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Christensen IB, Blom I, Dohlmann TL, Finger F, Helge JW, Gerhart-Hines Z, Dela F, Larsen S. Effect of Simvastatin Treatment on Mitochondrial Function and Inflammatory Status of Human White Adipose Tissue. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 108:e916-e922. [PMID: 37161534 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statin therapy has shown pleiotropic effects affecting both mitochondrial function and inflammatory status. However, few studies have investigated the concurrent effects of statin exposure on mitochondrial function and inflammatory status in human subcutaneous white adipose tissue. OBJECTIVES In a cross-sectional study, we investigated the effects of simvastatin on mitochondrial function and inflammatory status in subcutaneous white adipose tissue of 55 human participants: 38 patients (19 females/19 males) in primary prevention with simvastatin (> 40 mg/d, > 3 mo) and 17 controls (9 females/8 males) with elevated plasma cholesterol. The 2 groups were matched on age, body mass index, and maximal oxygen consumption. METHODS Anthropometrics and fasting biochemical characteristics were measured. Mitochondrial respiratory capacity was assessed in white adipose tissue by high-resolution respirometry. Subcutaneous white adipose tissue expression of the inflammatory markers IL-6, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), CCL-5, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-10, and IL-4 was analyzed by quantitative PCR. RESULTS Simvastatin-treated patients showed lower plasma cholesterol (P < .0001), low-density lipoprotein (P < .0001), and triglyceride levels (P = .0116) than controls. Simvastatin-treated patients had a lower oxidative phosphorylation capacity of mitochondrial complex II (P = .0001 when normalized to wet weight, P < .0001 when normalized to citrate synthase activity [intrinsic]), and a lower intrinsic mitochondrial electron transport system capacity (P = .0004). Simvastatin-treated patients showed higher IL-6 expression than controls (P = .0202). CONCLUSION Simvastatin treatment was linked to mitochondrial respiratory capacity in human subcutaneous white adipose tissue, but no clear link was found between statin exposure, respiratory changes, and inflammatory status of adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Bager Christensen
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Ida Blom
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Tine Lovsø Dohlmann
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Fabian Finger
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Jørn W Helge
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Zachary Gerhart-Hines
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Flemming Dela
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Department of Geriatrics, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg University Hospital, 2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark
| | - Steen Larsen
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Białystok, Poland
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2
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Li RX, Chen LY, Limbu SM, Yao B, Qian YF, Zhou WH, Chen LQ, Qiao F, Zhang ML, Du ZY, Luo Y. Atorvastatin remodels lipid distribution between liver and adipose tissues through blocking lipoprotein efflux in fish. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2023; 324:R281-R292. [PMID: 36572553 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00222.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of cholesterol metabolism in fish is still unclear. Statins play important roles in promoting cholesterol metabolism development in mammals. However, studies on the role of statins in cholesterol metabolism in fish are currently limited. The present study evaluated the effects of statins on cholesterol metabolism in fish. Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were fed on control diets supplemented with three atorvastatin levels (0, 12, and 24 mg/kg diet, ATV0, ATV12, and ATV24, respectively) for 4 wk. Intriguingly, the results showed that both atorvastatin treatments increased hepatic cholesterol and triglyceride contents mainly through inhibiting bile acid synthesis and efflux, and compensatorily enhancing cholesterol synthesis in fish liver (P < 0.05). Moreover, atorvastatin treatment significantly inhibited hepatic very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) assembly and thus decreased serum VLDL content (P < 0.05). However, fish treated with atorvastatin significantly reduced cholesterol and triglycerides contents in adipose tissue (P < 0.05). Further molecular analysis showed that atorvastatin treatment promoted cholesterol synthesis and lipogenesis pathways, but inhibited lipid catabolism and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) uptake in the adipose tissue of fish (P < 0.05). In general, atorvastatin induced the remodeling of lipid distribution between liver and adipose tissues through blocking VLDL efflux from the liver to adipose tissue of fish. Our results provide a novel regulatory pattern of cholesterol metabolism response caused by atorvastatin in fish, which is distinct from mammals: cholesterol inhibition by atorvastatin activates hepatic cholesterol synthesis and inhibits its efflux to maintain cholesterol homeostasis, consequently reduces cholesterol storage in fish adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Xin Li
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-Yun Chen
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Samwel M Limbu
- Department of Aquaculture Technology, School of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Technology, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Bing Yao
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Fan Qian
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Hao Zhou
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Qiao Chen
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Qiao
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei-Ling Zhang
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Yu Du
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Luo
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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3
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Patel KK, Sehgal VS, Kashfi K. Molecular targets of statins and their potential side effects: Not all the glitter is gold. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 922:174906. [PMID: 35321818 PMCID: PMC9007885 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.174906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Statins are a class of drugs widely used worldwide to manage hypercholesterolemia and the prevention of secondary heart attacks. Currently, available statins vary in terms of their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles. Although the primary target of statins is the inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase (HMGR), the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis, statins exhibit many pleiotropic effects downstream of the mevalonate pathway. These pleiotropic effects include the ability to reduce myocardial fibrosis, pathologic cardiac disease states, hypertension, promote bone differentiation, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor effects through multiple mechanisms. Although these pleiotropic effects of statins may be a cause for enthusiasm, there are many adverse effects that, for the most part, are unappreciated and need to be highlighted. These adverse effects include myopathy, new-onset type 2 diabetes, renal and hepatic dysfunction. Although these adverse effects may be relatively uncommon, considering the number of people worldwide who use statins daily, the actual number of people affected becomes quite large. Also, co-administration of statins with several other medications, herbal agents, and foods, which interact through common enzymatic pathways, can have untoward clinical consequences. In this review, we address these concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kush K Patel
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Viren S Sehgal
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Khosrow Kashfi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Graduate Program in Biology, City University of New York Graduate Center, New York, USA.
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4
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Wu P, Moon JY, Daghlas I, Franco G, Porneala BC, Ahmadizar F, Richardson TG, Isaksen JL, Hindy G, Yao J, Sitlani CM, Raffield LM, Yanek LR, Feitosa MF, Cuadrat RRC, Qi Q, Arfan Ikram M, Ellervik C, Ericson U, Goodarzi MO, Brody JA, Lange L, Mercader JM, Vaidya D, An P, Schulze MB, Masana L, Ghanbari M, Olesen MS, Cai J, Guo X, Floyd JS, Jäger S, Province MA, Kalyani RR, Psaty BM, Orho-Melander M, Ridker PM, Kanters JK, Uitterlinden A, Davey Smith G, Gill D, Kaplan RC, Kavousi M, Raghavan S, Chasman DI, Rotter JI, Meigs JB, Florez JC, Dupuis J, Liu CT, Merino J. Obesity Partially Mediates the Diabetogenic Effect of Lowering LDL Cholesterol. Diabetes Care 2022; 45:232-240. [PMID: 34789503 PMCID: PMC8753762 DOI: 10.2337/dc21-1284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE LDL cholesterol (LDLc)-lowering drugs modestly increase body weight and type 2 diabetes risk, but the extent to which the diabetogenic effect of lowering LDLc is mediated through increased BMI is unknown. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We conducted summary-level univariable and multivariable Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses in 921,908 participants to investigate the effect of lowering LDLc on type 2 diabetes risk and the proportion of this effect mediated through BMI. We used data from 92,532 participants from 14 observational studies to replicate findings in individual-level MR analyses. RESULTS A 1-SD decrease in genetically predicted LDLc was associated with increased type 2 diabetes odds (odds ratio [OR] 1.12 [95% CI 1.01, 1.24]) and BMI (β = 0.07 SD units [95% CI 0.02, 0.12]) in univariable MR analyses. The multivariable MR analysis showed evidence of an indirect effect of lowering LDLc on type 2 diabetes through BMI (OR 1.04 [95% CI 1.01, 1.08]) with a proportion mediated of 38% of the total effect (P = 0.03). Total and indirect effect estimates were similar across a number of sensitivity analyses. Individual-level MR analyses confirmed the indirect effect of lowering LDLc on type 2 diabetes through BMI with an estimated proportion mediated of 8% (P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the diabetogenic effect attributed to lowering LDLc is partially mediated through increased BMI. Our results could help advance understanding of adipose tissue and lipids in type 2 diabetes pathophysiology and inform strategies to reduce diabetes risk among individuals taking LDLc-lowering medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peitao Wu
- 1Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Jee-Young Moon
- 2Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Iyas Daghlas
- 3Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,4Programs in Metabolism and Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | - Giulianini Franco
- 5Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Bianca C Porneala
- 6Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Fariba Ahmadizar
- 7Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tom G Richardson
- 8MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K.,9Novo Nordisk Research Centre Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, U.K
| | - Jonas L Isaksen
- 10Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Georgy Hindy
- 11Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital Malmo Clinical Research Center, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden
| | - Jie Yao
- 12Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA
| | - Colleen M Sitlani
- 13Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Laura M Raffield
- 14Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Lisa R Yanek
- 15Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Mary F Feitosa
- 16Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Rafael R C Cuadrat
- 17Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.,18German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Qibin Qi
- 2Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- 7Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Christina Ellervik
- 19Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.,20Department of Research, Region Zealand, Sorø, Denmark
| | - Ulrika Ericson
- 11Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital Malmo Clinical Research Center, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden
| | - Mark O Goodarzi
- 21Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jennifer A Brody
- 13Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Leslie Lange
- 22Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Josep M Mercader
- 4Programs in Metabolism and Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA.,23Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,24Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Dhananjay Vaidya
- 15Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ping An
- 16Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Matthias B Schulze
- 17Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.,18German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany.,25Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Lluis Masana
- 26Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit, Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Sant Joan University Hospital, Rovira i Virgil University, IISPV, Reus, Spain.,27Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mohsen Ghanbari
- 7Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Morten S Olesen
- 28Danish National Research Foundation Centre for Cardiac Arrhythmia, Copenhagen, Denmark.,29Laboratory for Molecular Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, The Heart Centre, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jianwen Cai
- 30Collaborative Studies Coordinating Center, Department of Biostatistics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Xiuqing Guo
- 12Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA
| | - James S Floyd
- 13Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.,31Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Susanne Jäger
- 17Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany.,18German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael A Province
- 16Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Rita R Kalyani
- 15Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Bruce M Psaty
- 13Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.,31Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.,32Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Marju Orho-Melander
- 11Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital Malmo Clinical Research Center, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden
| | - Paul M Ridker
- 5Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,24Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jørgen K Kanters
- 10Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andre Uitterlinden
- 7Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,33Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - George Davey Smith
- 8MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K
| | - Dipender Gill
- 9Novo Nordisk Research Centre Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, U.K.,34Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, U.K.,35Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Section, Institute of Medical and Biomedical Education and Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, London, U.K.,36Clinical Pharmacology Group, Pharmacy and Medicines Directorate, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, U.K
| | - Robert C Kaplan
- 2Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY.,37Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA
| | - Maryam Kavousi
- 7Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sridharan Raghavan
- 38Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver, CO.,39Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO
| | - Daniel I Chasman
- 3Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,4Programs in Metabolism and Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- 12Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA
| | - James B Meigs
- 4Programs in Metabolism and Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA.,6Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,24Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jose C Florez
- 4Programs in Metabolism and Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA.,23Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,24Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Josée Dupuis
- 1Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Ching-Ti Liu
- 1Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Jordi Merino
- 4Programs in Metabolism and Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA.,23Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,24Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,26Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit, Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Sant Joan University Hospital, Rovira i Virgil University, IISPV, Reus, Spain
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5
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Sarsenbayeva A, Jui BN, Fanni G, Barbosa P, Ahmed F, Kristófi R, Cen J, Chowdhury A, Skrtic S, Bergsten P, Fall T, Eriksson JW, Pereira MJ. Impaired HMG-CoA Reductase Activity Caused by Genetic Variants or Statin Exposure: Impact on Human Adipose Tissue, β-Cells and Metabolome. Metabolites 2021; 11:574. [PMID: 34564389 PMCID: PMC8468287 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11090574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase is associated with an increased risk of new-onset type 2 diabetes. We studied the association of genetic or pharmacological HMG-CoA reductase inhibition with plasma and adipose tissue (AT) metabolome and AT metabolic pathways. We also investigated the effects of statin-mediated pharmacological inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase on systemic insulin sensitivity by measuring the HOMA-IR index in subjects with or without statin therapy. The direct effects of simvastatin (20-250 nM) or its active metabolite simvastatin hydroxy acid (SA) (8-30 nM) were investigated on human adipocyte glucose uptake, lipolysis, and differentiation and pancreatic insulin secretion. We observed that the LDL-lowering HMGCR rs12916-T allele was negatively associated with plasma phosphatidylcholines and sphingomyelins, and HMGCR expression in AT was correlated with various metabolic and mitochondrial pathways. Clinical data showed that statin treatment was associated with HOMA-IR index after adjustment for age, sex, BMI, HbA1c, LDL-c levels, and diabetes status in the subjects. Supra-therapeutic concentrations of simvastatin reduced glucose uptake in adipocytes and normalized fatty acid-induced insulin hypersecretion from β-cells. Our data suggest that inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase is associated with insulin resistance. However, statins have a very mild direct effect on AT and pancreas, hence, other tissues as the liver or muscle appear to be of greater importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assel Sarsenbayeva
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetology and Metabolism, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden; (A.S.); (B.N.J.); (G.F.); (F.A.); (R.K.); (T.F.); (J.W.E.)
| | - Bipasha Nandi Jui
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetology and Metabolism, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden; (A.S.); (B.N.J.); (G.F.); (F.A.); (R.K.); (T.F.); (J.W.E.)
| | - Giovanni Fanni
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetology and Metabolism, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden; (A.S.); (B.N.J.); (G.F.); (F.A.); (R.K.); (T.F.); (J.W.E.)
| | - Pedro Barbosa
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal;
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Fozia Ahmed
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetology and Metabolism, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden; (A.S.); (B.N.J.); (G.F.); (F.A.); (R.K.); (T.F.); (J.W.E.)
| | - Robin Kristófi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetology and Metabolism, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden; (A.S.); (B.N.J.); (G.F.); (F.A.); (R.K.); (T.F.); (J.W.E.)
| | - Jing Cen
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden; (J.C.); (A.C.); (P.B.)
| | - Azazul Chowdhury
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden; (J.C.); (A.C.); (P.B.)
| | - Stanko Skrtic
- Innovation Strategies & External Liaison, Pharmaceutical Technologies & Development, AstraZeneca, 431 83 Gothenburg, Sweden;
- Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter Bergsten
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden; (J.C.); (A.C.); (P.B.)
| | - Tove Fall
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetology and Metabolism, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden; (A.S.); (B.N.J.); (G.F.); (F.A.); (R.K.); (T.F.); (J.W.E.)
| | - Jan W. Eriksson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetology and Metabolism, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden; (A.S.); (B.N.J.); (G.F.); (F.A.); (R.K.); (T.F.); (J.W.E.)
| | - Maria J. Pereira
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Diabetology and Metabolism, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden; (A.S.); (B.N.J.); (G.F.); (F.A.); (R.K.); (T.F.); (J.W.E.)
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6
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Hammoud SH, AlZaim I, Al-Dhaheri Y, Eid AH, El-Yazbi AF. Perirenal Adipose Tissue Inflammation: Novel Insights Linking Metabolic Dysfunction to Renal Diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:707126. [PMID: 34408726 PMCID: PMC8366229 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.707126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A healthy adipose tissue (AT) is indispensable to human wellbeing. Among other roles, it contributes to energy homeostasis and provides insulation for internal organs. Adipocytes were previously thought to be a passive store of excess calories, however this view evolved to include an endocrine role. Adipose tissue was shown to synthesize and secrete adipokines that are pertinent to glucose and lipid homeostasis, as well as inflammation. Importantly, the obesity-induced adipose tissue expansion stimulates a plethora of signals capable of triggering an inflammatory response. These inflammatory manifestations of obese AT have been linked to insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes, and proposed to evoke obesity-induced comorbidities including cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). A growing body of evidence suggests that metabolic disorders, characterized by AT inflammation and accumulation around organs may eventually induce organ dysfunction through a direct local mechanism. Interestingly, perirenal adipose tissue (PRAT), surrounding the kidney, influences renal function and metabolism. In this regard, PRAT emerged as an independent risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is even correlated with CVD. Here, we review the available evidence on the impact of PRAT alteration in different metabolic states on the renal and cardiovascular function. We present a broad overview of novel insights linking cardiovascular derangements and CKD with a focus on metabolic disorders affecting PRAT. We also argue that the confluence among these pathways may open several perspectives for future pharmacological therapies against CKD and CVD possibly by modulating PRAT immunometabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safaa H. Hammoud
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ibrahim AlZaim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Departmment of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Yusra Al-Dhaheri
- Department of Biology, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ali H. Eid
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, Qatar University (QU) Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ahmed F. El-Yazbi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Alalamein International University, Alalamein, Egypt
- *Correspondence: Ahmed F. El-Yazbi,
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7
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Statin Treatment-Induced Development of Type 2 Diabetes: From Clinical Evidence to Mechanistic Insights. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134725. [PMID: 32630698 PMCID: PMC7369709 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins are the gold-standard treatment for the prevention of primary and secondary cardiovascular disease, which is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Despite the safety and relative tolerability of statins, observational studies, clinical trials and meta-analyses indicate an increased risk of developing new-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) after long-term statin treatment. It has been shown that statins can impair insulin sensitivity and secretion by pancreatic β-cells and increase insulin resistance in peripheral tissues. The mechanisms involved in these processes include, among others, impaired Ca2+ signaling in pancreatic β-cells, down-regulation of GLUT-4 in adipocytes and compromised insulin signaling. In addition, it has also been described that statins’ impact on epigenetics may also contribute to statin-induced T2DM via differential expression of microRNAs. This review focuses on the evidence and mechanisms by which statin therapy is associated with the development of T2DM. This review describes the multifactorial combination of effects that most likely contributes to the diabetogenic effects of statins. Clinically, these findings should encourage clinicians to consider diabetes monitoring in patients receiving statin therapy in order to ensure early diagnosis and appropriate management.
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8
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Rees-Milton KJ, Norman P, Babiolakis C, Hulbert M, Turner ME, Berger C, Anastassiades TP, Hopman WM, Adams MA, Powley WL, Holden RM. Statin Use is Associated With Insulin Resistance in Participants of the Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study. J Endocr Soc 2020; 4:bvaa057. [PMID: 32715271 PMCID: PMC7371386 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvaa057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Context Statins have been linked to the development of diabetes and atherosclerotic plaque calcification in patients with cardiac disease. Objective To determine the association between statin use and statin characteristics and insulin resistance and abdominal aortic calcification (AAC) in participants of the Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study (CaMos). Design Observational study. Setting General community. Participants Nondiabetic participants of the Kingston CaMos site. Intervention Insulin resistance and AAC in statin users and nonstatin users were compared with and without the inclusion of a propensity score (PS) to be on a statin. The covariates of hypertension, sex, body mass index, smoking, kidney stones, and age that were included in the PS were selected based on clinical judgment confirmed by the statistical analysis of a difference between statin users and nonstatin users. Main Outcome Measures Insulin resistance measured by the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR) and AAC assessed on lateral spine radiographs using the Framingham methodology. Results Using a general linear model, statin use was associated with higher levels of HOMA-IR after stratified PS adjustment (β = 1.52, [1.18-1.95], P < 0.01). Hydrophilic statin users (n = 9) and lipophilic statins users (n = 30) had higher HOMA-IR compared to nonstatin users (n = 125) ([β = 2.29, (1.43-3.68), P < 0.001] and [β = 1.36, (1.04-1.78), P < 0.05]), respectively, in general linear models after stratified PS adjustment. Statin use was associated with AAC without stratifying by PS in the Wilcoxon test, but was no longer significant when stratified by PS. Conclusions Statins, widely prescribed drugs to lower cholesterol, may have unintended consequences related to glucose homeostasis that could be relevant in healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick Norman
- Kingston General Health Research Institute, Kingston, ON
| | | | - Maggie Hulbert
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON
| | - Mandy E Turner
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON
| | - Claudie Berger
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC
| | - Tassos P Anastassiades
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON.,Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON
| | - Wilma M Hopman
- Kingston General Health Research Institute, Kingston, ON.,Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON
| | - Michael A Adams
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON
| | | | - Rachel M Holden
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON.,Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON
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9
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Obesity-Induced Adipose Tissue Inflammation as a Strong Promotional Factor for Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Cells 2019; 8:cells8070673. [PMID: 31277269 PMCID: PMC6678863 DOI: 10.3390/cells8070673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is expected to soon become the second leading cause of cancer related deaths in the United States. This may be due to the rising obesity prevalence, which is a recognized risk factor for PDAC. There is great interest in deciphering the underlying driving mechanisms of the obesity–PDAC link. Visceral adiposity has a strong correlation to certain metabolic diseases and gastrointestinal cancers, including PDAC. In fact, our own data strongly suggest that visceral adipose tissue inflammation is a strong promoter for PDAC growth and progression in a genetically engineered mouse model of PDAC and diet-induced obesity. In this review, we will discuss the relationship between obesity-associated adipose tissue inflammation and PDAC development, with a focus on the key molecular and cellular components in the dysfunctional visceral adipose tissue, which provides a tumor permissive environment.
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10
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Anti-inflammatory activity of elicited soybean ( Glycine max) extract on Balb/C mice ( Mus musculus) with high-fat and -fructose diet. Cent Eur J Immunol 2019; 44:7-14. [PMID: 31114431 PMCID: PMC6526585 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2019.84010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity causes adipocyte hypertrophy, which leads to cell death. Consequently, macrophages and lymphocytes infiltrate into the adipose tissue and elevate pro-inflammatory cytokine production through TLR activation. This study aimed to determine the efficacy of soybean extract, which was elicited by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and light, as an anti-inflammatory agent in mice with a high-fat and -fructose diet (HFFD). The elicited soybean extract (ESE) was administered orally to mice for four weeks after being given an HFFD for 20 weeks. Three different doses were used: (1) low-dose (78 mg/kg BW); (2) normal dose (104 mg/kg BW); and (3) high dose (130 mg/kg BW). HFFD mice model treated with simvastatin 2.8 mg/kg BW considered as drug control. After 24 weeks, the lymphocytes were isolated and the relative number of CD4+TLR3+ T, CD4+TLR4+ T, CD4+TNF-α+ T, and CD4+IFN-γ+ T cells were analysed using flow cytometry. The results showed that the HFFD mouse model had an increased number of CD4+TLR3+ T, CD4+TLR4+ T, CD4+TNF-α+ T, and CD4+IFN-γ+ T cells. ESE administration decreased the relative number of CD4+TLR3+ T, CD4+TLR4+ T, CD4+TNF-α+ T, and CD4+IFN-γ+ T cells. The normal dose of ESE is the most effective dose in suppressing inflammation compared to positive controls. ESE 104 mg/kg BW can be considered as an alternative herbal medicine that may suppress inflammation in HFFD mice.
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11
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Kim DW, Kim DH, Park JH, Choi M, Kim S, Kim H, Seul DE, Park SG, Jung JH, Han K, Park YG. Association between statin treatment and new-onset diabetes mellitus: a population based case-control study. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2019; 11:30. [PMID: 31044020 PMCID: PMC6477721 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-019-0427-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies suggest that statin may increase the risk of new-onset diabetes mellitus (NODM). This study aimed to evaluate the association between the duration and recent use of statin, and the risk of NODM, based on population-based data sets. METHODS We used the South Korean National Health Insurance Service National Sample Cohort database for this nationwide case-control study. Of the 1 million participants, 6417 participants with NODM in 2012-2013 and 32,085 controls without diabetes (1:5 propensity score matched with age, sex, index year, and year of diabetes diagnosis) were included. In these patients, we examined the statin prescription record for 3 years preceding the outcome. We used conditional logistic regression to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS After adjustment of covariates, there were no significant differences in the risk of NODM when analyzed according to cumulative use days. The risk of NODM was increased only in the short-term and recent user group (OR 1.48, 95% CI 1.21 to 1.82) whose cumulative prescription days are less than 6 months and whose last prescription is within 6 months of diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS The risk of NODM was not associated with an increase in the cumulative duration of statin use or with non-recent use. Only recent short-term use of statin was associated with an increased risk of NODM. Diabetes screening are warranted during initial statin therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Won Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, 123, Jeokgeum-ro, Danwon-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do 15355 Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Hoon Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, 123, Jeokgeum-ro, Danwon-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do 15355 Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Hyun Park
- Department of Family Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, 123, Jeokgeum-ro, Danwon-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do 15355 Republic of Korea
| | - Moonyoung Choi
- Department of Family Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, 123, Jeokgeum-ro, Danwon-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do 15355 Republic of Korea
| | - Shinhye Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, 123, Jeokgeum-ro, Danwon-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do 15355 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyonchong Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, 123, Jeokgeum-ro, Danwon-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do 15355 Republic of Korea
| | - Da-eun Seul
- Department of Family Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, 123, Jeokgeum-ro, Danwon-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do 15355 Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Gyeong Park
- Department of Family Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, 123, Jeokgeum-ro, Danwon-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do 15355 Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hyung Jung
- Department of Biostatistics, Catholic University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungdo Han
- Department of Biostatistics, Catholic University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Gyu Park
- Department of Biostatistics, Catholic University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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12
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Matuszek MA, Grant R. Statins Do Not Impair Whole-body Fat Oxidation During Moderate-intensity Exercise in Dyslipidemic Adults. EXERCISE MEDICINE 2018. [DOI: 10.26644/em.2018.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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13
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Sunjaya AP, Sunjaya AF, Halim S, Ferdinal F. Risk and Benefits of Statins in Glucose Control Management of Type II Diabetes. Int J Angiol 2018; 27:121-131. [PMID: 30154630 DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1572523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Worldwide statins are considered to be the first-line pharmacological treatment for dyslipidemia and reducing the risk of coronary heart disease. However, recently various studies have shown its adverse effect on glucose control among diabetic patients and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration have revised statin drug labels to include information that increases in fasting serum glucose and glycated hemoglobin levels have been reported. This systematic review objective is to evaluate the risks and benefits of statins in glucose control management of type 2 diabetes patients based on the 44 published journal articles included and obtained through MEDLINE full text, PubMed, Science Direct, Pro Quest, SAGE, Taylor and Francis Online, Google Scholar, High Wire, and Elsevier Clinical Key. Statins were found to affect glucose control through several ways, namely, by affecting insulin production and secretion by β-pancreatic cells, insulin resistance, insulin uptake by the muscles and adipocytes and production of adipokines. Current evidence available shows that most of the statins give unfavorable side effects with regards to glucose control among diabetic patients. A dose-dependent and time-dependent effect was also observed in some statins which may be present among other statins as well.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Samuel Halim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tarumanagara University, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Frans Ferdinal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tarumanagara University, Jakarta, Indonesia
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14
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Effects of Rosuvastatin on the expression of the genes involved in cholesterol metabolism in rats: adaptive responses by extrahepatic tissues. Gene 2018; 661:45-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.03.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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15
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Zhu Y, Chen CY, Li J, Cheng JX, Jang M, Kim KH. In vitro exploration of ACAT contributions to lipid droplet formation during adipogenesis. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:820-829. [PMID: 29549095 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m081745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As adipose tissue is the major cholesterol storage organ and most of the intracellular cholesterol is distributed to lipid droplets (LDs), cholesterol homeostasis may have a role in the regulation of adipocyte size and function. ACATs catalyze the formation of cholesteryl ester (CE) from free cholesterol to modulate the cholesterol balance. Despite the well-documented role of ACATs in hypercholesterolemia, their role in LD development during adipogenesis remains elusive. Here, we identify ACATs as regulators of de novo lipogenesis and LD formation in murine 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Pharmacological inhibition of ACAT activity suppressed intracellular cholesterol and CE levels, and reduced expression of genes involved in cholesterol uptake and efflux. ACAT inhibition resulted in decreased de novo lipogenesis, as demonstrated by reduced maturation of SREBP1 and SREBP1-downstream lipogenic gene expression. Consistent with this observation, knockdown of either ACAT isoform reduced total adipocyte lipid content by approximately 40%. These results demonstrate that ACATs are required for storage ability of lipids and cholesterol in adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyan Zhu
- Department of Food Science Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Chih-Yu Chen
- Department of Food Science Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Junjie Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Ji-Xin Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Miran Jang
- Department of Food Science Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Kee-Hong Kim
- Department of Food Science Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 .,Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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16
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Kässner F, Sauer T, Penke M, Richter S, Landgraf K, Körner A, Kiess W, Händel N, Garten A. Simvastatin induces apoptosis in PTEN‑haploinsufficient lipoma cells. Int J Mol Med 2018; 41:3691-3698. [PMID: 29568880 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue tumors (lipomas) frequently develop in patients with heterozygous germ line phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) mutations. simvastatin has been demonstrated to exhibit antitumor effects, and so the aim of the present study was to assess the effects of simvastatin on the growth of human PTEN haploinsufficient lipoma cells. Whether the effects of simvastatin in lipomas are mediated via PTEN upregulation was also assessed. The results of the present study revealed that simvastatin treatment reduced cell viability and induced apoptosis in human lipoma cells. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the expression of cellular PTEN mRNA and protein was increased following simvastatin stimulation. In addition, the phosphorylation of protein kinase B and downstream targets of mammalian target of rapamycin and 4E‑binding protein (4E‑BP)‑1 was attenuated. It was also demonstrated that simvastatin induced PTEN transcriptional upregulation by increasing peroxisome proliferator‑activated receptor (PPAR)γ expression. The small interfering RNA‑mediated knockdown of PPARγ abrogated the stimulatory effect of simvastatin on the PTEN protein, but did not influence apoptosis. The results of the present study suggest that simvastatin may be beneficial for patients with inoperable PTEN haploinsufficient lipomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Kässner
- University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig (CPL), D‑04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tina Sauer
- University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig (CPL), D‑04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Melanie Penke
- University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig (CPL), D‑04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sandy Richter
- University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig (CPL), D‑04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kathrin Landgraf
- University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig (CPL), D‑04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Antje Körner
- University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig (CPL), D‑04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wieland Kiess
- University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig (CPL), D‑04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Norman Händel
- University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig (CPL), D‑04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Antje Garten
- University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig (CPL), D‑04103 Leipzig, Germany
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17
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Dias S, Paredes S, Ribeiro L. Drugs Involved in Dyslipidemia and Obesity Treatment: Focus on Adipose Tissue. Int J Endocrinol 2018; 2018:2637418. [PMID: 29593789 PMCID: PMC5822899 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2637418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome can be defined as a state of disturbed metabolic homeostasis characterized by visceral obesity, atherogenic dyslipidemia, arterial hypertension, and insulin resistance. The growing prevalence of metabolic syndrome will certainly contribute to the burden of cardiovascular disease. Obesity and dyslipidemia are main features of metabolic syndrome, and both can present with adipose tissue dysfunction, involved in the pathogenic mechanisms underlying this syndrome. We revised the effects, and underlying mechanisms, of the current approved drugs for dyslipidemia and obesity (fibrates, statins, niacin, resins, ezetimibe, and orlistat; sibutramine; and diethylpropion, phentermine/topiramate, bupropion and naltrexone, and liraglutide) on adipose tissue. Specifically, we explored how these drugs can modulate the complex pathways involved in metabolism, inflammation, atherogenesis, insulin sensitivity, and adipogenesis. The clinical outcomes of adipose tissue modulation by these drugs, as well as differences of major importance for clinical practice between drugs of the same class, were identified. Whether solutions to these issues will be found in further adjustments and combinations between drugs already in use or necessarily in new advances in pharmacology is not known. To better understand the effect of drugs used in dyslipidemia and obesity on adipose tissue not only is challenging for physicians but could also be the next step to tackle cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Dias
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Paredes
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital de Braga, 4710-243 Braga, Portugal
- Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences, and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Laura Ribeiro
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences, and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
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18
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Han KH. Functional Implications of HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibition on Glucose Metabolism. Korean Circ J 2018; 48:951-963. [PMID: 30334382 PMCID: PMC6196158 DOI: 10.4070/kcj.2018.0307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, i.e. statins, are effective in reducing cardiovascular disease events but also in cardiac-related and overall mortality. Statins are in general well-tolerated, but currently the concerns are raised if statins may increase the risk of new-onset diabetes mellitus (NOD). In this review, the possible effects of statins on organs/tissues being involved in glucose metabolism, i.e. liver, pancreas, adipose tissue, and muscles, had been discussed. The net outcome seems to be inconsistent and often contradictory, which may be largely affected by in vitro experimental settings or/and in vivo animal conditions. The majority of studies point out statin-induced changes of regulations of isoprenoid metabolites and cell-associated cholesterol contents as predisposing factors related to the statin-induced NOD. On the other hand, it should be considered that dysfunctions of isoprenoid pathway and mitochondrial ATP production and the cholesterol homeostasis are already developed under (pre)diabetic and hypercholesterolemic conditions. In order to connect the basic findings with the clinical manifestation more clearly, further research efforts are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Hoon Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine Ulsan University, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.
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19
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Antonopoulos AS, Margaritis M, Shirodaria C, Antoniades C. Translating the effects of statins: from redox regulation to suppression of vascular wall inflammation. Thromb Haemost 2017; 108:840-8. [PMID: 22872079 DOI: 10.1160/th12-05-0337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Vascular oxidative stress is a key feature of atherogenesis, and targeting vascular redox signalling is a rational therapeutic goal in vascular disease pathogenesis. 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors or statins are potent lipid-lowering drugs that improve cardiovascular outcomes. It is now widely accepted that cardiovascular disease prevention by statins is dependent not only on their lipid lowering effects, but also on their beneficial effects on vascular redox signalling. Cell culture and animal models have provided important findings on the effects of statins on vascular redox and nitric oxide bioavailability. Recent evidence from studies on human vessels has further enhanced our understanding of the "pleiotropic" effects of statins on vascular wall. Reversal of endothelial dysfunction in human vessels by statins is dependent on the mevalonate pathway and Rac1 inhibition. These critical steps are responsible for reducing NADPH-oxidase activity and improving tetrahydrobiopterin bioavailability and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) coupling in human vessels. However, mevalonate pathway inhibition has been also held responsible for some of the side effects observed after statin treatment. In this review we summarise the existing knowledge on the effects of statins on vascular biology by discussing key findings from basic science as well as recent evidence from translational studies in humans. Finally, we discuss emerging aspects of statin pleiotropy, such as their effects on adipose tissue biology and adipokine synthesis that may light additional mechanistic links between statin treatment and improvement of clinical outcome in primary and secondary prevention.
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20
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Bellanti F, Villani R, Facciorusso A, Vendemiale G, Serviddio G. Lipid oxidation products in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 111:173-185. [PMID: 28109892 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the major public health challenge for hepatologists in the twenty-first century. NAFLD comprises a histological spectrum ranging from simple steatosis or fatty liver, to steatohepatitis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis. It can be categorized into two principal phenotypes: (1) non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL), and (2) non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The mechanisms of NAFLD progression consist of lipid homeostasis alterations, redox unbalance, insulin resistance, and inflammation in the liver. Even though several studies show an association between the levels of lipid oxidation products and disease state, experimental evidence suggests that compounds such as reactive aldehydes and cholesterol oxidation products, in addition to representing hallmarks of hepatic oxidative damage, may behave as active players in liver dysfunction and the development of NAFLD. This review summarizes the processes that contribute to the metabolic alterations occurring in fatty liver that produce fatty acid and cholesterol oxidation products in NAFLD, with a focus on inflammation, the control of insulin signalling, and the transcription factors involved in lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bellanti
- C.U.R.E. Centre for Liver Diseases Research and Treatment, Institute of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia 71122, Italy
| | - Rosanna Villani
- C.U.R.E. Centre for Liver Diseases Research and Treatment, Institute of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia 71122, Italy
| | - Antonio Facciorusso
- C.U.R.E. Centre for Liver Diseases Research and Treatment, Institute of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia 71122, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Vendemiale
- C.U.R.E. Centre for Liver Diseases Research and Treatment, Institute of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia 71122, Italy
| | - Gaetano Serviddio
- C.U.R.E. Centre for Liver Diseases Research and Treatment, Institute of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia 71122, Italy.
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21
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Casula M, Mozzanica F, Scotti L, Tragni E, Pirillo A, Corrao G, Catapano AL. Statin use and risk of new-onset diabetes: A meta-analysis of observational studies. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2017; 27:396-406. [PMID: 28416099 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Meta-analyses of randomized control trials investigating the association between incident diabetes and statin use showed an increased risk of new-onset diabetes (NOD) from 9% to 13% associated with statins. However, short follow-up period, unpowered sample size, and lack of pre-specified diagnostic criteria for diabetes detection could be responsible of an underestimation of this risk. We conducted a meta-analysis of published observational studies to evaluate the association between statins use and risk of NOD. METHODS AND RESULTS PubMed, EMBASE and MEDLINE databases were searched from inception to June 30, 2016 for cohort and case-control studies with risk of NOD in users vs nonusers, on ≥1000 subjects followed-up for ≥1 year. Two review authors assessed study eligibility and risk of bias and undertook data extraction independently. Pooled estimates were calculated by a random-effects model and between-study heterogeneity was tested and measured by I2 index. Furthermore, stratified analyses and the evaluation of publication bias were performed. Finally, the meta-analysis included 20 studies, 18 cohort and 2 case-control studies. Overall, NOD risk was higher in statin users than nonusers (RR 1.44; 95% CI 1.31-1.58). High between-study heterogeneity (I2 = 97%) was found. Estimates for all single statins showed a class effect, from rosuvastatin (RR 1.61; 1.30-1.98) to simvastatin (RR 1.38; 1.19-1.61). CONCLUSIONS The present meta-analysis confirms and reinforces the evidence of a diabetogenic effect by statins utilization. These observations confirm the need of a rigorous monitoring of patients taking statins, in particular pre-diabetic patients or patients presenting with established risk factors for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Casula
- Epidemiology and Preventive Pharmacology Centre (SEFAP), Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - F Mozzanica
- Epidemiology and Preventive Pharmacology Centre (SEFAP), Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - L Scotti
- Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods, Division of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Bicocca degli Arcimboldi 8, 20126, Milan, Italy
| | - E Tragni
- Epidemiology and Preventive Pharmacology Centre (SEFAP), Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - A Pirillo
- Center for the Study of Atherosclerosis, E. Bassini Hospital, Via M. Gorki 50, Cinisello Balsamo, 20092, Milan, Italy
| | - G Corrao
- Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods, Division of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Bicocca degli Arcimboldi 8, 20126, Milan, Italy
| | - A L Catapano
- Epidemiology and Preventive Pharmacology Centre (SEFAP), Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy; IRCCS MultiMedica, Via Milanese 300, 20099, Sesto S. Giovanni (MI), Italy
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Bozaykut P, Sahin A, Karademir B, Ozer NK. Endoplasmic reticulum stress related molecular mechanisms in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Mech Ageing Dev 2016; 157:17-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Soucek F, Covassin N, Singh P, Ruzek L, Kara T, Suleiman M, Lerman A, Koestler C, Friedman PA, Lopez-Jimenez F, Somers VK. Effects of Atorvastatin (80 mg) Therapy on Quantity of Epicardial Adipose Tissue in Patients Undergoing Pulmonary Vein Isolation for Atrial Fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 2015; 116:1443-6. [PMID: 26372211 PMCID: PMC4609296 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2015.07.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) has been recognized as a sensitive marker of cardiometabolic risk. Recent evidence suggests efficacy of long-term statin therapy in reducing EAT in patients with coronary artery disease. Whether short-term statin therapy is associated with changes in the volume of EAT is currently unknown. A cohort of patients with atrial fibrillation who underwent pulmonary vein isolation were randomized to receive either 80 mg/day of atorvastatin (n = 38, 32 men, age 56 ± 11 years) or placebo (n = 41, 33 men, age 56 ± 10 years) for a 3-month period. EAT volume was assessed by cardiac computed tomography at baseline and at follow-up. Patients randomized to statin treatment exhibited a modest but significant decrease in median EAT volume (baseline vs follow-up: 92.3 cm(3) [62.0 to 133.3] vs 86.9 cm(3) [64.1 to 124.8], p <0.05), whereas median EAT remained unchanged in the placebo group (81.9 cm(3) [55.5 to 110.9] vs 81.3 cm(3) [57.1 to 110.5], p = NS). Changes in median systemic inflammatory markers and lipid profile were also seen with statin treatment: C-reactive protein (2.4 mg/L [0.7 to 3.7] vs 1.1 mg/L [0.5 to 2.7], p <0.05), total cholesterol (186 mg/dL [162.5 to 201] vs 123 mg/dL [99 to 162.5], p <0.001), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (116 mg/dL [96.5 to 132.5] vs 56 [40.5 to 81] mg/dL, p <0.001) diminished, whereas median body mass index did not change (27.8 kg/m(2) [25 to 30] versus 27.6 kg/m(2) [25.7 to 30.5], p = NS). No variations occurred in the placebo group. In conclusion, short-term intensive statin therapy significantly reduced the volume of EAT in patients with atrial fibrillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Soucek
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; International Clinical Research Center, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Naima Covassin
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Prachi Singh
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Lukas Ruzek
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; International Clinical Research Center, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Kara
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; International Clinical Research Center, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Mahmoud Suleiman
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Amir Lerman
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Celeste Koestler
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Paul A Friedman
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Virend K Somers
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
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Differential effects of leptin on adiponectin expression with weight gain versus obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2015; 40:266-74. [PMID: 26374448 PMCID: PMC4747836 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2015.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background/Objective Adiponectin exerts beneficial effects by reducing inflammation, and improving lipid metabolism and insulin-sensitivity. Although adiponectin is lower in obese individuals, whether weight gain reduces adiponectin expression in humans is controversial. We sought to investigate the role of weight gain, and consequent changes in leptin, on altering adiponectin expression in humans. Methods/Results Forty four normal-weight healthy subjects were recruited (mean age 29 years; 14 women) and randomized to either gain 5% of body weight by 8-weeks of overfeeding (n=34) or maintain weight (n=10). Modest weight gain of 3.8 ± 1.2 kg resulted in increased adiponectin (p=0.03) while weight maintenance resulted in no changes in adiponectin. Further, changes in adiponectin correlated positively with changes in leptin (p=0.0085). In-vitro experiments using differentiated human white preadipocytes showed that leptin increased adiponectin mRNA and protein expression, while a leptin-antagonist had opposite effects. To understand the role of leptin in established obesity, we compared adipose tissue samples obtained from normal weight versus obese subjects. We noted, first, that leptin activated cellular signaling pathways and increased adiponectin mRNA in adipose tissue from normal-weight participants, but did not do so in adipose tissue from obese participants; and second, that obese subjects had increased caveolin-1 expression, which attenuates leptin-dependent increases in adiponectin. Conclusions Modest weight gain in healthy individuals is associated with increases in adiponectin, which correlate positively with changes in leptin. In-vitro, leptin induces adiponectin expression which is attenuated by increased caveolin-1 expression. Additionally, adipose tissue from obese subjects shows increased caveolin-1 expression, and impaired leptin signaling. This leptin signal impairment may prevent concordant increases in adiponectin in obese subjects despite their high levels of leptin. Therefore, impaired leptin signaling may contribute to low adiponectin expression in obesity and may provide a target for increasing adiponectin expression, hence improving insulin sensitivity and cardio-metabolic profile in obesity.
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Murfitt L, Whiteley G, Iqbal MM, Kitmitto A. Targeting caveolin-3 for the treatment of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 151:50-71. [PMID: 25779609 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is a global health problem with more than 550 million people predicted to be diabetic by 2030. A major complication of diabetes is cardiovascular disease, which accounts for over two-thirds of mortality and morbidity in diabetic patients. This increased risk has led to the definition of a diabetic cardiomyopathy phenotype characterised by early left ventricular dysfunction with normal ejection fraction. Here we review the aetiology of diabetic cardiomyopathy and explore the involvement of the protein caveolin-3 (Cav3). Cav3 forms part of a complex mechanism regulating insulin signalling and glucose uptake, processes that are impaired in diabetes. Further, Cav3 is key for stabilisation and trafficking of cardiac ion channels to the plasma membrane and so contributes to the cardiac action potential shape and duration. In addition, Cav3 has direct and indirect interactions with proteins involved in excitation-contraction coupling and so has the potential to influence cardiac contractility. Significantly, both impaired contractility and rhythm disturbances are hallmarks of diabetic cardiomyopathy. We review here how changes to Cav3 expression levels and altered relationships with interacting partners may be contributory factors to several of the pathological features identified in diabetic cardiomyopathy. Finally, the review concludes by considering ways in which levels of Cav3 may be manipulated in order to develop novel therapeutic approaches for treating diabetic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Murfitt
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9NT, UK
| | - Gareth Whiteley
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9NT, UK
| | - Mohammad M Iqbal
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9NT, UK
| | - Ashraf Kitmitto
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9NT, UK.
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Arnaboldi L, Corsini A. Could changes in adiponectin drive the effect of statins on the risk of new-onset diabetes? The case of pitavastatin. ATHEROSCLEROSIS SUPP 2015; 16:1-27. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5688(14)70002-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Petreanu M, Eleuterio N, Bosco AA, Sandrim VC. Effect of simvastatin treatment on plasma visfatin levels in obese women. Gynecol Endocrinol 2014; 30:577-80. [PMID: 24819315 DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2014.911273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Obesity is one of the major concerns in the world currently, its prejudicial effect is exerted by proteins secreted by adipose tissue, among them visfatin was demonstrated to be related with BMI and cardiovascular diseases. The HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors are known to minimize the cardiovascular risk in hyperlipidemic patients and recently the discovery of various pleiotropic effects has made the statins evidencing among others anti-inflammatory effect. Our objective in this study was to determinate if simvastatin treatment may modulate visfatin levels in obese women without any other metabolic disorder. METHODS We recruited 25 obese women without any other metabolic disorder and treated with simvastatin for 6 weeks 20 mg/day. RESULTS The levels of plasma visfatin were similar before and after treatment (22 ± 20 versus 27 ± 14 ng/mL, p > 0.05) and correlated with BMI before treatment (p = 0.001). We also found correlations among visfatin and insulin levels (p = 0.015) and HOMA-IR (p = 0.025) only after treatment. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that visfatin is not modulated by simvastatin treatment in this group but the treatment may interfere on the relation among visfatin, BMI, insulin and HOMA-IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Petreanu
- Núcleo de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa - Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte , Belo Horizonte, MG , Brazil
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Brault M, Ray J, Gomez YH, Mantzoros CS, Daskalopoulou SS. Statin treatment and new-onset diabetes: a review of proposed mechanisms. Metabolism 2014; 63:735-45. [PMID: 24641882 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2014.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
New-onset diabetes has been observed in clinical trials and meta-analyses involving statin therapy. To explain this association, three major mechanisms have been proposed and discussed in the literature. First, certain statins affect insulin secretion through direct, indirect or combined effects on calcium channels in pancreatic β-cells. Second, reduced translocation of glucose transporter 4 in response to treatment results in hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia. Third, statin therapy decreases other important downstream products, such as coenzyme Q10, farnesyl pyrophosphate, geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, and dolichol; their depletion leads to reduced intracellular signaling. Other possible mechanisms implicated in the effect of statins on new-onset diabetes are: statin interference with intracellular insulin signal transduction pathways via inhibition of necessary phosphorylation events and reduction of small GTPase action; inhibition of adipocyte differentiation leading to decreased peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein which are important pathways for glucose homeostasis; decreased leptin causing inhibition of β-cells proliferation and insulin secretion; and diminished adiponectin levels. Given that the magnitude of the risk of new-onset diabetes following statin use remains to be fully clarified and the well-established beneficial effect of statins in reducing cardiovascular risk, statins remain the first-choice treatment for prevention of CVD. Elucidation of the mechanisms underlying the development of diabetes in association with statin use may help identify novel preventative or therapeutic approaches to this problem and/or help design a new generation statin without such side-effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyne Brault
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jessica Ray
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yessica-Haydee Gomez
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Endocrinology Section, VA Boston Healthcare System and Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stella S Daskalopoulou
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Han L, Fu KL, Zhao J, Wang ZH, Tang MX, Wang J, Wang H, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Zhong M. Visceral adiposity index score indicated the severity of coronary heart disease in Chinese adults. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2014; 6:143. [PMID: 25587360 PMCID: PMC4292995 DOI: 10.1186/1758-5996-6-143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visceral adiposity contributes to cardiometabolic risk, and visceral adiposity index (VAI) had significant correlation with visceral adiposity. We aimed to explore whether VAI was associated with cardiac structure and function and assess the impact of the cut-off points of VAI defining visceral adipose dysfunction (VAD) on the severity of coronary heart disease (CHD). METHODS A total of 95 patients with CHD were divided into Control (nondiabetic CHD patients) and DM group (diabetic CHD patients). Then the two groups were respectively divided into VAD absent and VAD groups. Clinical, echocardiographic and coronary artery angiographic indexes were acquired to examine in relation to VAI. RESULTS A significant increasing trend among the four groups of patients (Control + VAD absent, Control +VAD, DM + VAD absent and DM +VAD groups) were observed for waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure (SBP), glucose, VAI and Gensini score (P<0.05 for all). The following variables were associated with VAI: total cholesterol, nonesterified fatty acid, Waist-Hip ratio and SBP. VAI was independently associated with Gensini score. CONCLUSIONS The extent of CHD was more severe in diabetes, and VAI as a simple indicator of visceral adipose mass was strongly associated with the severity of CHD. The cut-off points of VAI used for defining VAD were more useful in diabetic CHD patients in identifying the severity of CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Han
- />Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No.107, Wen Hua Xi Road, Ji’nan, 250012 P.R. China
| | - Kai-li Fu
- />Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No.107, Wen Hua Xi Road, Ji’nan, 250012 P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhao
- />Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No.107, Wen Hua Xi Road, Ji’nan, 250012 P.R. China
| | - Zhi-hao Wang
- />Department of Geriatrics Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji’nan, 250012 P.R. China
| | - Meng-xiong Tang
- />Department of Emergency Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Ji’nan, 250012 P.R. China
| | - Jia Wang
- />Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No.107, Wen Hua Xi Road, Ji’nan, 250012 P.R. China
| | - Hui Wang
- />Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No.107, Wen Hua Xi Road, Ji’nan, 250012 P.R. China
| | - Yun Zhang
- />Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No.107, Wen Hua Xi Road, Ji’nan, 250012 P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- />Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No.107, Wen Hua Xi Road, Ji’nan, 250012 P.R. China
| | - Ming Zhong
- />Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No.107, Wen Hua Xi Road, Ji’nan, 250012 P.R. China
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Christou GA, Kiortsis DN. Adiponectin and lipoprotein metabolism. Obes Rev 2013; 14:939-49. [PMID: 23957239 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adiponectin is secreted by the adipose tissue and it has been shown to be down-regulated in states of insulin resistance and in cardiovascular disease. It has also been found to be correlated with various parameters of lipoprotein metabolism, and in particular, it is associated with the metabolism of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and triglycerides; adiponectin appears to induce an increase in serum HDL, and conversely, HDL can up-regulate adiponectin levels, and in addition, adiponectin lowers serum triglycerides through enhancement of the catabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. Studies investigating whether adiponectin is causally linked with lipoprotein metabolism have yielded conflicting data, and the mechanisms underlying the interplay between adiponectin and lipoproteins remain to be elucidated. The adiponectin-HDL relationship can explain at least in part the presumed protective role of adiponectin in cardiovascular disease and the adiponectin changes observed after dieting, exercise and lipid-lowering treatment. Statins, fibrates, niacin and n-3 fatty acids may influence circulating adiponectin levels, indicating that adiponectin may mediate some of the metabolic effects of these agents. Further studies to investigate more thoroughly the role of adiponectin in lipoprotein metabolism in the human setting should be carefully planned, focusing on causality and the possible impact of adiponectin on the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Christou
- Laboratory of Physiology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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Krautbauer S, Neumeier M, Eisinger K, Hader Y, Dada A, Schmitz G, Aslanidis C, Buechler C. LDL but not HDL increases adiponectin release of primary human adipocytes. Exp Mol Pathol 2013; 95:325-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Wang W, Zhao C, Zhou J, Zhen Z, Wang Y, Shen C. Simvastatin ameliorates liver fibrosis via mediating nitric oxide synthase in rats with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis-related liver fibrosis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76538. [PMID: 24098525 PMCID: PMC3788732 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Simvastatin exerts pleiotropic effects on cardiovascular system. However, its effect on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, especially the liver fibrosis, remains obscure. We aimed to clarify the relationship between simvastatin and liver fibrosis both in vivo and in vitro. Methods A High-fat diet was given to establish rat models with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)-related liver fibrosis and simvastatin (4mg·kg-1·d-1) was administrated intragastrically until hepatic histological findings confirmed the appearance of fibrosis. Human hepatic stellate cell (HSC) line lx-2 cells were cultured in an adipogenic differentiating mixture (ADM) and then were treated with transforming growth factorβ1 (TGF-β1), served as a positive control, simvastatin, TGF-β1 plus simvastatin, Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME, a inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase), and L-NAME plus simvastatin, respectively. The expressions of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and Collagen І as well as cellular α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) were measured by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot in liver tissue and HSC. Results With the progress of NASH-related fibrosis, hepatic mRNA and protein expressions of iNOS, α-SMA, and Collagen І were increased while those of eNOS were decreased. Compared with model rats in 24th week group, rats in simvastatin group had less expressions of iNOS, α-SMA, and Collagen І and more expressions of eNOS. In vitro, LX-2 cells acquired quiescent phenotype when cultured in ADM, and TGF-β1 could activate the quiescent HSC. Simvastatin inhibited LX-2 cells activation due to TGF-β1 or L-NAME by increasing the expression of eNOS and decreasing the expression of iNOS. Conclusions Simvastatin improves the prognosis of NASH-related fibrosis by increasing the expression of eNOS, decreasing the expression of iNOS, and inhibiting the activation of HSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Caiyan Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Junying Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Zhen Zhen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yadong Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Chuan Shen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
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Lee HY, Després JP, Koh KK. Perivascular adipose tissue in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Atherosclerosis 2013; 230:177-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Revised: 07/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Falcone D, Gallelli L, Di Virgilio A, Tucci L, Scaramuzzino M, Terracciano R, Pelaia G, Savino R. Effects of simvastatin and rosuvastatin on RAS protein, matrix metalloproteinases and NF-κB in lung cancer and in normal pulmonary tissues. Cell Prolif 2013; 46:172-82. [PMID: 23510472 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this study, we have evaluated effects of 24-hour treatments with simvastatin or rosuvastatin on RAS protein, NF-κB and MMP expression in LC tissues obtained from 12 patients undergoing thoracic surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS Normal and lung tumour tissues obtained from each sample were exposed to simvastatin (2.5-30 μm) or rosuvastatin (1.25-30 μm) and western blot analysis was then performed. RESULTS We documented increased expression of proteins, MMP-2, MMP-9 and NF-κB-p65 in LC tissues, with respect to normal tissues (P < 0.01). In the malignant tissues, simvastatin and rosuvastatin significantly (P < 0.01) and dose-dependently reduced RAS protein, MMP-2/9 and NF-κB-p65 expression. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, our results suggest that simvastatin and rosuvastatin could play a role in LC treatment by modulation of RAS protein, MMP-2/9 and NF-κB-p65.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Falcone
- Department of Health Science, School of Medicine, University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
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Alexopoulos N, Melek BH, Arepalli CD, Hartlage GR, Chen Z, Kim S, Stillman AE, Raggi P. Effect of intensive versus moderate lipid-lowering therapy on epicardial adipose tissue in hyperlipidemic post-menopausal women: a substudy of the BELLES trial (Beyond Endorsed Lipid Lowering with EBT Scanning). J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 61:1956-61. [PMID: 23500254 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study sought to evaluate the effect of intensive and moderate statin therapy on epicardial adipose tissue (EAT). BACKGROUND EAT has been associated with coronary artery disease severity and outcome. It is currently unknown whether EAT volume changes over time when patients are exposed to statin therapy. METHODS Subanalysis of a randomized study of atorvastatin 80 mg/day versus pravastatin 40 mg/day for 1 year in a clinical trial designed to assess the progression of coronary artery calcium (CAC) in hyperlipidemic post-menopausal women. Patients underwent cardiac computed tomography scans at the start and end of the trial period. RESULTS Of 420 patients, 194 received atorvastatin and 226 pravastatin; the median low-density lipoprotein change was -53.3% and -28.3% with atorvastatin and pravastatin, respectively (p < 0.001). Baseline EAT correlated with age, body mass index, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, high-density lipoprotein, triglyceride levels, and CAC (p < 0.001). At the end of follow-up, EAT regressed more in the atorvastatin than in the pravastatin group (median, -3.38% vs. -0.83%, p = 0.025). The EAT percent change from baseline was significant in the atorvastatin, but not the pravastatin group (p < 0.001 and p = 0.2, respectively). There was no correlation between lipid lowering and EAT regression. CAC progressed significantly in both groups from baseline. CONCLUSIONS In hyperlipidemic post-menopausal women, statin therapy induced EAT regression, although intensive therapy was more effective than moderate-intensity therapy. This effect does not seem linked to low-density lipoprotein lowering and may be secondary to other actions of statins such as anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Alexopoulos
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Abstract
Emerging experimental and human evidence has linked altered hepatic cholesterol homeostasis and free cholesterol (FC) accumulation to the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic steatohepatits (NASH). This review focuses on cellular mechanisms of cholesterol toxicity involved in liver injury and on alterations in cholesterol homeostasis promoting hepatic cholesterol overload in NASH. FC accumulation injures hepatocytes directly, by disrupting mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane integrity, triggering mitochondrial oxidative injury and ER stress, and by promoting generation of toxic oxysterols, and indirectly, by inducing adipose tissue dysfunction. Accumulation of oxidized LDL particles may also activate Kupffer and hepatic stellate cells, promoting liver inflammation and fibrogenesis. Hepatic cholesterol accumulation is driven by a deeply deranged cellular cholesterol homeostasis, characterized by elevated cholesterol synthesis and uptake from circulating lipoproteins and by a reduced cholesterol excretion. Extensive dysregulation of cellular cholesterol homeostasis by nuclear transcription factors sterol regulatory binding protein (SREBP)-2, liver X-receptor (LXR)-α and farnesoid X receptor (FXR) plays a key role in hepatic cholesterol accumulation in NASH. The therapeutic implications and opportunities for normalizing cellular cholesterol homeostasis in these patients are also discussed.
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Fellmann L, Nascimento AR, Tibiriça E, Bousquet P. Murine models for pharmacological studies of the metabolic syndrome. Pharmacol Ther 2012. [PMID: 23178510 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome has been described as the association of insulin resistance, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and obesity. Its prevalence increased dramatically, mainly in developed countries. Animal models are essential to understand the pathophysiology of this syndrome. This review presents the murine models of metabolic syndrome the most often used in pharmacological studies. The most common metabolic syndrome models exhibit a non-functional leptin pathway, or metabolic disorders induced by high fat diets. In a first part, and after a short introduction on leptin, its receptor and mechanism of action, we provide a detailed description of each model: SHROB, SHHF, JCR:LA-cp, Zucker, ZDF, Wistar Ottawa Karlsburg W, and Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rats, ob/ob, db/db, agouti yellow and Mc4R KO mice. The second part of this review is dedicated to metabolic syndrome models obtained by high fat feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyne Fellmann
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Cardiovascular Pharmacology, EA4438, Faculty of Medicine, University of Strasbourg, France
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Kadoglou NPE, Sailer N, Kapelouzou A, Lampropoulos S, Vitta I, Kostakis A, Liapis CD. Effects of atorvastatin on apelin, visfatin (nampt), ghrelin and early carotid atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes. Acta Diabetol 2012; 49:269-76. [PMID: 21748474 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-011-0310-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the influence of atrovastatin treatment on carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and serum levels of novel adipokines, like apelin, visfatin (nampt), and ghrelin, in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). 87 statin-free patients (50 males) with T2DM, aged 55-70, but without carotid atherosclerotic plaques were initially enrolled. CIMT was assayed in all participants by ultrasound. Patients were then treated with atorvastatin (10-80 mg) to target LDL <100 mg/dl. Anthropometric parameters, blood pressure, glycemic and lipid profile, high-sensitivity CRP (hsCRP), insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), apelin, visfatin and ghrelin were measured at baseline and after 12 months. Atorvastatin treatment significantly improved lipid profile across with increased apelin (from 0.307 ± 0.130 pg/ml to 1.537 ± 0.427 pg/ml; P < 0.001) and suppressed visfatin (from 21.54 ± 10.14 ng/ml to 15.13 ± 7.61 ng/ml; P = 0.002) serum levels in our diabetic patients. Standard multiple regression analysis showed that the atorvastatin-induced increment in apelin was independently associated with changes in total cholesterol (β = -0.510, P = 0.030) and LDL-cholesterol (β = -0.590, P < 0.001) (R (2) = 0.449, P = 0.014), while the reduction of visfatin concentration was independently associated with the change in hsCRP (β = 0.589, P < 0.001; R (2) = 0.256, P = 0.006), after adjustment for age, sex and BMI. CIMT and ghrelin did not alter significantly after 12 months of atorvastatin treatment (NS). Among participants, high-dose (80 mg) rather than low-dose (10 mg) of atorvastatin treatment yielded greater (P < 0.05) changes in apelin, visfatin and CIMT levels despite the final equivalent levels of LDL. Atorvastatin administration increased apelin and decreased visfatin serum levels significantly, without change of CIMT, in patients with T2DM. However, high-dose of atorvastatin exerted more favourable impact on adipokines and CIMT than low-dose. Our results implicate another important link between adiposity and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos P E Kadoglou
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Hippokratio General Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Schaalan MF. Effects of pioglitazone and/or simvastatin on circulating TNFα and adiponectin levels in insulin resistance. J Immunotoxicol 2012; 9:201-9. [DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2012.660998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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Red yeast barley reduces plasma glucose levels and activates AMPK phosphorylation in db/db mice. Food Sci Biotechnol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-011-0174-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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Robinson K, Kruger P, Prins J, Venkatesh B. The metabolic syndrome in critically ill patients. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 25:835-45. [PMID: 21925082 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2011.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic support in intensive care is a rapidly evolving field with new information being gathered almost on a daily basis. In endocrine practice, over the last 20 years, researchers have focussed on a new entity, termed the "metabolic syndrome". This describes the constellation of abnormalities which include central adiposity, insulin resistance and inflammation. All of these predispose the individual to a greater risk of cardiovascular events. Of interest is the observation that some of the metabolic abnormalities in sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome of critical illness share several common features with that of the metabolic syndrome. In this chapter we describe the features of the metabolic syndrome as is understood in endocrine parlance, the metabolic abnormalities of critical illness and explore the common threads underlying the pathophysiology and the treatment of the two syndromes. The role of adiponectin in the metabolic abnormalities in both the metabolic syndrome and in sepsis are reviewed. The potential role of the pleiotropic effects of statins in the therapy of sepsis is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Robinson
- Department of Intensive Care, Wesley Hospital, University of Queensland, Australia
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Atorvastatin and fenofibric acid differentially affect the release of adipokines in the visceral and subcutaneous cultures of adipocytes that were obtained from patients with and without mixed dyslipidemia. Pharmacol Rep 2011; 63:1124-36. [DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(11)70631-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Effect of statin therapy on plasma adiponectin concentrations in patients with the sepsis syndrome: a preliminary investigation. Intensive Care Med 2011; 37:1388-9. [PMID: 21618002 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-011-2247-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Wanders D, Plaisance EP, Judd RL. Pharmacological effects of lipid-lowering drugs on circulating adipokines. World J Diabetes 2010; 1:116-28. [PMID: 21537437 PMCID: PMC3083894 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v1.i4.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Revised: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The cardioprotective effects of lipid-lowering drugs have been primarily attributed to their effects on blood lipid metabolism. However, emerging evidence indicates that lipid-lowering drugs also modulate the synthesis and secretion of adipose tissue-secreted proteins referred to as adipokines. Adipokines influence energy homeostasis and metabolism and have also been shown to modulate the vascular inflammatory cascade. The purpose of this review will be to examine the reported effects of commonly used lipid-lowering drugs (statins, fibrates, niacin and omega-3-fatty acids) on the circulating concentrations of leptin, adiponectin, tumor necrosis-factor-α (TNF-α), Retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) and resistin. Overall, the lipid-lowering drugs reviewed have minimal effects on leptin and resistin concentrations.Conversely, circulating adiponectin concentrations are consistently increased by each lipid-lowering drug reviewed with the greatest effects produced by niacin. Studies that have examined the effects of statins, niacin and omega-3-fatty acids on TNF-α demonstrate that these agents have little effect on circulating TNF-α concentrations. Niacin and fibrates appear to lower RBP4 but not resistin concentrations. The results of the available studies suggest that a strong relationship exists between pharmacological reductions in blood lipids and adiponectin that is not obvious for other adipokines reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desiree Wanders
- Desiree Wanders, Robert L Judd, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States
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Effects of Ezetimibe Add-on to Statin Therapy on Adipokine Production in Patients With Metabolic Syndrome and Stable Vascular Disease. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2010; 56:241-5. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e3181e7fd74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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