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Tillquist NM, Govoni KE, Zinn SA, Reed SA. Poor maternal nutrition during gestation in sheep alters key hormonal systems involved in energy homeostasis and appetite in the offspring. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2025; 91:106907. [PMID: 39681045 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2024.106907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2024] [Revised: 11/27/2024] [Accepted: 12/09/2024] [Indexed: 12/18/2024]
Abstract
Disturbances in maternal nutrient availability through increased or decreased abundance of specific or total nutrients during pre-natal development can have negative impacts on offspring growth. These changes are likely mediated, at least in part, by hormonal systems that control energy homeostasis and appetite. Regulation of insulin signaling is critical to ensuring appropriate glucose homeostasis. Poor maternal nutrition during gestation impacts circulating glucose and insulin concentration in both the dam and offspring, reducing circulating insulin and glucose in offspring of restricted-fed dams and increased circulating insulin and glucose in the offspring of over-fed dams. Leptin and ghrelin are key regulators of appetite and feed intake. Offspring of over-fed ewes often exhibit leptin resistance, which may lead to changes in adiposity. Leptin responses in offspring of restricted-fed ewes are not well defined, although restricted-fed ewes themselves exhibit decreased circulating leptin concentrations. Little is known about the effects of poor maternal nutrition on offspring ghrelin. Glucocorticoids and thyroid hormones are required for appropriate fetal development. Poor maternal nutrition during gestation alters the development of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and thyroid axes in the offspring, although the effects vary according to the type, duration, timing, and severity of the nutritional insult. The relationships between insulin, leptin, ghrelin, glucocorticoids, and thyroid hormones can result in synergistic effects, exacerbating negative outcomes for the offspring. The impacts of poor maternal nutrition are multi-faceted, and the resulting alterations in body composition can continue to impact hormone regulation beyond the initial insult caused by poor maternal nutrition during gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Tillquist
- University of Connecticut, Department of Animal Science, 17 Manter Road Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Kristen E Govoni
- University of Connecticut, Department of Animal Science, 17 Manter Road Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Steven A Zinn
- University of Connecticut, Department of Animal Science, 17 Manter Road Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Sarah A Reed
- University of Connecticut, Department of Animal Science, 17 Manter Road Storrs, CT, 06269, USA.
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2
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Zhu Y, Li J, Wang L, Qi Q, Li S, Cheng Y, Liu D, Zeng L, Zhu Z. Maternal Gestational Weight Status and Offspring Physical Growth Status at Birth, Mid-Childhood and Early Adolescence. MATERNAL & CHILD NUTRITION 2025:e70015. [PMID: 40079394 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.70015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2025] [Accepted: 02/24/2025] [Indexed: 03/15/2025]
Abstract
Maternal adiposity has been identified as a predictor of child overweight/obesity; however, it remains unclear whether the association changes as the child ages. We aimed to examine the associations between maternal weight status during pregnancy and offspring physical growth from birth to early adolescence using data from a birth cohort study in rural western China. Maternal weight measurements during the first, second and third trimesters were used to calculate body mass index (BMI) and gestational weight gain (GWG) rate, and then were classified following the Institute of Medicine recommendation. Offspring length/height and weight were measured at birth, mid-childhood (age 7-10 years) and early adolescence (age 10-14 years) and converted into z-scores using the INTERGROWTH-21st and WHO standards, respectively. Generalized linear models were applied to examine the associations of maternal BMI and GWG with offspring BMI-for-age and sex (BAZ) and length-/height-for-age and sex z-score (LAZ/HAZ) at birth, mid-childhood and early adolescence, respectively, adjusting for potential confounders. Among 411 mother-offspring pairs (62% boys), higher maternal BMI during the first trimester was associated with increased offspring BAZ at birth (adjusted mean differences [aMD]: 0.07, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.001-0.14), mid-childhood (aMD 0.09, 95% CI: 0.05-0.14) and early adolescence (aMD 0.11, 95% CI: 0.05-0.17). Maternal excessive GWG was associated with higher HAZ in early adolescence (aMD 0.44; 95% CI: 0.17-0.69). The strongest point estimate of maternal gestational weight status on offspring physical growth emerged in early adolescence, suggesting the potential age-dependent amplifying impact. Additionally, updated GWG guidelines should consider regional characteristics and long-term offspring growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingze Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Jialu Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Qi Qi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Shaoru Li
- Experimental Teaching Center, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Yue Cheng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety Research, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Danmeng Liu
- Translational Medicine Center, Northwest Women's and Children's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Lingxia Zeng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
- Center for Chronic Disease Control and Prevention, Global Health Institution, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- Key Laboratory for Disease Prevention and Control and Health Promotion of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhonghai Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
- Center for Chronic Disease Control and Prevention, Global Health Institution, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- Key Laboratory for Disease Prevention and Control and Health Promotion of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, China
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Qiu X, Lan X, Li L, Chen H, Zhang N, Zheng X, Xie X. The role of perirenal adipose tissue deposition in chronic kidney disease progression: Mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Life Sci 2024; 352:122866. [PMID: 38936605 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) represents a significant and escalating global health challenge, with morbidity and mortality rates rising steadily. Evidence increasingly implicates perirenal adipose tissue (PRAT) deposition as a contributing factor in the pathogenesis of CKD. This review explores how PRAT deposition may exert deleterious effects on renal structure and function. The anatomical proximity of PRAT to the kidneys not only potentially causes mechanical compression but also leads to the dysregulated secretion of adipokines and inflammatory mediators, such as adiponectin, leptin, visfatin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and exosomes. Additionally, PRAT deposition may contribute to renal lipotoxicity through elevated levels of free fatty acids (FFA), triglycerides (TAG), diacylglycerol (DAG), and ceramides (Cer). PRAT deposition is also linked to the hyperactivation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which further exacerbates CKD progression. Recognizing PRAT deposition as an independent risk factor for CKD underscores the potential of targeting PRAT as a novel strategy for the prevention and management of CKD. This review further discusses interventions that could include measuring PRAT thickness to establish a baseline, managing metabolic risk factors that promote its deposition, and inhibiting key PRAT-induced signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Qiu
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Public Center of Experimental Technology, Model Animal and Human Disease Research of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xin Lan
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Public Center of Experimental Technology, Model Animal and Human Disease Research of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Langhui Li
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Public Center of Experimental Technology, Model Animal and Human Disease Research of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Huan Chen
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Public Center of Experimental Technology, Model Animal and Human Disease Research of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Nucleic Acid Medicine of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Ningjuan Zhang
- The School of Clinical Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli Zheng
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
| | - Xiang Xie
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Public Center of Experimental Technology, Model Animal and Human Disease Research of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
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Shokrollahi B, Lee HJ, Baek YC, Jin S, Jang GS, Moon SJ, Um KH, Jang SS, Park MS. Transcriptomic Analysis of Newborn Hanwoo Calves: Effects of Maternal Overnutrition during Mid- to Late Pregnancy on Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue and Liver. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:704. [PMID: 38927640 PMCID: PMC11202606 DOI: 10.3390/genes15060704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the transcriptomic responses of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and liver in newborn Hanwoo calves subjected to maternal overnutrition during mid- to late gestation. Eight Hanwoo cows were randomly assigned to control and treatment groups. The treatment group received a diet of 4.5 kg of concentrate and 6.5 kg of rice straw daily, resulting in intake levels of 8.42 kg DMI, 5.69 kg TDN, and 0.93 kg CP-higher than the control group (6.07 kg DMI, 4.07 kg TDN, and 0.65 kg CP), with respective NEm values of 9.56 Mcal and 6.68 Mcal. Following birth, newly born calves were euthanized humanely as per ethical guidelines, and SAT and liver samples from newborn calves were collected for RNA extraction and analysis. RNA sequencing identified 192 genes that were differentially expressed in the SAT (17 downregulated and 175 upregulated); notably, HSPA6 emerged as the most significantly upregulated gene in the SAT and as the singular upregulated gene in the liver (adj-p value < 0.05). Additionally, differential gene expression analysis highlighted extensive changes across genes associated with adipogenesis, fibrogenesis, and stress response. The functional enrichment pathway and protein-protein interaction (PPI) unraveled the intricate networks and biological processes impacted by overnutrition, including extracellular matrix organization, cell surface receptor signaling, and the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. These findings underscore maternal overnutrition's substantial influence on developmental pathways, suggesting profound cellular modifications with potential lasting effects on health and productivity. Despite the robust insights that are provided, the study's limitations (sample size) underscore the necessity for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borhan Shokrollahi
- Hanwoo Research Institute, National Institute of Animal Science, Pyeongchang 25340, Republic of Korea; (B.S.); (Y.C.B.); (S.J.); (G.-S.J.); (S.J.M.); (K.-H.U.)
| | - Hyun-Jeong Lee
- Animal Nutrition and Physiology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea;
| | - Youl Chang Baek
- Hanwoo Research Institute, National Institute of Animal Science, Pyeongchang 25340, Republic of Korea; (B.S.); (Y.C.B.); (S.J.); (G.-S.J.); (S.J.M.); (K.-H.U.)
| | - Shil Jin
- Hanwoo Research Institute, National Institute of Animal Science, Pyeongchang 25340, Republic of Korea; (B.S.); (Y.C.B.); (S.J.); (G.-S.J.); (S.J.M.); (K.-H.U.)
| | - Gi-Suk Jang
- Hanwoo Research Institute, National Institute of Animal Science, Pyeongchang 25340, Republic of Korea; (B.S.); (Y.C.B.); (S.J.); (G.-S.J.); (S.J.M.); (K.-H.U.)
| | - Sung Jin Moon
- Hanwoo Research Institute, National Institute of Animal Science, Pyeongchang 25340, Republic of Korea; (B.S.); (Y.C.B.); (S.J.); (G.-S.J.); (S.J.M.); (K.-H.U.)
| | - Kyung-Hwan Um
- Hanwoo Research Institute, National Institute of Animal Science, Pyeongchang 25340, Republic of Korea; (B.S.); (Y.C.B.); (S.J.); (G.-S.J.); (S.J.M.); (K.-H.U.)
| | - Sun Sik Jang
- Hanwoo Research Institute, National Institute of Animal Science, Pyeongchang 25340, Republic of Korea; (B.S.); (Y.C.B.); (S.J.); (G.-S.J.); (S.J.M.); (K.-H.U.)
| | - Myung Sun Park
- Hanwoo Research Institute, National Institute of Animal Science, Pyeongchang 25340, Republic of Korea; (B.S.); (Y.C.B.); (S.J.); (G.-S.J.); (S.J.M.); (K.-H.U.)
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Veit W, Browning H. Developmental Programming, Evolution, and Animal Welfare: A Case for Evolutionary Veterinary Science. J APPL ANIM WELF SCI 2023; 26:552-564. [PMID: 34913795 DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2021.2014838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The conditions animals experience during the early developmental stages of their lives can have critical ongoing effects on their future health, welfare, and proper development. In this paper we draw on evolutionary theory to improve our understanding of the processes of developmental programming, particularly Predictive Adaptive Responses (PAR) that serve to match offspring phenotype with predicted future environmental conditions. When these predictions fail, a mismatch occurs between offspring phenotype and the environment, which can have long-lasting health and welfare effects. Examples include metabolic diseases resulting from maternal nutrition and behavioral changes from maternal stress. An understanding of these processes and their evolutionary origins will help in identifying and providing appropriate developmental conditions to optimize offspring welfare. This serves as an example of the benefits of using evolutionary thinking within veterinary science and we suggest that in the same way that evolutionary medicine has helped our understanding of human health, the implementation of evolutionary veterinary science (EvoVetSci) could be a useful way forward for research in animal health and welfare.
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Tillquist NM, Reed SA, Kawaida MY, Reiter AS, Smith BI, Jang H, Lee JY, Lee EC, Zinn SA, Govoni KE. Restricted- and over-feeding during gestation decreases growth of offspring throughout maturity. Transl Anim Sci 2023; 7:txad061. [PMID: 37334247 PMCID: PMC10276548 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txad061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
To determine the effects of poor maternal nutrition on the growth and metabolism of offspring into maturity, multiparous Dorset ewes pregnant with twins (n = 46) were fed to either 100% (control; n = 13), 60% (restricted; n = 17), or 140% (over; n = 16) of National Research Council requirements from day 30 ± 0.02 of gestation until parturition. Offspring of these ewes are referred to as CON (n = 10 ewes; 12 rams), RES (n = 13 ewes; 21 rams), or OVER (n = 16 ewes; 13 rams), respectively. Lamb body weights (BW) and blood samples were collected weekly from birth (day 0) to day 28 and then every 14 d until day 252. Intravenous glucose tolerance test (infusion of 0.25 g dextrose/kg BW) was performed at day 133 ± 0.25. At day 167 ± 1.42, individual daily intake was recorded over a 77 d feeding period to determine residual feed intake (RFI). Rams were euthanized at day 282 ± 1.82 and body morphometrics, loin eye area (LEA), back fat thickness, and organ weights were collected. The right leg was collected from rams at necropsy and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry was used to determine bone mineral density (BMD) and length. Averaged from day 0 until day 252, RES and OVER offspring weighed 10.8% and 6.8% less than CON offspring, respectively (P ≤ 0.02). When adjusted for BW, liver and testes weights tended to be increased and decreased, respectively, in RES rams compared with CON rams (P ≤ 0.08). Additionally, RES BMD and bone length were less than CON rams (P ≤ 0.06). Treatment did not influence muscle mass, LEA, or adipose deposition (P ≥ 0.41). Rams (-0.17) were more feed efficient than ewes (0.23; P < 0.01); however, no effect of maternal diet was observed (P ≥ 0.57). At 2 min post glucose infusion, glucose concentrations in OVER offspring were greater than CON and RES offspring (P = 0.04). Concentrations of insulin in CON rams tended to be greater than OVER and RES ewes at 5 min (P ≤ 0.07). No differences were detected in insulin:glucose or area under the curve (AUC) for glucose or insulin (P ≤ 0.29). Maternal diet did not impact offspring triglycerides or cholesterol (P ≤ 0.35). Pre-weaning leptin tended to be 70% greater in OVER offspring than CON (P ≤ 0.07). These data indicate that poor maternal nutrition impairs offspring growth throughout maturity but does not affect RFI. Changes in metabolic factors and glucose tolerance are minimal, highlighting the need to investigate other mechanisms that may contribute to negative impacts of poor maternal diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Tillquist
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Sarah A Reed
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Mia Y Kawaida
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Amanda S Reiter
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Brandon I Smith
- Present address: Amador Bioscience, Ann Arbor, MI, 48108, USA
| | - Hyung Jang
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Ji-Young Lee
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Elaine C Lee
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Steven A Zinn
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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7
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Programming by maternal obesity: a pathway to poor cardiometabolic health in the offspring. Proc Nutr Soc 2022; 81:227-242. [DOI: 10.1017/s0029665122001914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is an ever increasing prevalence of maternal obesity worldwide such that in many populations over half of women enter pregnancy either overweight or obese. This review aims to summarise the impact of maternal obesity on offspring cardiometabolic outcomes. Maternal obesity is associated with increased risk of adverse maternal and pregnancy outcomes. However, beyond this exposure to maternal obesity during development also increases the risk of her offspring developing long-term adverse cardiometabolic outcomes throughout their adult life. Both human studies and those in experimental animal models have shown that maternal obesity can programme increased risk of offspring developing obesity and adipose tissue dysfunction; type 2 diabetes with peripheral insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction; CVD with impaired cardiac structure and function and hypertension via impaired vascular and kidney function. As female offspring themselves are therefore likely to enter pregnancy with poor cardiometabolic health this can lead to an inter-generational cycle perpetuating the transmission of poor cardiometabolic health across generations. Maternal exercise interventions have the potential to mitigate some of the adverse effects of maternal obesity on offspring health, although further studies into long-term outcomes and how these translate to a clinical context are still required.
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8
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Pregnant beef cow's nutrition and its effects on postnatal weight and carcass quality of their progeny. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237941. [PMID: 32854111 PMCID: PMC7452729 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A systematic review (SR) and meta-analysis (MA) were performed to evaluate the effects of different energy levels (metabolizable energy, ME) and crude protein (CP), supplied to pregnant cows, on weight of their progenies at 60 (BW60), 100 (BW100), 180 (BW180) and 205 (BW205) days of age, average daily gain (ADG), and weight, age, loin eye area (LEA), marbling and fat thickness (FT) at slaughter. The SR was performed on two electronic databases. The MA for random effects was performed for each response variable separately. The BW60 was reduced (P<0.001; I2 = 78.9%) when cows consumed CP and ME above the required levels during the third trimester of pregnancy (3TRI). The BW205 was lower (P<0.001; I2 = 92.6%) when cows consumed ME above the recommended levels in the second trimester of pregnancy (2TRI) and 3TRI. Conversely, the ADG was higher when cows consumed CP (P = 0.032; I2 = 96.1%) and ME (P<0.001; I2 = 96.1%) above the required levels. The steers whose mothers consumed CP and ME above the required levels during the 3TRI were slaughtered 5.5 days earlier (P = 0.015; I2 = 98.5%) compared to other steers. The marbling was higher (P<0.001; I2 = 91.7%) in calves born to mothers consuming CP and ME above the recommended levels, regardless of the gestation phase. The FT was higher (P<0.001; I2 = 0%) in the offspring of cows that consumed CP and ME above the required levels during the 3TRI. Thus, CP and ME intake, at levels higher than those recommended by the NRC, by pregnant cows in the 3TRI reduces the progeny weight up to 205 days of age. However, this is advantageous during the finishing phase, as it reduces slaughter age and increases the ADG and carcass quality by improving marbling and FT.
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Wallace JM, Milne JS, Aitken BW, Aitken RP, Adam CL. Ovine prenatal growth-restriction and sex influence fetal adipose tissue phenotype and impact postnatal lipid metabolism and adiposity in vivo from birth until adulthood. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228732. [PMID: 32059008 PMCID: PMC7021317 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue development begins in utero and is a key target of developmental programming. Here the influence of nutritionally-mediated prenatal growth-restriction on perirenal adipose tissue (PAT) gene expression and adipocyte phenotype in late fetal life was investigated in both sexes in an ovine model. Likewise circulating leptin concentrations and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) and glycerol responses to glucose challenge were determined in relation to offspring adiposity at key stages from birth to mid-adult life. In both studies' singleton-bearing adolescent sheep were fed control or high nutrient intakes to induce normal or growth-restricted pregnancies, respectively. Fetal growth-restriction at day 130 of gestation (32% lighter) was characterised by greater body-weight-specific PAT mass and higher PAT expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARɤ), glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, hormone sensitive lipase (HSL), insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor, and uncoupling protein 1. Independent of prenatal growth, females had a greater body-weight-specific PAT mass, more multilocular adipocytes, higher leptin and lower insulin-like growth factor 1 mRNA than males. Growth-restricted offspring of both sexes (42% lighter at birth) were characterised by higher plasma NEFA concentrations across the life-course (post-fasting and after glucose challenge at 7, 32, 60, 85 and 106 weeks of age) consistent with reduced adipose tissue insulin sensitivity. Circulating plasma leptin correlated with body fat percentage (females>males) and restricted compared with normal females had more body fat and increased abundance of PPARɤ, HSL, leptin and adiponectin mRNA in PAT at necropsy (109 weeks). Therefore, prenatal nutrient supply and sex both influence adipose tissue development with consequences for lipid metabolism and body composition persisting throughout the life-course.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John S Milne
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Beth W Aitken
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Raymond P Aitken
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Clare L Adam
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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Khanal P, Pandey D, Binti Ahmad S, Safayi S, Kadarmideen HN, Olaf Nielsen M. Differential impacts of late gestational over-and undernutrition on adipose tissue traits and associated visceral obesity risk upon exposure to a postnatal high-fat diet in adolescent sheep. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14359. [PMID: 32026612 PMCID: PMC7002533 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that late gestation malnutrition differentially affects expandability of adipose tissues to predispose for early postnatal visceral adiposity. Twin-lambs born to dams fed HIGH (150%/110% of required energy/protein, respectively), NORM (100% of requirements) or LOW (50% of NORM) diets during the last trimester were used. Postnatally, lambs were raised on moderate (CONV) or high-carbohydrate-high-fat (HCHF) diets. Adipose tissues were sampled at autopsy at 6 months of age (~puberty) to characterize cellularity, adipocyte cross-sectional area and gene expression patterns. HIGH and LOW compared to NORM lambs had reduced intrinsic (under CONV diet) cellularity in subcutaneous and mesenteric (particularly LOW), and reduced obesity-induced (under HCHF diet) hyperplasia in subcutaneous, mesenteric and perirenal (particularly HIGH) adipose tissues. This corresponded with more pronounced HCHF diet-induced hypertrophy in mesenteric (particularly LOW), perirenal (particularly HIGH) and subcutaneous (particularly HIGH) adipose tissues, and tissue-specific reductions in mRNA expressions for lipid metabolism, angiogenesis and adipose development. Gene expression for inflammation and lipid metabolism markers were increased and decreased, respectively, in HCHF lambs (HCHF lambs became obese) in all tissues. Both prenatal over- and undernutrition predisposed for abdominal adiposity and extreme perirenal hypertrophy due to reduced intrinsic (observed under CONV diet) cellularity and impaired ability of subcutaneous, mesenteric and perirenal adipose tissues to expand by hyperplasia rather than hypertrophy on an obesogenic (HCHF) diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhat Khanal
- Animal Science, Production and Welfare DivisionFaculty of Biosciences and AquacultureNord UniversitySteinkjer CampusNorway
| | - Deepak Pandey
- Animal Science, Production and Welfare DivisionFaculty of Biosciences and AquacultureNord UniversitySteinkjer CampusNorway
| | - Sharmila Binti Ahmad
- Department of Veterinary and Animal SciencesFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of Copenhagen, DenmarkFrederiksbergDenmark
| | | | - Haja N. Kadarmideen
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer ScienceTechnical University of DenmarkKongens LyngbyDenmark
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Richards EM, McElhaney E, Zeringue K, Joseph S, Keller-Wood M. Transcriptomic evidence that cortisol alters perinatal epicardial adipose tissue maturation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 317:E573-E585. [PMID: 31322429 PMCID: PMC6842920 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00007.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cortisol administration during late gestation in ewes, modeling maternal stress, resulted in transcriptomic changes suggesting altered maturation and metabolic changes to the offspring heart. This study investigates the effects of cortisol on epicardial adipose tissue (EAT), a visceral fat pad associated with adverse cardiovascular conditions in adults. Pregnant ewes were treated with either 1 mg·kg-1·day-1 cortisol from 115 days gestation to term and EAT collected from term fetuses (control: n = 8, maternal cortisol 1 mg·kg-1·day-1: n = 6). To compare the effects of cortisol to the normal maturation in EAT, we also modeled the normal changes in gene expression in EAT at the transition from in utero to postnatal life using the EAT from control fetuses and from two-week-old lambs (control: n = 7). Transcriptomic modeling was used to identify pathways altered by maternal cortisol overexposure. Transcriptomic modeling confirmed the brown fat phenotype of EAT at term and a transition toward white fat at 2 wk of age in EAT of control fetuses/lambs and highlighted a role of immune responses, including complement coagulation, and serotonin in this transition. Maternal cortisol (1 mg·kg-1·day-1) increased the lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal in EAT of term fetuses but did not affect the number of activated macrophages or size of the lipid droplets in the depot; transcriptomics suggested an earlier metabolic maturation of EAT via, in part, increased immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine M Richards
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Emily McElhaney
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Katelyn Zeringue
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Serene Joseph
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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12
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Greenwood PL, Bell AW. Developmental Programming and Growth of Livestock Tissues for Meat Production. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2019; 35:303-319. [PMID: 31103183 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal regulation of fetal development has consequences for growth and development of carcass tissues. Severely restricted fetal growth can reduce postnatal growth capacity, resulting in smaller-for-age animals that take longer to reach market weights but has little effect on feedlot efficiency or carcass and meat quality. Specific nutritional supplementation, particularly during later pregnancy, may limit fetal growth retardation and enhance postnatal growth capacity and carcass characteristics, and may improve development of intramuscular fat. Continued improvements in understanding developmental processes and their regulation will increase future capacity to improve growth, efficiency, carcasses, and meat quality through developmental programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul L Greenwood
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Armidale Livestock Industries Centre, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia.
| | - Alan W Bell
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-4801, USA
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Antolic A, Richards EM, Wood CE, Keller-Wood M. A Transcriptomic Model of Postnatal Cardiac Effects of Prenatal Maternal Cortisol Excess in Sheep. Front Physiol 2019; 10:816. [PMID: 31333485 PMCID: PMC6616147 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In utero treatment with glucocorticoids have been suggested to reprogram postnatal cardiovascular function and stress responsiveness. However, little is known about the effects of prenatal exposure to the natural corticosteroid, cortisol, on postnatal cardiovascular system or metabolism. We have demonstrated an increased incidence of stillbirth in sheep pregnancies in which there is mild maternal hypercortisolemia caused by infusion of 1 mg/kg/d cortisol. In order to model corticosteroid effects in the neonate, we created a second model in which cortisol was infused for 12 h per day for a daily infusion of 0.5 mg/kg/d. In this model we had previously found that neonatal plasma glucose was increased and plasma insulin was decreased compared to those in the control group, and that neonatal ponderal index and kidney weight were reduced and left ventricular wall thickness was increased in the 2 week old lamb. In this study, we have used transcriptomic modeling to better understand the programming effect of this maternal hypercortisolemia in these hearts. This is a time when both terminal differentiation and a shift in the metabolism of the heart from carbohydrates to lipid oxidation are thought to be complete. The transcriptomic model indicates suppression of genes in pathways for fatty acid and ketone production and upregulation of genes in pathways for angiogenesis in the epicardial adipose fat (EAT). The transcriptomic model indicates that RNA related pathways are overrepresented by downregulated genes, but ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis and protein targeting to the mitochondria are overrepresented by upregulated genes in the intraventricular septum (IVS) and left ventricle (LV). In IVS the AMPK pathway and adipocytokine signaling pathways were also modeled based on overrepresentation by downregulated genes. Peroxisomal activity is modeled as increased in EAT, but decreased in LV and IVS. Our results suggest that pathways for lipids as well as cell proliferation and cardiac remodeling have altered activity postnatally after the in utero cortisol exposure. Together, this model is consistent with the observed increase in cardiac wall thickness at necropsy and altered glucose metabolism observed in vivo, and predicts that in utero exposure to excess maternal cortisol will cause postnatal cardiac hypertrophy and altered responses to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Antolic
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Elaine M Richards
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Charles E Wood
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Maureen Keller-Wood
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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14
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Reynolds CM, Vickers MH. The role of adipokines in developmental programming: evidence from animal models. J Endocrinol 2019. [DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in the environment during critical periods of development, including altered maternal nutrition, can increase the risk for the development of a range of metabolic, cardiovascular and reproductive disorders in offspring in adult life. Following the original epidemiological observations of David Barker that linked perturbed fetal growth to adult disease, a wide range of experimental animal models have provided empirical support for the developmental programming hypothesis. Although the mechanisms remain poorly defined, adipose tissue has been highlighted as playing a key role in the development of many disorders that manifest in later life. In particular, adipokines, including leptin and adiponectin, primarily secreted by adipose tissue, have now been shown to be important mediators of processes underpinning several phenotypic features associated with developmental programming including obesity, insulin sensitivity and reproductive disorders. Moreover, manipulation of adipokines in early life has provided for potential strategies to ameliorate or reverse the adverse sequalae that are associated with aberrant programming and provided insight into some of the mechanisms involved in the development of chronic disease across the lifecourse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare M Reynolds
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mark H Vickers
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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15
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Associations of prenatal exposure to impaired glucose tolerance with eating in the absence of hunger in early adolescence. Int J Obes (Lond) 2019; 43:1903-1913. [PMID: 30622313 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-018-0296-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Exposure to impaired gestational glucose tolerance has been shown to have sex-specific associations with offspring obesity risk, perhaps by affecting the development of appetite regulation. We examined the extent to which prenatal exposure to impaired glucose tolerance was associated with eating in the absence of hunger (EAH) in early adolescent offspring, and in turn, whether EAH was cross-sectionally associated with body composition. METHODS We included data from 1097 adolescents participating in Project Viva, a pre-birth longitudinal cohort. We obtained the results of two-stage prenatal glycemic screening (50 g glucose challenge test, followed if abnormal by 100 g oral glucose tolerance test) at 26-28 weeks of gestation, and categorized mothers as having normal glucose tolerance, isolated hyperglycemia (IH, n = 92, 8.4%), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT, n = 36, 3.3%), or gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM, n = 52, 4.7%). At a median age of 13 years, offspring reported on two modified items of the Eating in the Absence of Hunger in Children and Adolescents questionnaire, we measured height and weight, and performed dual X-ray absorptiometry scans to assess fat and fat-free mass. We used multivariable linear regression analyses adjusted for sociodemographic and prenatal covariates, including maternal pre-pregnancy BMI. RESULTS On a ten-point scale, the mean (SD) EAH score was 4.4 points (SD = 1.5) in boys and 4.4 (SD = 1.4) in girls. In girls, prenatal exposure to both IH and IGT was associated with more EAH compared with normal glucose tolerance (e.g., for IH: 0.56 points, 95% CI: 0.17, 0.96), whereas in boys, prenatal exposure to IGT was associated with less EAH (-0.81 points, 95% CI: -1.41, -0.21). We did not observe an association between exposure to GDM and EAH, nor did we observe associations between EAH and body composition in early adolescence. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest sex-specific associations of exposure to impaired gestational glucose tolerance with offspring EAH in early adolescence.
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Erdoğan S, Karaca S, Güney M, Kor A, Çakmakçı C, Sarıbey M. Effect of dried corn distillers' grains with solubles and soybean meal supplements on physiological indicators and reproductive performance of ewes. Arch Anim Nutr 2018; 72:351-367. [PMID: 30183394 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2018.1507976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of adding dried distillers' grains with solubles (DDGS) to the nutritional regimens of ewes at different time periods on reproductive traits, serum hormones and serum metabolites. In Experiment 1, 100 ewes were divided into 4 groups (n = 25) according to diet. The four diets were grass hay (H) alone (group H), H with barley (group H + B), H with DDGS for the whole feeding period (27 d) (group H + DDGS) or H and DDGS for 5 d (d 8-12 of oestrus cycle) (group H + DDGS5). Serum progesterone concentrations were affected by oestrus cycle (p < 0.001), but not by dietary treatments. However, feeding H + DDGS caused significant increases in serum insulin, leptin and growth hormone concentrations (p < 0.05). In Experiment 2, 30 ewes were divided into 2 groups (n = 15), receiving DDGS or soybean meal (SBM) during the prepartum period. Diets had no significant effect on weights of dams or lambs at birth; however, the weaning weights of lambs born from ewes of group DDGS were significantly higher (p < 0.05). Moreover, serum glucose, blood urea nitrogen, triglyceride and beta hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) concentrations during the prepartum period were affected by dietary treatments and by time (p < 0.001). During the prepartum period, BHBA concentrations of ewes fed SBM were higher, while BHBA levels decreased during the last weeks of pregnancy regardless of diet. Lamb serum immunoglobulin G concentrations increased from 1 h to 24 h after birth (p < 0.001). Colostrum of ewes fed SBM had higher fat-free dry matter (DM) and protein contents in comparison to colostrum of ewes fed DDGS (p < 0.05). In conclusion, DDGS can be included as protein source in pregnancy rations up to 15% of DM to obtain reproductive performance outcomes equal to or exceeding those obtained with SBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibel Erdoğan
- a Department of Animal Science , Faculty of Agriculture, Yüzüncü Yıl University , Van , Turkey
| | - Serhat Karaca
- a Department of Animal Science , Faculty of Agriculture, Yüzüncü Yıl University , Van , Turkey
| | - Mehtap Güney
- b Department of Animal Nutrition , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yüzüncü Yıl University , Van , Turkey
| | - Aşkın Kor
- a Department of Animal Science , Faculty of Agriculture, Yüzüncü Yıl University , Van , Turkey
| | - Cihan Çakmakçı
- a Department of Animal Science , Faculty of Agriculture, Yüzüncü Yıl University , Van , Turkey
| | - Muammer Sarıbey
- a Department of Animal Science , Faculty of Agriculture, Yüzüncü Yıl University , Van , Turkey
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17
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Bahnamiri HZ, Zali A, Ganjkhanlou M, Sadeghi M, Shahrbabak HM. Regulation of lipid metabolism in adipose depots of fat-tailed and thin-tailed lambs during negative and positive energy balances. Gene 2017; 641:203-211. [PMID: 29066304 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of negative and positive energy balances on gene expression of regulators and enzymes controlling lipogenesis and lipolysis in muscle and adipose depots of fat-tailed and thin-tailed lambs. Lambs were slaughtered during neutral, negative and positive energy balances for sample collection. Real time q-PCR was conducted to measure the gene expression. Expression of PPARγ was increased in response to positive energy balance regardless of genotype and type of tissue (P<0.04). Expression of SREBF1 was reduced in response to negative and positive energy balances in fat-tailed lambs, whereas in thin-tailed lambs, downregulated SREBF1 was restored during positive energy balance (P<0.01). Enhancement in FABP4 expression in response to negative and positive energy balances was respectively higher in thin-tailed and fat-tailed lambs affected by interaction of genotype and energy balance (P<0.11). In thin-tailed lambs, the enhanced FABP4 expression in response to negative energy balance was considerably higher in mesenteric adipose depot, whereas in fat-tailed lambs, positive energy balance induced enhancement in FABP4 expression was considerably higher in fat-tail adipose depot. The results demonstrate that transcription regulation of lipogenesis and lipolysis during negative and positive energy balances occurs differently in fat-tailed and thin-tailed lambs. Thin-tailed and fat-tailed lambs are respectively more responsive to negative and positive energy balances and mesenteric and fat-tail adipose depots respectively in thin-tailed and fat-tailed lambs are the main adipose depots responsible for higher responsiveness of thin-tailed and fat-tailed lambs to negative and positive energy balances.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abolfazl Zali
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tehran, P.O. Box # 3158711167-4111, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mahdi Ganjkhanlou
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tehran, P.O. Box # 3158711167-4111, Karaj, Iran.
| | - Mostafa Sadeghi
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tehran, P.O. Box # 3158711167-4111, Karaj, Iran
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18
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Seron-Ferre M, Torres-Farfan C, Valenzuela FJ, Castillo-Galan S, Rojas A, Mendez N, Reynolds H, Valenzuela GJ, Llanos AJ. Deciphering the Function of the Blunt Circadian Rhythm of Melatonin in the Newborn Lamb: Impact on Adrenal and Heart. Endocrinology 2017; 158:2895-2905. [PMID: 28911179 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal lambs, as with human and other neonates, have low arrhythmic endogenous levels of melatonin for several weeks until they start their own pineal rhythm of melatonin production at approximately 2 weeks of life. During pregnancy, daily rhythmic transfer of maternal melatonin to the fetus has important physiological roles in sheep, nonhuman primates, and rats. This melatonin rhythm provides a circadian signal and also participates in adjusting the physiology of several organs in preparation for extrauterine life. We propose that the ensuing absence of a melatonin rhythm plays a role in neonatal adaptation. To test this hypothesis, we studied the effects of imposing a high-amplitude melatonin rhythm in the newborn lamb on (1) clock time-related changes in cortisol and plasma variables and (2) clock time-related changes of gene expression of clock genes and selected functional genes in the adrenal gland and heart. We treated newborn lambs with a daily oral dose of melatonin (0.25 mg/kg) from birth to 5 days of age, recreating a high-amplitude melatonin rhythm. This treatment suppressed clock time-related changes of plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone, cortisol, clock gene expression, and functional genes in the newborn adrenal gland. In the heart, it decreased heart/body weight ratio, increased expression of Anp and Bnp, and resulted in different heart gene expression from control newborns. The interference of this postnatal melatonin treatment with the normal postnatal pattern of adrenocortical function and heart development support a physiological role for the window of flat postnatal melatonin levels during the neonatal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Seron-Ferre
- Laboratorio de Cronobiología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 16038, Chile
- Programa de Fisiopatología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 16038, Chile
| | - Claudia Torres-Farfan
- Laboratorio de Cronobiología del Desarrollo, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 7500922, Chile
| | - Francisco J Valenzuela
- Laboratorio de Cronobiología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 16038, Chile
- Programa de Fisiopatología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 16038, Chile
| | - Sebastian Castillo-Galan
- Laboratorio de Cronobiología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 16038, Chile
- Programa de Fisiopatología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 16038, Chile
| | - Auristela Rojas
- Laboratorio de Cronobiología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 16038, Chile
- Programa de Fisiopatología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 16038, Chile
| | - Natalia Mendez
- Laboratorio de Cronobiología del Desarrollo, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 7500922, Chile
| | - Henry Reynolds
- Laboratorio de Cronobiología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 16038, Chile
- Programa de Fisiopatología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 16038, Chile
| | - Guillermo J Valenzuela
- Department of Women's Health, Arrowhead Regional Medical Center, San Bernardino, California 92324
| | - Anibal J Llanos
- Programa de Fisiopatología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 16038, Chile
- International Center for Andean Studies, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 16038, Chile
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Khanal P, Nielsen MO. Impacts of prenatal nutrition on animal production and performance: a focus on growth and metabolic and endocrine function in sheep. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2017; 8:75. [PMID: 28919976 PMCID: PMC5594587 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-017-0205-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of foetal programming (FP) originated from human epidemiological studies, where foetal life nutrition was linked to health and disease status later in life. Since the proposal of this phenomenon, it has been evaluated in various animal models to gain further insights into the mechanisms underlying the foetal origins of health and disease in humans. In FP research, the sheep has been quite extensively used as a model for humans. In this paper we will review findings mainly from our Copenhagen sheep model, on the implications of late gestation malnutrition for growth, development, and metabolic and endocrine functions later in life, and discuss how these implications may depend on the diet fed to the animal in early postnatal life. Our results have indicated that negative implications of foetal malnutrition, both as a result of overnutrition and, particularly, late gestation undernutrition, can impair a wide range of endocrine functions regulating growth and presumably also reproductive traits. These implications are not readily observable early in postnatal life, but are increasingly manifested as the animal approaches adulthood. No intervention or cure is known that can reverse this programming in postnatal life. Our findings suggest that close to normal growth and slaughter results can be obtained at least until puberty in animals which have undergone adverse programming in foetal life, but manifestation of programming effects becomes increasingly evident in adult animals. Due to the risk of transfer of the adverse programming effects to future generations, it is therefore recommended that animals that are suspected to have undergone adverse FP are not used for reproduction. Unfortunately, no reliable biomarkers have as yet been identified that allow accurate identification of adversely programmed offspring at birth, except for very low or high birth weights, and, in pigs, characteristic changes in head shape (dolphin head). Future efforts should be therefore dedicated to identify reliable biomarkers and evaluate their effectiveness for alleviation/reversal of the adverse programming in postnatal life. Our sheep studies have shown that the adverse impacts of an extreme, high-fat diet in early postnatal life, but not prenatal undernutrition, can be largely reversed by dietary correction later in life. Thus, birth (at term) appears to be a critical set point for permanent programming in animals born precocial, such as sheep. Appropriate attention to the nutrition of the late pregnant dam should therefore be a priority in animal production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhat Khanal
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 3, 1st floor, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.,Current address: Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Transgenic Animal and Lipid Storage, Norwegian Transgenic Centre (NTS), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mette Olaf Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 3, 1st floor, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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20
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Lock MC, McGillick EV, Orgeig S, McMillen IC, Mühlhäusler BS, Zhang S, Morrison JL. Differential effects of late gestation maternal overnutrition on the regulation of surfactant maturation in fetal and postnatal life. J Physiol 2017; 595:6635-6652. [PMID: 28759122 DOI: 10.1113/jp274528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Offspring of overweight and obese women are at greater risk for respiratory complications at birth. We determined the effect of late gestation maternal overnutrition (LGON) in sheep on surfactant maturation, glucose transport and fatty acid metabolism in the lung in fetal and postnatal life. There were significant decreases in surfactant components and numerical density of surfactant producing cells in the alveolar epithelium due to LGON in the fetal lung. However, there were no differences in the levels of these surfactant components between control and LGON lambs at 30 days of age. The reduced capacity for surfactant production in fetuses as a result of LGON may affect the transition to air breathing at birth. There was altered glucose transport and fatty acid metabolism in the lung as a result of LGON in postnatal life. However, there is a normalisation of surfactant components that suggests accelerated maturation in the lungs after birth. ABSTRACT With the increasing incidence of obesity worldwide, the proportion of women entering pregnancy overweight or obese has increased dramatically. The fetus of an overnourished mother experiences numerous metabolic changes that may modulate lung development and hence successful transition to air breathing at birth. We used a sheep model of maternal late gestation overnutrition (LGON; from 115 days' gestation, term 147 ± 3 days) to determine the effect of exposure to an increased plane of nutrition in late gestation on lung development in the fetus (at 141 days' gestation) and the lamb (30 days after birth). We found a decrease in the numerical density of surfactant protein positive cells, as well as a reduction in mRNA expression of surfactant proteins (SFTP-A, -B and -C), a rate limiting enzyme in surfactant phospholipid synthesis (phosphate cytidylyltransferase 1, choline, α; PCYT1A), and glucose transporters (SLC2A1 and SLC2A4) in the fetal lung. In lambs at 30 days after birth, there were no differences between Control and LGON groups in the surfactant components that were downregulated in the LGON fetuses. However, mRNA expression of SFTP-A, PCYT1A, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ, fatty acid synthase and fatty acid transport protein were increased in LGON lambs compared to controls. These results indicate a reduced capacity for surfactant production in late gestation. While these deficits are normalised by 30 days after birth, the lungs of LGON lambs exhibited altered glucose transport and fatty acid metabolism, which is consistent with an enhanced capacity for surfactant synthesis and restoration of surfactant maturity in these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell C Lock
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia, 5001
| | - Erin V McGillick
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia, 5001.,Molecular & Evolutionary Physiology of the Lung Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia, 5001
| | - Sandra Orgeig
- Molecular & Evolutionary Physiology of the Lung Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia, 5001
| | - I Caroline McMillen
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia, 5001
| | - Beverly S Mühlhäusler
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia, 5001
| | - Song Zhang
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia, 5001
| | - Janna L Morrison
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia, 5001
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A review of fundamental principles for animal models of DOHaD research: an Australian perspective. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2016; 7:449-472. [DOI: 10.1017/s2040174416000477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiology formed the basis of ‘the Barker hypothesis’, the concept of ‘developmental programming’ and today’s discipline of the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD). Animal experimentation provided proof of the underlying concepts, and continues to generate knowledge of underlying mechanisms. Interventions in humans, based on DOHaD principles, will be informed by experiments in animals. As knowledge in this discipline has accumulated, from studies of humans and other animals, the complexity of interactions between genome, environment and epigenetics, has been revealed. The vast nature of programming stimuli and breadth of effects is becoming known. As a result of our accumulating knowledge we now appreciate the impact of many variables that contribute to programmed outcomes. To guide further animal research in this field, the Australia and New Zealand DOHaD society (ANZ DOHaD) Animals Models of DOHaD Research Working Group convened at the 2nd Annual ANZ DOHaD Congress in Melbourne, Australia in April 2015. This review summarizes the contributions of animal research to the understanding of DOHaD, and makes recommendations for the design and conduct of animal experiments to maximize relevance, reproducibility and translation of knowledge into improving health and well-being.
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Hetz JA, Menzies BR, Shaw G, Stefanidis A, Cowley MA, Renfree MB. Effects of nutritional manipulation on body composition in the developing marsupial, Macropus eugenii. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 428:148-60. [PMID: 27032712 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
When 60-day-old tammar wallaby pouch young (Macropus eugenii) are fostered to mothers at 120 days of lactation, their growth, developmental rate and maturation of their GH/IGF axes are markedly accelerated. To determine the effect of fostering on energy intake, body composition and fat accretion, we first measured total body fat and lean mass in these young. Next, we mimicked the triglyceride oleic and palmitic acid composition of 120-day milk by supplementing 60 day young with these fatty acids and comparing their growth with that of growth accelerated young. There was no difference in the weight or growth axis maturation of supplemented young but there was significantly more body fat in these and in the growth-accelerated fostered young than in controls. We conclude that the accelerated growth and GH/IGF axis maturation observed previously in fostered young is most likely due to increased milk consumption and earlier access to specific nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Hetz
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Brandon R Menzies
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Geoffrey Shaw
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Aneta Stefanidis
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Michael A Cowley
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Marilyn B Renfree
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
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Nicholas LM, Morrison JL, Rattanatray L, Zhang S, Ozanne SE, McMillen IC. The early origins of obesity and insulin resistance: timing, programming and mechanisms. Int J Obes (Lond) 2016; 40:229-38. [PMID: 26367335 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2015.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Maternal obesity is associated with an increased risk of developing gestational diabetes mellitus and it also results in an increased risk of giving birth to a large baby with increased fat mass. Furthermore, it is also contributes to an increased risk of obesity and insulin resistance in the offspring in childhood, adolescence and adult life. It has been proposed that exposure to maternal obesity may therefore result in an 'intergenerational cycle' of obesity and insulin resistance. There is significant interest in whether exposure to maternal obesity around the time of conception alone contributes directly to poor metabolic outcomes in the offspring and whether dieting in the obese mother before pregnancy or around the time of conception has metabolic benefits for the offspring. This review focusses on experimental and clinical studies that have investigated the specific impact of exposure to maternal obesity during the periconceptional period alone or extending beyond conception on adipogenesis, lipogenesis and on insulin signalling pathways in the fat, liver and muscle of the offspring. Findings from these studies highlight the need for a better evidence base for the development of dietary interventions in obese women before pregnancy and around the time of conception to maximize the metabolic benefits and minimize the metabolic costs for the next generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Nicholas
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - J L Morrison
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - L Rattanatray
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Discipline of Physiology, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - S Zhang
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - S E Ozanne
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - I C McMillen
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,The Chancellery, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
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24
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Bell AW, Greenwood PL. Prenatal origins of postnatal variation in growth, development and productivity of ruminants. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1071/an15408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This review provides an update on recent research into the effects of maternal nutrition on fetal biology and the growth, development and productivity of progeny in postnatal life of ruminant livestock. Evidence is summarised for effects on postnatal growth and body composition, feed intake and efficiency, carcass characteristics and meat quality, wool production, reproduction and lactation performance. In general, these demonstrated effects are not large in relation to the effects of postnatal nutrition and other environmental influences. The mechanisms underpinning the above production outcomes are briefly discussed in terms of systemic endocrine and metabolic responses, and cellular and molecular effects in skeletal muscle, bone, adipose tissue, wool follicles and brain of fetal, neonatal and adult progeny. Treatments observed to elicit tissue responses include maternal under- and overnutrition at various stages of pregnancy and placental insufficiency caused by increased litter size, chronic maternal heat stress and premating carunclectomy in sheep. The as yet meagre evidence for epigenetic mediation of intergenerational effects in ruminants is considered, as is the likelihood that other, more conventional explanations may suffice in some cases. Finally, evidence is summarised for the proposition that the placenta is not merely a passive conduit for nutrient transfer from dam to fetus, but plays an active role in buffering the effects of variations in maternal nutrition on fetal growth and development, and thence, postnatal outcomes.
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Coverdale JA, Hammer CJ, Walter KW. HORSE SPECIES SYMPOSIUM: Nutritional programming and the impact on mare and foal performance1. J Anim Sci 2015; 93:3261-7. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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26
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Maternal dietary protein supplement confers long-term sex-specific beneficial consequences of obesity resistance and glucose tolerance to the offspring in Brandt's voles. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2015; 182:38-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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27
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Giblin L, Darimont C, Leone P, McNamara LB, Blancher F, Berry D, Castañeda-Gutiérrez E, Lawlor PG. Offspring subcutaneous adipose markers are sensitive to the timing of maternal gestational weight gain. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2015; 13:16. [PMID: 25879645 PMCID: PMC4363193 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-015-0009-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive maternal weight gain during pregnancy impacts on offspring health. This study focused on the timing of maternal gestational weight gain, using a porcine model with mothers of normal pre-pregnancy weight. METHODS Trial design ensured the trajectory of maternal gestational weight gain differed across treatments in early, mid and late gestation. Diet composition did not differ. On day 25 gestation, sows were assigned to one of five treatments: Control sows received a standard gestation diet of 2.3 kg/day (30 MJ DE/day) from early to late gestation (day 25-110 gestation). E sows received 4.6 kg food/day in early gestation (day 25-50 gestation). M sows doubled their food intake in mid gestation (day 50-80 gestation). EM sows doubled their food intake during both early and mid gestation (day 25-80 gestation). L sows consumed 3.5 kg food/day in late gestation (day 80-110 gestation). Offspring body weight and food intake levels were measured from birth to adolescence. Markers of lipid metabolism, hypertrophy and inflammation were investigated in subcutaneous adipose tissue of adolescent offspring. RESULTS The trajectory of gestational weight gain differed across treatments. However total gestational weight gain did not differ except for EM sows who were the heaviest and fattest mothers at parturition. Offspring birth weight did not differ across treatments. Subcutaneous adipose tissue from EM offspring differed significantly from controls, with elevated mRNA levels of lipogenic (CD36, ACACB and LPL), nutrient transporters (FABP4 and GLUT4), lipolysis (HSL and ATGL), adipocyte size (MEST) and inflammation (PAI-1) indicators. The subcutaneous adipose depot from L offspring exhibited elevated levels of CD36, ACACB, LPL, GLUT4 and FABP4 mRNA transcripts compared to control offspring. CONCLUSIONS Increasing gestational weight gain in early gestation had the greatest impact on offspring postnatal growth rate. Increasing maternal food allowance in late gestation appeared to shift the offspring adipocyte focus towards accumulation of fat. Mothers who gained the most weight during gestation (EM mothers) gave birth to offspring whose subcutaneous adipose tissue, at adolescence, appeared hyperactive compared to controls. This study concluded that mothers, who gained more than the recommended weight gain in mid and late gestation, put their offspring adipose tissue at risk of dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Giblin
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co.Cork, Ireland.
| | - Christian Darimont
- Nestlé Research Centre, Nutrition & Health Research Department, Vers-Chez-les-Blanc, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Patricia Leone
- Nestlé Research Centre, Nutrition & Health Research Department, Vers-Chez-les-Blanc, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Louise B McNamara
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co.Cork, Ireland.
- Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland.
| | - Florence Blancher
- Nestlé Research Centre, Nutrition & Health Research Department, Vers-Chez-les-Blanc, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Donagh Berry
- Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland.
| | | | - Peadar G Lawlor
- Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland.
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Muhlhausler BS, Vithayathil MA. Impact of maternal obesity on offspring adipose tissue: lessons for the clinic. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2014; 9:615-627. [PMID: 30736199 DOI: 10.1586/17446651.2014.956088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Maternal obesity is a major risk factor for the subsequent development of obesity and Type 2 diabetes in the child. This relationship appears to be driven largely by the exposure of the fetus to an increased nutrient supply during critical periods of development, which results in persistent changes in the structure and function of key systems involved in the regulation of energy balance, appetite and fat deposition. One of the key targets is the fat cell, or adipocyte, in which prenatal overnutrition programs a heightened capacity for fat storage. The increasing prevalence of maternal obesity has led to an urgent need for strategies to break the resulting intergenerational cycle of obesity and metabolic disease. This review will discuss the relationship between maternal obesity and poor metabolic health of the offspring, with a particular focus on the involvement of adipose tissue, recent clinical studies examining potential strategies for intervention and priority areas for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverly S Muhlhausler
- a FOODplus Research Centre, School of Agriculture Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5064, Australia
- b Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, Australia
| | - Mini A Vithayathil
- a FOODplus Research Centre, School of Agriculture Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5064, Australia
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29
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Shang N, Xu H, Rindflesch TC, Cohen T. Identifying plausible adverse drug reactions using knowledge extracted from the literature. J Biomed Inform 2014; 52:293-310. [PMID: 25046831 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbi.2014.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacovigilance involves continually monitoring drug safety after drugs are put to market. To aid this process; algorithms for the identification of strongly correlated drug/adverse drug reaction (ADR) pairs from data sources such as adverse event reporting systems or Electronic Health Records have been developed. These methods are generally statistical in nature, and do not draw upon the large volumes of knowledge embedded in the biomedical literature. In this paper, we investigate the ability of scalable Literature Based Discovery (LBD) methods to identify side effects of pharmaceutical agents. The advantage of LBD methods is that they can provide evidence from the literature to support the plausibility of a drug/ADR association, thereby assisting human review to validate the signal, which is an essential component of pharmacovigilance. To do so, we draw upon vast repositories of knowledge that has been extracted from the biomedical literature by two Natural Language Processing tools, MetaMap and SemRep. We evaluate two LBD methods that scale comfortably to the volume of knowledge available in these repositories. Specifically, we evaluate Reflective Random Indexing (RRI), a model based on concept-level co-occurrence, and Predication-based Semantic Indexing (PSI), a model that encodes the nature of the relationship between concepts to support reasoning analogically about drug-effect relationships. An evaluation set was constructed from the Side Effect Resource 2 (SIDER2), which contains known drug/ADR relations, and models were evaluated for their ability to "rediscover" these relations. In this paper, we demonstrate that both RRI and PSI can recover known drug-adverse event associations. However, PSI performed better overall, and has the additional advantage of being able to recover the literature underlying the reasoning pathways it used to make its predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Shang
- School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States.
| | - Hua Xu
- School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | | | - Trevor Cohen
- School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
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Lock M, McGillick EV, Orgeig S, McMillen IC, Morrison JL. Regulation of fetal lung development in response to maternal overnutrition. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2014; 40:803-16. [PMID: 24033542 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Revised: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
With the worldwide obesity epidemic, the proportion of women entering pregnancy overweight or obese has increased significantly in recent years. Babies born to obese women are at an increased risk of respiratory complications at birth and in childhood. In addition to maternal diabetes, there are a number of metabolic changes that the fetus of an overnourished mother experiences in utero that may modulate lung development and represent the mechanisms underlying the increased risk of respiratory complications. Herein we highlight a series of factors associated with the intrauterine environment of an overnourished mother that may impact on fetal lung development and lead to an increased risk of complications at birth or in postnatal life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell Lock
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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31
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Valleau JC, Sullivan EL. The impact of leptin on perinatal development and psychopathology. J Chem Neuroanat 2014; 61-62:221-32. [PMID: 24862904 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Leptin has long been associated with metabolism as it is a critical regulator of both food intake and energy expenditure, but recently, leptin dysregulation has been proposed as a mechanism of psychopathology. This review discusses the evidence supporting a role for leptin in mental health disorders and describes potential mechanisms that may underlie this association. Leptin plays a critical role in pregnancy and in fetal growth and development. Leptin's role and profile during development is examined in available human studies, and the validity of applying studies conducted in animal models to the human population are discussed. Rodents experience a postnatal leptin surge, which does not occur in humans or larger animal models. This suggests that further research using large mammal models, which have a leptin profile across pregnancy and development similar to humans, are of high importance. Maternal obesity and hyperleptinemia correlate with increased leptin levels in the umbilical cord, placenta, and fetus. Leptin levels are thought to impact fetal brain development; likely by activating proinflammatory cytokines that are known to impact many of the neurotransmitter systems that regulate behavior. Leptin is likely involved in behavioral regulation as leptin receptors are widely distributed in the brain, and leptin influences cortisol release, the mesoaccumbens dopamine pathway, serotonin synthesis, and hippocampal synaptic plasticity. In humans, both high and low levels of leptin are reported to be associated with psychopathology. This inconsistency is likely due to differences in the metabolic state of the study populations. Leptin resistance, which occurs in the obese state, may explain how both high and low levels of leptin are associated with psychopathology, as well as the comorbidity of obesity with numerous mental illnesses. Leptin resistance is likely to influence disorders such as depression and anxiety where high leptin levels have been correlated with symptomatology. Schizophrenia is also associated with both low and high leptin levels. However, as anti-psychotics pharmacotherapy induces weight gain, which elevates leptin levels, drug-naïve populations are needed for further studies. Elevated circulating leptin is consistently found in childhood neurodevelopmental disorders including autism spectrum disorders and Rhett disorder. Further, studies on the impact of leptin and leptin resistance on psychopathology and neurodevelopmental disorders are important directions for future research. Studies examining the mechanisms by which exposure to maternal obesity and hyperleptinemia during fetal development impact brain development and behavior are critical for the health of future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette C Valleau
- Division of Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Oregon National Primate Research Center, 505 NW 185th Ave., Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Elinor L Sullivan
- Division of Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Oregon National Primate Research Center, 505 NW 185th Ave., Beaverton, OR, USA; Department of Biology, University of Portland, 5000 N Willamette Blvd., Portland, OR, USA.
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Rattanatray L, Muhlhausler BS, Nicholas LM, Morrison JL, McMillen IC. Impact of maternal overnutrition on gluconeogenic factors and methylation of the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase promoter in the fetal and postnatal liver. Pediatr Res 2014; 75:14-21. [PMID: 24452591 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2013.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to maternal obesity or hyperglycemia increases the risk of obesity and poor glucose tolerance in the offspring. We hypothesized that maternal overnutrition in late pregnancy would result in (i) lower methylation in the promoter region of the cytosolic form of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK-C; PCK1) and (ii) higher expression of hepatic gluconeogenic factors in the fetal and postnatal lamb. METHODS Ewes were fed 100% (n = 18) or ~155% (n = 17) of energy requirements from 115 d gestation, and livers were collected at ~140 d gestation or 30 d postnatal age. RESULTS Maternal overnutrition resulted in a decrease in hepatic expression of the mitochondrial form of PEPCK (PEPCK-M; PCK2) but not of PEPCK-C or glucose-6-phosphatase (G6PHOS) before and after birth. Hepatic expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1 (PGC-1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), PEPCK-C, G6PHOS, and 11β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11βHSD1), but not PEPCK-M, was higher in the postnatal lamb compared with that in the fetal lamb. The level of PCK1 methylation was paradoxically approximately twofold higher in the postnatal liver compared with that in the fetal liver. CONCLUSION Maternal overnutrition programs a decrease in hepatic PEPCK-M in the offspring and as ~50% of total hepatic PEPCK is PEPCK-M, the longer-term consequences of this decrease may be significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leewen Rattanatray
- 1] School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia [2] Discipline of Physiology, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Beverly S Muhlhausler
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Lisa M Nicholas
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Janna L Morrison
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - I Caroline McMillen
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Ci L, Sun H, Huang Y, Guo J, Albrecht E, Zhao R, Yang X. Maternal dietary fat affects the LT muscle fatty acid composition of progeny at weaning and finishing stages in pigs. Meat Sci 2013; 96:1141-6. [PMID: 24334032 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2013.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 10/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate whether maternal dietary fat affects the fatty acid composition of the longissimus thoracis (LT) muscle in offspring pigs at weaning and finishing stages. Fourteen sows were randomly assigned to a control or a high fat (HF) group. The HF sows received a diet containing 8% corn oil starting seven days before farrowing until weaning. The results showed that a high-fat diet significantly increased the contents of serum-lipid-related indexes in the sows. Although the triglyceride content did not change, the C18:2n-6 content was higher in the colostrum and in the LT muscle of offspring pigs at both investigated stages. The total n-6 content and the n-6/n-3 ratio generally increased. This study demonstrated that maternal dietary fat during lactation affects the fatty acid composition of the LT muscle of progeny at weaning, and can have persistent effects in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Ci
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Hailin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Yanping Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Jun Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Elke Albrecht
- Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, Leibniz-Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Ruqian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Xiaojing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, PR China.
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Tuersunjiang N, Odhiambo JF, Long NM, Shasa DR, Nathanielsz PW, Ford SP. Diet reduction to requirements in obese/overfed ewes from early gestation prevents glucose/insulin dysregulation and returns fetal adiposity and organ development to control levels. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 305:E868-78. [PMID: 23921140 PMCID: PMC3798706 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00117.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Obesity at conception and excess gestational weight gain pose significant risks for adverse health consequences in human offspring. This study evaluated the effects of reducing dietary intake of obese/overfed ewes beginning in early gestation on fetal development. Sixty days prior to conception, ewes were assigned to a control diet [CON: 100% of National Research Council (NRC) recommendations], a diet inducing maternal obesity (MO: 150% of NRC recommendations), or a maternal obesity intervention diet (MOI: 150% of NRC recommendations to day 28 of gestation, then 100% NRC) until necropsy at midgestation (day 75) or late (day 135) gestation. Fetal size and weight, as well as fetal organ weights, were greater (P < 0.05) at midgestation in MO ewes than those of CON and MOI ewes. By late gestation, whereas fetal size and weight did not differ among dietary groups, cardiac ventricular weights and wall thicknesses as well as liver and perirenal fat weights remained elevated in fetuses from MO ewes compared with those from CON and MOI ewes. MO ewes and fetuses exhibited elevated (P < 0.05) plasma concentrations of triglycerides, cholesterol, insulin, glucose, and cortisol at midgestation compared with CON and MOI ewes and fetuses. In late gestation, whereas plasma triglycerides and cholesterol, insulin, and cortisol remained elevated in MO vs. CON and MOI ewes and fetuses, glucose concentrations were elevated in both MO and MOI fetuses compared with CON fetuses, which was associated with elevated placental GLUT3 expression in both groups. These data are consistent with the concept that reducing maternal diet of obese/overfed ewes to requirements from early gestation can prevent subsequent alterations in fetal growth, adiposity, and glucose/insulin dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuermaimaiti Tuersunjiang
- Center for the Study of Fetal Programming, Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming
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35
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Karakosta P, Georgiou V, Fthenou E, Papadopoulou E, Roumeliotaki T, Margioris A, Castanas E, Kampa M, Kogevinas M, Chatzi L. Maternal weight status, cord blood leptin and fetal growth: a prospective mother-child cohort study (Rhea study). Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2013; 27:461-71. [PMID: 23930782 DOI: 10.1111/ppe.12074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptin is an adipocyte-secreted hormone that regulates energy homeostasis, while its role in fetal programming remains poorly understood. We aimed to evaluate the effect of maternal weight status on cord blood leptin levels and their combined effect on fetal growth. METHODS We included 638 mother-child pairs from the prospective mother-child cohort 'Rhea' study in Crete, Greece with singleton pregnancies, providing cord blood serum samples for leptin analysis and complete data on birth outcomes. Multivariable logistic and linear regression models were used adjusting for confounders. Generalised additive models were used to explore the form of the relationship between cord leptin and continuous birth outcomes. RESULTS Log cord leptin was positively associated with birthweight {β-coef: 176.5 [95% confidence interval (CI): 133.0, 220.0] }, ponderal index (β-coef: 1.0 [95% CI: 0.6, 1.4] ) and gestational age (β-coef: 0.7 [95% CI: 0.5, 0.8] ). Excessive weight gain during pregnancy was associated with a threefold increased risk for cord hyperleptinaemia {relative risk (RR): 3.0, [95% CI: 1.5, 6.3] }. Maternal pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity [body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m(2) ] increased the risk of giving birth to a hyperleptinaemic neonate (RR: 2.1 [95% CI: 1.4, 3.2] and the effect of log leptin on birthweight (β-coef: 219.1 [95% CI: 152.3, 285.9] compared with women with a BMI <25 kg/m(2) (β-coef: 150.5 [95% CI: 93.1, 207.9]. CONCLUSIONS Higher cord blood leptin levels are associated with increased size at birth and gestational age, while maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and weight gain during pregnancy represent significant indicators of cord blood leptin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polyxeni Karakosta
- Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.
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Nicholas LM, Rattanatray L, MacLaughlin SM, Ozanne SE, Kleemann DO, Walker SK, Morrison JL, Zhang S, Muhlhäusler BS, Martin-Gronert MS, McMillen IC. Differential effects of maternal obesity and weight loss in the periconceptional period on the epigenetic regulation of hepatic insulin-signaling pathways in the offspring. FASEB J 2013; 27:3786-96. [PMID: 23729590 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-227918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Our aim was to determine the effect of exposure to maternal obesity or to maternal weight loss around conception on the programming of hepatic insulin signaling in the offspring. We used an embryo transfer model in sheep to investigate the effects of exposure to either maternal obesity or to weight loss in normal and obese mothers preceding and for 1 wk after conception on the expression of hepatic insulin-signaling and gluconeogenic factors and key miRNAs involved in insulin signaling in the offspring. We found that exposure to maternal obesity resulted in increased hepatic miR-29b (P<0.05), miR-103 (P<0.01), and miR-107 (P<0.05) expression, a decrease in IR (P<0.05), phopsho-Akt (P<0.01), and phospho-FoxO1 (P<0.01) abundance, and a paradoxical decrease in 11βHSD1 (P<0.05), PEPCK-C (P<0.01), and PEPCK-M (P<0.05) expression in lambs. These changes were ablated by a period of moderate dietary restriction imposed during the periconceptional period. Maternal dietary restriction alone also resulted in decreased abundance of a separate subset of hepatic insulin-signaling molecules, namely, IRS1 (P<0.05), PDK1 (P<0.01), phospho-PDK1 (P<0.05), and aPKCζ (P<0.05) and in decreased PEPCK-C (P<0.01) and G6Pase (P<0.01) expression in the lamb. Our findings highlight the sensitivity of the epigenome to maternal nutrition around conception and the need for dietary interventions that maximize metabolic benefits and minimize metabolic costs for the next generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Nicholas
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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DelCurto H, Wu G, Satterfield MC. Nutrition and reproduction: links to epigenetics and metabolic syndrome in offspring. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2013; 16:385-91. [PMID: 23703295 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0b013e328361f96d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Inappropriate exposure of gametes and/or products of conception to nutritional imbalance alters critical metabolic set points in the offspring and increases propensity to disease. This review will focus on recent findings highlighting clear links to epigenetic modifications in response to dietary manipulations as well as nutritional strategies with the potential to mitigate the effects of an otherwise poor nutritional environment. RECENT FINDINGS Maternal nutritional imbalance, either through global nutritional manipulation or deficiencies in select nutrients, predisposes the offspring to metabolic disease. Disease susceptibility is linked to global and/or specific modifications of the epigenome at key metabolic regulatory genes. Paternal nutritional imbalance also increases the likelihood of metabolic disease in offspring through similar epigenetic mechanisms. Finally, dietary intervention with select nutrients has been shown to ameliorate postnatal disease phenotypes in offspring, although the exact molecular mechanisms have not been elucidated. SUMMARY Select nutrients, such as amino acids and vitamins, not only serve as building blocks for growth but also mediate a myriad of physiological functions, including providing substrates for DNA synthesis. These nutrients hold great promise as intervention strategies to combat a suboptimal developmental environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah DelCurto
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843–2471, USA
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Wang J, Wu Z, Li D, Li N, Dindot SV, Satterfield MC, Bazer FW, Wu G. Nutrition, epigenetics, and metabolic syndrome. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 17:282-301. [PMID: 22044276 PMCID: PMC3353821 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Epidemiological and animal studies have demonstrated a close link between maternal nutrition and chronic metabolic disease in children and adults. Compelling experimental results also indicate that adverse effects of intrauterine growth restriction on offspring can be carried forward to subsequent generations through covalent modifications of DNA and core histones. RECENT ADVANCES DNA methylation is catalyzed by S-adenosylmethionine-dependent DNA methyltransferases. Methylation, demethylation, acetylation, and deacetylation of histone proteins are performed by histone methyltransferase, histone demethylase, histone acetyltransferase, and histone deacetyltransferase, respectively. Histone activities are also influenced by phosphorylation, ubiquitination, ADP-ribosylation, sumoylation, and glycosylation. Metabolism of amino acids (glycine, histidine, methionine, and serine) and vitamins (B6, B12, and folate) plays a key role in provision of methyl donors for DNA and protein methylation. CRITICAL ISSUES Disruption of epigenetic mechanisms can result in oxidative stress, obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes, and vascular dysfunction in animals and humans. Despite a recognized role for epigenetics in fetal programming of metabolic syndrome, research on therapies is still in its infancy. Possible interventions include: 1) inhibition of DNA methylation, histone deacetylation, and microRNA expression; 2) targeting epigenetically disturbed metabolic pathways; and 3) dietary supplementation with functional amino acids, vitamins, and phytochemicals. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Much work is needed with animal models to understand the basic mechanisms responsible for the roles of specific nutrients in fetal and neonatal programming. Such new knowledge is crucial to design effective therapeutic strategies for preventing and treating metabolic abnormalities in offspring born to mothers with a previous experience of malnutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenlong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Defa Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory of AgroBiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Scott V. Dindot
- Center for Animal Biotechnology and Genomics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - M. Carey Satterfield
- Center for Animal Biotechnology and Genomics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Fuller W. Bazer
- Center for Animal Biotechnology and Genomics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Guoyao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Center for Animal Biotechnology and Genomics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
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Arginine nutrition and fetal brown adipose tissue development in diet-induced obese sheep. Amino Acids 2012; 43:1593-603. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-012-1235-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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McNeill BA, Barrell GK, Ridgway MJ, Wellby MP, Prickett TCR, Espiner EA. Caloric restriction, but not caloric loading, affects circulating fetal and maternal C-type natriuretic peptide concentrations in late ovine gestation. Reprod Fertil Dev 2012; 24:1063-70. [DOI: 10.1071/rd11312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The factors regulating the greatly elevated concentrations of maternal plasma C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) forms in ruminant pregnancy are largely unknown, but nutrient status is likely to be important. Previous work has shown that increases in maternal plasma CNP, sourced from the placenta, occur in response to caloric restriction in late gestation. Whether oversupply of nutrients also regulates CNP secretion in pregnancy has not been studied. Hypothesising that CNP in fetal and maternal tissues will be responsive to both deficiency and excess, we studied changes in CNP and a cosecreted fragment, namely N-terminal pro-CNP (NTproCNP), during short-term periods of caloric restriction (CR) and loading (CL). Twin-bearing ewes received CR (fasted Days 121–124), CL (Days 110–124) or control maintenance diets. During CR, fetal plasma CNP forms, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 and liveweight all fell, and maternal plasma NTproCNP increased. During CL, fetal IGF-1 increased, whereas CNP forms and liveweight were unchanged, as were maternal concentrations of CNP forms. The high abundance of CNP peptides in placental tissues was unaffected by these short-term changes in nutrient supply. We conclude that CNP in the fetal–maternal unit is acutely responsive to undernutrition, but is unaffected by oversupply in late gestation.
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Castañeda-Gutiérrez E, Pouteau E, Pescia G, Moulin J, Aprikian O, Macé K. The guinea pig as a model for metabolic programming of adiposity. Am J Clin Nutr 2011; 94:1838S-1845S. [PMID: 21849597 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.110.000794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human infant accumulates body fat during intrauterine life. The guinea pig shares this characteristic and is born with similar adiposity; thus, it may be a relevant model to study obesity programming. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to evaluate guinea pig adipose tissue (AT) development and the effect of a maternal high-fat diet on the offspring's body composition. DESIGN In experiment 1, adipogenesis dynamics were evaluated at 3, 10, 21, and 136 d in epididymal and retroperitoneal AT with the use of (2)H(2)O labeling. In experiment 2, dams received a control or high-fat diet from mating to 21 d after delivery. The offspring received a high-fat diet from 22 to 105 d; adiposity was measured at 2, 21, 54, and 97 d. RESULTS The fractional proliferation rate (FPR) of cells in epididymal AT was 25.2% of cells synthesized in 5 d at 3 d of age and decreased over time (P < 0.001). Age had no effect on retroperitoneal FPR (P = 0.179). In both depots, the fractional synthesis rate (FSR) of palmitate decreased extensively from day 3 to day 10, increasing by day 21 and declining by day 136 (P < 0.001). The FSR of triglycerides decreased with age (P < 0.001). A maternal high-fat diet increased the offspring's adiposity at 2 d and 21 d (P < 0.05) but had no effect on body composition later in life. CONCLUSIONS Adipogenesis in the guinea pig is very active during early life and was altered by a maternal high-fat diet; thus, it is an adequate model for intrauterine fat deposition. However, there were no effects of maternal diet later in life.
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Periconceptional nutrition and the early programming of a life of obesity or adversity. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 106:307-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2010.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Revised: 11/28/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Alfaradhi MZ, Ozanne SE. Developmental programming in response to maternal overnutrition. Front Genet 2011; 2:27. [PMID: 22303323 PMCID: PMC3268582 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2011.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic disorders have seen an increased prevalence in recent years in developed as well as developing countries. While it is clear lifestyle choices and habits have contributed to this epidemic, mounting evidence suggests the nutritional milieu during critical stages of development in early life can "program" individuals to develop the metabolic syndrome later in life. Extensive epidemiological data presents an association between maternal obesity and nutrition during pregnancy and offspring obesity, and a number of animal models have been established in order to uncover the underlying mechanisms contributing to the programming of physiological systems. It is hard to distinguish the causal factors due to the complex nature of the maternal-fetal relationship; however, in order to develop adequate prevention strategies it is vital to identify which maternal factor(s) - be it the diet, diet-induced obesity or weight gain - and at which time during early development instigate the programmed phenotype. Curtailing the onset of obesity at this early stage in life presents a promising avenue through which to stem the growing epidemic of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Z. Alfaradhi
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK
| | - Susan E. Ozanne
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK
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Micke GC, Sullivan TM, McMillen IC, Gentili S, Perry VEA. Heifer nutrient intake during early- and mid-gestation programs adult offspring adiposity and mRNA expression of growth-related genes in adipose depots. Reproduction 2011; 141:697-706. [PMID: 21310814 DOI: 10.1530/rep-10-0332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Changes in maternal nutrient intake during gestation alter IGF receptor abundance and leptin (LEP) mRNA expression in fetal adipose tissue. It is not known whether such changes persist into adult life and whether they are associated with an effect on phenotype. We investigated the effect of high (240%) and low (70%) levels of recommended daily crude protein intake for beef heifers during the first and second trimesters of gestation on singleton progeny (n=68): subcutaneous (SC) adipose tissue depth at rump (P8) and rib (RF) sites from 65 until 657 days of age; plasma leptin concentrations from birth until 657 days and expression of IGF1 and IGF2, their receptors (IGF1R and IGF2R) and LEP mRNA in perirenal (PR), omental (OM) and SC adipose tissue at 680 days of age. High-protein diets during the first trimester increased LEP and IGF1 mRNA in PR of males and females, respectively, compared with low-protein diets, and decreased IGF1R mRNA in SC of all progeny but increased RF depth of males between 552 and 657 days. High-protein diets compared with low-protein diets during the second trimester increased IGF1R mRNA in PR and OM of all progeny; LEP mRNA in PR of males; and IGF2 and IGF2R mRNA in OM of all progeny. Conversely, LEP mRNA in OM and IGF2 mRNA in PR of all progeny were decreased following exposure to high- compared with low-protein diets during the second trimester. Heifer diet during gestation has permanent sex- and depot-specific effects on the expression of adipogenic and adipocytokine genes and offspring adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina C Micke
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Radunz AE, Fluharty FL, Zerby HN, Loerch SC. Winter-feeding systems for gestating sheep I. Effects on pre- and postpartum ewe performance and lamb progeny preweaning performance1. J Anim Sci 2011; 89:467-77. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-3035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Chen X, Fahy AL, Green AS, Anderson MJ, Rhoads RP, Limesand SW. β2-Adrenergic receptor desensitization in perirenal adipose tissue in fetuses and lambs with placental insufficiency-induced intrauterine growth restriction. J Physiol 2010; 588:3539-49. [PMID: 20643771 PMCID: PMC2988517 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2010.192310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Placental insufficiency-induced intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) fetuses have chronic hypoxaemia and elevated plasma catecholamine concentrations. In this study, we determined whether adrenergic responsiveness becomes desensitized in the perirenal adipose tissue of IUGR fetuses and lambs by measuring adrenergic receptor (AR) mRNA and protein levels. We also tested the ability of adrenaline to mobilize non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) in young lambs. Perirenal adipose tissue was collected from IUGR and control fetuses at 133 days of gestational age (dGA) and lambs at 18 days of age (dA). β(2)-AR mRNA concentrations were 59% and 74% lower (P < 0.05) in IUGR fetuses and lambs compared to controls, respectively, which also resulted in lower protein levels (P < 0.05). No treatment differences were detected for α(1A)-, α(1B)-, α(1D)-, α(2A)-, α(2B)-, α(2C)-, β(1)- and β(3)-AR expression. mRNA concentrations were also determined for hormone sensitive lipase (HSL), perilipin (lipid droplet-associated protein), and two adipokines, leptin and adiponectin. Adiponectin and HSL were not different between treatments at either age. Compared to controls, perilipin and leptin mRNA concentrations were lower (P < 0.05) in IUGR fetuses but not in lambs. Because of the β(2)-AR results, we challenged a second cohort of lambs with exogenous adrenaline at 21 dA. The ability of adrenaline to mobilize NEFA was 55 ± 15% lower (P < 0.05) in IUGRs than controls. Collectively, our findings indicate that elevated catecholamine exposure in utero causes desensitization of adipose tissue by down-regulation of β(2)-AR, and this persists in lambs. This impairment in adrenergic stimulated lipolysis might partially explain early onset obesity in IUGR offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochuan Chen
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Arizona, 1650 E. Limberlost Drive, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
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George LA, Uthlaut AB, Long NM, Zhang L, Ma Y, Smith DT, Nathanielsz PW, Ford SP. Different levels of overnutrition and weight gain during pregnancy have differential effects on fetal growth and organ development. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2010; 8:75. [PMID: 20576133 PMCID: PMC2911461 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-8-75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nearly 50% of U.S. women of child-bearing age are overweight or obese, conditions linked to offspring obesity and diabetes. METHODS Utilizing the sheep, females were fed a highly palatable diet at two levels of overfeeding designed to induce different levels of maternal body weight increase and adiposity at conception, and from conception to midgestation. Fetal growth and organ development were then evaluated at midgestation in response to these two different levels of overfeeding. Ewes were fed to achieve: 1) normal weight gain (control, C), 2) overweight (125% of National Research Council [NRC] recommendations, OW125) or 3) obesity (150% of NRC recommendations, OB150) beginning 10 wks prior to breeding and through midgestation. Body fat % and insulin sensitivity were assessed at three points during the study: 1) diet initiation, 2) conception and 3) mid-gestation. Ewes were necropsied and fetuses recovered at mid-gestation (day 78). RESULTS OB150 ewes had a higher % body fat than OW125 ewes prior to breeding (P = 0.03), but not at mid-gestation (P = 0.37). Insulin sensitivity decreased from diet initiation to mid-gestation (P = 0.04), and acute insulin response to glucose tended to be greater in OB150 ewes than C ewes (P = 0.09) and was greater than in OW125 ewes (P = 0.02). Fetal crown-rump length, thoracic and abdominal girths, and fetal perirenal fat were increased in the OW125 and OB150 versus C ewes at mid-gestation. However, only fetal heart, pancreas, and liver weights, as well as lipid content of fetal liver, were increased (P < 0.05) in OB150 ewes versus both C and OW125 ewes at midgestation. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that different levels of overfeeding, resulting in differing levels of maternal weight gain and adiposity prior to and during pregnancy, lead to differential effects on fetal overgrowth and organ development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey A George
- The Center for the Study of Fetal Programming, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
- Dept. of Animal Science, 1000 E. University Ave. Dept. 3684, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
| | - Adam B Uthlaut
- The Center for the Study of Fetal Programming, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
- Dept. of Animal Science, 1000 E. University Ave. Dept. 3684, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
| | - Nathan M Long
- The Center for the Study of Fetal Programming, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
- Dept. of Animal Science, 1000 E. University Ave. Dept. 3684, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
| | - Liren Zhang
- The Center for the Study of Fetal Programming, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
- Dept. of Animal Science, 1000 E. University Ave. Dept. 3684, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
| | - Yan Ma
- The Center for the Study of Fetal Programming, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
- Dept. of Animal Science, 1000 E. University Ave. Dept. 3684, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
| | - Derek T Smith
- Division of Kinesiology and Health, 1000 E. University Ave. Dept. 3196, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
| | - Peter W Nathanielsz
- The Center for the Study of Fetal Programming, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
- Center for Pregnancy and Newborn Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Stephen P Ford
- The Center for the Study of Fetal Programming, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
- Dept. of Animal Science, 1000 E. University Ave. Dept. 3684, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
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Lemor A, Mielenz M, Altmann M, Von Borell E, Sauerwein H. ORIGINAL ARTICLE: mRNA abundance of adiponectin and its receptors, leptin and visfatin and of G-protein coupled receptor 41 in five different fat depots from sheep. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2010; 94:e96-101. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2010.00987.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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49
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Ontogenesis of muscle and adipose tissues and their interactions in ruminants and other species. Animal 2010; 4:1093-109. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731110000601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Muhlhausler BS, Morrison JL, McMillen IC. Rosiglitazone increases the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma target genes in adipose tissue, liver, and skeletal muscle in the sheep fetus in late gestation. Endocrinology 2009; 150:4287-94. [PMID: 19520784 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-0462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to maternal overnutrition increases the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) in adipose tissue before birth, and it has been proposed that the precocial activation of PPARgamma target genes may lead to increased fat deposition in postnatal life. In this study, we determined the effect of intrafetal administration of a PPARgamma agonist, rosiglitazone, on PPARgamma target gene expression in fetal adipose tissue as well indirect actions of rosiglitazone on fetal liver and skeletal muscle. Osmotic pumps containing rosiglitazone (n = 7) or vehicle (15% ethanol, n = 7) were implanted into fetuses at 123-126 d gestation (term = 150 +/- 3 d gestation). At 137-141 d gestation, tissues were collected and mRNA expression of PPARgamma, lipoprotein lipase (LPL), adiponectin, and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH) in adipose tissue, PPARalpha and PPARgamma-coactivator 1alpha (PGC1alpha) in liver and muscle and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) in liver determined by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Plasma insulin concentrations were lower in rosiglitazone-treated fetuses (P < 0.02). Rosiglitazone treatment resulted in increased expression of LPL and adiponectin mRNA (P < 0.01) in fetal adipose tissue. The expression of PPARalpha mRNA in liver (P < 0.05) and PGC1alpha mRNA (P < 0.02) in skeletal muscle were also increased by rosiglitazone treatment. Rosiglitazone treatment increased expression of PPARgamma target genes within fetal adipose tissue and also had direct or indirect actions on the fetal liver and muscle. The effects of activating PPARgamma in fetal adipose tissue mimic those induced by prenatal overnutrition, and it is therefore possible that activation of PPARgamma may be the initiating mechanism in the pathway from prenatal overnutrition to postnatal obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Muhlhausler
- Sansom Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, Australia.
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