM, Hernandez LL. Serotonin stimulated parathyroid hormone related protein induction in the mammary epithelia by transglutaminase-dependent serotonylation. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241192. [PMID: 33095824 PMCID: PMC7584195 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammary-derived serotonin has been implicated in breast-to-bone communication during lactation by increasing parathyroid hormone related-protein (PTHrP) in the mammary gland. It is well established that PTHrP acts on the bone to liberate calcium for milk synthesis during lactation; however, the mechanism of serotonin’s regulation of PTHrP has not been fully elucidated. Recently, serotonylation has been shown to be involved in a variety of physiological processes mediated by serotonin. Therefore, we investigated whether serotonylation is involved in serotonin’s regulation of PTHrP in the mammary gland using lactogenically differentiated mouse mammary epithelial cells. We investigated the effect of increased intracellular serotonin using the antidepressant fluoxetine or 5-hydroxytryptophan (serotonin precursor), with or without transglutaminase inhibition and the corresponding action on PTHrP induction and activity. Treatment with fluoxetine or 5-hydroxytryptophan significantly increased intracellular serotonin concentrations and subsequently increased PTHrP gene expression, which was reduced with transglutaminase inhibition. Furthermore, we determined that transglutaminase activity is increased with lactogenic differentiation and 5-hydroxytryptophan or fluoxetine treatment. We investigated whether RhoA, Rac1, and Rab4 were potential serotonylation target proteins. We speculate that RhoA is potentially a serotonylation target protein. Our data suggest that serotonin regulates PTHrP induction in part through the process of serotonylation under lactogenic conditions in mouse mammary epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste M. Sheftel
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Laura L. Hernandez
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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29
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Kanakis I, Alameddine M, Scalabrin M, van 't Hof RJ, Liloglou T, Ozanne SE, Goljanek-Whysall K, Vasilaki A. Low protein intake during reproduction compromises the recovery of lactation-induced bone loss in female mouse dams without affecting skeletal muscles. FASEB J 2020; 34:11844-11859. [PMID: 32652768 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001131r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lactation-induced bone loss occurs due to high calcium requirements for fetal growth but skeletal recovery is normally achieved promptly postweaning. Dietary protein is vital for fetus and mother but the effects of protein undernutrition on the maternal skeleton and skeletal muscles are largely unknown. We used mouse dams fed with normal (N, 20%) or low (L, 8%) protein diet during gestation and lactation and maintained on the same diets (NN, LL) or switched from low to normal (LN) during a 28 d skeletal restoration period post lactation. Skeletal muscle morphology and neuromuscular junction integrity was not different between any of the groups. However, dams fed the low protein diet showed extensive bone loss by the end of lactation, followed by full skeletal recovery in NN dams, partial recovery in LN and poor bone recovery in LL dams. Primary osteoblasts from low protein diet fed mice showed decreased in vitro bone formation and decreased osteogenic marker gene expression; promoter methylation analysis by pyrosequencing showed no differences in Bmpr1a, Ptch1, Sirt1, Osx, and Igf1r osteoregulators, while miR-26a, -34a, and -125b expression was found altered in low protein fed mice. Therefore, normal protein diet is indispensable for maternal musculoskeletal health during the reproductive period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Kanakis
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, The MRC - Versus Arthritis Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Moussira Alameddine
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, The MRC - Versus Arthritis Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Mattia Scalabrin
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, The MRC - Versus Arthritis Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rob J van 't Hof
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, The MRC - Versus Arthritis Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Triantafillos Liloglou
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Susan E Ozanne
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Katarzyna Goljanek-Whysall
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, The MRC - Versus Arthritis Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, NUI Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Aphrodite Vasilaki
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, The MRC - Versus Arthritis Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Lee SJ, Song SY, Rhee Y. Skeletal changes during lactation and after weaning in osteocyte-specific sclerostin overexpressed mice. J Bone Miner Metab 2020; 38:172-178. [PMID: 31501981 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-019-01044-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lactation inevitably leads to a state of rapid bone loss; however, maternal bone undergoes rapid remineralization after weaning. Sclerostin, encoded by the gene SOST, is exclusively secreted from osteocytes and plays important roles in bone remodeling. However, there are few studies about the effect of sclerostin during lactation and weaning on bone microstructures. Therefore, we conducted the study to demonstrate any possible association of sclerostin with bone metabolism and skeletal changes during lactation and after weaning. MATERIALS AND METHODS We analyzed bone mineral density (BMD) by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at the spine and femur, bone microstructure by micro-computed tomography (μCT) at the distal and mid-shaft of the femur and biochemical markers such as sclerostin and bone turnover markers at 1 week and 3 weeks of lactation and 2 weeks post-weaning in osteocyte-specific sclerostin-overexpressed transgenic mice, and compared them with wild type. RESULTS Lactation significantly resulted in decreased spine and femur BMD at day 7 and day 21 of breastfeeding; specifically, cortical microstructure (cross-sectional thickness and cross-sectional area) at the mid-shaft of the femur had significantly deteriorated. At day 14 after weaning, femur BMD and cortical microstructure at the mid-shaft of the femur in both the wild and DMP-SOST mice had incompletely recovered; however, spine BMD and trabecular microstructures at the distal femur recovered in wild type mice. CONCLUSIONS Sclerostin, secreted by osteocytes, played a role in bone loss during lactation and also in the recovery of trabecular bone compartment by activating bone formation after weaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Jin Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Endocrine Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sun Yong Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Endocrine Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Yumie Rhee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Endocrine Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea.
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Abstract
Estrogen (E2) modulates a wide range of neural functions such as spine formation, synaptic plasticity, and neurotransmission in the hippocampus. Dendritic spines and synapse numbers in hippocampal neurons of female rats cyclically fluctuate across the estrous cycle, but the key genes responsible for these fluctuations are still unknown. In order to address this question, we explore the hippocampal transcriptome via RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) at the proestrus (PE) and estrus (ES) stages in female rats. At standard fold-change selection criteria, 37 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found in PE vs. ES groups (FDR adjusted p-value (q)<0.05). The transcriptional changes identified by RNA-seq were confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR. To gain insight into the function of the DEGs, the E2-regulated genes were annotated by Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database (KEGG). Based on GO and KEGG pathways, the identified DEGs of PE vs. ES stages are involved in extracellular matrix formation, regulation of actin cytoskeleton, oxidative stress, neuroprotection, immune system, oligodendrocyte maturation and myelination, signal transduction pathways, growth factor signaling, retinoid signaling, aging, cellular process, metabolism and transport. The profiles of the gene expression in the hippocampus identified at the PE vs. ES stages were compared with the gene expression profiles in ovariectomized (OVX) rats receiving E2 replacement via RNA-seq and qPCR. The profiles of gene expression between the OVX+E2 and the estrous cycle were different and the possible causes were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javed Iqbal
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhi-Nei Tan
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Min-Xing Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hui-Bin Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Boyu Ma
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Xin-Ming Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
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Chowdhury MMR, Park J, Afrin F, Ko YG, Kim CL, Lee SS, Kim SW. Transcriptome profiling of in vitro-matured oocytes from a korean native cow (hanwoo) after cysteamine supplementation. Anim Biotechnol 2020; 32:401-412. [PMID: 31900040 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2019.1706545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study elucidated the molecular markers that decrease oocyte quality during in vitro culture, restricting optimal developmental potential. Here, we evaluated the transcriptomic differences between cysteamine-treated and non-treated bovine cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) after 22 h of co-culture in the maturation media using RNA sequencing. In total, 39,014 transcripts were sequenced between cysteamine-treated and non-treated mature COCs. We evaluated the relative expression of 21,472 genes, with 59 genes showing differential expression between the two COC groups. The cysteamine-treated group had 36 up-regulated gene transcripts and 23 down-regulated gene transcripts. Moreover, gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis revealed that multiple biological processes were significantly enriched after cysteamine supplementation. Differentially expressed genes appeared to maintain normal oocyte physiology, regulation of apoptosis, differentiation, ossification or bone formation, cardiac and muscle physiology, hormonal secretion, and membrane construction for further embryonic development. In conclusion, cysteamine affects the mRNA level of COCs during oocyte maturation by upregulating potential molecular markers and downregulating genes that affect further embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M R Chowdhury
- Animal Genetic Resources Research Center, National Institute of Animal Science (NIAS), Rural Development Administration (RDA), Hamyang, Republic of Korea.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Joonghoon Park
- Department of International Agricultural Technology, Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, Republic of Korea
| | - Fahmida Afrin
- Animal Genetic Resources Research Center, National Institute of Animal Science (NIAS), Rural Development Administration (RDA), Hamyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeoung-Gyu Ko
- Animal Genetic Resources Research Center, National Institute of Animal Science (NIAS), Rural Development Administration (RDA), Hamyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Lan Kim
- Animal Genetic Resources Research Center, National Institute of Animal Science (NIAS), Rural Development Administration (RDA), Hamyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Soo Lee
- Animal Genetic Resources Research Center, National Institute of Animal Science (NIAS), Rural Development Administration (RDA), Hamyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Woo Kim
- Animal Genetic Resources Research Center, National Institute of Animal Science (NIAS), Rural Development Administration (RDA), Hamyang, Republic of Korea
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Xie J, Guo J, Kanwal Z, Wu M, Lv X, Ibrahim NA, Li P, Buabeid MA, Arafa ESA, Sun Q. Calcitonin and Bone Physiology: In Vitro, In Vivo, and Clinical Investigations. Int J Endocrinol 2020; 2020:3236828. [PMID: 32963524 PMCID: PMC7501564 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3236828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcitonin was discovered as a peptide hormone that was known to reduce the calcium levels in the systemic circulation. This hypocalcemic effect is produced due to multiple reasons such as inhibition of bone resorption or suppression of calcium release from the bone. Thus, calcitonin was said as a primary regulator of the bone resorption process. This is the reason why calcitonin has been used widely in clinics for the treatment of bone disorders such as osteoporosis, hypercalcemia, and Paget's disease. However, presently calcitonin usage is declined due to the development of efficacious formulations of new drugs. Calcitonin gene-related peptides and several other peptides such as intermedin, amylin, and adrenomedullin (ADM) are categorized in calcitonin family. These peptides are known for the structural similarity with calcitonin. Aside from having a similar structure, these peptides have few overlapping biological activities and signal transduction action through related receptors. However, several other activities are also present that are peptide specific. In vitro and in vivo studies documented the posttreatment effects of calcitonin peptides, i.e., positive effect on bone osteoblasts and their formation and negative effect on osteoclasts and their resorption. The recent research studies carried out on genetically modified mice showed the inhibition of osteoclast activity by amylin, while astonishingly calcitonin plays its role by suppressing osteoblast and bone turnover. This article describes the review of the bone, the activity of the calcitonin family of peptides, and the link between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingbo Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, Fengcheng People's Hospital, Fengcheng, Jiangxi 331100, China
| | - Jian Guo
- Department of the Second Orthopedics, Hongdu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang Hongdu Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330008, China
| | | | - Mingzheng Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Pu'ai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, China
| | - Xiangyang Lv
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xi'an International Medical Center Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710100, China
| | | | - Ping Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Ya'an People's Hospital, Ya'an, Sichuan 625000, China
| | | | | | - Qingshan Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Hospital of Shandong Province, Jinan, Shandong 250031, China
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Castellano E, Attanasio R, Latina A, Gennaro M, Boriano A, Borretta G. INCREASED SERUM CALCITONIN IN SPORADIC PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM IS AN UNCOMMON OCCURRENCE. Endocr Pract 2019; 25:1279-1285. [PMID: 31412223 DOI: 10.4158/ep-2019-0246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate calcitonin (CT) levels in sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), which has to date rarely been considered. Methods: We evaluated serum CT levels in 290 consecutive patients with sporadic PHPT at diagnosis. Results: Mild elevations in CT levels (hyperCT) were found in 25 patients (8.6%), with no correlation among the demographic, clinical, and biochemical findings. In addition, no differences were found between patients with and without hyperCT. Follow-up data were available for 19/25 patients, but CT values were only available for 10. CT normalized in all surgically cured patients regardless of the extent of the surgery (parathyroidectomy [PTX] only in 8 and associated with partial or total thyroidectomy for benign nodular goiters in 7). Conclusion: hyperCT is an uncommon feature of sporadic PHPT and not related to biochemical or clinical features of the disease. In addition, hyperCT is reversible after PTX, regardless of whether concomitant thyroidectomies have been conducted. Abbreviations: CT = calcitonin; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate; hyperCT = hypercalcitoninemia; MEN = multiple endocrine neoplasm; MTC = medullary thyroid carcinoma; PHPT = primary hyperparathyroidism; PPI = proton pump inhibitor; PTH = parathyroid hormone; PTX = parathyroidectomy.
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Cooke-Hubley S, Gao Z, Mugford G, Kaiser SM, Goltzman D, Leslie WD, Davison KS, Brown JP, Probyn L, Lentle B, Prior JC, Kovacs CS. Parity and lactation are not associated with incident fragility fractures or radiographic vertebral fractures over 16 years of follow-up: Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study (CaMos). Arch Osteoporos 2019; 14:49. [PMID: 31037359 DOI: 10.1007/s11657-019-0601-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Parity and lactation showed no associations with incident clinical fragility fractures or radiographic vertebral compression fractures in the 16-year CaMos prospective study. Parity was associated with slightly greater decline in femoral neck but not hip or spine areal bone mineral density (aBMD), while lactation showed no associations with aBMD change. PURPOSE Pregnancy and especially lactation cause loss of bone mass and microarchitectural changes, which temporarily increase fracture risk. After weaning, aBMD increases but skeletal microarchitecture may be incompletely restored. Most retrospective clinical studies found neutral or even protective associations of parity and lactation with fragility fractures, but prospective data are sparse. CaMos is a randomly selected observational cohort that includes ~ 6500 women followed prospectively for over 16 years. METHODS We determined whether parity or lactation were related to incident clinical fragility fractures over 16 years, radiographic (morphometric and morphologic) vertebral fractures over 10 years, and aBMD change (spine, total hip, and femoral neck) over 10 years. Parity and lactation duration were analyzed as continuous variables in predicting these outcomes using univariate and multivariate regression analyses. RESULTS Three thousand four hundred thirty-seven women completed 16 years of follow-up for incident clinical fractures, 3839 completed 10 years of morphometric vertebral fracture assessment, 3788 completed 10 years of morphologic vertebral fracture assessment, and 4464 completed 10 years of follow-up for change in aBMD. In the multivariate analyses, parity and lactation duration showed no associations with clinical fragility fractures, radiographic vertebral fractures, or change in aBMD, except that parity associated with a probable chance finding of a slightly greater decline in femoral neck aBMD. CONCLUSIONS Parity and lactation have no adverse associations with clinical fragility or radiographic vertebral fractures, or the rate of BMD decline over 10 years, in this prospective, multicenter study of a randomly selected, population-based cohort of women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Cooke-Hubley
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 300 Prince Philip Drive, St. John's, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Zhiwei Gao
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 300 Prince Philip Drive, St. John's, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Gerald Mugford
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 300 Prince Philip Drive, St. John's, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - Stephanie M Kaiser
- Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 2Y9, Canada
| | - David Goltzman
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - William D Leslie
- Department of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - K Shawn Davison
- a priori medical sciences Inc., Victoria, BC, V8R 3E3, Canada
| | - Jacques P Brown
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, CHU de Quebec Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Linda Probyn
- Department of Medical Imaging, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M4R 1K5, Canada
| | - Brian Lentle
- Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V9A 6T5, Canada
| | - Jerilynn C Prior
- Centre for Menstrual Cycle and Ovulation Research, Medicine/Endocrinology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Christopher S Kovacs
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 300 Prince Philip Drive, St. John's, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada.
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Ryan BA, Alhani K, Sellars KB, Kirby BJ, St-Arnaud R, Kaufmann M, Jones G, Kovacs CS. Mineral Homeostasis in Murine Fetuses Is Sensitive to Maternal Calcitriol but Not to Absence of Fetal Calcitriol. J Bone Miner Res 2019; 34:669-680. [PMID: 30508318 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D receptor (VDR) null fetuses have normal serum minerals, parathyroid hormone (PTH), skeletal morphology, and mineralization but increased serum calcitriol, placental calcium transport, and placental expression of Pthrp, Trpv6, and (as reported in this study) Pdia3. We examined Cyp27b1 null fetal mice, which do not make calcitriol, to determine if loss of calcitriol has the same consequences as loss of VDR. Cyp27b1 null and wild-type (WT) females were mated to Cyp27b1+/- males, which generated Cyp27b1 null and Cyp27b1+/- fetuses from Cyp27b1 null mothers, and Cyp27b1+/- and WT fetuses from WT mothers. Cyp27b1 null fetuses had undetectable calcitriol but normal serum calcium and phosphorus, PTH, fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), skeletal mineral content, tibial lengths and morphology, placental calcium transport, and expression of Trpv6 and Pthrp; conversely, placental Pdia3 was downregulated. However, although Cyp27b1+/- and null fetuses of Cyp27b1 null mothers were indistinguishable, they had higher serum and amniotic fluid calcium, lower amniotic fluid phosphorus, lower FGF23, and higher 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D than in WT and Cyp27b1+/- fetuses of WT mothers. In summary, loss of fetal calcitriol did not alter mineral or bone homeostasis, but Cyp27b1 null mothers altered mineral homeostasis in their fetuses independent of fetal genotype. Cyp27b1 null fetuses differ from Vdr null fetuses, possibly through high levels of calcitriol acting on Pdia3 in Vdr nulls to upregulate placental calcium transport and expression of Trpv6 and Pthrp. In conclusion, maternal calcitriol influences fetal mineral metabolism, whereas loss of fetal calcitriol does not. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany A Ryan
- Faculty of Medicine-Endocrinology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
| | - Kamal Alhani
- Faculty of Medicine-Endocrinology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
| | - K Berit Sellars
- Faculty of Medicine-Endocrinology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
| | - Beth J Kirby
- Faculty of Medicine-Endocrinology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
| | - René St-Arnaud
- Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada and McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | | | | | - Christopher S Kovacs
- Faculty of Medicine-Endocrinology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
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DiMarco AN, Meeran K, Christakis I, Sodhi V, Nelson-Piercy C, Tolley NS, Palazzo FF. Seventeen Cases of Primary Hyperparathyroidism in Pregnancy: A Call for Management Guidelines. J Endocr Soc 2019; 3:1009-1021. [PMID: 31065618 PMCID: PMC6497920 DOI: 10.1210/js.2018-00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Context The risks of primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) to pregnant women and their fetuses appear to increase commensurate with serum calcium levels. The management strategy for pHPT must be adapted in pregnancy and should reflect the severity of hypercalcemia. However, no guidelines exist to assist clinicians. Methods The experience of a high-volume multidisciplinary endocrine surgical service in treating a consecutive series of pregnant women with pHPT referred for parathyroidectomy is presented and data are compared with a nonpregnant cohort with pHPT. A review of pHPT and pregnancy outcomes in the literature is provided. Results Seventeen pregnant women and 247 age range-matched nonpregnant women with pHPT were referred for surgery over 11 years. Mean serum calcium level was higher in the pregnant cohort (2.89 vs 2.78 mmol/L; P = 0.03). Preoperative localization with ultrasound succeeded in eight pregnant women (47%) and sestamibi scanning did in two of six (33% imaged preconception), compared with 84 (34%) and 102 (42%) control subjects, respectively (not significant). Parathyroidectomy was performed under general anesthesia between 12 and 28 weeks' gestation with no adverse pregnancy outcomes resulting. Cure rate was 100% vs 96% in controls. Conclusion pHPT in pregnancy is a threat to mother and child. Medical management may be appropriate in mild disease, but in moderate to severe disease, parathyroidectomy under general anesthesia in the second trimester is safe. Localization using ionizing radiation/MRI is unnecessary, because surgical intervention in a high-volume multidisciplinary setting has excellent outcomes. Guidelines on the topic would assist clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee Natasha DiMarco
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Endocrine Surgery, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Karim Meeran
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College National Health Service Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ioannis Christakis
- Department of Endocrine and General Surgery, Kings' College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vinpreet Sodhi
- Department of Anaesthesia, Imperial College National Health Service Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Nelson-Piercy
- Department of Obstetric Medicine, Guy's and St. Thomas' Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Obstetric Medicine, Imperial College National Health Service Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Samuel Tolley
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Endocrine Surgery, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Fausto Palazzo
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Endocrine Surgery, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Naot D, Musson DS, Cornish J. The Activity of Peptides of the Calcitonin Family in Bone. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:781-805. [PMID: 30540227 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00066.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcitonin was discovered over 50 yr ago as a new hormone that rapidly lowers circulating calcium levels. This effect is caused by the inhibition of calcium efflux from bone, as calcitonin is a potent inhibitor of bone resorption. Calcitonin has been in clinical use for conditions of accelerated bone turnover, including Paget's disease and osteoporosis; although in recent years, with the development of drugs that are more potent inhibitors of bone resorption, its use has declined. A number of peptides that are structurally similar to calcitonin form the calcitonin family, which currently includes calcitonin gene-related peptides (αCGRP and βCGRP), amylin, adrenomedullin, and intermedin. Apart from being structurally similar, the peptides signal through related receptors and have some overlapping biological activities, although other activities are peptide specific. In bone, in vitro studies and administration of the peptides to animals generally found inhibitory effects on osteoclasts and bone resorption and positive effects on osteoblasts and bone formation. Surprisingly, studies in genetically modified mice have demonstrated that the physiological role of calcitonin appears to be the inhibition of osteoblast activity and bone turnover, whereas amylin inhibits osteoclast activity. The review article focuses on the activities of peptides of the calcitonin family in bone and the challenges in understanding the relationship between the pharmacological effects and the physiological roles of these peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorit Naot
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - David S Musson
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Jillian Cornish
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
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Abstract
Mosquito breeding depends on the supply of fresh vertebrate blood, a major bottleneck for large-scale production of Anopheles spp. Feeding alternatives to fresh blood are thus a priority for research, outdoor large-cage trials and control interventions. Several artificial meal compositions were tested and Anopheles oogenesis, egg laying and development into the next generation of adult mosquitoes were followed. We identified blood-substitute-diets that supported ovarian development, egg maturation and fertility as well as, low progeny larval mortality, and normal development of offspring into adult mosquitoes. The formulated diet is an effective artificial meal, free of fresh blood that mimics a vertebrate blood meal and represents an important advance for the sustainability of Anopheles mosquito rearing in captivity.
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Solli GS, Sandbakk Ø. Training Characteristics During Pregnancy and Postpartum in the World's Most Successful Cross Country Skier. Front Physiol 2018; 9:595. [PMID: 29875693 PMCID: PMC5974210 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This case-study investigated the training characteristics, physiological capacity, and body composition of the world's most successful cross country skier during the 40-week pregnancy, and the 61-week postpartum. Training data was systemized by training form (endurance, strength, and speed), intensity [low- (LIT), moderate- (MIT), and high-intensity training (HIT)], and mode (running, cycling, and skiing/roller skiing). The training volume [mean ± standard deviation (median)] during pregnancy was 12.9 ± 7.3(10.0) h/week in the first- (weeks 1-12), 18.3 ± 2.9(18.0) h/week in the second- (weeks 13-28), and 8.8 ± 4.4(9.6) h/week in the third trimester (weeks 29-40). Endurance training time was distributed into 10.9 ± 6.2(9.9), 15.2 ± 2.3(15.6), and 7.6 ± 3.8(7.9) LIT and 0.4 ± 0.5(0.0), 1.3 ± 0.4(1.4), and 0.7 ± 0.6(0.8) h/week MIT during the three trimesters. Only 2.2 h of HIT was performed during the entire pregnancy. During the first two trimesters, the distribution of exercise modes were approximately the same as pre-pregnancy, but the amount of running was reduced during the third trimester. Training volume during the postpartum periods 1-4 was 6.6 ± 3.8(7.1) (PP1; weeks 1-6), 14.1 ± 3.4(14.3) (PP2; weeks 7-12), 10.6 ± 3.8(10.4) (PP3; weeks 13-18), and 13.6 ± 4.1(14.5) h/week (PP4; weeks 19-24), respectively. Training during PP3 and PP4 was interfered with two fractions in the sacrum, leading to decreased amount of running and MIT/HIT, compensated by increased amounts of cycling. Thereafter, training volume progressively approached the pre-pregnancy values, being 18.0 ± 3.9(18.7) h/week during the general preparation- (weeks 25-44), 17.6 ± 4.4(17.3) h/week during the specific preparation- (weeks 45-53), and 16.9 ± 3.5(17.2) h/week during the competition period (CP; weeks 54-61) leading up to the subsequent world championship. The oxygen uptake at the estimated lactate threshold (LT) decreased to 90% of pre-pregnancy values in the second trimester, but remained to ∼100% in PP3. Body weight and fat-% was higher, while lean body mass and bone mineral density was lower after delivery compared to pre-pregnancy. These measurements gradually changed and were back to ∼pre-pregnancy values during CP. This study indicates that high-level cross country skiers can tolerate high training loads during pregnancy. Although the participant had some postpartum setbacks in her training due to fractures in the sacrum, reduced overall training load, followed by a slower progression and utilization of alternative exercise modes, led to a successful return to competitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guro S Solli
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, Nord University, Bodø, Norway.,Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Centre for Elite Sports Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Øyvind Sandbakk
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Centre for Elite Sports Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Assadullah, Ieda N, Kawai N, Ishii H, Ihara K, Inoue N, Uenoyama Y, Tsukamura H. Co-expression of the calcitonin receptor gene in the hypothalamic kisspeptin neurons in female rats. Reprod Med Biol 2018; 17:164-172. [PMID: 29692674 PMCID: PMC5902471 DOI: 10.1002/rmb2.12085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Hypothalamic kisspeptin neurons are considered to play a critical role in regulating mammalian reproduction and integrating humoral and neuronal inputs that control gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH)/gonadotropin release. The present study aimed to investigate the upstream regulator candidates for kisspeptin neurons. Methods Visualized kisspeptin neurons that were taken from the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of Kiss1‐tdTomato rats were subjected to next‐generation sequencing (NGS) analysis. In situ hybridization (ISH) for the calcitonin receptor gene (Calcr) was performed throughout the whole forebrain of ovariectomized wild‐type female rats that had been implanted with a negative feedback level of estrogen, because the Calcr expression was evident in the ARC kisspeptin neurons from the NGS analysis. Then, a double ISH was performed for the Calcr and kisspeptin gene (Kiss1) in the brain regions, containing either the anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV) or ARC of the female rats. Results The NGS analysis revealed that the Calcr was highly expressed in the ARC kisspeptin neurons. It was found that the Calcr was co‐expressed in 12% and 22% of the Kiss1‐expressing cells in the ARC and AVPV, respectively. Conclusion The present study suggests that calcitonin receptor signaling could be involved in the regulation of reproductive function through the direct control of the ARC and/or AVPV kisspeptin neurons, and then GnRH/gonadotropin release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assadullah
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences Nagoya University Nagoya Japan
| | - Nahoko Ieda
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences Nagoya University Nagoya Japan
| | - Narumi Kawai
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences Nagoya University Nagoya Japan
| | - Hirotaka Ishii
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology Nippon Medical School Tokyo Japan
| | - Kunio Ihara
- Center for Gene Research Nagoya University Nagoya Japan
| | - Naoko Inoue
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences Nagoya University Nagoya Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Uenoyama
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences Nagoya University Nagoya Japan
| | - Hiroko Tsukamura
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences Nagoya University Nagoya Japan
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Torres DA, Freitas MB, Gonçalves RV. Changes in bone turnover and calcium homeostasis during pregnancy and lactation in mammals: a meta-analysis. Reprod Fertil Dev 2018; 30:681-688. [DOI: 10.1071/rd17163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Large amounts of calcium are required during pregnancy and lactation to support fetal and neonatal bone growth and calcification. An inadequate supply of calcium during these stages can lead to unsuccessful reproduction or impaired offspring fitness. During reproduction, female mammals undergo numerous physiological changes, including adaptations to allow an adequate supply of calcium. The lack of quantitative studies analysing these physiological changes from a comparative perspective limits our ability to explain and understand these adaptations. Herein, we present our meta-analysis of studies reporting changes in bone turnover and calcium homeostasis during pregnancy and lactation in 14 species of mammals. Our meta-analysis of 60 studies showed that all species have a similar pattern of physiological changes during pregnancy and lactation, which include: (1) decreased serum calcium concentrations; (2) bone tissue loss; (3) decreased serum calcitonin and parathyroid hormone concentrations; and (4) increased serum calcitriol concentration, regardless of changes in parathyroid hormone concentrations. In addition, we found a negative relationship between: (1) serum calcium concentrations and the number of teats; and (2) serum parathyroid hormone concentrations and litter mass.
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43
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Gillies BR, Ryan BA, Tonkin BA, Poulton IJ, Ma Y, Kirby BJ, St-Arnaud R, Sims NA, Kovacs CS. Absence of Calcitriol Causes Increased Lactational Bone Loss and Lower Milk Calcium but Does Not Impair Post-lactation Bone Recovery in Cyp27b1 Null Mice. J Bone Miner Res 2018; 33:16-26. [PMID: 28686309 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesized that adaptation to calcium supply demands of pregnancy and lactation do not require calcitriol. Adult Cyp27b1 null mice lack calcitriol and have hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia, and rickets. We studied wild-type (WT) and null sister pairs raised on a calcium-, phosphorus-, and lactose-enriched "rescue" diet that prevents hypocalcemia and rickets. Bone mineral content (BMC) increased >30% in pregnant nulls, declined 30% during lactation, and increased 30% by 4 weeks post-weaning. WT showed less marked changes. Micro-CT revealed loss of trabecular bone and recovery in both genotypes. In lactating nulls, femoral cortical thickness declined >30%, whereas endocortical perimeter increased; both recovered to baseline after weaning; there were no such changes in WT. Histomorphometry revealed a profound increase in osteoid surface and thickness in lactating nulls, which recovered after weaning. By three-point bend test, nulls had a >50% decline in ultimate load to failure that recovered after weaning. Although nulls showed bone loss during lactation, their milk calcium content was 30% lower compared with WT. Serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) was markedly elevated in nulls at baseline, reduced substantially in pregnancy, but increased again during lactation and remained high post-weaning. In summary, pregnant Cyp27b1 nulls gained BMC with reduced secondary hyperparathyroidism, implying increased intestinal calcium delivery. Lactating nulls lost more bone mass and strength than WT, accompanied by increased osteoid, reduced milk calcium, and worsened secondary hyperparathyroidism. This implies suboptimal intestinal calcium absorption. Post-weaning, bone mass and strength recovered to baseline, whereas BMC exceeded baseline by 40%. In conclusion, calcitriol-independent mechanisms regulate intestinal calcium absorption and trabecular bone metabolism during pregnancy and post-weaning but not during lactation; calcitriol may protect cortical bone during lactation. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany R Gillies
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
| | - Brittany A Ryan
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
| | - Brett A Tonkin
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research and the Department of Medicine at St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ingrid J Poulton
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research and the Department of Medicine at St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yue Ma
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
| | - Beth J Kirby
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
| | - René St-Arnaud
- Shriners Hospitals for Children and Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Natalie A Sims
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research and the Department of Medicine at St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Beggs MR, Appel I, Svenningsen P, Skjødt K, Alexander RT, Dimke H. Expression of transcellular and paracellular calcium and magnesium transport proteins in renal and intestinal epithelia during lactation. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2017; 313:F629-F640. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00680.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Significant alterations in maternal calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) balance occur during lactation. Ca2+ is the primary divalent cation mobilized into breast milk by demineralization of the skeleton and alterations in intestinal and renal Ca2+ transport. Mg2+ is also concentrated in breast milk, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. To determine the molecular alterations in Ca2+ and Mg2+ transport in the intestine and kidney during lactation, three groups of female mice consisting of either nonpregnant controls, lactating mice, or mice undergoing involution were examined. The fractional excretion of Ca2+, but not Mg2+, rose significantly during lactation. Renal 1-α hydroxylase and 24-OHase mRNA levels increased markedly, as did plasma 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D levels. This was accompanied by significant increases in intestinal expression of Trpv6 and S100g in lactating mice. However, no alterations in the expression of cation-permeable claudin-2, claudin-12, or claudins-15 were found in the intestine. In the kidney, increased expression of Trpv5 and Calb1 was observed during lactation, while no changes in claudins involved in Ca2+ and Mg2+ transport (claudin-2, claudin-14, claudin-16, or claudin-19) were found. Consistent with the mRNA expression, expression of both calbindin-D28K and transient receptor potential vanilloid 5 (TRPV5) proteins increased. Colonic Trpm6 expression increased during lactation, while renal Trpm6 remained unaltered. In conclusion, proteins involved in transcellular Ca2+ and Mg2+ transport pathways increase during lactation, while expression of paracellular transport proteins remained unchanged. Increased fractional Ca2+ excretion can be explained by vitamin D-dependent intestinal hyperabsorption and bone demineralization, despite enhanced transcellular Ca2+ uptake by the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan R. Beggs
- Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ida Appel
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Per Svenningsen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Karsten Skjødt
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; and
| | - R. Todd Alexander
- Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Henrik Dimke
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Kameda Y. Morphological and molecular evolution of the ultimobranchial gland of nonmammalian vertebrates, with special reference to the chicken C cells. Dev Dyn 2017; 246:719-739. [PMID: 28608500 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the current understanding of the nonmammalian ultimobranchial gland from morphological and molecular perspectives. Ultimobranchial anlage of all animal species develops from the last pharyngeal pouch. The genes involved in the development of pharyngeal pouches are well conserved across vertebrates. The ultimobranchial anlage of nonmammalian vertebrates and monotremes does not merge with the thyroid, remaining as an independent organ throughout adulthood. Although C cells of all animal species secrete calcitonin, the shape, cellular components and location of the ultimobranchial gland vary from species to species. Avian ultimobranchial gland is unique in several phylogenic aspects; the organ is located between the vagus and recurrent laryngeal nerves at the upper thorax and is densely innervated by branches emanating from them. In chick embryos, TuJ1-, HNK-1-, and PGP 9.5-immunoreactive cells that originate from the distal vagal (nodose) ganglion, colonize the ultimobranchial anlage and differentiate into C cells; neuronal cells give rise to C cells. Like C cells of mammals, the cells of fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and also a subset of C cells of birds, appear to be derived from the endodermal epithelium forming ultimobranchial anlage. Thus, the avian ultimobranchial C cells may have dual origins, neural progenitors and endodermal epithelium. Developmental Dynamics 246:719-739, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Kameda
- Department of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
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Kovacs CS. The Skeleton Is a Storehouse of Mineral That Is Plundered During Lactation and (Fully?) Replenished Afterwards. J Bone Miner Res 2017; 32:676-680. [PMID: 28177150 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
During lactation, mammals resorb mineral from the maternal skeleton to provide calcium to milk. Rodents lose 25% to 35% of skeletal ash weight, ash calcium content, and bone mineral content as measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and have compromised material properties of bone as assessed by crushing vertebrae and 3-point bend tests of femora or tibias. The strength, stiffness, and toughness of vertebrae, femora, and tibias are reduced by as much as 60%. The effects of lactation are not uniform throughout the skeleton, but instead resorption is much more marked in the trabecular-rich spine than in the appendicular skeleton or whole body. Women who breastfeed exclusively lose an average of 210 mg calcium in milk each day, whereas nursing of twins or triplets can double and triple the output of calcium. Clinical data are also consistent with skeletal calcium being released during lactation to provide much of the calcium needed for milk production. Lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD), as assessed by DXA, declines by a mean of 5% to 10% among numerous studies during 3 to 6 months of exclusive lactation, whereas largely cortical sites (hip, forearm, whole body) show half that loss or no significant changes. Micro-CT of rodents and high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) imaging of women confirm that lactation causes microarchitectural deterioration of bone. These skeletal losses occur through two pathways: upregulated osteoclast-mediated bone resorption and osteocytic osteolysis, in which osteocytes remove mineral from their lacunae and pericanalicular spaces. After weaning, the skeleton is fully restored to its prior mineral content and strength in both animal models and humans, despite persistent microarchitectural changes observed in high-resolution imaging. Osteoblasts upregulate to lay down new osteoid, while osteocytes remineralize their surroundings. The factors that stimulate this post-weaning skeletal recovery remain unclear. In most studies, a history of lactation does not increase the risk, but may protect against, low BMD and fragility fractures. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Kovacs
- Faculty of Medicine-Endocrinology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
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Soma-Pillay P, Nelson-Piercy C, Tolppanen H, Mebazaa A. Physiological changes in pregnancy. Cardiovasc J Afr 2017; 27:89-94. [PMID: 27213856 PMCID: PMC4928162 DOI: 10.5830/cvja-2016-021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 650] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Physiological changes occur in pregnancy to nurture the developing foetus and prepare the mother for labour and delivery. Some of these changes influence normal biochemical values while others may mimic symptoms of medical disease. It is important to differentiate between normal physiological changes and disease pathology. This review highlights the important changes that take place during normal pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Soma-Pillay
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Pretoria and Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Catherine Nelson-Piercy
- Department of Obstetric Medicine, Women's Health Academic Centre, King's Health Partners; Guy's and St Thomas' Foundation Trust, and Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Alexandre Mebazaa
- INSERM UMRS 942, Paris, France; University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Hôpital Lariboisière, APHP, France
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Faour O, Gilloteaux J. Calcitonin: Survey of new anatomy data to pathology and therapeutic aspects. TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH IN ANATOMY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tria.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Ma Y, Kirby BJ, Fairbridge NA, Karaplis AC, Lanske B, Kovacs CS. FGF23 Is Not Required to Regulate Fetal Phosphorus Metabolism but Exerts Effects Within 12 Hours After Birth. Endocrinology 2017; 158:252-263. [PMID: 27929669 PMCID: PMC5413075 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Loss of fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23) causes hyperphosphatemia, extraskeletal calcifications, and early mortality; excess FGF23 causes hypophosphatemia with rickets or osteomalacia. However, FGF23 may not be important during fetal development. FGF23 deficiency (Fgf23 null) and FGF23 excess (Phex null) did not alter fetal phosphorus or skeletal parameters. In this study, we further tested our hypothesis that FGF23 is not essential for fetal phosphorus regulation but becomes important after birth. Although coreceptor Klotho null adults have extremely high FGF23 concentrations, intact FGF23 was normal in Klotho null fetuses, as were fetal phosphorus and skeletal parameters and placental and renal expression of FGF23 target genes. Pth/Fgf23 double mutants had the same elevation in serum phosphorus as Pth null fetuses, as compared with normal serum phosphorus in Fgf23 nulls. We examined the postnatal time courses of Fgf23 null, Klotho null, and Phex null mice. Fgf23 nulls and Klotho nulls were normal at birth, but developed hyperphosphatemia, increased renal expression of NaPi2a and NaPi2c, and reduced renal phosphorus excretion between 5 and 7 days after birth. Parathyroid hormone remained normal. In contrast, excess FGF23 exerted effects in Phex null males within 12 hours after birth, with the development of hypophosphatemia, reduced renal expression of NaPi2a and NaPi2c, and increased renal phosphorus excretion. In conclusion, although FGF23 is present in the fetal circulation at levels that may equal adult values, and there is robust expression of FGF23 target genes in placenta and fetal kidneys, FGF23 itself is not an important regulator of fetal phosphorous metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Ma
- Faculty of Medicine–Endocrinology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland A1B 3V6, Canada;
| | - Beth J. Kirby
- Faculty of Medicine–Endocrinology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland A1B 3V6, Canada;
| | - Nicholas A. Fairbridge
- Faculty of Medicine–Endocrinology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland A1B 3V6, Canada;
| | - Andrew C. Karaplis
- McGill University and Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada; and
| | - Beate Lanske
- Division of Bone and Mineral Research, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Christopher S. Kovacs
- Faculty of Medicine–Endocrinology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland A1B 3V6, Canada;
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Association of plasma calcium concentrations with alcohol craving: New data on potential pathways. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2017; 27:42-47. [PMID: 27890540 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recently, calcium was suggested to be the active moiety of acamprosate. We examined plasma calcium concentrations in association with severity of alcohol dependence and its interaction with regulating pathways and alcohol craving in alcohol-dependent patients. 47 inpatient alcohol-dependent patients undergoing detoxification treatment underwent laboratory testing, including calcium, sodium, liver enzymes as well as serum concentrations of calcitonin, parathyroid hormone and vitamin D. The psychometric dimension of craving was analyzed with the Obsessive Compulsive Drinking Scale (OCDS). The severity of withdrawal was measured with the Alcohol Dependence Scale (ADS) and with the Alcohol Dependence Scale for high-risk sample (ADS-HR). The main findings of our investigation are: a) a negative correlation of plasma calcium concentrations with alcohol craving in different dimensions of the OCDS; b) a negative correlation of plasma calcium concentrations with breath alcohol concentration; c) lowered calcitonin concentration in the high-risk sample of alcoholics; d) lowered plasma vitamin D concentrations in all alcoholic subjects. Our study adds further support for lowered plasma calcium concentrations in patients with high alcohol intake and especially in patients with increased craving as a risk factor for relapse. Lowered calcitonin concentrations in the high-risk sample and lowered vitamin D concentrations may mediate these effects. Calcium supplementation could be a useful intervention for decreasing craving and relapse in alcohol-dependent subjects.
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