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García Navas P, Ruíz Del Prado MY, Villoslada Blanco P, Recio Fernández E, Ruíz Del Campo M, Pérez Matute P. Composition of the microbiota in patients with growth hormone deficiency before and after treatment with growth hormone. An Pediatr (Barc) 2024:S2341-2879(24)00143-1. [PMID: 38806303 DOI: 10.1016/j.anpede.2024.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) have modulatory effects on bowel function and its microbiota. Our aim was to investigate whether low levels of GH and IGF-1 in patients with GH deficiency are associated with changes in gut physiology/integrity as well as in the composition of the gut microbiota. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a case-control study in 21 patients with GH deficiency, at baseline and after 6 months of GH treatment, and in 20 healthy controls. We analysed changes in anthropometric and laboratory characteristics and bacterial translocation and studied the composition of the microbiome by means of massive 16S rRNA gene sequencing. RESULTS Growth hormone deficiency was accompanied by a significant increase in serum levels of sCD14, a marker of bacterial translocation (P < .01). This increase was reversed by GH treatment. We did not find any differences in the composition or α- or β-diversity of the gut microbiota after treatment or between cases and controls. CONCLUSIONS Our work is the first to demonstrate that the presence of GH deficiency is not associated with differences in gut microbiota composition in comparison with healthy controls, and changes in microbiota composition are also not found after 6 months of treatment. However, GH deficiency and low IGF-1 levels were associated with an increase in bacterial translocation, which had reversed after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia García Navas
- Sección de Endocrinología Infantil, Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital San Pedro, Logroño, La Rioja, Spain.
| | | | - Pablo Villoslada Blanco
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiota y Metabolismo, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - Emma Recio Fernández
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiota y Metabolismo, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - María Ruíz Del Campo
- Sección de Endocrinología Infantil, Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital San Pedro, Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - Patricia Pérez Matute
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiota y Metabolismo, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, La Rioja, Spain; Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud de la Universidad de La Rioja, Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
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Zhang H, Pertiwi H, Majdeddin M, Michiels J. Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation protein 1 inhibition alleviates intestinal impairment induced by chronic heat stress in finisher broilers. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103252. [PMID: 37980762 PMCID: PMC10685026 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat stress (HS) in poultry has deleterious effects on intestinal development and barrier function, along with inflammatory outbursts. In the present study, chronic HS reduced body weight of broilers and activated mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation protein 1 (Malt1) /nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways to elicit the inflammatory cytokine response in jejunum. Subsequently, this study investigated the protective effects of the Malt1 inhibitor on the intestine of broilers under HS conditions. The 21-day-old male broilers were allocated to 8 pens housed in HS room (34°C for 7 h/d) until 28 d of age. During this period, 4 birds were selected from each heat-stressed pen and received intraperitoneal injection of 20 mg/kg body weight Mepazine (a Malt1 inhibitor) or the equivalent volume of phosphate buffer saline (PBS) every other day. When compared to PBS broilers, birds received Mepazine injection exhibited increased relative weight and higher villus height in jejunum (both P < 0.05). Mepazine treatment also increased (P < 0.05) the mRNA of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), claudin-1, and cadherin 1 of jejunum, which was companied by the reduced caspase-3 transcription under HS condition. Meanwhile, the gene expression levels of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), Malt1, NF-κB, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in the jejunum were significantly downregulated by Mepazine administration (P < 0.05). Although there were no significant differences in the relative weight of the thymus and bursa, the transcription levels of T helper 1 (Th1)- and Th17-related cytokines were lower in thymus of birds injected with Mepazine. The cytokines of Treg cytokine transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and forkhead box protein P3 (Foxp3) in both the thymus and bursa were not influenced. These results suggest that inhibition of Malt1 protease activity can protect intestinal integrity by promoting the production of tight junction proteins and attenuating NF-κB-mediated intestinal inflammation response under HS conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaiyong Zhang
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium.; College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
| | - Herinda Pertiwi
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Maryam Majdeddin
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Joris Michiels
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium..
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Ribeiro TA, Breznik JA, Kennedy KM, Yeo E, Kennelly BKE, Jazwiec PA, Patterson VS, Bellissimo CJ, Anhê FF, Schertzer JD, Bowdish DME, Sloboda DM. Intestinal permeability and peripheral immune cell composition are altered by pregnancy and adiposity at mid- and late-gestation in the mouse. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284972. [PMID: 37549142 PMCID: PMC10406227 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
It is clear that the gastrointestinal tract influences metabolism and immune function. Most studies to date have used male test subjects, with a focus on effects of obesity and dietary challenges. Despite significant physiological maternal adaptations that occur across gestation, relatively few studies have examined pregnancy-related gut function. Moreover, it remains unknown how pregnancy and diet can interact to alter intestinal barrier function. In this study, we investigated the impacts of pregnancy and adiposity on maternal intestinal epithelium morphology, in vivo intestinal permeability, and peripheral blood immunophenotype, using control (CTL) and high-fat (HF) fed non-pregnant female mice and pregnant mice at mid- (embryonic day (E)14.5) and late (E18.5) gestation. We found that small intestine length increased between non-pregnant mice and dams at late-gestation, but ileum villus length, and ileum and colon crypt depths and goblet cell numbers remained similar. Compared to CTL-fed mice, HF-fed mice had reduced small intestine length, ileum crypt depth and villus length. Goblet cell numbers were only consistently reduced in HF-fed non-pregnant mice. Pregnancy increased in vivo gut permeability, with a greater effect at mid- versus late-gestation. Non-pregnant HF-fed mice had greater gut permeability, and permeability was also increased in HF-fed pregnant dams at mid but not late-gestation. The impaired maternal gut barrier in HF-fed dams at mid-gestation coincided with changes in maternal blood and bone marrow immune cell composition, including an expansion of circulating inflammatory Ly6Chigh monocytes. In summary, pregnancy has temporal effects on maternal intestinal structure and barrier function, and on peripheral immunophenotype, which are further modified by HF diet-induced maternal adiposity. Maternal adaptations in pregnancy are thus vulnerable to excess maternal adiposity, which may both affect maternal and child health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiane A. Ribeiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- McMaster Institute for Research on Aging, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessica A. Breznik
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- McMaster Institute for Research on Aging, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katherine M. Kennedy
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- McMaster Institute for Research on Aging, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St. Joseph’s Healthcare, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erica Yeo
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brianna K. E. Kennelly
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patrycja A. Jazwiec
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Violet S. Patterson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christian J. Bellissimo
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fernando F. Anhê
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan D. Schertzer
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dawn M. E. Bowdish
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- McMaster Institute for Research on Aging, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St. Joseph’s Healthcare, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Deborah M. Sloboda
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- McMaster Institute for Research on Aging, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Tong L, Zhang S, Liu Q, Huang C, Hao H, Tan MS, Yu X, Lou CKL, Huang R, Zhang Z, Liu T, Gong P, Ng CH, Muthiah M, Pastorin G, Wacker MG, Chen X, Storm G, Lee CN, Zhang L, Yi H, Wang JW. Milk-derived extracellular vesicles protect intestinal barrier integrity in the gut-liver axis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade5041. [PMID: 37043568 PMCID: PMC10096581 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade5041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Milk-derived extracellular vesicles (mEVs) have been proposed as a potential nanomedicine for intestinal disorders; however, their impact on intestinal barrier integrity in gut inflammation and associated metabolic diseases has not been explored yet. Here, mEVs derived from bovine and human breast milk exert similar protective effects on epithelial tight junction functionality in vitro, survive harsh gastrointestinal conditions ex vivo, and reach the colon in vivo. Oral administration of mEVs restores gut barrier integrity at multiple levels, including mucus, epithelial, and immune barriers, and prevents endotoxin translocation into the liver in chemical-induced experimental colitis and diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), thereby alleviating gut disorders, their associated liver inflammation, and NASH. Oral administration of mEVs has potential in the treatment of gut inflammation and gut-liver axis-associated metabolic diseases via protection of intestinal barrier integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjun Tong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, P. R. China
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 6699 Qingdao Road, Jinan 250117, P. R. China
| | - Sitong Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Programme, Centre for NanoMedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117609, Singapore
| | - Qiqi Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, P. R. China
| | - Chenyuan Huang
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Programme, Centre for NanoMedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117609, Singapore
| | - Haining Hao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, P. R. China
| | - Michelle Siying Tan
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Programme, Centre for NanoMedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117609, Singapore
| | - Xiaodong Yu
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Programme, Centre for NanoMedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117609, Singapore
| | - Charles Kang Liang Lou
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Programme, Centre for NanoMedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117609, Singapore
| | - Rong Huang
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 6699 Qingdao Road, Jinan 250117, P. R. China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, P. R. China
| | - Tongjie Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, P. R. China
| | - Pimin Gong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Han Ng
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mark Muthiah
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- National University Centre for Organ Transplantation, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Giorgia Pastorin
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Matthias Gerhard Wacker
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Programme, Centre for NanoMedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117609, Singapore
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Departments of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Clinical Imaging Research Centre, Centre for Translational Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gert Storm
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Programme, Centre for NanoMedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117609, Singapore
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Cheun Neng Lee
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Programme, Centre for NanoMedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117609, Singapore
| | - Lanwei Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, P. R. China
| | - Huaxi Yi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, P. R. China
| | - Jiong-Wei Wang
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Programme, Centre for NanoMedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117609, Singapore
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (CVRI), National University Heart Centre Singapore (NUHCS), 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 2 Medical Drive, Singapore 117593, Singapore
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Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis Ameliorates in LNK-Deficient Mouse Models with Obesity-Induced Insulin Resistance Improvement. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12051767. [PMID: 36902554 PMCID: PMC10002478 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12051767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the potential role of gut microbiota in obesity-induced insulin resistance (IR). METHODS Four-week-old male C57BL/6 wild-type mice (n = 6) and whole-body SH2 domain-containing adaptor protein (LNK)-deficient in C57BL/6 genetic backgrounds mice (n = 7) were fed with a high-fat diet (HFD, 60% calories from fat) for 16 weeks. The gut microbiota of 13 mice feces samples was analyzed by using a 16 s rRNA sequencing analysis. RESULTS The structure and composition of the gut microbiota community of WT mice were significantly different from those in the LNK-/- group. The abundance of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-producing genus Proteobacteria was increased in WT mice, while some short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing genera in WT groups were significantly lower than in LNK-/- groups (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The structure and composition of the intestinal microbiota community of obese WT mice were significantly different from those in the LNK-/- group. The abnormality of the gut microbial structure and composition might interfere with glucolipid metabolism and exacerbate obesity-induced IR by increasing LPS-producing genera while reducing SCFA-producing probiotics.
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Kounatidis D, Vallianou NG, Tsilingiris D, Christodoulatos GS, Geladari E, Stratigou T, Karampela I, Dalamaga M. Therapeutic Potential of GLP-2 Analogs in Gastrointestinal Disorders: Current Knowledge, Nutritional Aspects, and Future Perspectives. Curr Nutr Rep 2022; 11:618-642. [PMID: 35933503 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-022-00433-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Although Glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 receptor agonists have been used for almost two decades in the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2 and, lately, in obesity, recent years have seen an increasing interest in the pharmacological agonism of other proglucagon-derived peptides, including GLP-2. Herein, we aimed to review the available evidence on the effects of GLP-2 agonism from animal and clinical studies. Furthermore, we summarize the current clinical applications of GLP-2 agonists among patients with intestinal failure associated with short bowel syndrome (SBS-IF) as well as potential future expansion of their indications to other intestinal disorders. RECENT FINDINGS Evidence from preclinical studies has highlighted the cellular trophic and functional beneficial actions of GLP-2 on small intestinal and colonic mucosa. Subsequently, pharmacologic agonism of GLP-2 has gathered interest for the treatment of patients with conditions pertaining to the loss of intestinal anatomical and/or functional integrity to a degree requiring parenteral support, collectively referred to as intestinal failure. GLP-2 analogs positively influence nutrient absorption in animal models and humans, although continued therapy is likely needed for sustained effects. The degradation-resistant GLP-2-analog teduglutide has received approval for the treatment of SBS-IF, in which it may decisively reduce patient dependency on parenteral support and improve quality of life. Another two longer-acting analogs, glepaglutide and apraglutide, are currently undergoing phase III clinical trials. The use of GLP-2 analogs is effective in the management of SBS-IF and may show promise in the treatment of other severe gastrointestinal disorders associated with loss of effective intestinal resorptive surface area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Kounatidis
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Evangelismos General Hospital, 45-47 Ypsilantou Street, 10676, Athens, Greece
| | - Natalia G Vallianou
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Evangelismos General Hospital, 45-47 Ypsilantou Street, 10676, Athens, Greece.
| | - Dimitrios Tsilingiris
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, 17 St Thomas Street, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Gerasimos Socrates Christodoulatos
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias, Goudi, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Geladari
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Evangelismos General Hospital, 45-47 Ypsilantou Street, 10676, Athens, Greece
| | - Theodora Stratigou
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Evangelismos General Hospital, 45-47 Ypsilantou Street, 10676, Athens, Greece
| | - Irene Karampela
- 2nd Department of Critical Care, Medical School, University of Athens, Attikon General University Hospital, 1 Rimini Street, Chaidari, 12462, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Dalamaga
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias, Goudi, 11527, Athens, Greece.
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7
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Teduglutide in pediatric intestinal failure: A position statement of the Italian society of pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology and nutrition (SIGENP). Dig Liver Dis 2022; 54:1320-1327. [PMID: 35654733 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2022.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the spectrum of possible treatments for Intestinal Failure (IF)-Short Bowel Syndrome (SBS) has been enriched by the implementation of GLP-2 analogues. In Italy, teduglutide (Ted), an analogue of GLP-2, was approved in January 2021 by the Italian Regulatory Agency for Drugs (AIFA) for IF-SBS patients ≥1 year old. According to the Agency indications, Ted can now be prescribed by regional reference centers, with costs fully charged to the National Health Service. Following pediatric-use approval in our country and in light of scarce evidence in childhood, the pediatric network for IF of the Italian Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (SIGENP) planned to share management methods of Ted in pediatric IF. The main purpose was to identify the best candidates from a cost-effective perspective. Thus, focusing on available literature and on expert opinions, the present position statement provides consensus-based recommendations on the use of Ted for pediatric gastroenterologists and nutritionists treating children with SBS.
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8
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Kossler AL, Douglas R, Dosiou C. Teprotumumab and the Evolving Therapeutic Landscape in Thyroid Eye Disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:S36-S46. [PMID: 36346685 PMCID: PMC9359446 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Thyroid eye disease (TED) is a sight-threatening and debilitating autoimmune condition, with limited therapies available, that often poses diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. In recent years, the treatment landscape has shifted to early intervention with targeted therapy. METHODS A PubMed review of the literature was conducted for the period between 1979 and 2021. Search terms included thyroid eye disease, teprotumumab, targeted therapy, Graves disease, Graves ophthalmopathy, dysthyroid optic neuropathy, and related terms in different combinations. Novel biologic therapies for TED have emerged as alternatives to traditional steroid regimens in recent years. New insights into TED pathophysiology have uncovered the role of the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) and led to the development of teprotumumab, an IGF-1R-inhibiting monoclonal antibody. RESULTS Randomized clinical trials demonstrating the efficacy of teprotumumab for TED led to Food and Drug Administration approval. Teprotumumab is gradually replacing immunosuppressive agents as first-line therapy in the United States for active moderate-to-severe TED, while emerging reports also show its use in other stages of the disease. Recent data highlight risk factors for adverse events and screening protocols to maximize patient safety. Personalized therapeutic plans developed through effective partnership between endocrinologists and ophthalmologists aim to enhance the safety and outcomes of TED treatments and improve care for this complex disease. CONCLUSION TED management is shifting to an era of targeted therapy with multidisciplinary care. Teprotumumab has demonstrated superior efficacy to conventional treatments and has transformed our therapeutic and surgical algorithms. Clinical guidelines and additional studies are needed to further guide and refine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Lora Kossler
- Correspondence: Andrea Lora Kossler, MD, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2452 Watson Ct, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA.
| | - Raymond Douglas
- Cedars–Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
| | - Chrysoula Dosiou
- Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94305, USA
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9
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Reiner J, Thiery J, Held J, Berlin P, Skarbaliene J, Vollmar B, Jaster R, Eriksson PO, Lamprecht G, Witte M. The dual GLP-1 and GLP-2 receptor agonist dapiglutide promotes barrier function in murine short bowel. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2022; 1514:132-141. [PMID: 35580981 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Short bowel syndrome can occur after extensive intestinal resection, causing intestinal insufficiency or intestinal failure, which requires long-term parenteral nutrition. Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) pharmacotherapy is now clinically used to reduce the disease burden of intestinal failure. However, many patients still cannot be weaned off from parenteral nutrition completely. The novel dual GLP-1 and GLP-2 receptor agonist dapiglutide has previously been shown to be highly effective in a preclinical murine short bowel model. Here, we studied the effects of dapiglutide on intestinal epithelial barrier function. In the jejunum, dapiglutide increased claudin-7 expression and tightened the paracellular tight junction leak pathway. At the same time, dapiglutide promoted paracellular tight junction cation size selectivity in the jejunum. This was paralleled by extension of the cation selective tight junction proteins claudin-2 and claudin-10b and preserved claudin-15 expression and localization along the crypt-villus axis in the jejunum. In the colon, no barrier effects from dapiglutide were observed. In the colon, dapiglutide attenuated the short bowel-associated, compensatorily increased epithelial sodium channel activity, likely secondary, by improved volume status. Future studies are needed to address the intestinal adaptation of the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Reiner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Johanna Thiery
- Division of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jascha Held
- Division of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Peggy Berlin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Brigitte Vollmar
- Institute for Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Robert Jaster
- Division of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Georg Lamprecht
- Division of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Maria Witte
- Department of General, Thoracic, Vascular and Transplantation Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
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10
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Xie X, Geng C, Li X, Liao J, Li Y, Guo Y, Wang C. Roles of gastrointestinal polypeptides in intestinal barrier regulation. Peptides 2022; 151:170753. [PMID: 35114316 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2022.170753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal barrier is a dynamic entity that is organized as a multilayer system and includes various intracellular and extracellular elements. The gut barrier functions in a coordinated manner to impede the passage of antigens, toxins, and microbiome components and simultaneously preserves the balanced development of the epithelial barrier and the immune system and the acquisition of tolerance to dietary antigens and intestinal pathogens.Numerous scientific studies have shown a significant association between gut barrier damage and gastrointestinal and extraintestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease and hepatic fibrosis. Various internal and external factors regulate the intestinal barrier. Gastrointestinal peptides originate from enteroendocrine cells in the luminal digestive tract and are critical gut barrier regulators. Recent studies have demonstrated that gastrointestinal peptides have a therapeutic effect on digestive tract diseases, enhancing epithelial barrier activity and restoring the gut barrier. This review demonstrates the roles and mechanisms of gastrointestinal polypeptides, especially somatostatin (SST) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), in intestinal barrier regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxi Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chong Geng
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Division of Digestive Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Juan Liao
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, West China-PUMC C.C. Chen Institute of Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanni Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yaoyu Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunhui Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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11
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Martel J, Chang SH, Ko YF, Hwang TL, Young JD, Ojcius DM. Gut barrier disruption and chronic disease. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2022; 33:247-265. [PMID: 35151560 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2022.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal barrier protects the host against gut microbes, food antigens, and toxins present in the gastrointestinal tract. However, gut barrier integrity can be affected by intrinsic and extrinsic factors, including genetic predisposition, the Western diet, antibiotics, alcohol, circadian rhythm disruption, psychological stress, and aging. Chronic disruption of the gut barrier can lead to translocation of microbial components into the body, producing systemic, low-grade inflammation. While the association between gut barrier integrity and inflammation in intestinal diseases is well established, we review here recent studies indicating that the gut barrier and microbiota dysbiosis may contribute to the development of metabolic, autoimmune, and aging-related disorders. Emerging interventions to improve gut barrier integrity and microbiota composition are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Martel
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hsin Chang
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Fei Ko
- Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Chang Gung Biotechnology Corporation, Taipei, Taiwan; Biochemical Engineering Research Center, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Tsong-Long Hwang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - John D Young
- Chang Gung Biotechnology Corporation, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - David M Ojcius
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Arthur Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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12
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Morrison MC, Gart E, van Duyvenvoorde W, Snabel J, Nielsen MJ, Leeming DJ, Menke A, Kleemann R. Heat-Inactivated Akkermansia muciniphila Improves Gut Permeability but Does Not Prevent Development of Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis in Diet-Induced Obese Ldlr-/-.Leiden Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042325. [PMID: 35216439 PMCID: PMC8878538 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) has been associated with alterations in gut microbiota composition and reduced gut barrier function. Akkermansia muciniphila is a gut microbe that is thought to have health-promoting properties, including the ability to improve gut barrier function and host metabolism, both when administered live and after heat-inactivation. We questioned whether heat-inactivated A. muciniphila may reduce NASH development. Ldlr−/−.Leiden mice, a translational, diet-induced model for NASH, were fed a NASH-inducing high-fat diet (HFD) supplemented with heat-inactivated A. muciniphila. After 28 weeks, effects of the treatment on obesity and associated metabolic dysfunction in the gut (microbiota composition and permeability), adipose tissue, and liver were studied relative to an untreated HFD control. Treatment with heat-inactivated A. muciniphila did not affect body weight or adiposity and had no effect on plasma lipids, blood glucose, or plasma insulin. Heat-inactivated A. muciniphila had some minor effects on mucosal microbiota composition in ileum and colon and improved gut barrier function, as assessed by an in vivo functional gut permeability test. Epidydimal white adipose tissue (WAT) hypertrophy and inflammation were not affected, but heat-inactivated A. muciniphila did reduce hypertrophy in the mesenteric WAT which is in close proximity to the intestine. Heat-inactivated A. muciniphila did not affect the development of NASH or associated fibrosis in the liver and did not affect circulating bile acids or markers of liver fibrosis, but did reduce PRO-C4, a type IV collagen synthesis marker, which may be associated with gut integrity. In conclusion, despite beneficial effects in the gut and mesenteric adipose tissue, heat-inactivated A. muciniphila did not affect the development of NASH and fibrosis in a chronic disease setting that mimics clinically relevant disease stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine C. Morrison
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), 2333 CK Leiden, The Netherlands; (E.G.); (W.v.D.); (J.S.); (A.M.); (R.K.)
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
| | - Eveline Gart
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), 2333 CK Leiden, The Netherlands; (E.G.); (W.v.D.); (J.S.); (A.M.); (R.K.)
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wim van Duyvenvoorde
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), 2333 CK Leiden, The Netherlands; (E.G.); (W.v.D.); (J.S.); (A.M.); (R.K.)
| | - Jessica Snabel
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), 2333 CK Leiden, The Netherlands; (E.G.); (W.v.D.); (J.S.); (A.M.); (R.K.)
| | - Mette Juul Nielsen
- Nordic Bioscience, Biomarkers and Research, 2730 Herlev, Denmark; (M.J.N.); (D.J.L.)
| | - Diana Julie Leeming
- Nordic Bioscience, Biomarkers and Research, 2730 Herlev, Denmark; (M.J.N.); (D.J.L.)
| | - Aswin Menke
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), 2333 CK Leiden, The Netherlands; (E.G.); (W.v.D.); (J.S.); (A.M.); (R.K.)
| | - Robert Kleemann
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), 2333 CK Leiden, The Netherlands; (E.G.); (W.v.D.); (J.S.); (A.M.); (R.K.)
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
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13
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Intra-amniotic administration of l-glutamine promotes intestinal maturation and enteroendocrine stimulation in chick embryos. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2645. [PMID: 35173228 PMCID: PMC8850624 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06440-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Initial nutritional stimulation is a key driving force for small intestinal maturation. In chick embryos, administration of l-glutamine (Gln) into the amniotic fluid stimulates early development of the small intestinal epithelium by promoting enterocyte differentiation. In this study, we evaluated the effects of intra-amniotic administration of Gln on enterocyte morphology and function, and elucidated a potential enteroendocrine pathway through which Gln stimulates small intestinal maturation. Our results show that Gln stimulation at embryonic day 17 significantly increased enterocyte and microvilli dimensions by 10 and 20%, respectively, within 48 h. Post-hatch, enterocytes and microvilli were 20% longer in Gln-treated chicks. Correspondingly, Gln stimulation significantly upregulated mRNA expression of brush border nutrient transporters PepT-1 and SGLT-1 and tight junction proteins TJP-1 and TJP-2, before and after hatch (P < 0.05). Since GLP-2 signaling from intestinal L-cells is associated with enterocyte growth, functionality and integrity, we examined the effects of Gln stimulation on mRNA expression of key hormones and receptors within this enteroendocrine pathway and found significant increases in GLP-2R, IGF-1 and IGF-1R expression before and after hatch (P < 0.05). In conclusion, our findings link primary nutrient stimulation in the developing small intestine with enterocyte morphological and functional maturation and enteroendocrine signaling.
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14
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Martchenko SE, Martchenko A, Biancolin AD, Waller A, Brubaker PL. L-cell Arntl is required for rhythmic glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion and maintenance of intestinal homeostasis. Mol Metab 2021; 54:101340. [PMID: 34520858 PMCID: PMC8489154 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent studies using whole-body clock-disrupted animals identified a disruption in the circadian rhythm of the intestinal L-cell incretin hormone, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). Although GLP-1 plays an essential role in metabolism through enhancement of both glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and satiety, recent evidence has also demonstrated its importance in regulating intestinal and microbial homeostasis. Therefore, using in vivo and in vitro models, this study assessed the role of the core circadian clock gene Arntl in the regulation of time-dependent GLP-1 secretion and its impact on the intestinal environment. METHODS Oral glucose tolerance tests were conducted at zeitgeber time 2 and 14 in control and inducible Gcg-Arntl knockout (KO) mice. Colonic intraepithelial lymphocytes were isolated, mucosal gene expression analysis was conducted, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing of colonic feces as well as analysis of microbial metabolites were performed. Time-dependent GLP-1 secretion and transcriptomic analysis were conducted in murine (m) GLUTag L-cells following siRNA-mediated knockdown of Arntl. RESULTS Gcg-Arntl KO mice displayed disrupted rhythmic release of GLP-1 associated with reduced secretion at the established peak time point. Analysis of the intestinal environment in KO mice revealed a decreased proportion of CD4+ intraepithelial lymphocytes in association with increased proinflammatory cytokine gene expression and increased colonic weight. Moreover, increased Actinobacteria within the colonic microbiome was found following L-cell Arntl disruption, as well as reductions in the microbial products, short chain fatty acids, and bile acids. Finally, siRNA-mediated knockdown of Arntl in mGLUTag L-cells resulted in both impaired time-dependent GLP-1 secretion and the disruption of pathways related to key cellular processes. CONCLUSIONS These data establish, for the first time, the essential role of Arntl in the intestinal L-cell in regulating time-dependent GLP-1 secretion. Furthermore, this study revealed the integral role of L-cell Arntl in mediating the intestinal environment, which ultimately may provide novel insight into the development of therapeutics for the treatment of intestinal and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alison Waller
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Patricia L Brubaker
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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15
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Srikrishnaraj A, Jeong H, Brubaker PL. Complementary and antagonistic effects of combined glucagon-like peptide-2 and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist administration on parameters relevant to short bowel syndrome. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2021; 46:1361-1370. [PMID: 34826336 DOI: 10.1002/jpen.2307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Short Bowel Syndrome (SBS) is characterized by debilitating malabsorption requiring parenteral nutrition. The intestinotrophic glucagon-like peptide-2 receptor agonist, h[Gly2]GLP2, is currently used to treat patients with SBS. Recent evidence suggests that GLP-1 receptor agonists such as Exendin-4 (Ex4) may also be beneficial in SBS given their ability to increase intestinal growth and delay gastric emptying (GE). METHODS Intestinal growth, body weight (BW), food intake (FI), GE, gastrointestinal (GI) transit, intestinal permeability, and glucose tolerance were investigated in male and female C57/BL6 mice following vehicle, h[Gly2]GLP2 or Ex4 treatment, alone or in combination at "low", "medium", and "high" doses (0.1, 0.5, 1.0 and 0.01, 0.05, 0.1 μg/g, respectively). RESULTS Only the h[Gly2]GLP2 low/Ex4 high-dose combination increased small intestinal (SI) weight, in an additive manner, compared to vehicle and both mono-agonists (P<0.01-0.001), via increases in villus height (P<0.01) and SI length (P<0.05), respectively. This combination had no effects on BW, FI and fat, liver, spleen, heart and kidney weights, but reduced GI transit (P<0.001) compared to low-dose h[Gly2]GLP2 mono-treatment, and abrogated the inhibitory effects of high-dose Ex4 on GE (P<0.01) and of low-dose h[Gly2]GLP2 on intestinal permeability (P<0.05). Ex4-induced improvements in glucose homeostasis were maintained upon combination with h[Gly2]GLP2 (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that combining specific doses of GLP-2-based therapies and GLP-1 receptor agonists additively improves SI growth and GI transit without detrimental effects on BW, FI, GE, and glucose homeostasis, and may therefore be a useful approach to the treatment of patients with SBS. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hyerin Jeong
- Departments of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Patricia L Brubaker
- Departments of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.,Departments of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
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16
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Xia J, Fan H, Yang J, Song T, Pang L, Deng H, Ren Z, Deng J. Research progress on diarrhoea and its mechanism in weaned piglets fed a high-protein diet. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2021; 106:1277-1287. [PMID: 34719816 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In order to pursue faster growth and development of weaned piglets, increased dietary protein (CP) levels were favoured by the pig industry and the feed industry. The digestive organs of piglets were not fully developed at weaning, and the digestive absorption capacity of protein was limited. High-protein diets can cause allergic reactions in piglets, destroy intestinal structural integrity, reduce immunity, and cause intestinal flora imbalance. Undigested proteins were prone to produce toxic substances, such as ammonia and biogenic amines, after fermentation in the hindgut, which negatively affects the health of the intestine and eventually causes reduced growth performance and diarrhoea in piglets. This review revealed the mechanism of diarrhoea caused by high-protein diets in weaned piglets and provided ideas for preventing diarrhoea in weaned piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangying Xia
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Haoyue Fan
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ju Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tianhao Song
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lianfeng Pang
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Huidan Deng
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhihua Ren
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Junliang Deng
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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17
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Fortea M, Albert-Bayo M, Abril-Gil M, Ganda Mall JP, Serra-Ruiz X, Henao-Paez A, Expósito E, González-Castro AM, Guagnozzi D, Lobo B, Alonso-Cotoner C, Santos J. Present and Future Therapeutic Approaches to Barrier Dysfunction. Front Nutr 2021; 8:718093. [PMID: 34778332 PMCID: PMC8582318 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.718093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is converging and increasing evidence, but also uncertainty, for the role of abnormal intestinal epithelial barrier function in the origin and development of a growing number of human gastrointestinal and extraintestinal inflammatory disorders, and their related complaints. Despite a vast literature addressing factors and mechanisms underlying changes in intestinal permeability in humans, and its connection to the appearance and severity of clinical symptoms, the ultimate link remains to be established in many cases. Accordingly, there are no directives or clinical guidelines related to the therapeutic management of intestinal permeability disorders that allow health professionals involved in the management of these patients to carry out a consensus treatment based on clinical evidence. Instead, there are multiple pseudoscientific approaches and commercial propaganda scattered on the internet that confuse those affected and health professionals and that often lack scientific rigor. Therefore, in this review we aim to shed light on the different therapeutic options, which include, among others, dietary management, nutraceuticals and medical devices, microbiota and drugs, and epigenetic and exosomes-manipulation, through an objective evaluation of the scientific publications in this field. Advances in the knowledge and management of intestinal permeability will sure enable better options of dealing with this group of common disorders to enhance quality of life of those affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Fortea
- Laboratory for Enteric NeuroScience, Translational Research Center for GastroIntestinal Disorders, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mercé Albert-Bayo
- Laboratory of Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mar Abril-Gil
- Laboratory of Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - John-Peter Ganda Mall
- Laboratory of Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Xavier Serra-Ruiz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro Henao-Paez
- Department of Gastroenterology, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elba Expósito
- Laboratory of Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana María González-Castro
- Laboratory of Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Danila Guagnozzi
- Laboratory of Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Gastroenterology, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERHED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Lobo
- Laboratory of Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Gastroenterology, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Carmen Alonso-Cotoner
- Laboratory of Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Gastroenterology, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERHED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Santos
- Laboratory of Neuro-Immuno-Gastroenterology, Digestive System Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Gastroenterology, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERHED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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18
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Zambrana LE, Weber AM, Borresen EC, Zarei I, Perez J, Perez C, Rodríguez I, Becker-Dreps S, Yuan L, Vilchez S, Ryan EP. Daily Rice Bran Consumption for 6 Months Influences Serum Glucagon-Like Peptide 2 and Metabolite Profiles without Differences in Trace Elements and Heavy Metals in Weaning Nicaraguan Infants at 12 Months of Age. Curr Dev Nutr 2021; 5:nzab101. [PMID: 34514286 PMCID: PMC8421236 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzab101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) is associated with chronic gut inflammation affecting nutrient absorption and development of children, primarily in low- and middle-income countries. Several studies have shown that rice bran (RB) supplementation provides nutrients and modulates gut inflammation, which may reduce risk for undernutrition. OBJECTIVE The aim was to evaluate the effect of daily RB dietary supplementation for 6 mo on serum biomarkers in weaning infants and associated changes in serum and stool metabolites. METHODS A 6-mo randomized-controlled dietary intervention was conducted in a cohort of weaning 6-mo-old infants in León, Nicaragua. Anthropometric indices were obtained at 6, 8, and 12 mo. Serum and stool ionomics and metabolomics were completed at the end of the 6-mo intervention using inductively coupled plasma MS and ultra-high performance LC-tandem MS. The ɑ1-acid glycoprotein, C-reactive protein, and glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) serum EED biomarkers were measured by ELISA. RESULTS Twenty-four infants in the control group and 23 in the RB group successfully completed the 6-mo dietary intervention with 90% dietary compliance. RB participants had higher concentrations of GLP-2 as compared with control participants at 12 mo [median (IQR): 743.53 (380.54) pg/mL vs. 592.50 (223.59) pg/mL; P = 0.04]. Metabolite profiles showed significant fold differences of 39 serum metabolites and 44 stool metabolites from infants consuming RB compared with control, and with significant metabolic pathway enrichment scores of 4.7 for the tryptophan metabolic pathway, 5.7 for polyamine metabolism, and 5.7 for the fatty acid/acylcholine metabolic pathway in the RB group. No differences were detected in serum and stool trace elements or heavy metals following daily RB intake for 6 mo. CONCLUSIONS RB consumption influences a suite of metabolites associated with growth promotion and development, while also supporting nutrient absorption as measured by changes in serum GLP-2 in Nicaraguan infants. This clinical trial was registered at https://clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02615886.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis E Zambrana
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León (UNAN-León), León, Nicaragua
| | - Annika M Weber
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Erica C Borresen
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Iman Zarei
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Johann Perez
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León (UNAN-León), León, Nicaragua
| | - Claudia Perez
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León (UNAN-León), León, Nicaragua
| | - Iker Rodríguez
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- Biotic Products Development Center, National Polytechnic Institute, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Sylvia Becker-Dreps
- Departments of Family Medicine and Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lijuan Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Samuel Vilchez
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León (UNAN-León), León, Nicaragua
| | - Elizabeth P Ryan
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Novel Homozygous Inactivating Mutation in the PCSK1 Gene in an Infant with Congenital Malabsorptive Diarrhea. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12050710. [PMID: 34068683 PMCID: PMC8151971 DOI: 10.3390/genes12050710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Proprotein convertase 1/3 (PC1/3), encoded by the PCSK1 gene, is expressed in neuronal and (entero)endocrine cell types, where it cleaves and hence activates a number of protein precursors that play a key role in energy homeostasis. Loss-of-function mutations in PCSK1 cause a recessive complex endocrinopathy characterized by malabsorptive diarrhea and early-onset obesity. Despite the fact that neonatal malabsorptive diarrhea is observed in all patients, it has remained understudied. The aim of this study was to investigate the enteroendocrine pathologies in a male patient with congenital PCSK1 deficiency carrying the novel homozygous c.1034A>C (p.E345A) mutation. This patient developed malabsorptive diarrhea and metabolic acidosis within the first week of life, but rapid weight gain was observed after total parenteral nutrition, and he displayed high proinsulin levels and low adrenocorticotropin. In vitro analysis showed that the p.E345A mutation in PC1/3 resulted in a (near) normal autocatalytic proPC1/3 processing and only partially impaired PC1/3 secretion, but the processing of a substrate in trans was completely blocked. Immunohistochemical staining did not reveal changes in the proGIP/GIP and proglucagon/GLP-1 ratio in colonic tissue. Hence, we report a novel PCSK1 deficient patient who, despite neonatal malabsorptive diarrhea, showed a normal morphology in the small intestine.
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20
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Haywood NJ, Luk C, Bridge KI, Drozd M, Makava N, Skromna A, Maccannell A, Ozber CH, Warmke N, Wilkinson CG, Watt NT, Koch‐Paszkowski J, Teh I, Boyle JH, Smart S, Schneider JE, Yuldasheva NY, Roberts LD, Beech DJ, Sukumar P, Wheatcroft SB, Cubbon RM, Kearney MT. Endothelial IGF-1 receptor mediates crosstalk with the gut wall to regulate microbiota in obesity. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e50767. [PMID: 33934497 PMCID: PMC8097321 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202050767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in composition of the intestinal microbiota are linked to the development of obesity and can lead to endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction. It is unknown whether EC can directly influence the microbiota. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and its receptor (IGF-1R) are critical for coupling nutritional status and cellular growth; IGF-1R is expressed in multiple cell types including EC. The role of ECIGF-1R in the response to nutritional obesity is unexplored. To examine this, we use gene-modified mice with EC-specific overexpression of human IGF-1R (hIGFREO) and their wild-type littermates. After high-fat feeding, hIGFREO weigh less, have reduced adiposity and have improved glucose tolerance. hIGFREO show an altered gene expression and altered microbial diversity in the gut, including a relative increase in the beneficial genus Akkermansia. The depletion of gut microbiota with broad-spectrum antibiotics induces a loss of the favourable metabolic differences seen in hIGFREO mice. We show that IGF-1R facilitates crosstalk between the EC and the gut wall; this crosstalk protects against diet-induced obesity, as a result of an altered gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J Haywood
- Faculty of Medicine and HealthLeeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic MedicineUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Cheukyau Luk
- Faculty of Medicine and HealthLeeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic MedicineUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Katherine I Bridge
- Faculty of Medicine and HealthLeeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic MedicineUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Michael Drozd
- Faculty of Medicine and HealthLeeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic MedicineUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Natallia Makava
- Faculty of Medicine and HealthLeeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic MedicineUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Anna Skromna
- Faculty of Medicine and HealthLeeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic MedicineUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Amanda Maccannell
- Faculty of Medicine and HealthLeeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic MedicineUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Claire H Ozber
- Faculty of Medicine and HealthLeeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic MedicineUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Nele Warmke
- Faculty of Medicine and HealthLeeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic MedicineUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Chloe G Wilkinson
- Faculty of Medicine and HealthLeeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic MedicineUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Nicole T Watt
- Faculty of Medicine and HealthLeeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic MedicineUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Joanna Koch‐Paszkowski
- Faculty of Medicine and HealthLeeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic MedicineUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Irvin Teh
- Faculty of Medicine and HealthLeeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic MedicineUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Jordan H Boyle
- Faculty of EngineeringSchool of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Sean Smart
- Department of OncologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Jurgen E Schneider
- Faculty of Medicine and HealthLeeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic MedicineUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Nadira Y Yuldasheva
- Faculty of Medicine and HealthLeeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic MedicineUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Lee D Roberts
- Faculty of Medicine and HealthLeeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic MedicineUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - David J Beech
- Faculty of Medicine and HealthLeeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic MedicineUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Piruthivi Sukumar
- Faculty of Medicine and HealthLeeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic MedicineUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Stephen B Wheatcroft
- Faculty of Medicine and HealthLeeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic MedicineUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Richard M Cubbon
- Faculty of Medicine and HealthLeeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic MedicineUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Mark T Kearney
- Faculty of Medicine and HealthLeeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic MedicineUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
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21
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Meessen EC, Bakker GJ, Nieuwdorp M, Dallinga-Thie GM, Kemper EM, Olde Damink SW, Romijn JA, Hartmann B, Holst JJ, Knop FK, Groen AK, Schaap FG, Soeters MR. Parenteral nutrition impairs plasma bile acid and gut hormone responses to mixed meal testing in lean healthy men. Clin Nutr 2021; 40:1013-1021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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22
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The Aging Bowel Dysfunction and Elderly Vulnerability towards COVID-19 Infection. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11020097. [PMID: 33525368 PMCID: PMC7912227 DOI: 10.3390/life11020097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, primarily a respiratory tract virus, also affects the enteric organs. The most affected sector of the community are the retirement and nursing home elderly residents. Along their life the senescent gastrointestinal functions are deteriorating and failing to fully execute their digestive, absorptive, mucosal barriers, and immune protective duties. Adding the decreased motility, increased intestinal permeability, dysbiosis, morbid chronic disease background, the consumed polypharmacy enteric adverse effects to the presence of the SARS-CoV-2 host receptor along the intestinal tracts put the basis for the current hypothesis. It is hypothesized that the disadvantages and failures of the aging enteric tract contribute to the elderly morbidity and mortality during the current new coronavirus pandemic. In a more optimistic look, several nutraceuticals can prevent or restore the dysfunctional intestinal barrier functions, mainly in the elderly and potentially in those who are SARS-CoV-2 infected.
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23
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Höllwarth ME, Solari V. Nutritional and pharmacological strategy in children with short bowel syndrome. Pediatr Surg Int 2021; 37:1-15. [PMID: 33392698 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-020-04781-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Short bowel syndrome in neonates is a severe and life-threatening disease after a major loss of small bowel with or without large bowel. Intestinal adaptation, by which the organism tries to restore digestive and absorptive capacities, is entirely dependent on stimulation of the active enterocytes by enteral nutrition. This review summarizes recent knowledge about the pathophysiologic consequences after the loss of different intestinal parts and outlines the options for enteral nutrition and pharmacological therapies to support the adaptation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Höllwarth
- Univ. Clinic of Pediatric and Adolescent Surgery, Medical University, Graz, Austria.
| | - Valeria Solari
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Klinik Donaustadt, 1220, Vienna, Austria
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24
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Brubaker PL. Why Recycling Matters: Glucagon-Like Peptide-2 and the Regulation of Intestinal Sodium and Fluid Absorption. Dig Dis Sci 2020; 65:3422-3424. [PMID: 32356259 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-020-06303-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia L Brubaker
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Rm 3366, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Rm 3366, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
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25
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McCarty MF, Lerner A. Perspective: Prospects for Nutraceutical Support of Intestinal Barrier Function. Adv Nutr 2020; 12:316-324. [PMID: 33126251 PMCID: PMC8243597 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Impairment of intestinal barrier function is linked to certain pathologies and to aging, and can be a cause of bacterial infections, systemic and hepatic inflammation, food allergies, and autoimmune disorders. The formation and maintenance of intestinal tight junctions is supported by glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2), which via insulin-like growth factor I activity boosts phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (PI3K/Akt/mTORC1) signaling in enterocytes. 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity as well as estrogen receptor-β (ERβ) activity are also protective in this regard. Conversely, activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and cellular Src (c-Src) under inflammatory conditions can induce dissociation of tight junctions. Hence, nutraceuticals that promote GLP-2 secretion from L cells-effective pre/probiotics, glycine, and glutamine-as well as diets rich in soluble fiber or resistant starch, can support intestinal barrier function. AMPK activators-notably berberine and the butyric acid produced by health-promoting microflora-are also beneficial in this regard, as are soy isoflavones, which function as selective agonists for ERβ. The adverse impact of MAPK and c-Src overactivation on the intestinal barrier can be combatted with various antioxidant measures, including phycocyanobilin, phase 2-inducer nutraceuticals, and N-acetylcysteine. These considerations suggest that rationally designed functional foods or complex supplementation programs could have clinical potential for supporting and restoring healthful intestinal barrier function.
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26
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Fesler Z, Mitova E, Brubaker PL. GLP-2, EGF, and the Intestinal Epithelial IGF-1 Receptor Interactions in the Regulation of Crypt Cell Proliferation. Endocrinology 2020; 161:5799206. [PMID: 32147716 PMCID: PMC7098877 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) is an intestinotrophic hormone that promotes intestinal growth and proliferation through downstream mediators, including epidermal growth factor (EGF) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). EGF synergistically enhances the proliferative actions of IGF-1 in intestinal cell lines, and both of these factors are known to be essential for the trophic effects of GLP-2 in vivo. However, whether EGF and IGF-1 interact to mediate the proliferative actions of GLP-2 in vivo remains unknown. Normal and knockout (KO) mice lacking the intestinal epithelial IGF-1 receptor (IE-IGF-1R) were therefore treated chronically with EGF and/or long-acting human hGly2GLP-2, followed by determination of intestinal growth parameters. Intestines from control and IE-IGF-1R KO mice were also used to generate organoids (which lack the GLP-2 receptor) and were treated with EGF and/or IGF-1. Combination treatment with EGF and hGly2GLP-2 increased small intestinal weight and crypt-villus height in C57Bl/6 mice in an additive manner, whereas only hGly2GLP-2 treatment increased crypt cell proliferation. However, although combination treatment also increased small intestinal weight and crypt-villus height in IE-IGF-1R KO mice, the proliferative responses to hGly2GLP-2 alone or with EGF were diminished in these animals. Finally, IGF-1 treatment of organoids undergoing EGF withdrawal was not additive to the effect of EGF replacement on proliferation, but could restore normal proliferation in the absence of EGF. Together, these findings demonstrate that the intestinal proliferative effects of hGly2GLP-2 are augmented by exogenous EGF in a manner that is partially dependent upon IE-IGF-1R signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zivit Fesler
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Emilia Mitova
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Patricia L Brubaker
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Correspondence: Dr Patricia L. Brubaker, Rm. 3366 Medical Sciences Building, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada. E-mail:
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27
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Markovic MA, Srikrishnaraj A, Tsang D, Brubaker PL. Requirement for the intestinal epithelial insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor in the intestinal responses to glucagon-like peptide-2 and dietary fat. FASEB J 2020; 34:6628-6640. [PMID: 32212202 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000169r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal hormone, glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2), enhances the enterocyte chylomicron production. However, GLP-2 is known to require the intestinal-epithelial insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IE-IGF-1R) for its other actions to increase intestinal growth and barrier function. The role of the IE-IGF-1R in enterocyte lipid handling was thus tested in the GLP-2 signaling pathway, as well as in response to a Western diet (WD). IE-IGF-1R knockout (KO) and control mice were treated for 11 days with h(GLY2 )GLP-2 or fed a WD for 18 weeks followed by a duodenal fat tolerance test with C14 -labeled triolein. Human Caco-2BBE cells were treated with an IGF-1R antagonist or signaling inhibitors to determine triglyceride-associated protein expression. The IE-IGF-1R was required for GLP-2-induced increases in CD36 and FATP-4 in chow-fed mice, and for expression in vitro; FATP-4 also required PI3K/Akt. Although WD-fed IE-IGF-1R KO mice demonstrated normal CD36 expression, the protein was incorrectly localized 2h post-duodenal fat administration. IE-IGF-1R KO also prevented the WD-induced increase in MTP and decrease in APOC3, increased jejunal mucosal C14 -fat accumulation, and elevated plasma triglyceride and C14 -fat levels. Collectively, these studies elucidate new roles for the IE-IGF-1R in enterocyte lipid handling, under basal conditions and in response to GLP-2 and WD-feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Derek Tsang
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Patricia L Brubaker
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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28
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Martchenko SE, Sweeney ME, Dimitriadou V, Murray JA, Brubaker PL. Site-Specific and Temporal Effects of Apraglutide, a Novel Long-Acting Glucagon-Like Peptide-2 Receptor Agonist, on Intestinal Growth in Mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 373:347-352. [PMID: 32144124 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.263947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-acting glucagon-like peptide-2 receptor (GLP-2R) agonists are well-established to increase intestinal growth in rodents and, most notably, humans with short bowel syndrome. Most of the trophic effects of GLP-2R agonists are reported to be mediated through increased growth of the crypt-villus axis, resulting in enhanced mucosal mass and improved intestinal function. The present study examined the effects of apraglutide, a novel GLP-2R agonist, on the growth of the small intestine and colon after 3, 7, and 10 weeks of treatment in male and female mice. Apraglutide (3 mg/kg; three times per week) significantly increased small intestinal weight (P < 0.001) and length (P < 0.001) after 3 weeks of administration, with a further increase in effectiveness after 10 weeks (P < 0.01). Crypt depth and villus height were both markedly increased after 3 weeks of apraglutide administration (P < 0.001) but did not show any further increase with duration of treatment, whereas crypt number and intestinal circumference were increased after 7 and 10 weeks (P < 0.01) but not after 3 weeks of apraglutide treatment. Both the weight and the length of the colon were also enhanced by apraglutide treatment for 3 weeks (P < 0.001), and these effects were maintained but did not improve further with continued apraglutide administration. The results of this study demonstrate that the novel, long-acting GLP-2R agonist, apraglutide, demonstrates an unexpected marked ability to increase intestinal length as well as exert time- and location-dependent specificity in its intestinotrophic actions. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The novel long-acting glucagon-like peptide 2 receptor agonist, apraglutide, enhances intestinal weight as well as intestinal length in a time- and site-dependent fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Martchenko
- Departments of Physiology (S.E.M., M.E.S., P.L.B.) and Medicine (P.L.B.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; VectivBio AG, Basel, Switzerland (V.D.); and Division of Gastroenterology Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (J.A.M.)
| | - M E Sweeney
- Departments of Physiology (S.E.M., M.E.S., P.L.B.) and Medicine (P.L.B.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; VectivBio AG, Basel, Switzerland (V.D.); and Division of Gastroenterology Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (J.A.M.)
| | - V Dimitriadou
- Departments of Physiology (S.E.M., M.E.S., P.L.B.) and Medicine (P.L.B.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; VectivBio AG, Basel, Switzerland (V.D.); and Division of Gastroenterology Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (J.A.M.)
| | - J A Murray
- Departments of Physiology (S.E.M., M.E.S., P.L.B.) and Medicine (P.L.B.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; VectivBio AG, Basel, Switzerland (V.D.); and Division of Gastroenterology Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (J.A.M.)
| | - P L Brubaker
- Departments of Physiology (S.E.M., M.E.S., P.L.B.) and Medicine (P.L.B.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; VectivBio AG, Basel, Switzerland (V.D.); and Division of Gastroenterology Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (J.A.M.)
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29
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Rubio C, Puerto M, García-Rodríquez JJ, Lu VB, García-Martínez I, Alén R, Sanmartín-Salinas P, Toledo-Lobo MV, Saiz J, Ruperez J, Barbas C, Menchén L, Gribble FM, Reimann F, Guijarro LG, Carrascosa JM, Valverde ÁM. Impact of global PTP1B deficiency on the gut barrier permeability during NASH in mice. Mol Metab 2020; 35:100954. [PMID: 32244182 PMCID: PMC7082558 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is characterized by a robust pro-inflammatory component at both hepatic and systemic levels together with a disease-specific gut microbiome signature. Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1 B (PTP1B) plays distinct roles in non-immune and immune cells, in the latter inhibiting pro-inflammatory signaling cascades. In this study, we have explored the role of PTP1B in the composition of gut microbiota and gut barrier dynamics in methionine and choline-deficient (MCD) diet-induced NASH in mice. METHODS Gut features and barrier permeability were characterized in wild-type (PTP1B WT) and PTP1B-deficient knockout (PTP1B KO) mice fed a chow or methionine/choline-deficient (MCD) diet for 4 weeks. The impact of inflammation was studied in intestinal epithelial and enteroendocrine cells. The secretion of GLP-1 was evaluated in primary colonic cultures and plasma of mice. RESULTS We found that a shift in the gut microbiota shape, disruption of gut barrier function, higher levels of serum bile acids, and decreased circulating glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 are features during NASH. Surprisingly, despite the pro-inflammatory phenotype of global PTP1B-deficient mice, they were partly protected against the alterations in gut microbiota composition during NASH and presented better gut barrier integrity and less permeability under this pathological condition. These effects concurred with higher colonic mucosal inflammation, decreased serum bile acids, and protection against the decrease in circulating GLP-1 levels during NASH compared with their WT counterparts together with increased expression of GLP-2-sensitive genes in the gut. At the molecular level, stimulation of enteroendocrine STC-1 cells with a pro-inflammatory conditioned medium (CM) from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages triggered pro-inflammatory signaling cascades that were further exacerbated by a PTP1B inhibitor. Likewise, the pro-inflammatory CM induced GLP-1 secretion in primary colonic cultures, an effect augmented by PTP1B inhibition. CONCLUSION Altogether our results have unraveled a potential role of PTP1B in the gut-liver axis during NASH, likely mediated by increased sensitivity to GLPs, with potential therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Rubio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO, CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Puerto
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERHED), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan J García-Rodríquez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Van B Lu
- Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Irma García-Martínez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Alén
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - M Val Toledo-Lobo
- Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Saiz
- CEMBIO, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Coral Barbas
- CEMBIO, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Menchén
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERHED), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
| | - Fiona M Gribble
- Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Frank Reimann
- Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Luis G Guijarro
- Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose M Carrascosa
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO, CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ángela M Valverde
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.
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Reiner J, Berlin P, Wobar J, Schäffler H, Bannert K, Bastian M, Vollmar B, Jaster R, Lamprecht G, Witte M. Teduglutide Promotes Epithelial Tight Junction Pore Function in Murine Short Bowel Syndrome to Alleviate Intestinal Insufficiency. Dig Dis Sci 2020; 65:3521-3537. [PMID: 32072437 PMCID: PMC7661426 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-020-06140-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In short bowel syndrome, epithelial surface loss results in impaired nutrient absorption and may lead to intestinal insufficiency or intestinal failure. Nucleotide oligomerization domain 2 (Nod2) dysfunction predisposes to the development of intestinal failure after intestinal resection and is associated with intestinal barrier defects. Epithelial barrier function is crucial for intestinal absorption and for intestinal adaptation in the short bowel situation. AIMS The aim of the study was to characterize the effects of the GLP-2 analogue Teduglutide in the small intestine in the presence and absence of Nod2 in a mouse model of short bowel syndrome. METHODS Mice underwent 40% ICR and were thereafter treated with Teduglutide versus vehicle injections. Survival, body weight, stool water, and sodium content and plasma aldosterone concentrations were determined. Intestinal and kidney tissue was examined with light and fluorescence microscopy, Ussing chamber studies and quantitative PCR in wild type and transgenic mice. RESULTS Teduglutide reduced intestinal failure incidence in Nod2 k.o. mice. In wt mice, Teduglutide attenuated intestinal insufficiency as indicated by reduced body weight loss and lower plasma aldosterone concentrations, lower stool water content, and lower stool sodium losses. Teduglutide treatment was associated with enhanced epithelial paracellular pore function and enhanced claudin-10 expression in tight junctions in the villus tips, where it colocalized with sodium-glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT-1), which mediates Na-coupled glucose transport. CONCLUSIONS In the SBS situation, Teduglutide not only maximizes small intestinal mucosal hypertrophy but also partially restores small intestinal epithelial function through an altered distribution of claudin-10, facilitating sodium recirculation for Na-coupled glucose transport and water absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Reiner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine II, Rostock University Medical Center, Ernst-Heydemann-Str. 6, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Peggy Berlin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine II, Rostock University Medical Center, Ernst-Heydemann-Str. 6, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Jakob Wobar
- Division of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine II, Rostock University Medical Center, Ernst-Heydemann-Str. 6, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Holger Schäffler
- Division of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine II, Rostock University Medical Center, Ernst-Heydemann-Str. 6, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Karen Bannert
- Division of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine II, Rostock University Medical Center, Ernst-Heydemann-Str. 6, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Manuela Bastian
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, Ernst-Heydemann-Str. 6, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Brigitte Vollmar
- Rudolf-Zenker-Institute of Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee 69a, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Robert Jaster
- Division of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine II, Rostock University Medical Center, Ernst-Heydemann-Str. 6, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Georg Lamprecht
- Division of Gastroenterology and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine II, Rostock University Medical Center, Ernst-Heydemann-Str. 6, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Maria Witte
- Department of General, Thoracic, Vascular and Transplantation Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, Germany
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Montes Castillo MC, Martínez Ramírez MJ, Soriano Arroyo R, Prieto Gomez I, Segarra Robles AB, Garrido-Martínez M, Santiago-Fernández P, Delgado Rodríguez M. Glucagon-like peptide 1 and Glucagon-like peptide 2 in relation to osteoporosis in non-diabetic postmenopausal women. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13651. [PMID: 31541189 PMCID: PMC6754449 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50117-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis results from an imbalance in bone remodeling, which is known to follow a circadian rhythm determined by a functional relationship between intestine and bone tissue. Specific intestinal peptides have been identified as mediators. Glucagon-like peptide 1 and glucagon-like peptide 2, have been associated with bone health. Our main objective was to determine whether postprandial plasma levels of glucagon-like peptide 1, glucagon-like peptide 2 and dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 activity, are associated with osteoporosis in non-diabetic postmenopausal women. We studied non-diabetic postmenopausal women with osteoporosis diagnosed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (cases, n = 43) and age-matched (±1 yr) controls without osteoporosis or a history of osteoporotic fracture (n = 43). We measured postprandial plasma levels of glucagon-like peptide 1, glucagon-like peptide 2, and dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 activity, bone mineral density, and baseline levels of bone remodeling markers and analyzed the food intake using a food-frequency questionnaire. Postprandial glucagon-like peptide 1 values were lower (p < 0.001) in cases, μ (SEM) = 116.25 (2.68), than in controls, μ (SEM) = 126.79 (2.68). Glucagon-like peptide 1 was associated with reduced osteoporosis risk in the crude logistic regression analysis [OR (95% CI) = 0.724 (0.53–0.97), p = 0.031] and adjusted analysis [OR = 0.603 (0.38–0.94), p = 0.027]. We found no association of glucagon-like peptide 2, or dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 activity with osteoporosis. Postprandial glucagon-like peptide 1 levels are related to osteoporosis and osteoporosis risk in non-diabetic postmenopausal women. Further studies are required to verify these findings.
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32
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Markovic MA, Brubaker PL. The roles of glucagon-like peptide-2 and the intestinal epithelial insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor in regulating microvillus length. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13010. [PMID: 31506583 PMCID: PMC6737075 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49510-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Microvilli are tiny projections on the apical end of enterocytes, aiding in the digestion and absorption of nutrients. One of their key features is uniform length, but how this is regulated is poorly understood. Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) has been shown to increase microvillus length but, the requirement of its downstream mediator, the intestinal epithelial insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IE-IGF-1R), and the microvillus proteins acted upon by GLP-2, remain unknown. Using IE-IGF-1R knockout (KO) mice, treated with either long-acting human (h) (GLY2)GLP-2 or vehicle for 11d, it was found that the h(GLY2)GLP-2-induced increase in microvillus length required the IE-IGF-1R. Furthermore, IE-IGF-1R KO alone resulted in a significant decrease in microvillus length. Examination of the brush border membrane proteome as well as of whole jejunal mucosa demonstrated that villin was increased with h(GLY2)GLP-2 treatment in an IE-IGF-1R-dependent manner. Under both basal conditions and with h(GLY2)GLP-2 treatment of the IE-IGF-1R KO mice, changes in villin, IRTKS-1, harmonin, β-actin, and myosin-1a did not explain the decrease in microvillus length, in either the brush border or jejunal mucosa of KO animals. Collectively, these studies define a new role for the IE-IGF-1R within the microvillus, in both the signaling cascade induced by GLP-2, as well as endogenously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A Markovic
- Department of Physiology Rm 3366 Medical Sciences Building, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Patricia L Brubaker
- Department of Physiology Rm 3366 Medical Sciences Building, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada. .,Department of Medicine Rm 3366 Medical Sciences Building, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
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Gut-associated IgA + immune cells regulate obesity-related insulin resistance. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3650. [PMID: 31409776 PMCID: PMC6692361 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11370-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal immune system is emerging as an important contributor to obesity-related insulin resistance, but the role of intestinal B cells in this context is unclear. Here, we show that high fat diet (HFD) feeding alters intestinal IgA+ immune cells and that IgA is a critical immune regulator of glucose homeostasis. Obese mice have fewer IgA+ immune cells and less secretory IgA and IgA-promoting immune mediators. HFD-fed IgA-deficient mice have dysfunctional glucose metabolism, a phenotype that can be recapitulated by adoptive transfer of intestinal-associated pan-B cells. Mechanistically, IgA is a crucial link that controls intestinal and adipose tissue inflammation, intestinal permeability, microbial encroachment and the composition of the intestinal microbiome during HFD. Current glucose-lowering therapies, including metformin, affect intestinal-related IgA+ B cell populations in mice, while bariatric surgery regimen alters the level of fecal secretory IgA in humans. These findings identify intestinal IgA+ immune cells as mucosal mediators of whole-body glucose regulation in diet-induced metabolic disease. The effect of diet-induced obesity on intestinal B cell populations is not well understood despite emerging evidence of a critical role for the intestinal immune system in contributing to insulin resistance. Here, the authors show important functions of IgA in regulating metabolic disease and for intestinal immunity in modulating systemic glucose metabolism.
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Body mass index in young men and risk of inflammatory bowel disease through adult life: A population-based Danish cohort study. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6360. [PMID: 31015530 PMCID: PMC6478722 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42642-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Body mass index (BMI) is associated with increased future risk of inflammatory bowel disease(IBD) particularly Crohn’s disease(CD), where associations with high and low BMI have been observed. Most studies are based on adult women. We aimed to explore the impact of BMI in men entering adult life on their long-term risk of developing IBD. A total of 377,957 men born during 1939–1959, with BMI measured at draft boards at mean age 19, were followed from 1977, or time of examination, to end of 2015. Risk of IBD was assessed using Cox regression. During 13 million person-years of follow-up, 1,523 developed CD and 3,323 UC. Using normal weight as reference, for CD the following HRs were observed: BMI < 18.5, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.12–1.62, BMI 25–29.9; 0.83; 95% CI, 0.68–1.02. and BMI > 30 1.20; 95% CI, 0.75–1.90). The increased risk of CD in underweight was maintained up until age 60 not explained by known effects of smoking. For UC, minor inverse associations were observed. Restricted cubic splines revealed a U-shape association between BMI and CD, but not UC. Low BMI of men entering adult life is associated with an increased incidence of CD and UC up to 40 years later.
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Ley D, Hallberg B, Hansen-Pupp I, Dani C, Ramenghi LA, Marlow N, Beardsall K, Bhatti F, Dunger D, Higginson JD, Mahaveer A, Mezu-Ndubuisi OJ, Reynolds P, Giannantonio C, van Weissenbruch M, Barton N, Tocoian A, Hamdani M, Jochim E, Mangili A, Chung JK, Turner MA, Smith LEH, Hellström A. rhIGF-1/rhIGFBP-3 in Preterm Infants: A Phase 2 Randomized Controlled Trial. J Pediatr 2019; 206:56-65.e8. [PMID: 30471715 PMCID: PMC6389415 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate recombinant human insulin-like growth factor 1 complexed with its binding protein (rhIGF-1/rhIGFBP-3) for the prevention of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and other complications of prematurity among extremely preterm infants. STUDY DESIGN This phase 2 trial was conducted from September 2014 to March 2016. Infants born at a gestational age of 230/7 weeks to 276/7 weeks were randomly allocated to rhIGF-1/rhIGFBP-3 (250 µg/kg/ 24 hours, continuous intravenous infusion from <24 hours of birth to postmenstrual age 296/7 weeks) or standard neonatal care, with follow-up to a postmenstrual age of 404/7 weeks. Target exposure was ≥70% IGF-1 measurements within 28-109 µg/L and ≥70% intended therapy duration. The primary endpoint was maximum severity of ROP. Secondary endpoints included time to discharge from neonatal care, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, intraventricular hemorrhage, and growth measures. RESULTS Overall, 61 infants were allocated to rhIGF-1/rhIGFBP-3, 60 to standard care (full analysis set); 24 of 61 treated infants achieved target exposure (evaluable set). rhIGF-1/rhIGFBP-3 did not decrease ROP severity or ROP occurrence. There was, however, a 53% decrease in severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia in the full analysis set (21.3% treated vs 44.9% standard care), and an 89% decrease in the evaluable set (4.8% vs 44.9%; P = .04 and P = .02, respectively) for severity distribution between groups. There was also a nonsignificant trend toward decrease in grades 3-4 intraventricular hemorrhage in the full analysis set (13.1% vs 23.3%) and in the evaluable set (8.3% vs 23.3%). Fatal serious adverse events were reported in 19.7% of treated infants (12/61) and 11.7% of control infants (7/60). No effect was observed on time to discharge from neonatal care/growth measures. CONCLUSIONS rhIGF-1/rhIGFBP-3 did not affect development of ROP, but decreased the occurrence of severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia, with a nonsignificant decrease in grades 3-4 intraventricular hemorrhage. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01096784.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ley
- Skane University Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Pediatrics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Boubou Hallberg
- Department of Neonatology, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Hansen-Pupp
- Skane University Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Pediatrics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Carlo Dani
- Careggi University Hospital of Florence, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Luca A Ramenghi
- Genova Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Neil Marlow
- Department of Academic Neonatology, UCL EGA Institute for Women's Health, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn Beardsall
- Department of Pediatrics and the Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Faizah Bhatti
- Neonatal Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - David Dunger
- Department of Pediatrics and the Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jason D Higginson
- Department of Pediatrics, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
| | - Ajit Mahaveer
- St Mary's Hospital, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre and Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Peter Reynolds
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, St Peter's Hospital, Chertsey, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Carmen Giannantonio
- Department of Woman and Child Health, University Hospital A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Mirjam van Weissenbruch
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Norman Barton
- Global Clinical Development, Rare Metabolic Diseases, Shire, Lexington, MA
| | - Adina Tocoian
- Global Clinical Development, Rare Metabolic Diseases, Shire, Zug, Switzerland
| | - Mohamed Hamdani
- Global Clinical Development, Rare Metabolic Diseases, Shire, Lexington, MA
| | - Emily Jochim
- Global Clinical Development, Rare Metabolic Diseases, Shire, Lexington, MA
| | - Alexandra Mangili
- Global Clinical Development, Rare Metabolic Diseases, Shire, Zug, Switzerland
| | - Jou-Ku Chung
- Global Clinical Development, Rare Metabolic Diseases, Shire, Lexington, MA
| | - Mark A Turner
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Lois E H Smith
- Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Ann Hellström
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Zeisel MB, Dhawan P, Baumert TF. Tight junction proteins in gastrointestinal and liver disease. Gut 2019; 68:547-561. [PMID: 30297438 PMCID: PMC6453741 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2018-316906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades a growing body of evidence has demonstrated an important role of tight junction (TJ) proteins in the physiology and disease biology of GI and liver disease. On one side, TJ proteins exert their functional role as integral proteins of TJs in forming barriers in the gut and the liver. Furthermore, TJ proteins can also be expressed outside TJs where they play important functional roles in signalling, trafficking and regulation of gene expression. A hallmark of TJ proteins in disease biology is their functional role in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. A causative role of TJ proteins has been established in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer and gastric cancer. Among the best characterised roles of TJ proteins in liver disease biology is their function as cell entry receptors for HCV-one of the most common causes of hepatocellular carcinoma. At the same time TJ proteins are emerging as targets for novel therapeutic approaches for GI and liver disease. Here we review our current knowledge of the role of TJ proteins in the pathogenesis of GI and liver disease biology and discuss their potential as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam B. Zeisel
- Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR 5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Université de Lyon (UCBL), Lyon, France
- Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Punita Dhawan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
- Buffet Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE
- VA Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE
| | - Thomas F. Baumert
- Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire, Pôle hépato-digestif, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Strasbourg, France
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Rollins KA, Opitz L, Arnold M, Simon E, Neubauer H, Wolfrum S. The L cell transcriptome is unaffected by vertical sleeve gastrectomy but highly dependent upon position within the gastrointestinal tract. Peptides 2019; 113:22-34. [PMID: 30660763 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Altered GLP-1 secretion from L cells has been implicated in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its resolution following bariatric surgery. However, changes in L cell gene expression, which may form the basis for altered functionality after high fat diet (HFD) or bariatric surgery, have either not been investigated or have given conflicting results. We developed a gcg-DTR-eGFP reporter mouse to isolate ileal and colonic L cells from HFD fed insulin resistant mice and mice showing improved glucose tolerance following vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG). Transcriptomic sequencing and identification of genes differentially expressed in response to HFD or VSG revealed small changes with HFD, primarily in immune related genes, but no regulation following VSG. In contrast, large differences were observed between ileal and colonic L cells due to the differential expression of genes involved in nutrient transport and metabolism, reflecting to some extent the differences in the surrounding epithelium. We showed that, in line with the gene expression data, colonic and ileal L cells exhibit differing GLP-1 responses to nutrients (glucose and the gly-sar dipeptide) and hormones (vasopressin). Thus, we hypothesise that colonic and ileal L cells have different physiological roles, with ileal L cells contributing more to postprandial glucose homeostasis by responding to dietary nutrients and colonic cells responding more to non-dietary stimulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Rollins
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Schorenstrasse 16, 8603, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland.
| | - Lennart Opitz
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, University of Zurich/ETH Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Myrtha Arnold
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Schorenstrasse 16, 8603 Schwerzenbach, Switzerland.
| | - Eric Simon
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Target Discovery Research Department, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397, Biberach/Riss, Germany.
| | - Heike Neubauer
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Cardiometabolic Diseases Research Department, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397, Biberach/Riss, Germany.
| | - Susanne Wolfrum
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Schorenstrasse 16, 8603, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland.
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Ebbesen MS, Kissow H, Hartmann B, Grell K, Gørløv JS, Kielsen K, Holst JJ, Müller K. Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Is a Marker of Systemic Inflammation in Patients Treated with High-Dose Chemotherapy and Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2019; 25:1085-1091. [PMID: 30731250 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2019.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) is challenged by side effects that may be propagated by chemotherapy-induced mucositis, resulting in bacterial translocation and systemic inflammation. Because gastrointestinal damage appears as an early event in this cascade of reactions, we hypothesized that markers reflecting damage to the intestinal barrier could serve as early predictive markers of toxicity. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), a well-known regulator of blood glucose, has been found to promote intestinal growth and repair in animal studies. We investigated fasting GLP-1 plasma levels in 66 adults undergoing ASCT for lymphoma and multiple myeloma. GLP-1 increased significantly after chemotherapy, reaching peak levels at day +7 post-transplant (median, 8 pmol/L [interquartile range, 4 to 12] before conditioning versus 10 pmol/L [interquartile range, 6 to 17] at day +7; P = .007). The magnitude of the GLP-1 increase was related to the intensity of conditioning. GLP-1 at the day of transplantation (day 0) was positively associated with peak C-reactive protein (CRP) levels (46 mg/L per GLP-1 doubling, P < .001) and increase in days with fever (32% per GLP-1 doubling, P = .0058). Patients with GLP-1 above the median at day 0 had higher CRP levels from days +3 to +10 post-transplant than patients with lower GLP-1 (P ≤ .041) with peak values of 238 versus 129 mg/L, respectively. This study, which represents the first clinical investigation of fasting GLP-1 in relation to high-dose chemotherapy, provides evidence that GLP-1 plays a role in regulation of mucosal defenses. Fasting GLP-1 levels may serve as an early predictor of systemic inflammation and fever in patients receiving high-dose chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Schou Ebbesen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Hannelouise Kissow
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kathrine Grell
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Katrine Kielsen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute for Inflammation Research, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Juul Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Klaus Müller
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute for Inflammation Research, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Abstract
Enteroendocrine cells (EECs) are sensory cells of the gastrointestinal tract. Most EECs reside in the mucosal lining of the stomach or intestine and sense food in the gut lumen. Food signals stimulate the release of hormones into the paracellular space where they either act locally or are taken up into the blood and circulate to distant organs. It recently was recognized that many EECs possess basal processes known as neuropods that not only contain hormones but also connect to nerves. This review describes how neuropods contribute to EEC function beyond typical hormonal actions. For example, gastrointestinal hormones not only act on distant organs, but, through neuropods, some act locally to stimulate other mucosal cells such as intestinal stem cells, enterocytes, or other EECs. With the recent discovery that EECs communicate directly with enteric nerves, EECs not only have the ability to sense food and bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract, but can communicate these signals directly to the nervous system.
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Diet-Independent Correlations between Bacteria and Dysfunction of Gut, Adipose Tissue, and Liver: A Comprehensive Microbiota Analysis in Feces and Mucosa of the Ileum and Colon in Obese Mice with NAFLD. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 20:ijms20010001. [PMID: 30577415 PMCID: PMC6337295 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is linked to obesity, adipose tissue inflammation, and gut dysfunction, all of which depend on diet. So far, studies have mainly focused on diet-related fecal microbiota changes, but other compartments may be more informative on host health. We present a first systematic analysis of microbiota changes in the ileum and colon using multiple diets and investigating both fecal and mucosal samples. Ldlr−/−.Leiden mice received one of three different energy-dense (ED)-diets (n = 15/group) for 15 weeks. All of the ED diets induced obesity and metabolic risk factors, altered short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), and increased gut permeability and NAFLD to various extents. ED diets reduced the diversity of high-abundant bacteria and increased the diversity of low-abundant bacteria in all of the gut compartments. The ED groups showed highly variable, partially overlapping microbiota compositions that differed significantly from chow. Correlation analyses demonstrated that (1) specific groups of bacteria correlate with metabolic risk factors, organ dysfunction, and NAFLD endpoints, (2) colon mucosa had greater predictive value than other compartments, (3) correlating bacteria differed per compartment, and (4) some bacteria correlated with plasma SCFA levels. In conclusion, this comprehensive microbiota analysis demonstrates correlations between the microbiota and dysfunctions of gut, adipose tissue, and liver, independent of a specific disease-inducing diet.
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Herminghaus A, Eberhardt R, Truse R, Schulz J, Bauer I, Picker O, Vollmer C. Nitroglycerin and Iloprost Improve Mitochondrial Function in Colon Homogenate Without Altering the Barrier Integrity of Caco-2 Monolayers. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:291. [PMID: 30460235 PMCID: PMC6232762 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Locally applied nitroglycerin [nitric oxide (NO) donor] and iloprost (analog of prostacyclin PGI2) improve regional gastric oxygenation and nitroglycerin preserves gastric mucosal barrier integrity. This suggests direct effects of these substances on oxygenation and barrier function. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of iloprost and nitroglycerin on intestinal mitochondrial function and on mucosal barrier function in vitro. Mitochondrial oxygen consumption (respirometry) was determined in colon homogenates from 16 healthy rats before (baseline) and 15 min after incubation with nitroglycerin (25 and 250 μg/ml) and iloprost (0.1 and 1 μg/ml). State 2 (substrate-dependent oxygen consumption) and state 3 respiration (ADP-dependent oxygen consumption) were assessed and ADP/O ratio (ADP added/oxygen consumed) for complex I and II were calculated. For permeability measurement we used the Caco-2 monolayer. Fluorescein sulfonic acid (FS) (200 μg/ml) and the drugs were administered into the apical compartment of the transwell chamber. After 48 h, FS translocation was assessed as basolateral/apical FS. Both concentrations of nitroglycerin and iloprost reduced state 3 by stimulation via both complexes. Iloprost increased ADP/O ratio after stimulation via both complexes at both concentrations. Nitroglycerin increased ADP/O ratio at the higher concentration (250 μg/ml) after stimulation via complex I and at the lower concentration (25 μg/ml) via complex II. Neither nitroglycerin nor iloprost influenced FS translocation. Iloprost and nitroglycerin reduce the maximal mitochondrial respiration and improve the efficacy of oxidative phosphorylation in colon homogenates. Both drugs have no direct influence on mucosal barrier integrity of Caco-2 monolayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Herminghaus
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rebecca Eberhardt
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Richard Truse
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jan Schulz
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Inge Bauer
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Olaf Picker
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christian Vollmer
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Austin K, Tsang D, Chalmers JA, Maalouf MF, Brubaker PL. Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-4 inhibits epithelial growth and proliferation in the rodent intestine. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 315:G206-G219. [PMID: 29631376 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00349.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-4 (IGFBP-4) is a binding protein that modulates the action of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), a growth factor whose presence is required for the intestinotrophic effects of glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2). GLP-2 is a gut hormone that uses both IGF-1 and epidermal growth factor (EGF) as intermediary factors to promote intestinal growth. Therefore, to elucidate the mechanism through which IGFBP-4 regulates IGF-1 activity in the intestine, proliferation assays were conducted using rat intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6). IGF-1 and EGF synergistically enhanced proliferation, an effect that was dose-dependently decreased by IGFBP-4 ( P < 0.05-0.001) in an IGF-1 receptor (R)- and MEK1/2- but not a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent manner ( P > 0.05 for IGFBP-4 effects with IGF-1R and MEK1/2 inhibitors). Intestinal organoids derived from IGFBP-4 knockout mice demonstrated significantly greater Ki-67 expression and an enhanced surface area increase in response to IGF-1 treatment, compared with organoids from control mice ( P < 0.05-0.01). GLP-2 is also known to increase the mucosal expression of IGFBP-4 mRNA. To investigate whether this occurs through the actions of its intermediaries, IGF-1 and EGF, inducible intestinal epithelial-IGF-1R knockout and control mice were treated for 10 days with and without the pan-ErbB inhibitor, CI-1033. However, no differences in mucosal IGFBP-4 mRNA expression were found for any of the treatment groups ( P > 0.05). Consistently, IEC-6 cells treated with IGF-1 and/or EGF displayed no alteration in IGFBP-4 mRNA or in cellular and secreted IGFBP-4 protein ( P > 0.05). Overall, this study establishes that endogenous IGFBP-4 plays an important role in inhibiting IGF-1-induced intestinal epithelial proliferation and that mucosal IGFBP-4 expression is independent of IGF-1 and EGF. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study demonstrates, for the first time, the inhibitory role of locally expressed insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-4 (IGFBP-4) on the intestinal proliferative actions of IGF-1 and supports the notion of the synergistic roles of IGF-1 and EGF in promoting intestinal epithelial growth. In turn, intestinal IGFBP-4 expression was not found to be regulated by IGF-1 and/or EGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Austin
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Derek Tsang
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Michael F Maalouf
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patricia L Brubaker
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Brubaker PL. Glucagon‐like Peptide‐2 and the Regulation of Intestinal Growth and Function. Compr Physiol 2018; 8:1185-1210. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c170055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Hytting-Andreasen R, Balk-Møller E, Hartmann B, Pedersen J, Windeløv JA, Holst JJ, Kissow H. Endogenous glucagon-like peptide- 1 and 2 are essential for regeneration after acute intestinal injury in mice. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198046. [PMID: 29864142 PMCID: PMC5986149 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Mucositis is a side effect of chemotherapy seen in the digestive tract, with symptoms including pain, diarrhoea, inflammation and ulcerations. Our aim was to investigate whether endogenous glucagon-like peptide -1 and -2 (GLP-1 and GLP-2) are implicated in intestinal healing after chemotherapy-induced mucositis. Design We used a transgenic mouse model Tg(GCG.DTR)(Tg) expressing the human diphtheria toxin receptor in the proglucagon-producing cells. Injections with diphtheria toxin ablated the GLP-1 and GLP-2 producing L-cells in Tg mice with no effect in wild-type (WT) mice. Mice were injected with 5-fluorouracil or saline and received vehicle, exendin-4, teduglutide (gly2-GLP-2), or exendin-4/teduglutide in combination. The endpoints were body weight change, small intestinal weight, morphology, histological scoring of mucositis and myeloperoxidase levels. Results Ablation of L-cells led to impaired GLP-2 secretion; increased loss of body weight; lower small intestinal weight; lower crypt depth, villus height and mucosal area; and increased the mucositis severity score in mice given 5-fluorouracil. WT mice showed compensatory hyperproliferation as a sign of regeneration in the recovery phase. Co-treatment with exendin-4 and teduglutide rescued the body weight of the Tg mice and led to a hyperproliferation in the small intestine, whereas single treatment was less effective. Conclusion The ablation of L-cells leads to severe mucositis and insufficient intestinal healing, shown by severe body weight loss and lack of compensatory hyperproliferation in the recovery phase. Co-treatment with exendin-4 and teduglutide could prevent this. Because both peptides were needed, we can conclude that both GLP-1 and GLP-2 are essential for intestinal healing in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Hytting-Andreasen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- NNF Center of Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emilie Balk-Møller
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- NNF Center of Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- NNF Center of Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Pedersen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- NNF Center of Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Johanne Agerlin Windeløv
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- NNF Center of Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Juul Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- NNF Center of Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hannelouise Kissow
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- NNF Center of Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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Worthington JJ, Reimann F, Gribble FM. Enteroendocrine cells-sensory sentinels of the intestinal environment and orchestrators of mucosal immunity. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:3-20. [PMID: 28853441 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium must balance efficient absorption of nutrients with partitioning commensals and pathogens from the bodies' largest immune system. If this crucial barrier fails, inappropriate immune responses can result in inflammatory bowel disease or chronic infection. Enteroendocrine cells represent 1% of this epithelium and have classically been studied for their detection of nutrients and release of peptide hormones to mediate digestion. Intriguingly, enteroendocrine cells are the key sensors of microbial metabolites, can release cytokines in response to pathogen associated molecules and peptide hormone receptors are expressed on numerous intestinal immune cells; thus enteroendocrine cells are uniquely equipped to be crucial and novel orchestrators of intestinal inflammation. In this review, we introduce enteroendocrine chemosensory roles, summarize studies correlating enteroendocrine perturbations with intestinal inflammation and describe the mechanistic interactions by which enteroendocrine and mucosal immune cells interact during disease; highlighting this immunoendocrine axis as a key aspect of innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Worthington
- Lancaster University, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Lancaster, Lancashire, UK
| | - F Reimann
- University of Cambridge, Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust/MRC Institute of Metabolic Science & MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - F M Gribble
- University of Cambridge, Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust/MRC Institute of Metabolic Science & MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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Gilani S, Howarth GS, Nattrass G, Kitessa SM, Barekatain R, Forder REA, Tran CD, Hughes RJ. Gene expression and morphological changes in the intestinal mucosa associated with increased permeability induced by short-term fasting in chickens. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2017; 102:e653-e661. [PMID: 29034530 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Short-term fasting for 4.5 and 9 hr has been demonstrated to increase intestinal permeability (IP) in chickens. This study aimed to investigate the effects of 0, 4.5, 9 and 19.5 hr fasting on intestinal gene expression and villus-crypt architecture of enterocytes in jejunal and ileal samples. On day 38, Ross-308 male birds were fasted according to their group and then euthanised. Two separate intestinal sections (each 2 cm long, jejunum and ileum) were collected. One section was utilised for villus height and crypt depth measurements. The second section was snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen for quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis of tight junction proteins (TJP) including claudin-1, claudin-3, occludin, zonula occludens (ZO-1, ZO-2), junctional adhesion molecules (JAM) and E-cadherin. Additionally genes involved in enterocyte protection including glucagon-like peptide (GLP-2), heat-shock protein (HSP-70), intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), toll-like receptors (TLR-4), mucin (MUC-2), cluster differentiation (CD-36) and fatty acid-binding protein (FABP-6) were also analysed. Normally distributed data were analysed using one-way analysis of variance ANOVA. Other data were analysed by non-parametric one-way ANOVA. Villus height and crypt depth were increased (p < .05) only in the ileum after fasting for 4.5 and 9 hr compared with non-fasting group. mRNA expression of claudin-3 was significantly reduced in the ileum of birds fasted for 9 and 19.5 hr, suggesting a role in IP modulation. However, all other TJP genes examined were not statistically different from control. Nevertheless, ileal FABP-6 of all fasted groups was significantly reduced, which could possibly be due to reduced bile acid production during fasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gilani
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Poultry CRC, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - G S Howarth
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - G Nattrass
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, Australia
| | - S M Kitessa
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, Australia
| | - R Barekatain
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,South Australian Research and Development Institute, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, Australia
| | - R E A Forder
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - C D Tran
- Health and Biosecurity, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - R J Hughes
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,South Australian Research and Development Institute, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, Australia
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Glucagon-like peptide 2 prevents down-regulation of intestinal multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 and P-glycoprotein in endotoxemic rats. Toxicology 2017; 390:22-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Jensen SR, Wheeler SE, Hvid H, Ahnfelt-Rønne J, Hansen BF, Nishimura E, Olsen GS, Brubaker PL. Elucidating the Biological Roles of Insulin and Its Receptor in Murine Intestinal Growth and Function. Endocrinology 2017; 158:2453-2469. [PMID: 28591779 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The role of the intestinal insulin receptor (IR) is not well understood. We therefore explored the effect of insulin (300 nmol/kg per day for 12 days) on the intestine in sex-matched C57Bl/6J mice. The intestinal and metabolic profiles were also characterized in male and female intestinal-epithelial IR knockout (IE-irKO) mice compared with all genetic controls on a chow diet or Western diet (WD) for 4 to 12 weeks. Insulin treatment did not affect intestinal size, intestinal resistance, or metabolic genes, but it reduced proximal-colon crypt depth and acutely increased colonic serine/threonine-specific protein kinase B (AKT) activation. Feeding with a WD increased body weight and fasting insulin level and decreased oral glucose tolerance in C57Bl/6J and IE-irKO mice. However, although the overall responses of the IE-irKO mice were not different from those of Villin-Cre (Vil-Cre):IRfl/+ and IRfl/fl controls, profound differences were found for female control Vil-Cre mice, which demonstrated reduced food intake, body weight, jejunal glucose transport, oral glucose tolerance, and fasting insulin and cholesterol levels. Vil-Cre mice also had smaller intestines compared with those of IE-irKO and IRfl/fl mice and greater insulin-mediated activation of jejunal IR and AKT. In summary, gain- and loss-of-function studies, with and without caloric overload, indicate that insulin did not exert remarkable effects on intestinal metabolic or morphologic phenotype except for a small effect on the colon. However, the transgenic control Vil-Cre mice displayed a distinct phenotype compared with other control and knockout animals, emphasizing the importance of thoroughly characterizing genetically modified mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stina Rikke Jensen
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
- Metabolic Disease Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, DK-2760 Måløv, Denmark
| | - Sarah E Wheeler
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Henning Hvid
- Metabolic Disease Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, DK-2760 Måløv, Denmark
| | | | - Bo Falck Hansen
- Metabolic Disease Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, DK-2760 Måløv, Denmark
| | - Erica Nishimura
- Metabolic Disease Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, DK-2760 Måløv, Denmark
| | | | - Patricia L Brubaker
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
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Said H, Akiba Y, Narimatsu K, Maruta K, Kuri A, Iwamoto KI, Kuwahara A, Kaunitz JD. FFA3 Activation Stimulates Duodenal Bicarbonate Secretion and Prevents NSAID-Induced Enteropathy via the GLP-2 Pathway in Rats. Dig Dis Sci 2017; 62:1944-1952. [PMID: 28523577 PMCID: PMC5511769 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-017-4600-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Therapy with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is associated with enteropathy in humans and experimental animals, a cause of considerable morbidity. Unlike foregut NSAID-associated mucosal lesions, most treatments for this condition are of little efficacy. We propose that the endogenously released intestinotrophic hormone glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) prevents the development of NSAID-induced enteropathy. Since the short-chain fatty acid receptor FFA3 is expressed on enteroendocrine L cells and on enteric nerves in the gastrointestinal tract, we further hypothesized that activation of FFA3 on L cells protects the mucosa from injury via GLP-2 release with enhanced duodenal HCO3- secretion. We thus investigated the effects of synthetic selective FFA3 agonists with consequent GLP-2 release on NSAID-induced enteropathy. METHODS We measured duodenal HCO3- secretion in isoflurane-anesthetized rats in a duodenal loop perfused with the selective FFA3 agonists MQC or AR420626 (AR) while measuring released GLP-2 in the portal vein (PV). Intestinal injury was produced by indomethacin (IND, 10 mg/kg, sc) with or without MQC (1-10 mg/kg, ig) or AR (0.01-0.1 mg/kg, ig or ip) treatment. RESULTS Luminal perfusion with MQC or AR (0.1-10 µM) dose-dependently augmented duodenal HCO3- secretion accompanied by increased GLP-2 concentrations in the PV. The effect of FFA3 agonists was inhibited by co-perfusion of the selective FFA3 antagonist CF3-MQC (30 µM). AR-induced augmented HCO3- secretion was reduced by iv injection of the GLP-2 receptor antagonist GLP-2(3-33) (3 nmol/kg), or by pretreatment with the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) inhibitor CFTRinh-172 (1 mg/kg, ip). IND-induced small intestinal ulcers were dose-dependently inhibited by intragastric administration of MQC or AR. GLP-2(3-33) (1 mg/kg, ip) or CF3-MQC (1 mg/kg, ig) reversed AR-associated reduction in IND-induced enteropathy. In contrast, ip injection of AR had no effect on enteropathy. CONCLUSION These results suggest that luminal FFA3 activation enhances mucosal defenses and prevents NSAID-induced enteropathy via the GLP-2 pathway. The selective FFA3 agonist may be a potential therapeutic candidate for NSAID-induced enteropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyder Said
- College of Arts and Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yasutada Akiba
- Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, 11301 Wilshire Boulevard, Bldg 115, Suite 217, Los Angeles, CA, 90073, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Brentwood Biomedical Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kazuyuki Narimatsu
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Koji Maruta
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ayaka Kuri
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Iwamoto
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Atsukazu Kuwahara
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Jonathan D Kaunitz
- Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, 11301 Wilshire Boulevard, Bldg 115, Suite 217, Los Angeles, CA, 90073, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Brentwood Biomedical Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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50
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Lim DW, Levesque CL, Vine DF, Muto M, Koepke JR, Nation PN, Wizzard PR, Li J, Bigam DL, Brubaker PL, Turner JM, Wales PW. Synergy of glucagon-like peptide-2 and epidermal growth factor coadministration on intestinal adaptation in neonatal piglets with short bowel syndrome. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2017; 312:G390-G404. [PMID: 28104586 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00281.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) treatment enhance intestinal adaptation. To determine whether these growth factors exert synergistic effects on intestinal growth and function, GLP-2 and EGF-containing media (EGF-cm) were administered, alone and in combination, in neonatal piglet models of short bowel syndrome (SBS). Neonatal Landrace-Large White piglets were block randomized to 75% midintestinal [jejunoileal (JI) group] or distal intestinal [jejunocolic (JC) group] resection or sham control, with 7-day infusion of saline (control), intravenous human GLP-2 (11 nmol·kg-1·day-1) alone, enteral EGF-cm (80 μg·kg-1·day-1) alone, or GLP-2 and EGF-cm in combination. Adaptation was assessed by intestinal length, histopathology, Üssing chamber analysis, and real-time quantitative PCR of intestinal growth factors. Combined EGF-cm and GLP-2 treatment increased intestinal length in all three surgical models (P < 0.01). EGF-cm alone selectively increased bowel weight per length and jejunal villus height in the JI group only. The JC group demonstrated increased intestinal weight and villus height (P < 0.01) when given either GLP-2 alone or in combination with EGF-cm, with no effect of EGF-cm alone. Jejunal permeability of mannitol and polyethylene glycol decreased with combination therapy in both SBS groups (P < 0.05). No difference was observed in fat absorption or body weight gain. IGF-1 mRNA was differentially expressed in JI vs. JC piglets with treatment. Combined treatment with GLP-2 and EGF-cm induced intestinal lengthening and decreased permeability, in addition to the trophic effects of GLP-2 alone. Our findings demonstrate the benefits of novel combination GLP-2 and EGF treatment for neonatal SBS, especially in the JC model representing most human infants with SBS.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) are intestinotrophic, with demonstrated benefit in both animal models and human studies of short bowel syndrome (SBS). The current research shows that over and above known trophic effects, the combination of GLP-2 and EGF synergistically lengthens the bowel in neonatal piglet models of SBS. Most notable benefit occurred with resection of the terminal ileum, the common clinical anatomy seen in neonatal SBS and associated with least de novo lengthening postsurgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Lim
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Crystal L Levesque
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota
| | - Donna F Vine
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mitsuru Muto
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jacob R Koepke
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota
| | - Patrick N Nation
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Pamela R Wizzard
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Julang Li
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - David L Bigam
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Patricia L Brubaker
- Departments of Physiology and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Justine M Turner
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; .,Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Paul W Wales
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Surgery and Group for the Improvement of Intestinal Function and Treatment, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and
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