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Flores-Opazo M, Kopinke D, Helmbacher F, Fernández-Verdejo R, Tuñón-Suárez M, Lynch GS, Contreras O. Fibro-adipogenic progenitors in physiological adipogenesis and intermuscular adipose tissue remodeling. Mol Aspects Med 2024; 97:101277. [PMID: 38788527 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2024.101277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Excessive accumulation of intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) is a common pathological feature in various metabolic and health conditions and can cause muscle atrophy, reduced function, inflammation, insulin resistance, cardiovascular issues, and unhealthy aging. Although IMAT results from fat accumulation in muscle, the mechanisms underlying its onset, development, cellular components, and functions remain unclear. IMAT levels are influenced by several factors, such as changes in the tissue environment, muscle type and origin, extent and duration of trauma, and persistent activation of fibro-adipogenic progenitors (FAPs). FAPs are a diverse and transcriptionally heterogeneous population of stromal cells essential for tissue maintenance, neuromuscular stability, and tissue regeneration. However, in cases of chronic inflammation and pathological conditions, FAPs expand and differentiate into adipocytes, resulting in the development of abnormal and ectopic IMAT. This review discusses the role of FAPs in adipogenesis and how they remodel IMAT. It highlights evidence supporting FAPs and FAP-derived adipocytes as constituents of IMAT, emphasizing their significance in adipose tissue maintenance and development, as well as their involvement in metabolic disorders, chronic pathologies and diseases. We also investigated the intricate molecular pathways and cell interactions governing FAP behavior, adipogenesis, and IMAT accumulation in chronic diseases and muscle deconditioning. Finally, we hypothesize that impaired cellular metabolic flexibility in dysfunctional muscles impacts FAPs, leading to IMAT. A deeper understanding of the biology of IMAT accumulation and the mechanisms regulating FAP behavior and fate are essential for the development of new therapeutic strategies for several debilitating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Kopinke
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32610, FL, USA; Myology Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | | | - Rodrigo Fernández-Verdejo
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA; Laboratorio de Fisiología Del Ejercicio y Metabolismo (LABFEM), Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Finis Terrae, Chile.
| | - Mauro Tuñón-Suárez
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Del Ejercicio y Metabolismo (LABFEM), Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Finis Terrae, Chile.
| | - Gordon S Lynch
- Centre for Muscle Research, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Parkville 3010, Australia.
| | - Osvaldo Contreras
- Developmental and Regenerative Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia; School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia.
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Touceda V, Fontana Estevez F, Cacciagiú L, Finocchietto P, Bustos R, Vidal A, Berg G, Morales C, González G, Miksztowicz V. Liraglutide improves adipose tissue remodeling and mitochondrial dynamics in a visceral obesity model induced by a high-fat diet. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2024; 6:100185. [PMID: 38846009 PMCID: PMC11153889 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2024.100185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Central obesity is characterized by visceral adipose tissue (VAT) expansion, considered one of the main risk factors for metabolic complications. In recent years, new drugs have been studied for obesity treatment. Liraglutide (LGT), a GLP-1 agonist, decreases body weight, however, several mechanisms of action on VAT are still unknown. Aim to study the effect of LGT on factors associated with VAT remodeling and mitochondrial dynamics in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Methods C57BL/6 mice were divided into Control (C) and HFD. After 15 weeks of feeding, each group was subdivided according to LGT administration for 5 weeks: C, C + LGT, HFD, and HFD + LGT. In epididymal AT (EAT) we evaluated histological and mitochondrial characteristics, vascularity, gelatinase activity (MMPs), and galectin-3 expression. Results HFD presented larger adipocytes (p < 0.05), and lower vascular density and MMP-9 activity (p < 0.01) than C, while a major number of smaller adipocytes (p < 0.05) and an increase in vascularity (p < 0.001) and MMP-9 activity (p < 0.01) was observed in HFD + LGT. Collagen content was higher (p < 0.05) in EAT from HFD and decreased in HFD + LGT. In C, C + LGT, and HFD + LGT, mitochondria were predominantly tubular-shaped while in HFD mitochondria were mostly spherical (p < 0.001). Conclusion LGT positively influences VAT behavior by modulating gelatinase activity, enhancing vascularization, and improving adipocyte histological characteristics. Additionally, LGT improves mitochondrial dynamics, a process that would favor VAT functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Touceda
- Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina. Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (UCA-CONICET), Laboratorio de Patología Cardiovascular Experimental e Hipertensión Arterial, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Odontología, Cátedra de Bioquímica General y Bucal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Florencia Fontana Estevez
- Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina. Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (UCA-CONICET), Laboratorio de Patología Cardiovascular Experimental e Hipertensión Arterial, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leonardo Cacciagiú
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Odontología, Cátedra de Bioquímica General y Bucal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Hospital General de Agudos Teodoro Álvarez, Laboratorio Central, Sección Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paola Finocchietto
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM. UBA-CONICET), Laboratorio de Metabolismo del Oxígeno, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Romina Bustos
- Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina. Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (UCA-CONICET), Laboratorio de Patología Cardiovascular Experimental e Hipertensión Arterial, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustina Vidal
- Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina. Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (UCA-CONICET), Laboratorio de Patología Cardiovascular Experimental e Hipertensión Arterial, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Berg
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Laboratorio de Lípidos y Aterosclerosis, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Celina Morales
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Patología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Germán González
- Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina. Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (UCA-CONICET), Laboratorio de Patología Cardiovascular Experimental e Hipertensión Arterial, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Veronica Miksztowicz
- Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina. Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (UCA-CONICET), Laboratorio de Patología Cardiovascular Experimental e Hipertensión Arterial, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Odontología, Cátedra de Bioquímica General y Bucal, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Iacobini C, Vitale M, Haxhi J, Menini S, Pugliese G. Impaired Remodeling of White Adipose Tissue in Obesity and Aging: From Defective Adipogenesis to Adipose Organ Dysfunction. Cells 2024; 13:763. [PMID: 38727299 PMCID: PMC11083890 DOI: 10.3390/cells13090763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The adipose organ adapts and responds to internal and environmental stimuli by remodeling both its cellular and extracellular components. Under conditions of energy surplus, the subcutaneous white adipose tissue (WAT) is capable of expanding through the enlargement of existing adipocytes (hypertrophy), followed by de novo adipogenesis (hyperplasia), which is impaired in hypertrophic obesity. However, an impaired hyperplastic response may result from various defects in adipogenesis, leading to different WAT features and metabolic consequences, as discussed here by reviewing the results of the studies in animal models with either overexpression or knockdown of the main molecular regulators of the two steps of the adipogenesis process. Moreover, impaired WAT remodeling with aging has been associated with various age-related conditions and reduced lifespan expectancy. Here, we delve into the latest advancements in comprehending the molecular and cellular processes underlying age-related changes in WAT function, their involvement in common aging pathologies, and their potential as therapeutic targets to influence both the health of elderly people and longevity. Overall, this review aims to encourage research on the mechanisms of WAT maladaptation common to conditions of both excessive and insufficient fat tissue. The goal is to devise adipocyte-targeted therapies that are effective against both obesity- and age-related disorders.
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Echouffo‐Tcheugui JB, Zhang S, Florido R, Pankow JS, Michos ED, Goldberg RB, Nambi V, Gerstenblith G, Post WS, Blumenthal RS, Ballantyne CM, Coresh J, Selvin E, Ndumele CE. Galectin-3, Metabolic Risk, and Incident Heart Failure: The ARIC Study. J Am Heart Assoc 2024; 13:e031607. [PMID: 38471823 PMCID: PMC11010020 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.031607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is unclear how metabolic syndrome (MetS) and diabetes affect Gal-3 (galectin 3) levels and the resulting implications for heart failure (HF) risk. We assessed relationships of MetS and diabetes with Gal-3, and their joint associations with incident HF. METHODS AND RESULTS We included 8445 participants without HF (mean age, 63 years; 59% men; 16% Black race) at ARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities) study visit 4 (1996-1999). We categorized participants as having MetS only, MetS with diabetes, or neither, and by quartiles of MetS severity Z score. We assessed cross-sectional associations of metabolic risk categories with high Gal-3 level (≥75th percentile) using logistic regression. We used Cox regression to evaluate combined associations of metabolic risk categories and Gal-3 quartiles with HF. In cross-sectional analyses, compared with no MetS and no diabetes, MetS only (odds ratio [OR], 1.24 [95% CI, 1.10-1.41]) and MetS with diabetes (OR, 1.59 [95% CI, 1.32-1.92]) were associated with elevated Gal-3. Over a median follow-up of 20.5 years, there were 1749 HF events. Compared with individuals with neither diabetes nor MetS and with Gal-3 in the lowest quartile, the combination of MetS with diabetes and Gal-3 ≥75th percentile was associated with a 4-fold higher HF risk (hazard ratio, 4.35 [95% CI, 3.30-5.73]). Gal-3 provided HF prognostic information above and beyond MetS, NT-proBNP (N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide), high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T, and CRP (C-reactive protein) (ΔC statistic for models with versus without Gal-3: 0.003; P=0.004). CONCLUSIONS MetS and diabetes are associated with elevated Gal-3. The HF risk significantly increased with the combination of greater metabolic risk and higher Gal-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin B. Echouffo‐Tcheugui
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of MedicineJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMD
| | - Sui Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical ResearchJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMDUnited States
| | - Roberta Florido
- Division of Cardiology, Department of MedicineJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMD
| | - James S. Pankow
- Department of Epidemiology at the University of MinnesotaMinneapolisMN
| | - Erin D. Michos
- Division of Cardiology, Department of MedicineJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMD
| | - Ronald B. Goldberg
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of MedicineUniversity of MiamiMiamiFL
| | - Vijay Nambi
- Section of Cardiovascular ResearchBaylor College of Medicine and Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular CenterHoustonTX
| | - Gary Gerstenblith
- Division of Cardiology, Department of MedicineJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMD
| | - Wendy S. Post
- Division of Cardiology, Department of MedicineJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMD
| | - Roger S. Blumenthal
- Division of Cardiology, Department of MedicineJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMD
| | - Christie M. Ballantyne
- Section of Cardiovascular ResearchBaylor College of Medicine and Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular CenterHoustonTX
| | - Josef Coresh
- Department of Epidemiology and Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical ResearchJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMDUnited States
| | - Elizabeth Selvin
- Department of Epidemiology and Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical ResearchJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMDUnited States
| | - Chiadi E. Ndumele
- Division of Cardiology, Department of MedicineJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMD
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Kim MS, Baek JH, Lee J, Sivaraman A, Lee K, Chun KH. Deubiquitinase USP1 enhances CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta (C/EBPβ) stability and accelerates adipogenesis and lipid accumulation. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:776. [PMID: 38012162 PMCID: PMC10681981 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06317-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several metabolic disorders, including obesity, diabetes, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; however, the mechanisms controlling pathogenic metabolic disorders remain unclear. Transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta (C/EBPβ) regulates adipogenic genes. The study showed that the expression level of C/EBPβ is post-translationally regulated by the deubiquitinase ubiquitin-specific protease 1 (USP1) and that USP1 expression is remarkably upregulated during adipocyte differentiation and in the adipose tissue of mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). We found that USP1 directly interacts with C/EBPβ. Knock-down of USP1 decreased C/EBPβ protein stability and increased its ubiquitination. Overexpression of USP1 regulates its protein stability and ubiquitination, whereas catalytic mutant of USP1 had no effect on them. It suggests that USP1 directly deubiquitinases C/EBPβ and increases the protein expression, leading to adipogenesis and lipid accumulation. Notably, the USP1-specific inhibitor ML323-originally developed to sensitize cancer cells to DNA-damaging agents-decreased adipocyte differentiation and lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells without cytotoxicity. Oral gavage of ML323 was administered to HFD-fed mice, which showed weight loss and improvement in insulin and glucose sensitivity. Both fat mass and adipocyte size in white adipose tissues were significantly reduced by ML323 treatment, which also reduced the expression of genes involved in adipogenesis and inflammatory responses. ML323 also reduced lipid accumulation, hepatic triglycerides, free fatty acids, and macrophage infiltration in the livers of HFD-fed mice. Taken together, we suggest that USP1 plays an important role in adipogenesis by regulating C/EBPβ ubiquitination, and USP1-specific inhibitor ML323 is a potential treatment option and further study by ML323 is needed for clinical application for metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung Sup Kim
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Genetic Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwan Baek
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Genetic Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - JinAh Lee
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Aneesh Sivaraman
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hee Chun
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Genetic Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
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Ji X, Jiang Z, Qiu Y, Yu J, Zhang Y, Wang J, Ye B, Huang Y, Gu W, Huang Y, Chen J, Bao Z. High blood galectin-3 level associated with risk of frailty in aging. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1189192. [PMID: 37818088 PMCID: PMC10560881 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1189192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Frailty is one of the most problematic expressions of population aging, but its underlying mechanism has not been fully elucidated. Circulating galectin-3 (Gal-3) is involved in the pathogenesis of many age-related diseases. This study aims to explore the influence of circulating Gal-3 on the regulation of frailty and aging and to identify the potential mechanism further. Methods In this cross-sectional analysis, the Fried frailty phenotype (FP) was assessed among 149 community elderly residents in Shanghai. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated by the Ficoll-Paque density gradient method, and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) encoding transcription factors in frailty were detected by Illumina and bioinformatics analyzed with R software. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analyses and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses were performed to explore the functional roles of these DEGs and the target genes related to frailty phenotypes. The serum Gal-3 concentration was tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Mouse frailty phenotype was used to construct an in vivo model of frailty, after which the serum levels of circulating Gal-3 and its gene expression levels in mouse tissues were determined. Results Participants' mean age was 72.04 ± 7.05 years. In total, 21.48% were frail and 36.91% were pre-frail. The mean serum Gal-3 concentration was 46.34 ± 17.99 ng/mL in frail participants, 32.30 ± 8.14 ng/mL in pre-frail participants, and 26.00 ± 5.87 ng/mL in non-frail individuals (p < 0.001). Significant positive correlations between serum Gal-3 level and FP score, SARC-F score, C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6, etc., were observed. In addition, the KEGG pathway and GO enrichment analyses showed that 265 DEGs in PBMCs of frail participants were mainly related to inflammatory response, translation, RNA binding, protein binding, ribosome, and primary immunodeficiency. LGALS3 was identified as the overlapping gene between frailty-related DEGs and aging-related DEGs. The elevated serum Gal-3 concentration in the in vivo model of frailty was consistent with the results in participants. Conclusion In both community-dwelling older adults and aged mice, serum Gal-3 concentration was positively correlated with frailty. This circulating mediator may be a promising indicator of frailty. Clinical trial registration Chinese Clinical Trial Registry identifier, ChiCTR2000036399.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Ji
- Department of General Practice, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Huadong Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaoshun Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Huadong Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yixuan Qiu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiaming Yu
- Department of General Practice, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Huadong Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of General Practice, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Huadong Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaofeng Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Huadong Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Ye
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Huadong Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuxin Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Huadong Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weidong Gu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Huadong Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiqin Huang
- Department of General Practice, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Huadong Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Huadong Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijun Bao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Huadong Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of National Clinical Research Center for Ageing and Medicine, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Baek JH, Kim MS, Jung HR, Hwang MS, Lee CH, Han DH, Lee YH, Yi EC, Im SS, Hwang I, Kim K, Chung JY, Chun KH. Ablation of the deubiquitinase USP15 ameliorates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Exp Mol Med 2023:10.1038/s12276-023-01036-7. [PMID: 37394587 PMCID: PMC10394025 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01036-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) occurs due to the accumulation of fat in the liver, leading to fatal liver diseases such as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis. Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying NAFLD is critical for its prevention and therapy. Here, we observed that deubiquitinase USP15 expression was upregulated in the livers of mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) and liver biopsies of patients with NAFLD or NASH. USP15 interacts with lipid-accumulating proteins such as FABPs and perilipins to reduce ubiquitination and increase their protein stability. Furthermore, the severity of NAFLD induced by an HFD and NASH induced by a fructose/palmitate/cholesterol/trans-fat (FPC) diet was significantly ameliorated in hepatocyte-specific USP15 knockout mice. Thus, our findings reveal an unrecognized function of USP15 in the lipid accumulation of livers, which exacerbates NAFLD to NASH by overriding nutrients and inducing inflammation. Therefore, targeting USP15 can be used in the prevention and treatment of NAFLD and NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hwan Baek
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Myung Sup Kim
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hye Ryeon Jung
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Convergence Science and Technology and College of Medicine or College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Min-Seon Hwang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chan-Ho Lee
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dai Hoon Han
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong-Ho Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Eugene C Yi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Convergence Science and Technology and College of Medicine or College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Seung-Soon Im
- Department of Physiology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, 42601, South Korea
| | - Ilseon Hwang
- Department of Pathology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Kyungeun Kim
- Department of Pathology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, 03181, South Korea
| | - Joon-Yong Chung
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Kyung-Hee Chun
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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8
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Ezhilarasan D. Unraveling the pathophysiologic role of galectin-3 in chronically injured liver. J Cell Physiol 2023; 238:673-686. [PMID: 36745560 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3) previously referred to as S-type lectins, is a soluble protein that specifically binds to β-galactoside carbohydrates with high specificity. Gal-3 plays a pivotal role in a variety of pathophysiological processes such as cell proliferation, inflammation, differentiation, angiogenesis, transformation and apoptosis, pre-mRNA splicing, metabolic syndromes, fibrosis, and host defense. The role of Gal-3 has also been implicated in liver diseases. Gal-3 is activated upon a hepatotoxic insult to the liver and its level has been shown to be upregulated in fatty liver diseases, inflammation, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cholangitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Gal-3 directly interacts with the NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3, and activates the inflammasome in macrophages of the liver. In the chronically injured liver, Gal-3 secreted by injured hepatocytes and immune cells, activates hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) in a paracrine fashion to acquire a myofibroblast like collagen-producing phenotype. Activated HSCs in the fibrotic liver secrete Gal-3 which acts via autocrine signaling to exacerbate extracellular matrix synthesis and fibrogenesis. In the stromal microenvironment, Gal-3 activates cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasiveness, and metastasis. Clinically, increased serum levels and Gal-3 expression were observed in the liver tissue of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, fibrotic/cirrhotic, and HCC patients. The pathological role of Gal-3 has been experimentally and clinically reported in the progression of chronic liver disease. Therefore, this review discusses the pathological role of Gal-3 in the progression of chronic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devaraj Ezhilarasan
- Department of Pharmacology, Molecular Medicine and Toxicology Lab, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Armani A, Feraco A, Camajani E, Gorini S, Lombardo M, Caprio M. Nutraceuticals in Brown Adipose Tissue Activation. Cells 2022; 11:cells11243996. [PMID: 36552762 PMCID: PMC9776638 DOI: 10.3390/cells11243996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and its associated comorbidities have become pandemic, and challenge the global healthcare system. Lifestyle changes, nutritional interventions and phamaceuticals should be differently combined in a personalized strategy to tackle such a public health burden. Altered brown adipose tissue (BAT) function contributes to the pathophysiology of obesity and glucose metabolism dysfunctions. BAT thermogenic activity burns glucose and fatty acids to produce heat through uncoupled respiration, and can dissipate the excessive calorie intake, reduce glycemia and circulate fatty acids released from white adipose tissue. Thus, BAT activity is expected to contribute to whole body energy homeostasis and protect against obesity, diabetes and alterations in lipid profile. To date, pharmacological therapies aimed at activating brown fat have failed in clinical trials, due to cardiovascular side effects or scarce efficacy. On the other hand, several studies have identified plant-derived chemical compounds capable of stimulating BAT thermogenesis in animal models, suggesting the translational applications of dietary supplements to fight adipose tissue dysfunctions. This review describes several nutraceuticals with thermogenic properties and provides indications, at a molecular level, of the regulation of the adipocyte thermogenesis by the mentioned phytochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Armani
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele, 00166 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Alessandra Feraco
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Camajani
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Gorini
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Lombardo
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Caprio
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele, 00166 Rome, Italy
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10
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Jing Z, Li Y, Ma Y, Zhang X, Liang X, Zhang X. Leverage biomaterials to modulate immunity for type 1 diabetes. Front Immunol 2022; 13:997287. [DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.997287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogeny of type 1 diabetes (T1D) is mainly provoked by the β-cell loss due to the autoimmune attack. Critically, autoreactive T cells firsthand attack β-cell in islet, that results in the deficiency of insulin in bloodstream and ultimately leads to hyperglycemia. Hence, modulating immunity to conserve residual β-cell is a desirable way to treat new-onset T1D. However, systemic immunosuppression makes patients at risk of organ damage, infection, even cancers. Biomaterials can be leveraged to achieve targeted immunomodulation, which can reduce the toxic side effects of immunosuppressants. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in harness of biomaterials to immunomodulate immunity for T1D. We investigate nanotechnology in targeting delivery of immunosuppressant, biological macromolecule for β-cell specific autoreactive T cell regulation. We also explore the biomaterials for developing vaccines and facilitate immunosuppressive cells to restore immune tolerance in pancreas.
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11
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Polat SHB, Dariyerli ND. A Physiological Approach to Inflammatory Markers in Obesity. Biomark Med 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/9789815040463122010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is one of the most critical health problems all over the world; it is
associated with metabolic dysfunction and overnutrition. Changes in the physiological
function of adipose tissue, leading to altered secretion of adipocytokines, inflammatory
mediators release, and chronic low-grade inflammation, are seen in obesity.
Macrophages, neutrophils, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, B cells, natural killer T (NKT)
cells, eosinophils, mast cells, and adipocytes are involved in the inflammatory response
that occurs during obesity. Various inflammatory markers are released from these cells.
In this chapter, we will mention inflammatory mechanisms and markers of obesity.
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12
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Mijailović NR, Vesic K, Arsenijevic D, Milojević-Rakić M, Borovcanin MM. Galectin-3 Involvement in Cognitive Processes for New Therapeutic Considerations. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:923811. [PMID: 35875353 PMCID: PMC9296991 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.923811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment may be a consequence of the normal aging process, but it may also be the hallmark of various neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases. Early identification of individuals at particular risk for cognitive decline is critical, as it is imperative to maintain a cognitive reserve in these neuropsychiatric entities. In recent years, galectin-3 (Gal-3), a member of the galectin family, has received considerable attention with respect to aspects of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. The mechanisms behind the putative relationship between Gal-3 and cognitive impairment are not yet clear. Intrigued by this versatile molecule and its unique modular architecture, the latest data on this relationship are presented here. This mini-review summarizes recent findings on the mechanisms by which Gal-3 affects cognitive functioning in both animal and human models. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of Gal-3 in modulating the inflammatory response as a fine-tuner of microglia morphology and phenotype. A review of recent literature on the utility of Gal-3 as a biomarker is provided, and approaches to strategically exploit Gal-3 activities with therapeutic intentions in neuropsychiatric diseases are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataša R. Mijailović
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
- *Correspondence: Nataša R. Mijailović,
| | - Katarina Vesic
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Dragana Arsenijevic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | | | - Milica M. Borovcanin
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
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13
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Aga H, Soultoukis G, Stadion M, Garcia-Carrizo F, Jähnert M, Gottmann P, Vogel H, Schulz TJ, Schürmann A. Distinct Adipogenic and Fibrogenic Differentiation Capacities of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Pancreas and White Adipose Tissue. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042108. [PMID: 35216219 PMCID: PMC8876166 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic steatosis associates with β-cell failure and may participate in the development of type-2-diabetes. Our previous studies have shown that diabetes-susceptible mice accumulate more adipocytes in the pancreas than diabetes-resistant mice. In addition, we have demonstrated that the co-culture of pancreatic islets and adipocytes affect insulin secretion. The aim of this current study was to elucidate if and to what extent pancreas-resident mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) with adipogenic progenitor potential differ from the corresponding stromal-type cells of the inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT). miRNA (miRNome) and mRNA expression (transcriptome) analyses of MSCs isolated by flow cytometry of both tissues revealed 121 differentially expressed miRNAs and 1227 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Target prediction analysis estimated 510 DEGs to be regulated by 58 differentially expressed miRNAs. Pathway analyses of DEGs and miRNA target genes showed unique transcriptional and miRNA signatures in pancreas (pMSCs) and iWAT MSCs (iwatMSCs), for instance fibrogenic and adipogenic differentiation, respectively. Accordingly, iwatMSCs revealed a higher adipogenic lineage commitment, whereas pMSCs showed an elevated fibrogenesis. As a low degree of adipogenesis was also observed in pMSCs of diabetes-susceptible mice, we conclude that the development of pancreatic steatosis has to be induced by other factors not related to cell-autonomous transcriptomic changes and miRNA-based signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heja Aga
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; (H.A.); (M.S.); (M.J.); (P.G.); (H.V.)
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, 85764 München, Germany; (G.S.); (T.J.S.)
| | - George Soultoukis
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, 85764 München, Germany; (G.S.); (T.J.S.)
- Department of Adipocyte Development and Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), 14558 Nuthetal, Germany;
| | - Mandy Stadion
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; (H.A.); (M.S.); (M.J.); (P.G.); (H.V.)
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, 85764 München, Germany; (G.S.); (T.J.S.)
| | - Francisco Garcia-Carrizo
- Department of Adipocyte Development and Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), 14558 Nuthetal, Germany;
| | - Markus Jähnert
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; (H.A.); (M.S.); (M.J.); (P.G.); (H.V.)
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, 85764 München, Germany; (G.S.); (T.J.S.)
| | - Pascal Gottmann
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; (H.A.); (M.S.); (M.J.); (P.G.); (H.V.)
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, 85764 München, Germany; (G.S.); (T.J.S.)
| | - Heike Vogel
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; (H.A.); (M.S.); (M.J.); (P.G.); (H.V.)
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, 85764 München, Germany; (G.S.); (T.J.S.)
- Research Group Genetics of Obesity, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
- Research Group Molecular and Clinical Life Science of Metabolic Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, University of Potsdam, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Tim J. Schulz
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, 85764 München, Germany; (G.S.); (T.J.S.)
- Department of Adipocyte Development and Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), 14558 Nuthetal, Germany;
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Potsdam, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Annette Schürmann
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; (H.A.); (M.S.); (M.J.); (P.G.); (H.V.)
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, 85764 München, Germany; (G.S.); (T.J.S.)
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Potsdam, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-33-200-88-2368
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14
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Takada N, Takasugi M, Nonaka Y, Kamiya T, Takemura K, Satoh J, Ito S, Fujimoto K, Uematsu S, Yoshida K, Morita T, Nakamura H, Uezumi A, Ohtani N. Galectin-3 promotes the adipogenic differentiation of PDGFRα+ cells and ectopic fat formation in regenerating muscle. Development 2022; 149:274217. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.199443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Worldwide prevalence of obesity is associated with the increase of lifestyle-related diseases. The accumulation of intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) is considered a major problem whereby obesity leads to sarcopenia and metabolic disorders and thus is a promising target for treating these pathological conditions. However, whereas obesity-associated IMAT is suggested to originate from PDGFRα+ mesenchymal progenitors, the processes underlying this adipogenesis remain largely unexplored. Here, we comprehensively investigated intra- and extracellular changes associated with these processes using single-cell RNA sequencing and mass spectrometry. Our single-cell RNA sequencing analysis identified a small PDGFRα+ cell population in obese mice directed strongly toward adipogenesis. Proteomic analysis showed that the appearance of this cell population is accompanied by an increase in galectin-3 in interstitial environments, which was found to activate adipogenic PPARγ signals in PDGFRα+ cells. Moreover, IMAT formation during muscle regeneration was significantly suppressed in galectin-3 knockout mice. Our findings, together with these multi-omics datasets, could unravel microenvironmental networks during muscle regeneration highlighting possible therapeutic targets against IMAT formation in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Takada
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Masaki Takasugi
- Department of Pathophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Nonaka
- Department of Pathophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Tomonori Kamiya
- Department of Pathophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Takemura
- Department of Pathophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Junko Satoh
- Division for Mass Spectrometry, Medical Research Support Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shinji Ito
- Division for Mass Spectrometry, Medical Research Support Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kosuke Fujimoto
- Department of Immunology and Genomics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
- Division of Metagenome Medicine, Human Genome Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Satoshi Uematsu
- Department of Immunology and Genomics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
- Division of Metagenome Medicine, Human Genome Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Kayo Yoshida
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
- Facility of Laboratory Animals, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Takashi Morita
- Facility of Laboratory Animals, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nakamura
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Uezumi
- Muscle Aging and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Naoko Ohtani
- Department of Pathophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
- AMED-CREST, AMED, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan
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15
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Rahimian R, Belliveau C, Chen R, Mechawar N. Microglial Inflammatory-Metabolic Pathways and Their Potential Therapeutic Implication in Major Depressive Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:871997. [PMID: 35782423 PMCID: PMC9245023 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.871997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports the notion that neuroinflammation plays a critical role in the etiology of major depressive disorder (MDD), at least in a subset of patients. By virtue of their capacity to transform into reactive states in response to inflammatory insults, microglia, the brain's resident immune cells, play a pivotal role in the induction of neuroinflammation. Experimental studies have demonstrated the ability of microglia to recognize pathogens or damaged cells, leading to the activation of a cytotoxic response that exacerbates damage to brain cells. However, microglia display a wide range of responses to injury and may also promote resolution stages of inflammation and tissue regeneration. MDD has been associated with chronic priming of microglia. Recent studies suggest that altered microglial morphology and function, caused either by intense inflammatory activation or by senescence, may contribute to depression and associated impairments in neuroplasticity. In this context, modifying microglia phenotype by tuning inflammatory pathways might have important translational relevance to harness neuroinflammation in MDD. Interestingly, it was recently shown that different microglial phenotypes are associated with distinct metabolic pathways and analysis of the underlying molecular mechanisms points to an instrumental role for energy metabolism in shaping microglial functions. Here, we review various canonical pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory and metabolic pathways in microglia that may provide new therapeutic opportunities to control neuroinflammation in brain disorders, with a strong focus on MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Rahimian
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Verdun, QC, Canada
| | - Claudia Belliveau
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Verdun, QC, Canada.,Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Rebecca Chen
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Verdun, QC, Canada.,Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Naguib Mechawar
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Verdun, QC, Canada.,Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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16
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Scheiter A, Evert K, Reibenspies L, Cigliano A, Annweiler K, Müller K, Pöhmerer LMG, Xu H, Cui G, Itzel T, Materna-Reichelt S, Coluccio A, Honarnejad K, Teufel A, Brochhausen C, Dombrowski F, Chen X, Evert M, Calvisi DF, Utpatel K. RASSF1A independence and early galectin-1 upregulation in PIK3CA-induced hepatocarcinogenesis: new therapeutic venues. Mol Oncol 2021; 16:1091-1118. [PMID: 34748271 PMCID: PMC8895452 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of the phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mTOR and Ras/mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways is a hallmark of hepatocarcinogenesis. In a subset of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs), PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling dysregulation depends on phosphatidylinositol‐4,5‐bisphosphate 3‐kinase, catalytic subunit alpha (PIK3CA) mutations, while RAS/MAPK activation is partly attributed to promoter methylation of the tumor suppressor Ras association domain‐containing protein 1 (RASSF1A). To evaluate a possible cocarcinogenic effect of PIK3CA activation and RASSF1A knockout, plasmids expressing oncogenic forms of PIK3CA (E545K or H1047R mutants) were delivered to the liver of RASSF1A knockout and wild‐type mice by hydrodynamic tail vein injection combined with sleeping beauty‐mediated somatic integration. Transfection of either PIK3CA E545K or H1047R mutants sufficed to induce HCCs in mice irrespective of RASSF1A mutational background. The related tumors displayed a lipogenic phenotype with upregulation of fatty acid synthase and stearoyl‐CoA desaturase‐1 (SCD1). Galectin‐1, which was commonly upregulated in preneoplastic lesions and tumors, emerged as a regulator of SCD1. Co‐inhibitory treatment with PIK3CA inhibitors and the galectin‐1 inhibitor OTX008 resulted in synergistic cytotoxicity in human HCC cell lines, suggesting novel therapeutic venues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katja Evert
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Karolina Müller
- Center for Clinical Studies, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Hongwei Xu
- Department of Liver Surgery, Center of Liver Transplantation, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Guofei Cui
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Timo Itzel
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Silvia Materna-Reichelt
- Division of Personalized Tumor Therapy, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Coluccio
- Division of Personalized Tumor Therapy, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kamran Honarnejad
- Division of Personalized Tumor Therapy, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Teufel
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Frank Dombrowski
- Institute of Pathology, University Medicine of Greifswald, Germany
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Matthias Evert
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, Germany
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17
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Borovcanin MM, Vesic K, Jovanovic M, Mijailovic NR. Galectin-3 possible involvement in antipsychotic-induced metabolic changes of schizophrenia: A minireview. World J Diabetes 2021; 12:1731-1739. [PMID: 34754374 PMCID: PMC8554363 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i10.1731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, specific immunometabolic profiles have been postulated in patients with schizophrenia, even before full-blown disease and independent of antipsychotic treatment. Proteomic profiling studies offer a promising potential for elucidating the cellular and molecular pathways that may be involved in the onset and progression of schizophrenia symptoms, and co-occurrent metabolic changes. In view of all this, we were intrigued to explore galectin-3 (Gal-3) as a glycan, and in our previous study, we measured its elevated levels in remission of schizophrenia. The finding may be a consequence of antipsychotic treatment and may have an impact on the onset of inflammation, the development of obesity, and the presumed cognitive changes in schizophrenia. In the animal study, it was shown that downregulation of Gal-3 was beneficial in insulin regulation of obesity and cognitive preservation. Strategies involving plasma exchange are discussed in this review, particularly in the context of Gal-3 elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica M Borovcanin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kragujevac 34000, Sumadija, Serbia
| | - Katarina Vesic
- Department of Neurology, University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kragujevac 34000, Sumadija, Serbia
| | - Milena Jovanovic
- PhD Studies, University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kragujevac 34000, Sumadija, Serbia
- Clinic for Nephrology and Dialysis, University Clinical Center Kragujevac, Kragujevac 34000, Sumadija, Serbia
| | - Natasa R Mijailovic
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kragujevac 34000, Sumadija, Serbia
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18
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Physical Activity Attenuates the Obesity-Induced Dysregulated Expression of Brown Adipokines in Murine Interscapular Brown Adipose Tissue. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910391. [PMID: 34638731 PMCID: PMC8508858 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, brown adipose tissue (BAT), which has a high heat-producing capacity, has been confirmed to exist even in adults, and it has become a focal point for the prevention and the improvement of obesity and lifestyle-related diseases. However, the influences of obesity and physical activity (PA) on the fluid factors secreted from BAT (brown adipokines) are not well understood. In this study, therefore, we focused on brown adipokines and investigated the effects of obesity and PA. The abnormal expressions of gene fluid factors such as galectin-3 (Lgals3) and Lgals3 binding protein (Lgals3bp), whose proteins are secreted from HB2 brown adipocytes, were observed in the interscapular BAT of obese mice fed a high-fat diet for 4 months. PA attenuated the abnormalities in the expressions of these genes. Furthermore, although the gene expressions of factors related to brown adipocyte differentiation such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-α were also down-regulated in the BAT of the obese mice, PA suppressed the down-regulation of these factors. On the other hand, lipogenesis was increased more in HB2 cells overexpressing Lgals3 compared with that in control cells, and the overexpression of Lgals3bp decreased the mitochondrial mass. These results indicate that PA attenuates the obesity-induced dysregulated expression of brown adipokines and suggests that Lgals3 and Lgals3bp are involved in brown adipocyte differentiation.
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19
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Tauer JT, Boraschi-Diaz I, Al Rifai O, Rauch F, Ferron M, Komarova SV. Male but not female mice with severe osteogenesis imperfecta are partially protected from high-fat diet-induced obesity. Mol Genet Metab 2021; 133:211-221. [PMID: 33814269 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2021.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Previously we have shown that young mice with a dominant severe form of osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), caused by mutated collagen type I, exhibit an altered glucose/insulin metabolism and energy expenditure along with elevated levels of osteocalcin, a bone-derived hormone involved in the regulation of whole-body metabolism. This study aimed to examine the long-term effects of a western diet in these OI mice. Male and female OI mice and wild type littermates (WT) were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) or a matched low-fat diet (LFD) for 26 weeks. HFD-induced obesity was observed in male and female WT and female OI mice, but not in male OI mice. HFD-fed WT and OI mice of both sexes developed hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance, but the degree of glucose intolerance was significantly lower in male and female OI mice compared to sex- and diet-matched WT mice. Indirect calorimetry revealed increased movement of male OI mice on HFD compared to LFD and, while HFD lowered energy expenditure in WT mice, energy expenditure was not changed in OI mice. Further, HFD-fed male OI mice demonstrated a diet-induced increased expression of the thermogenesis genes, Ucp1 and Pgc1α, in brown adipose tissue. On LFD, total and Gla-13 osteocalcin levels were similar in 30-week-old WT and OI mice, but on HFD, both were significantly higher in OI mice than WT. Thus, male OI mice respond to HFD with increased movement, energy expenditure, brown adipose tissue thermogenesis, and higher levels of osteocalcin, resulting in partial protection against HFD-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine T Tauer
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Shriners Hospital for Children-Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Iris Boraschi-Diaz
- Shriners Hospital for Children-Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Omar Al Rifai
- Unité de Recherche en Physiologie Moléculaire, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Frank Rauch
- Shriners Hospital for Children-Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mathieu Ferron
- Unité de Recherche en Physiologie Moléculaire, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Départements de Médecine et de Biochimie et Médecine Moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Svetlana V Komarova
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Shriners Hospital for Children-Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Zhen S, Ma Y, Han Y, Zhao Z, Yang X, Wen D. Serum galectin-3BP as a novel marker of obesity and metabolic syndrome in Chinese adolescents. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2021; 9:9/1/e001894. [PMID: 33910911 PMCID: PMC8094345 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Childhood obesity (OB) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) have become a worldwide health problem. Comparative proteomic approaches are widely used in human OB to analyze protein changes in blood plasma. The present study determined the galectin-3 binding protein (galectin-3BP) expression level in different weight categories and assessed the associations between galectin-3BP and OB and MetS. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The current study included 932 Chinese adolescents 13-18 years of age. The biochemical and anthropometric variables of all the subjects were evaluated using standardized procedures. The differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were investigated among 60 adolescents (20 normal weight, 20 overweight and 20 obese) using tandem mass tag (TMT) quantitative proteomics. The serum galectin-3BP level was measured using ELISA. The associations between galectin-3BP and OB and MetS were analyzed in 932 adolescents using multiple logistic regression analyses. RESULTS A significant DEP, galectin-3BP, can effectively separate the obese from the normal weight group using TMT. Adolescents in tertile 3 of galectin-3BP, when compared with adolescents in the tertile 1, were positively associated with OB (OR=3.32, 95% CI 1.79 to 6.16) and MetS (OR=3.28, 95% CI 1.30 to 8.26). The receiver operating characteristic curve for galectin-3BP in subjects with MetS indicated that the area under the curve was 0.85 (95% CI 0.79 to 0.91). CONCLUSIONS This study confirmed an association between galectin-3BP and OB in Chinese adolescents, and galectin-3BP was also positively associated with MetS, and thus might be useful for identifying adolescents with MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihan Zhen
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanan Ma
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanshuo Han
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhongyi Zhao
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xuelian Yang
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Deliang Wen
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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21
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Rahimian R, Béland LC, Sato S, Kriz J. Microglia-derived galectin-3 in neuroinflammation; a bittersweet ligand? Med Res Rev 2021; 41:2582-2589. [PMID: 33733487 DOI: 10.1002/med.21784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Galectins are soluble β-galactoside-binding proteins found in all multicellular organisms. Galectins may act as danger-associated molecular patterns in innate immunity and/or as pattern-recognition receptors that bind to pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Among different galectin family members, galectin-3 has been the focus of studies in neurodegenerative diseases in recent years. This lectin modulates brain innate immune responses, microglia activation patterns in physiological and pathophysiological settings in a context-dependent manner. Galectin-3 is considered as a pivotal tuner of macrophage and microglial activity. Indeed galectin-3 acts as a double edged sword in neuroinflammatory context and this multimodal lectin has diverse roles in physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Better understanding of galectin-3 physiology (its extracellular and intracellular actions) and structure (its C terminus vs. N terminus) is instrumental to design molecules that selectively modulate galectin-3 function toward neuroprotective phenotypes. Several experimental studies using different approaches and methods have demonstrated both protective and deleterious effects of galectin-3 in neuroinflammatory diseases. According to the crucial role of galectin-3 in modulation of innate immune response in brain, it is an attractive target in drug discovery of neurodegenerative diseases. The current insight attempts to provide an updated and balanced discussion on the role of galectin-3 as a complex endogenous immune modulator. This helps to have a better insight into the development of galectin-3 modulators with translational value in different neurological disorders including stroke and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Rahimian
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Sachiko Sato
- Glycobiology and Bioimaging Laboratory, Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, CHU de Quebec Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jasna Kriz
- CERVO Brain Research Centre and Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, Canada
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22
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Wu Z, Liu J, Chen G, Du J, Cai H, Chen X, Ye G, Luo Y, Luo Y, Zhang L, Duan H, Liu Z, Yang S, Sun H, Cui Y, Sun L, Zhang H, Shi G, Wei T, Liu P, Yan X, Feng J, Bu P. CD146 is a Novel ANGPTL2 Receptor that Promotes Obesity by Manipulating Lipid Metabolism and Energy Expenditure. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2004032. [PMID: 33747748 PMCID: PMC7967059 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202004032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and its related complications pose an increasing threat to human health; however, targetable obesity-related membrane receptors are not yet elucidated. Here, the membrane receptor CD146 is demonstrated to play an essential role in obesity. In particular, CD146 acts as a new adipose receptor for angiopoietin-like protein 2 (ANGPTL2), which is thought to act on endothelial cells to activate adipose inflammation. ANGPTL2 binds to CD146 to activate cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), which then upregulates CD146 during adipogenesis and adipose inflammation. CD146 is present in preadipocytes and mature adipocytes, where it is mediated by its ligands ANGPTL2 and galectin-1. In preadipocytes, CD146 ablation suppresses adipogenesis, whereas the loss of CD146 in mature adipocytes suppresses lipid accumulation and enhances energy expenditure. Moreover, anti-CD146 antibodies inhibit obesity by disrupting the interactions between CD146 and its ligands. Together, these findings demonstrate that ANGPTL2 directly affects adipocytes via CD146 to promote obesity, suggesting that CD146 can be a potential target for treating obesity.
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23
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Poklukar K, Čandek-Potokar M, Vrecl M, Batorek-Lukač N, Fazarinc G, Kress K, Stefanski V, Škrlep M. Adipose Tissue Gene Expression of Entire Male, Immunocastrated and Surgically Castrated Pigs. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1768. [PMID: 33578947 PMCID: PMC7916650 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Differences in adipose tissue deposition and properties between pig male sex categories, i.e., entire males (EM), immunocastrates (IC) and surgical castrates (SC) are relatively well-characterized, whereas the underlying molecular mechanisms are still not fully understood. To gain knowledge about the genetic regulation of the differences in adipose tissue deposition, two different approaches were used: RNA-sequencing and candidate gene expression by quantitative PCR. A total of 83 differentially expressed genes were identified between EM and IC, 15 between IC and SC and 48 between EM and SC by RNA-sequencing of the subcutaneous adipose tissue. Comparing EM with IC or SC, upregulated genes related to extracellular matrix dynamics and adipogenesis, and downregulated genes involved in the control of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism were detected. Differential gene expression generally indicated high similarity between IC and SC as opposed to EM, except for several heat shock protein genes that were upregulated in EM and IC compared with SC. The candidate gene expression approach showed that genes involved in lipogenesis were downregulated in EM compared with IC pigs, further confirming RNA-sequencing results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klavdija Poklukar
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova ulica 17, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.P.); (M.Č.-P.); (N.B.-L.)
| | - Marjeta Čandek-Potokar
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova ulica 17, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.P.); (M.Č.-P.); (N.B.-L.)
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Maribor, Pivola 10, 2311 Hoče, Slovenia
| | - Milka Vrecl
- Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva ulica 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.V.); (G.F.)
| | - Nina Batorek-Lukač
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova ulica 17, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.P.); (M.Č.-P.); (N.B.-L.)
| | - Gregor Fazarinc
- Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva ulica 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.V.); (G.F.)
| | - Kevin Kress
- Behavioural Physiology of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (K.K.); (V.S.)
| | - Volker Stefanski
- Behavioural Physiology of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (K.K.); (V.S.)
| | - Martin Škrlep
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova ulica 17, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.P.); (M.Č.-P.); (N.B.-L.)
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Rice Bran Oil Attenuates Chronic Inflammation by Inducing M2 Macrophage Switching in High-Fat Diet-Fed Obese Mice. Foods 2021; 10:foods10020359. [PMID: 33562395 PMCID: PMC7914799 DOI: 10.3390/foods10020359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are involved in all inflammatory processes from killing pathogens to repairing damaged tissue. In the obese state, macrophages infiltrate into enlarged adipose tissue and polarize into pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages, resulting in chronic low-grade inflammation due to the secretion of inflammatory mediators. Rice bran oil (RBO) is an edible oil containing tocopherols, tocotrienols, and γ-oryzanol. Previous research in normal diet-fed mice suggested that RBO mitigates inflammatory responses by modulating mitochondrial respiration of macrophages. Therefore, we investigated if RBO had an anti-inflammatory effect in diet-induced obese mice by assessing the expression of inflammatory markers in epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) and polarization of bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). Rice bran oil exerted a local anti-inflammatory effect in white adipose tissue by suppressing the production of inflammatory mediators and upregulating transcription of anti-inflammatory genes. Rice bran oil also promoted anti-inflammatory M2 macrophage polarization in BMDMs thereby affecting systemic inflammation. Overall, our in vivo and ex vivo results highlight the potential of RBO as a dietary mediator that can ameliorate obesity-induced chronic low-grade inflammation by mediating the expression of inflammation-related factors and macrophage polarization.
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25
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Galectin-1 accelerates high-fat diet-induced obesity by activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) in mice. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:66. [PMID: 33431823 PMCID: PMC7801586 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03367-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-1 contains a carbohydrate-recognition domain (CRD) as a member of the lectin family. Here, we investigated whether galectin-1 regulates adipogenesis and lipid accumulation. Galectin-1 mRNA is highly expressed in metabolic tissues such as the muscle and adipose tissues. Higher mRNA expression of galectin-1 was detected in white adipose tissues (WATs) of mice that were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) than in those of mice fed a normal-fat diet (NFD). Protein expression of galectin-1 also increased during adipocyte differentiation. Galectin-1 silencing inhibited the differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells and the expression of lipogenic factors, such as PPARγ, C/EBPα, FABP4, and FASN at both mRNA and protein levels. Lactose, an inhibitor by the binding with CRD of galectin-1 in extracellular matrix, did not affect adipocyte differentiation. Galectin-1 is localized in multiple cellular compartments in 3T3-L1 cells. However, we found that DMI (dexamethasone, methylisobutylxanthine, insulin) treatment increased its nuclear localization. Interestingly, galectin-1 interacted with PPARγ. Galectin-1 overexpression resulted in increased PPARγ expression and transcriptional activity. Furthermore, we prepared galectin-1-knockout (Lgals1−/−) mice and fed a 60% HFD. After 10 weeks, Lgals1−/− mice exhibited lower body weight and gonadal WAT (gWAT) mass than wild-type mice. Fasting glucose level was also lower in Lgals1−/−mice than that in wild-type mice. Moreover, lipogenic genes were significantly downregulated in the gWATs and liver tissues from Lgals1−/− mice. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as CCL2, CCL3, TNFα, and F4/80, as well as macrophage markers, were also drastically downregulated in the gWATs and liver tissues of Lgals1−/− mice. In addition, Lgals1−/−mice showed elevated expression of genes involved in thermogenesis in the brown adipose tissue. Collectively, galectin-1 exacerbates obesity of mice fed HFD by increment of PPARγ expression and activation. Our findings suggest that galectin-1 could be a potential therapeutic target for obesity and needed further study for clinical application.
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26
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Pilling D, Karhadkar TR, Gomer RH. A CD209 ligand and a sialidase inhibitor differentially modulate adipose tissue and liver macrophage populations and steatosis in mice on the Methionine and Choline-Deficient (MCD) diet. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0244762. [PMID: 33378413 PMCID: PMC7773271 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes and is characterized by the accumulation of fat in the liver (steatosis). NAFLD can transition into non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), with liver cell injury, inflammation, and an increased risk of fibrosis. We previously found that injections of either 1866, a synthetic ligand for the lectin receptor CD209, or DANA, a sialidase inhibitor, can inhibit inflammation and fibrosis in multiple animal models. The methionine and choline-deficient (MCD) diet is a model of NASH which results in the rapid induction of liver steatosis and inflammation. In this report, we show that for C57BL/6 mice on a MCD diet, injections of both 1866 and DANA reversed MCD diet-induced decreases in white fat, decreases in adipocyte size, and white fat inflammation. However, these effects were not observed in type 2 diabetic db/db mice on a MCD diet. In db/db mice on a MCD diet, 1866 decreased liver steatosis, but these effects were not observed in C57BL/6 mice. There was no correlation between the ability of 1866 or DANA to affect steatosis and the effects of these compounds on the density of liver macrophage cells expressing CLEC4F, CD64, F4/80, or Mac2. Together these results indicate that 1866 and DANA modulate adipocyte size and adipose tissue macrophage populations, that 1866 could be useful for modulating steatosis, and that changes in the local density of 4 different liver macrophages cell types do not correlate with effects on liver steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrell Pilling
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Tejas R Karhadkar
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Richard H Gomer
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
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27
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Blasetti Fantauzzi C, Iacobini C, Menini S, Vitale M, Sorice GP, Mezza T, Cinti S, Giaccari A, Pugliese G. Galectin-3 gene deletion results in defective adipose tissue maturation and impaired insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20070. [PMID: 33208796 PMCID: PMC7675972 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76952-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Adiposopathy is a pathological adipose tissue (AT) response to overfeeding characterized by reduced AT expandability due to impaired adipogenesis, which favors inflammation, insulin resistance (IR), and abnormal glucose regulation. However, it is unclear whether defective adipogenesis causes metabolic derangement also independently of an increased demand for fat storage. As galectin-3 has been implicated in both adipocyte differentiation and glucose homeostasis, we tested this hypothesis in galectin-3 knockout (Lgal3−/−) mice fed a standard chow. In vitro, Lgal3−/− adipocyte precursors showed impaired terminal differentiation (maturation). Two-month-old Lgal3−/− mice showed impaired AT maturation, with reduced adipocyte size and expression of adipogenic genes, but unchanged fat mass and no sign of adipocyte degeneration/death or ectopic fat accumulation. AT immaturity was associated with AT and whole-body inflammation and IR, glucose intolerance, and hyperglycemia. Five-month-old Lgal3−/− mice exhibited a more mature AT phenotype, with no difference in insulin sensitivity and expression of inflammatory cytokines versus WT animals, though abnormal glucose homeostasis persisted and was associated with reduced β-cell function. These data show that adipogenesis capacity per se affects AT function, insulin sensitivity, and glucose homeostasis independently of increased fat intake, accumulation and redistribution, thus uncovering a direct link between defective adipogenesis, IR and susceptibility to diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Blasetti Fantauzzi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, "La Sapienza" University, Via di Grottarossa, 1035-1039, 00189, Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Iacobini
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, "La Sapienza" University, Via di Grottarossa, 1035-1039, 00189, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Menini
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, "La Sapienza" University, Via di Grottarossa, 1035-1039, 00189, Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Vitale
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, "La Sapienza" University, Via di Grottarossa, 1035-1039, 00189, Rome, Italy
| | - Gian Pio Sorice
- Centre for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Teresa Mezza
- Centre for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Saverio Cinti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Center of Obesity, University of Ancona (Politecnica delle Marche), Ancona, Italy
| | - Andrea Giaccari
- Centre for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pugliese
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, "La Sapienza" University, Via di Grottarossa, 1035-1039, 00189, Rome, Italy.
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Alves MT, de Souza IDP, Ferreira CN, Cândido AL, Bizzi MF, Oliveira FR, Reis FM, Gomes KB. Galectin-3 is a potential biomarker to insulin resistance and obesity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Gynecol Endocrinol 2020; 36:760-763. [PMID: 32157924 DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2020.1739267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine and metabolic disorder that affects women in reproductive age. This study aimed to evaluate Gal-3 levels and its role on metabolic parameters in women with PCOS. Gal-3 was measured in 44 PCOS and 25 women recruited as control group for the case-control study. Gal-3 levels were similar between PCOS and control groups (p > 0.05), but showed a positive correlation with glucose levels in the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) (r = 0.403, p = 0.037), body mass index (BMI) (r = 0.469, p = 0.027), insulin levels (r = 0.453, p = 0.030) and HOMA-IR (r = 0.738, p = 0.037) in PCOS group. The data suggest that Gal-3 plays a role in the pathophysiology of the insulin resistance and obesity in PCOS group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle T Alves
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Cláudia N Ferreira
- Colégio Técnico, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia Cândido
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mariana F Bizzi
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Flávia R Oliveira
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Maternidade Odete Valadares - Fundação Hospitalar do Estado de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fernando M Reis
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Karina B Gomes
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Åkra S, Aksnes TA, Flaa A, Eggesbø HB, Opstad TB, Njerve IU, Seljeflot I. Markers of remodeling in subcutaneous adipose tissue are strongly associated with overweight and insulin sensitivity in healthy non-obese men. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14055. [PMID: 32820223 PMCID: PMC7441176 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71109-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alteration in extracellular matrix (ECM) in adipose tissues (AT) has been associated with insulin resistance, diabetes and obesity. We investigated whether selected biomarkers of ECM remodeling in AT in healthy subjects associated with the amount and distribution of AT and with glucometabolic variables. Subcutaneous AT and fasting blood samples from 103 middle-aged healthy non-obese men were used. AT gene expression and circulating levels of the biomarkers were quantified. Distribution of AT was assessed by computed tomography, separated into subcutaneous, deep subcutaneous and visceral AT. Insulin sensitivity was measured by glucose clamp technique. Metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, tissue inhibitor of MMP (TIMP)-1 and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 expression in AT correlated significantly to the amount of AT in all compartments (rs = 0.41-0.53, all p ≤ 0.01), and to insulin sensitivity, insulin, C-peptide, waist circumference and body mass index (BMI) (rs = 0.25-0.57, all p ≤ 0.05). MMP-9 was 5.3 fold higher in subjects with insulin sensitivity below median (p = 0.002) and 3.1 fold higher in subjects with BMI above median level (p = 0.013). In our healthy non-obese middle-aged population AT-expressed genes, central in remodeling of ECM, associated strongly with the amount of abdominal AT, overweight and insulin sensitivity, indicating AT-remodeling to play a role also in non-obese individuals. The remodeling process seems furthermore to associate significantly with glucometabolic disturbances.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01412554. Registered 9 August 2011, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01412554?term=NCT01412554 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Sissel Åkra
- Department of Cardiology, Center for Clinical Heart Research, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Pb 4956 Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Tonje A Aksnes
- Section of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Section for Interventional Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Heart-, Lung-, and Vascular-Disease Clinic, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Arnljot Flaa
- Section of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Heidi B Eggesbø
- Division of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trine Baur Opstad
- Department of Cardiology, Center for Clinical Heart Research, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Pb 4956 Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ida U Njerve
- Department of Cardiology, Center for Clinical Heart Research, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Pb 4956 Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingebjørg Seljeflot
- Department of Cardiology, Center for Clinical Heart Research, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Pb 4956 Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Tazhitdinova R, Timoshenko AV. The Emerging Role of Galectins and O-GlcNAc Homeostasis in Processes of Cellular Differentiation. Cells 2020; 9:cells9081792. [PMID: 32731422 PMCID: PMC7465113 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectins are a family of soluble β-galactoside-binding proteins with diverse glycan-dependent and glycan-independent functions outside and inside the cell. Human cells express twelve out of sixteen recognized mammalian galectin genes and their expression profiles are very different between cell types and tissues. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the changes in the expression of individual galectins at mRNA and protein levels in different types of differentiating cells and the effects of recombinant galectins on cellular differentiation. A new model of galectin regulation is proposed considering the change in O-GlcNAc homeostasis between progenitor/stem cells and mature differentiated cells. The recognition of galectins as regulatory factors controlling cell differentiation and self-renewal is essential for developmental and cancer biology to develop innovative strategies for prevention and targeted treatment of proliferative diseases, tissue regeneration, and stem-cell therapy.
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Sun J, Zhang L, Fang J, Yang S, Chen L. Galectin-3 mediates high-glucose-induced cardiomyocyte injury by the NADPH oxidase/reactive oxygen species pathway. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2020; 98:826-833. [PMID: 32311288 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2019-0708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Galectin-3 is a member of the β-galactoside-binding lectin family taking part in the regulation of inflammation, angiogenesis, and fibrosis. This study was designed to study the improved effect of galectin-3 inhibition on diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into the control, DCM, and DCM + modified citrus pectin (MCP) (a galectin-3 pharmacological inhibitor) groups. After 8 weeks, streptozotocin-induced DCM led to high blood glucose level, oxidative stress, cardiac injury, and dysfunction accompanied by suppressed body mass. On the contrary, MCP (100 mg·kg-1·day-1) administration improved body mass and blood glucose level and attenuated cardiac injury and dysfunction in DCM rats. Additionally, MCP attenuated pathological changes in plasma and myocardial tissue markers of oxidative stress, such as hydrogen peroxide and malonyldialdehyde, although it did not change superoxide dismutase activities, which were decreased in the DCM group. The levels of oxidative stress associated proteins evaluated by Western blot, such as p67phox and NADPH oxidase 4, were obviously increased in the DCM group, while they were reversed by MCP treatment. Therefore, galectin-3-mediated high-glucose-induced cardiomyocyte injury and galectin-3 inhibition attenuated DCM by suppressing NADPH oxidase. These findings suggested that galectin-3 could be a potential target for treatment of patients with DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingang Sun
- Linyi Central Hospital, Linyi, China, 276400
| | | | | | - Shuguo Yang
- Linyi Central Hospital, Linyi, China, 276400
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Rahimian R, Lalancette-Hébert M, Weng YC, Sato S, Kriz J. Glucosamine-mediated immunomodulation after stroke is sexually dimorphic. Brain Behav Immun Health 2020; 3:100041. [PMID: 34589834 PMCID: PMC8474641 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that galectin-3 (Gal-3) is instrumental in orchestrating innate immune response and microglia activation following different brain pathologies. However, its role remains controversial. We recently showed that a readily available natural product glucosamine may act as a strong modulator of Gal-3. Glucosamine is a naturally occurring sugar and a precursor in the synthesis of glycosylated proteins. It is often used as a supplement to treat symptoms of various inflammatory conditions. Our recent work suggests that by increasing the synthesis and availability of Gal-3 ligands and/or by regulating its expression levels, glucosamine may significantly modulate Gal-3 signaling. Because evidence suggests that Gal-3 might be differentially regulated after ischemic injury in the brains of female mice, here we examined and compared the immunomodulatory potential of glucosamine in male and female stroke. The mice were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), followed by different reperfusion periods. The short-term 5 days treatment with glucosamine (150 mg/kg i.p.) was initiated 2 hrs after stroke. To visualize the effects of glucosamine treatment on post-stroke inflammation, we took advantage of a transgenic mouse model bearing the dual reporter system luciferase/GFP under transcriptional control of a murine TLR2 promoter (TLR2-luc-GFP) allowing in vivo bioluminescence imaging of innate immune response and microglial activation. We report that after stroke, both, male and female mice strongly up-regulate the TLR2 bioluminescence signals from activated microglia, however, the observed in vivo immunomodulatory effects of glucosamine after stroke were sex-dependent. Analysis of cytokine profiles at protein level, in glucosamine-treated male mice 72hsr after stroke, revealed down regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, an increase in levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines including IL-4, IL13 and colony stimulating factors MCFC and GM-CSF and a significant decrease in the size of ischemic lesion in male mice. Conversely, in female mice glucosamine markedly increases the pro-inflammatory signaling and exacerbates ischemic injury. Analysis of the downstream signaling target of glucosamine/Gal-3 revealed that glucosamine administration restored PPAR-γ activity in male but not in female mice 3 days following MCAO. Together, our results suggest that glucosamine acts as a fine tuner of post-ischemic inflammation in a sex dependent-manner and may have therapeutic potential after stroke in males. Based on our results propose that targeting immune system after stroke may require adapted sex-specific therapeutic approaches. Immunomodulatory effects of glucosamine are sex dependent. Glucosamine differentially modulates galectin-3/IL4R signaling in male and female mice. Glucosamine restores PPAR-gamma transcriptional activity in male mice and protects against stroke in male mice. Glucosamine increases inflammatory signaling and exacerbates ischemic injury in female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Rahimian
- CERVO Brain Research Centre and Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, QC, G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - Melanie Lalancette-Hébert
- CERVO Brain Research Centre and Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, QC, G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - Yuan Cheng Weng
- CERVO Brain Research Centre and Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, QC, G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - Sachiko Sato
- Glycobiology Laboratory, Research Centre for Infectious Disease, Université Laval, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Jasna Kriz
- CERVO Brain Research Centre and Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, QC, G1J 2G3, Canada
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Roles of galectin-3 in metabolic disorders and tumor cell metabolism. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 142:463-473. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Kang HG, Kim WJ, Kang HG, Chun KH, Kim SJ. Galectin-3 Interacts with C/EBPβ and Upregulates Hyaluronan-Mediated Motility Receptor Expression in Gastric Cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2019; 18:403-413. [PMID: 31822520 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-19-0811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The hyaluronan-mediated motility receptor (HMMR) is overexpressed in gastric cancer; however, the apparent role of HMMR has not been well defined owing to lack of detailed studies on gastric tumorigenesis. Therefore, we elucidated the functional and regulatory mechanisms of HMMR in gastric cancer. Using publicly available data, we confirmed HMMR overexpression in patients with gastric cancer. HMMR silencing decreased proliferation, migration, and invasion of gastric cancer cells, whereas HMMR overexpression reversed these effects. A gastric cancer xenograft mouse model showed statistically significant inhibition of tumor growth upon HMMR depletion. Previous data from cDNA microarray showed reduced HMMR expression upon inhibition of galectin-3. However, overexpression of galectin-3 increased HMMR expression, cell proliferation, and motility in gastric cancer cells, whereas HMMR silencing blocked these effects. Interestingly, galectin-3 interacted directly with C/EBPβ and bound to HMMR promoter to drive its transcription, and gastric cancer cell proliferation and motility. Altogether, high expression of HMMR promoted gastric cancer cell proliferation and motility and could be a prognostic factor in gastric cancer. In addition, HMMR expression was regulated by the interaction between C/EBPβ and galectin-3. Therefore, targeting HMMR along with galectin-3 and C/EBPβ complex could be a potential treatment strategy for inhibiting gastric cancer progression and metastasis. IMPLICATIONS: This study provides evidence that galectin-3 interacts with C/EBPβ in gastric cancer, and galectin-3 and C/EBPβ complex promotes gastric cancer cell progression and motility through upregulating HMMR expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Gu Kang
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Natural Sciences, Chosun University, 61452, Gwangju, Republic of Korea (South).,Department of Life Science & Brain Korea 21 Plus Research Team for Bioactive Control Technology, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea (South)
| | - Won-Jin Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Natural Sciences, Chosun University, 61452, Gwangju, Republic of Korea (South).,Department of Life Science & Brain Korea 21 Plus Research Team for Bioactive Control Technology, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea (South)
| | - Hyeok-Gu Kang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea (South).,Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (South)
| | - Kyung-Hee Chun
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea (South). .,Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (South)
| | - Seok-Jun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Natural Sciences, Chosun University, 61452, Gwangju, Republic of Korea (South). .,Department of Life Science & Brain Korea 21 Plus Research Team for Bioactive Control Technology, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea (South)
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Eliaz I, Raz A. Pleiotropic Effects of Modified Citrus Pectin. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11112619. [PMID: 31683865 PMCID: PMC6893732 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Modified citrus pectin (MCP) has a low-molecular-weight degree of esterification to allow absorption from the small intestinal epithelium into the circulation. MCP produces pleiotropic effects, including but not limited to its antagonism of galectin-3, which have shown benefit in preclinical and clinical models. Regarding cancer, MCP modulates several rate-limiting steps of the metastatic cascade. MCP can also affect cancer cell resistance to chemotherapy. Regarding fibrotic diseases, MCP modulates many of the steps involved in the pathogenesis of aortic stenosis. MCP also reduces fibrosis to the kidney, liver, and adipose tissue. Other benefits of MCP include detoxification and improved immune function. This review summarizes the pleiotropic effects of MCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Eliaz
- Amitabha Medical Clinic and Healing Center, 398 Tesconi Ct, Santa Rosa, CA 95401, USA.
| | - Avraham Raz
- Departments of Oncology and Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University and Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, 4100 John R St, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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Vora A, de Lemos JA, Ayers C, Grodin JL, Lingvay I. Association of Galectin-3 With Diabetes Mellitus in the Dallas Heart Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:4449-4458. [PMID: 31162551 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2019-00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Galectin-3 is a biomarker associated with inflammation and fibrosis in cardiac, liver, and renal disease. Galectin-3 is higher in overweight and obese individuals; whether an association with diabetes exists independent of weight is unknown. OBJECTIVE To evaluate if galectin-3 is associated with diabetes mellitus. DESIGN We performed measurements of galectin-3 among participants in the Dallas Heart Study (DHS) Phases 1 and 2 (DHS-1 and DHS-2; n = 3392, and n = 3194, respectively). Of these, 1989 participants were evaluated longitudinally in both studies. Associations of galectin-3 with prevalent and incident type 2 diabetes were determined using logistic regression models. Associations of galectin-3 with relevant biomarkers and fat compartments were evaluated using Spearman correlation coefficients and multivariable linear regression models, respectively. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS DHS is a population-based, single-site, multiethnic study conducted in Dallas County, Texas, with oversampling to comprise 50% blacks. RESULTS Galectin-3 levels were associated with diabetes prevalence in DHS-1 [OR 1.56 per SD change in log-galectin (95% CI 1.41 to 1.73)] and DHS-2 [OR 1.86 (95% CI 1.67 to 2.06)]. Galectin-3 levels in DHS-1 also associated with incident diabetes mellitus over the 7.1 (interquartile range 6.6 to 7.6)-year follow-up period [OR 1.34 (95% CI 1.14 to 1.58)]. These associations maintained significance in models adjusted for traditional metabolic risk factors (age, sex, race, body mass index, and hypertension) and renal function. Galectin-3 levels correlated with levels of biomarkers implicated in inflammation (high-sensitivity C-reactive peptide, IL-18, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, soluble TNF receptor 1A, myeloperoxidase), insulin secretion (C-peptide and C-peptide/homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance), and subcutaneous adiposity. CONCLUSIONS Galectin-3 is associated with diabetes prevalence and incidence, possibly through the inflammatory pathway contributing to β-cell fibrosis and impaired insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Vora
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Texas
| | - James A de Lemos
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Texas
| | - Colby Ayers
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Texas
| | - Justin L Grodin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Texas
| | - Ildiko Lingvay
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Texas
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Texas
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37
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Berberine inhibits adipocyte differentiation, proliferation and adiposity through down-regulating galectin-3. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13415. [PMID: 31527742 PMCID: PMC6746795 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50103-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study is designed to investigate the effects of berberine (BBR) on galectin-3 (Gal-3) and the relationships to its suppressive activities on adipocyte differentiation, proliferation and adiposity. Our results showed that BBR greatly suppressed the differentiation and proliferation of mouse primary preadipocytes isolated from epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT), during which the expression level of Gal-3 was down-regulated significantly. Overexpression of Gal-3 totally abolished the suppressive activities of BBR on Gal-3 expression, preadipocyte differentiation and proliferation. BBR reduced Gal-3 promoter activity, destabilized its mRNA and inhibited firefly luciferase activity of a recombinant plasmid containing the Gal-3 3′ untranslated region (UTR). Furthermore, BBR up-regulated microRNA (miRNA) let-7d expression and the suppressive activity on Gal-3 3′UTR was abolished by point mutation on the let-7d binding site. In mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD), BBR up-regulated let-7d and down-regulated Gal-3 expression in eWAT; it also suppressed adipocyte differentiation and proliferation and reduced adiposity greatly. In summary, our study proves that BBR inhibits the differentiation and proliferation of adipocytes through down-regulating Gal-3, which is closely associated with its anti-obesity effect. Our results may support the future clinical application of BBR for the treatment of obesity or related diseases.
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38
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The relationship of serum galectin-3 levels with obesity and insulin resistance. JOURNAL OF SURGERY AND MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.28982/josam.602984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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39
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Wu W, Zhang D, Yin Y, Ji M, Xu K, Huang X, Peng Y, Zhang J. Comprehensive transcriptomic view of the role of the LGALS12 gene in porcine subcutaneous and intramuscular adipocytes. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:509. [PMID: 31215398 PMCID: PMC6582507 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5891-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Livestock production aims to provide meats of high and consistent eating quality. Insufficient intramuscular (IM) fat and excessive subcutaneous (SC) fat are paramount pork quality challenges. IM fat and SC fat, which are modulated by the adipogenesis of IM and SC adipocytes, play key roles in pork quality. Galectin-12 (LGALS12) was proven to be an important regulator of fat deposition in porcine. However, the current knowledge of the transcriptome-wide role of LGALS12 in adipocytes is still limited. This study was aimed to discover the different regulatory mechanisms of LGALS12 in porcine IM and SC adipocyte. Results The siRNA-mediated knockdown of the expression of LGALS12 identified 1075 and 3016 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in IM and SC adipocytes, respectively. Among these, 585 were up- and 490 were downregulated in the IM adipocytes, while 2186 were up- and 830 were downregulated in the SC adipocytes. Moreover, 418 DGEs were observed only in the IM adipocytes, 2359 DGEs only in the SC adipocytes, and 657 DGEs in both types of adipocytes. According to Gene Ontology (GO) analysis, DEGs in both IM and SC adipocytes were mainly enriched in categories related to lipids or fat cell differentiation. Pathway analysis of the DEGs revealed 88 changed signaling pathways in the IM adipocytes and 86 in the SC adipocytes. The signaling pathways present in only one type of adipocyte were identified from among the top 50 signaling pathways in each type of adipocyte. Four signaling pathways, encompassing PI3K-AKT, cardiac muscle contraction, fatty acid metabolism and Ras, were significantly enriched in the IM adipocytes. On the other hand, four different signaling pathways, encompassing TNF, WNT, cGMP-PKG and NF-kappa B, were greatly enriched in the SC ones. The pathway changes were confirmed by chemical inhibition assays. Conclusions Our data reveals that LGALS12 knockdown alters the expression of numerous genes involved in key biological processes in the development of adipocytes. These observations provide a global view of the role of LGALS12 in porcine IM and SC adipocytes; thus, improving our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms by which this gene acts in fat development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5891-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Wu
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314001, China
| | - Dawei Zhang
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314001, China
| | - Yajun Yin
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314001, China
| | - Miao Ji
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qin Huangdao Hebei, 066000, China
| | - Ke Xu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qin Huangdao Hebei, 066000, China
| | - Xin Huang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qin Huangdao Hebei, 066000, China
| | - Yongjia Peng
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314001, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314001, China.
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Berezin AE. Prognostication of clinical outcomes in diabetes mellitus: Emerging role of cardiac biomarkers. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2019; 13:995-1003. [PMID: 31336558 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remains substantial health problem and one of the most prevalent metabolic diseases worldwide. The impact of T2DM on CV mortality and morbidity is embedded through a nature evolution of the disease and is modulated by numerous risk factors, such as hypertension, obesity, dyslipidemia. There is large body of evidence regarding use of the cardiac biomarkers to risk stratification at higher CV risk individuals who belongs to general population and cohort with established CV disease. Although T2DM patients have higher incidence of cardiac and vascular complications than the general population, whether cardiac biomarkers would be effective to risk stratification of the T2DM is not fully understood. The aim of the review is to summarize our knowledge regarding clinical implementation of cardiac biomarkers in risk assessment for T2DM patients. The role of natriuretic peptides, soluble ST2, galectin-3, growth differentiation factor-15, and cardiac troponins are widely discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander E Berezin
- Internal Medicine Department, Medical University of Zaporozhye, Mayakovsky av., 25, Zaporozhye, 69035, Ukraine.
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41
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Kim NJ, Baek JH, Lee J, Kim H, Song JK, Chun KH. A PDE1 inhibitor reduces adipogenesis in mice via regulation of lipolysis and adipogenic cell signaling. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51:1-15. [PMID: 30635550 PMCID: PMC6329698 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-018-0198-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vinpocetine, a phosphodiesterase (PDE) type-1 inhibitor, increases cAMP and cGMP levels and is currently used for the management of cerebrovascular disorders, such as stroke, cerebral hemorrhage, and cognitive dysfunctions. In this study, we first determined that vinpocetine effectively suppressed adipogenesis and lipid accumulation. However, we questioned which molecular mechanism is involved because the role of PDE in adipogenesis is still controversial. Vinpocetine decreased adipogenic cell signaling, including the phosphorylation of ERK, AKT, JAK2, and STAT3, and adipokine secretion, including IL-6, IL-10, and IFN-α. Interestingly, vinpocetine increased the phosphorylation of HSL, suggesting the induction of the lipolysis pathway. Moreover, vinpocetine increased UCP1 expression via increasing cAMP and PKA phosphorylation. The administration of vinpocetine with a normal-chow diet (NFD) or a high-fat diet (HFD) in mice attenuated body weight gain in mice fed both the NFD and HFD. These effects were larger in the HFD-fed mice, without a difference in food intake. Vinpocetine drastically decreased fat weight and adipocyte cell sizes in gonadal and inguinal white adipose tissues and in the liver in both diet groups. Serum triacylglycerol levels and fasting blood glucose levels were reduced by vinpocetine treatment. This study suggested that vinpocetine prevents adipocyte differentiation through the inhibition of adipogenesis-associated cell signaling in the early stages of adipogenesis. Moreover, upregulating cAMP levels leads to an increase in lipolysis and UCP1 expression and then inhibits lipid accumulation. Therefore, we suggest that vinpocetine could be an effective agent for treating obesity, as well as improving cognition and cardiovascular function in older individuals. A compound extracted from the periwinkle plant can limit the over-production of fat cells and may be a useful agent for treating obesity. Being overweight is the result of changes in the size and number of fat cells, or adipocytes, in the body. Scientists are searching for molecules that can limit the growth and replication of adipocytes, but many anti-obesity agents found to date have unpleasant side-effects. Kyung-Hee Chun at Yonsei University in Seoul, South Korea and co-workers examined the effects of 502 naturally occuring compounds on adipocyte differentiation in cell culture. One compound called vincamine, which is safely used to treat vascular diseases in the brain, decreased cell signaling pathways involved in adipocyte generation in mice and also lowered fasting blood glucose levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam-Jun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwan Baek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - JinAh Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - HyeNa Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Tumor Microenvironment Research Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Kyu Song
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hee Chun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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42
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Ali Khan A, Hansson J, Weber P, Foehr S, Krijgsveld J, Herzig S, Scheideler M. Comparative Secretome Analyses of Primary Murine White and Brown Adipocytes Reveal Novel Adipokines. Mol Cell Proteomics 2018; 17:2358-2370. [PMID: 30135203 PMCID: PMC6283297 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra118.000704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The adipose organ, including white and brown adipose tissues, is an important player in systemic energy homeostasis, storing excess energy in form of lipids while releasing energy upon various energy demands. Recent studies have demonstrated that white and brown adipocytes also function as endocrine cells and regulate systemic metabolism by secreting factors that act locally and systemically. However, a comparative proteomic analysis of secreted factors from white and brown adipocytes and their responsiveness to adrenergic stimulation has not been reported yet. Therefore, we studied and compared the secretome of white and brown adipocytes, with and without norepinephrine (NE) stimulation. Our results reveal that carbohydrate-metabolism-regulating proteins are preferably secreted from white adipocytes, while brown adipocytes predominantly secrete a large variety of proteins. Upon NE stimulation, an increased secretion of known adipokines is favored by white adipocytes while brown adipocytes secreted higher amounts of novel adipokines. Furthermore, the secretory response between NE-stimulated and basal state was multifaceted addressing lipid and glucose metabolism, adipogenesis, and antioxidative reactions. Intriguingly, NE stimulation drastically changed the secretome in brown adipocytes. In conclusion, our study provides a comprehensive catalogue of novel adipokine candidates secreted from white and brown adipocytes with many of them responsive to NE. Given the beneficial effects of brown adipose tissue activation on its endocrine function and systemic metabolism, this study provides an archive of novel batokine candidates and biomarkers for activated brown adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asrar Ali Khan
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC); Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Molecular Metabolic Control, Medical Faculty, Technical University Munich, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jenny Hansson
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Weber
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC); Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Molecular Metabolic Control, Medical Faculty, Technical University Munich, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Radiation Cytogenetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sophia Foehr
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany; Proteomics of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jeroen Krijgsveld
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany; Proteomics of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Herzig
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC); Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Molecular Metabolic Control, Medical Faculty, Technical University Munich, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marcel Scheideler
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC); Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Molecular Metabolic Control, Medical Faculty, Technical University Munich, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.
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Wang Y, Cheng YS, Yin XQ, Yu G, Jia BL. Anxa2 gene silencing attenuates obesity-induced insulin resistance by suppressing the NF-κB signaling pathway. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2018; 316:C223-C234. [PMID: 30462534 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00242.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR) continues to pose a major threat to public health due to its role in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome and its ever-increasing prevalence on a global scale. The aim of the current study was to investigate the efficacy of Anxa2 in obesity-induced IR through the mediation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Microarray analysis was performed to screen differentially expressed genes associated with obesity. To verify whether Anxa2 was differentially expressed in IR triggered by obesity, IR mouse models were established in connection with a high-fat diet (HFD). In the mouse IR model, the role of differentially expressed Anxa2 in glycometabolism and IR was subsequently detected. To investigate the effect of Anxa2 on IR and its correlation with inflammation, a palmitic acid (PA)-induced IR cell model was established, with the relationship between Anxa2 and the NF-κB signaling pathway investigated accordingly. Anxa2 was determined to be highly expressed in IR. Silencing Anxa2 was shown to inhibit IR triggered by obesity. When Anxa2 was knocked down, elevated expression of phosphorylated insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1), IRS1 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor coactivator-1a, and glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity along with 2-deoxy-d-glucose uptake was detected, whereas decreased expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3, IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and p50 was observed. Taken together, the current study ultimately demonstrated that Anxa2 may be a novel drug strategy for IR disruption, indicating that Anxa2 gene silencing is capable of alleviating PA or HFD-induced IR and inflammation through its negative regulatory role in the process of p50 nuclear translocation of the NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University , Hefei , People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Sheng Cheng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University , Hefei , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Yin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University , Hefei , People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Yu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University , Hefei , People's Republic of China
| | - Ben-Li Jia
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University , Hefei , People's Republic of China
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Qin S, Sun D, Mu J, Ma D, Tang R, Zheng Y. Purple sweet potato color improves hippocampal insulin resistance via down-regulating SOCS3 and galectin-3 in high-fat diet mice. Behav Brain Res 2018; 359:370-377. [PMID: 30465813 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hippocampal insulin resistance is the key factor in cognitive deficits. The obesity induces chronic inflammation and the inflammation molecules suppressors of cytokine signaling3 (SOCS3) and galectin-3 directly impair the insulin signaling. The anti-inflammation properties of purple sweet potato color (PSPC) prompted us to investigate the effect of PSPC on cognitive impairment associated with obesity. 60 C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into four groups: normal, high fat diets (HFD), HFD+PSPC and PSPC. The mice were fed with the HFD or normal diet for 32 weeks. The PSPC (500 mg/kg/day) was administered via oral gavage from 21 to 32 weeks. The results showed the PSPC rectified the abnormal metabolism indexes induced by HFD, including ameliorated obesity, decreased the concentration of fasting blood glucose and improved the glucose tolerance. The Morris water maze test showed the PSPC alleviated the cognitive impairment in HFD mice. The PSPC decreased the expression of Iba1, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, SOCS3 and galectin-3 in hippocampus of HFD mice. The insulin signaling molecules including the p-IRS1 (Tyr608), PI3K p110α and p-AKT (Ser473) were detected and the PSPC treatment improved the insulin resistance in hippocampus of HFD mice. Furthermore, the PSPC increased Bcl-2, diminished the Bak and the cleaved-caspase3 in HFD mice hippocampus. These findings indicated that PSPC could be a potential treatment to improve the cognitive impairment associated with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suping Qin
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Dexu Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingjing Mu
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Daifu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Sweetpotato, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Xuzhou Sweetpotato Research Center, Xuzhou, China
| | - Renxian Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yuanlin Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China.
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Mice lacking galectin-3 (Lgals3) function have decreased home cage movement. BMC Neurosci 2018; 19:27. [PMID: 29716523 PMCID: PMC5930520 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-018-0428-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Galectins are a large family of proteins evolved to recognize specific carbohydrate moieties. Given the importance of pattern recognition processes for multiple biological tasks, including CNS development and immune recognition, we examined the home cage behavioral phenotype of mice lacking galectin-3 (Lgals3) function. Using a sophisticated monitoring apparatus capable of examining feeding, drinking, and movement at millisecond temporal and 0.5 cm spatial resolutions, we observed daily behavioral patterns from 10 wildtype male C57BL/6J and 10 Lgals3 constitutive knockout (Lgals3−/−; both cohorts aged 2–3 months) mice over 17 consecutive days. We performed a second behavioral assessment of this cohort at age 6–7 months. Results At both ages, Lgals3−/− mice demonstrated less movement compared to wildtype controls. Both forward locomotion and movement-in-place behaviors were decreased in Lgals3−/− mice, due to decreased bout numbers, initiation rates, and durations. We additionally noted perturbation of behavioral circadian rhythms in Lgals3−/− mice, with mice at both ages demonstrating greater variability in day-to-day performance of feeding, drinking, and movement (as assessed by Lomb-Scargle analysis) compared to wildtype. Conclusion Carbohydrate recognition tasks performed by Lgals3 may be required for appropriate development of CNS structures involved in the generation and control of locomotor behavior. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12868-018-0428-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Abstract
Microglia are the principle immune cells of the brain. Once activated, microglial cells may exhibit a wide repertoire of the context-dependent profiles ranging from highly neurotoxic to more protective and pro-regenerative cellular phenotypes. While to date the mechanisms involved in the molecular regulation of the microglia polarization phenotypes remain elusive, growing evidence suggests that gender may markedly affect the inflammatory and/or glial responses following brain injuries. In the recent years, special attention has been given to the role of microglia in sexual dimorphism, both in healthy brain and diseased brain. Here, we review recent advances revealing microglia as an important determinant of gender differences under physiological conditions and in injured brain. We also discuss how microglia-driven innate immunity and signaling pathways might be involved in the sex-dependent responses following brain ischemic injury. Finally we describe how advanced methods such as live imaging techniques may help elucidate the role of microglia in the modulation of immune responses and gender difference after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Rahimian
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, CERVO Brain Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - Pierre Cordeau
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, CERVO Brain Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - Jasna Kriz
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, CERVO Brain Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec G1J 2G3, Canada.
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Wang Q, Xi W, Yin L, Wang J, Shen H, Gao Y, Min J, Zhang Y, Wang Z. Human Epicardial Adipose Tissue cTGF Expression is an Independent Risk Factor for Atrial Fibrillation and Highly Associated with Atrial Fibrosis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3585. [PMID: 29483593 PMCID: PMC5827202 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21911-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is associated with the incidence, perpetuation, and recurrence of atrial fibrillation (AF), with elusive underlying mechanisms. We analyzed adipokine expression in samples from 20 patients with sinus rhythm (SR) and 16 with AF. Quantitative real-time PCR showed that connective tissue growth factor (cTGF) expression was significantly higher in EAT than in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) or paracardial adipose tissue (PAT) from patients with AF, and in EAT from patients with SR (P < 0.001). Galectin-3 expression was significantly higher in EAT than in SAT or PAT (P < 0.001), with no significant differences between patients with AF and SR (P > 0.05). Leptin and vaspin expression were lower in EAT than in PAT (P < 0.001). Trichrome staining showed that the fibrosis was much more severe in patients with AF than SR (P < 0.001). We found a linear relationship between cTGF mRNA expression level and collagen volume fraction (y = 1.471x + 27.330, P < 0.001), and logistic regression showed that cTGF level was an independent risk factor for AF (OR 2.369, P = 0.027). In conclusion, highly expressed in EAT, cTGF is associated with atrial fibrosis, and can be an important risk factor for AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- Center for Comprehensive Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wang Xi
- Center for Comprehensive Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Yin
- Center for Comprehensive Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Center for Comprehensive Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Shen
- Center for Comprehensive Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Center for Comprehensive Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Min
- Center for Comprehensive Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- Center for Comprehensive Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhinong Wang
- Center for Comprehensive Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
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48
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Kang HG, Kim DH, Kim SJ, Cho Y, Jung J, Jang W, Chun KH. Galectin-3 supports stemness in ovarian cancer stem cells by activation of the Notch1 intracellular domain. Oncotarget 2018; 7:68229-68241. [PMID: 27626163 PMCID: PMC5356551 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic disease because usually, it is lately sensed, easily acquires chemoresistance, and has a high recurrence rate. Recent studies suggest that ovarian cancer stem cells (CSCs) are involved in these malignancies. Here, we demonstrated that galectin-3 maintains ovarian CSCs by activating the Notch1 intracellular domain (NICD1). The number and size of ovarian CSCs decreased in the absence of galectin-3, and overexpression of galectin-3 increased them. Overexpression of galectin-3 increased the resistance for cisplatin and paclitaxel-induced cell death. Silencing of galectin-3 decreased the migration and invasion of ovarian cancer cells, and overexpression of galectin-3 reversed these effects. The Notch signaling pathway was strongly activated by galectin-3 overexpression in A2780 cells. Silencing of galectin-3 reduced the levels of cleaved NICD1 and expression of the Notch target genes, Hes1 and Hey1. Overexpression of galectin-3 induced NICD1 cleavage and increased expression of Hes1 and Hey1. Moreover, overexpression of galectin-3 increased the nuclear translocation of NICD1. Interestingly, the carbohydrate recognition domain of galectin-3 interacted with NICD1. Overexpression of galectin-3 increased tumor burden in A2780 ovarian cancer xenografted mice. Increased expression of galectin-3 was detected in advanced stages, compared to stage 1 or 2 in ovarian cancer patients, suggesting that galectin-3 supports stemness of these cells. Based on these results, we suggest that targeting galectin-3 may be a potent approach for improving ovarian cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeok Gu Kang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Hyun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Jun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunhee Cho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghyun Jung
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonhee Jang
- Department of Life Science, Dongguk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hee Chun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Zehra S, Khambati I, Vierhout M, Mian MF, Buck R, Forsythe P. Human Milk Oligosaccharides Attenuate Antigen-Antibody Complex Induced Chemokine Release from Human Intestinal Epithelial Cell Lines. J Food Sci 2018; 83:499-508. [PMID: 29377120 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
There has been increased interest in the use of dietary ingredients, including prebiotics such as human-milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), as therapeutic strategies for food allergy. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of HMOs is important to realizing their therapeutic potential. Here we demonstrate that the HMO, 6'-sialyllactose (6'SL) inhibited chemokine (IL-8 and CCL20) release from T-84 and HT-29 cells stimulated with antigen-antibody complex, TNFα or PGE2 ; an effect that was PPARγ dependent and associated with decreased activity of the transcription factors AP-1 and NFκB. In contrast, 2'-fucosyllactose (2'FL) selectively inhibited CCL20 release in response to antigen antibody complex in a PPARγ independent manner. This study reinforces the concept that structurally different oligosaccharides have distinct biological activities and identifies, for the first time, that the HMOs, 6'SL, and 2'FL, modulate human epithelial cell responses related to allergic disease. These findings encourage further investigation of the therapeutic potential of specific HMOs in food allergy. PRACTICAL APPLICATION This study provides evidence for direct effects of HMOs in addition to their prebiotic role and demonstrates, for the first time, modulation of Ag-IgE complex activation of human epithelial cells that may have important implications for food-allergy. The study also reinforces the concept that structurally different oligosaccharides have distinct biological activities. In determining the composition of infant formula, addition of oligosaccharides with specific structures may provide direct modulation of immune responses and potentially attenuate symptoms or development of food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehrish Zehra
- Dept. of Medicine, Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Univ., Hamilton, Ont., Canada
| | - Ibrahim Khambati
- Dept. of Medicine, Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Univ., Hamilton, Ont., Canada
| | - Megan Vierhout
- Dept. of Medicine, Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Univ., Hamilton, Ont., Canada
| | - M Firoz Mian
- Dept. of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Univ., Hamilton, Ont., Canada
| | - Rachael Buck
- Abbott Nutrition: a Division of Abbott Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Paul Forsythe
- Dept. of Medicine, Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Univ., Hamilton, Ont., Canada.,The Firestone Inst. for Respiratory Research, McMaster Univ., Hamilton, Ont., Canada
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50
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Sciacchitano S, Lavra L, Morgante A, Ulivieri A, Magi F, De Francesco GP, Bellotti C, Salehi LB, Ricci A. Galectin-3: One Molecule for an Alphabet of Diseases, from A to Z. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020379. [PMID: 29373564 PMCID: PMC5855601 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3) regulates basic cellular functions such as cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, growth, proliferation, differentiation, and inflammation. It is not surprising, therefore, that this protein is involved in the pathogenesis of many relevant human diseases, including cancer, fibrosis, chronic inflammation and scarring affecting many different tissues. The papers published in the literature have progressively increased in number during the last decades, testifying the great interest given to this protein by numerous researchers involved in many different clinical contexts. Considering the crucial role exerted by Gal-3 in many different clinical conditions, Gal-3 is emerging as a new diagnostic, prognostic biomarker and as a new promising therapeutic target. The current review aims to extensively examine the studies published so far on the role of Gal-3 in all the clinical conditions and diseases, listed in alphabetical order, where it was analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Sciacchitano
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Policlinico Umberto I, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy.
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Luca Lavra
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Morgante
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Ulivieri
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Fiorenza Magi
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Gian Paolo De Francesco
- Department of Oncological Science, Breast Unit, St Andrea University Hospital, Via di Grottarossa, 1035/39, 00189 Rome, Italy.
| | - Carlo Bellotti
- Operative Unit Surgery of Thyroid and Parathyroid, Sapienza University of Rome, S. Andrea Hospital, Via di Grottarossa, 1035/39, 00189 Rome, Italy.
| | - Leila B Salehi
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
- Department of Biopathology and Diagnostic Imaging, Tor Vergata University, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Alberto Ricci
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Policlinico Umberto I, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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