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Linares-Pineda TM, Gutiérrez-Repiso C, Peña-Montero N, Molina-Vega M, Rubio FL, Arana MS, Tinahones FJ, Picón-César MJ, Morcillo S. Higher β cell death in pregnant women, measured by DNA methylation patterns of cell-free DNA, compared to new-onset type 1 and type 2 diabetes subjects: a cross-sectional study. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2023; 15:115. [PMID: 37264478 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-023-01096-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a metabolic disorder of glucose homeostasis in which β cell destruction occurs silently and is detected mainly when symptoms appear. In the last few years, it has emerged a great interest in developing markers capable of detecting pancreatic β cell death focused on improving early diagnosis and getting a better treatment response, mainly in type 1 diabetes. But other types of diabetes would also benefit from early detection of β cell death. Differentially methylated circulating DNA is being studied as minimally invasive biomarker of cell death. We aimed to explore whether the unmethylated/methylated ratio of the insulin and amylin genes might be a good biomarker of β cell death in different types of diabetes. A lower index ∆Ct indicates a higher rate of β-cell death. Plasma samples from subjects without diabetes, pregnant women, pregnant with gestational diabetes (GDM), type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes were analyzed. A qPCR reaction with specific primers for both methylated and unmethylated fragments of insulin and amylin genes were carried out. Pregnant women, GDM and non- GDM, showed a higher β-cell death for both markers (∆INS = 3.8 ± 2.1 and ∆Amylin = 8.5 ± 3.6), whereas T1D presented lower rate (∆INS = 6.2 ± 2.1 and ∆Amylin = 10.7 ± 2.9) comparable to healthy subjects. The insulin methylation index was associated with the newborn birth weight (r = 0.46; p = 0.033) and with insulin resistance (r = -0.533; p = 0.027) in the GDM group. The higher rate of β-cell death was observed in pregnant women independently of their metabolic status. These indexes could be a good indicator of β cell death in processes caused by defects on insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa María Linares-Pineda
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición del Hospital Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - Carolina Gutiérrez-Repiso
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición del Hospital Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nerea Peña-Montero
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición del Hospital Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - María Molina-Vega
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición del Hospital Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - Fuensanta Lima Rubio
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición del Hospital Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - María Suárez Arana
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisco J Tinahones
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición del Hospital Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina y Dermatología, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - María José Picón-César
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición del Hospital Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain.
| | - Sonsoles Morcillo
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición del Hospital Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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2
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Humardani FM, Mulyanata LT, Dwi Putra SE. Adipose cell-free DNA in diabetes. Clin Chim Acta 2023; 539:191-197. [PMID: 36549639 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2022.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer-associated necrosis is a well-known source of cell-free DNA (cfDNA). However, the origins of cfDNA are not strictly limited to cancer. Additionally, dietary exposure induces apoptosis-induced proliferation in adipocytes, leading to the release of cfDNA. The genetic information derived from cfDNA as a result of apoptosis-induced proliferation contains specific methylation patterns in adipose tissue that can be used as a marker to detect the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) in the future. cfDNA is superior to peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) and whole blood samples for reflecting tissue pathology due to the frequent use of PBL and whole blood samples that do not match tissue pathology. The difficulty of demonstrating that cfDNA is derived from adipose tissue. We propose several promising techniques by analyzing cfDNA derived from adipose tissue to detect T2DM risk. First, adipose-specific genes such as ADIPOQ and Leptin were utilized. Second, MCTA-Seq, EpiSCORE, deconvolution, multiplexing, and automated machine learning (AutoML) were used to determine the proportion of total methylation in related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sulistyo Emantoko Dwi Putra
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Surabaya, Surabaya, Indonesia; Raya Kalingrungkut Road, Kali Rungkut, State of Rungkut, Surabaya City, East Java 60293, Indonesia.
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3
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Mei X, Zhang B, Zhao M, Lu Q. An update on epigenetic regulation in autoimmune diseases. J Transl Autoimmun 2022; 5:100176. [PMID: 36544624 PMCID: PMC9762196 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2022.100176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases (AIDs) generally manifest as chronic immune disorders characterized by significant heterogeneity and complex symptoms. The discordant incidence of AIDs between monozygotic twins guided people to attach importance to environmental factors. Epigenetics is one of the major ways to be influenced, some of them can even occur years before clinical diagnosis. With the advent of high-throughput omics times, the mysterious veil of epigenetic modification in AIDs has been gradually unraveled, and some progress has been made in utilizing it as indicators of diagnosis and disease activity. For example, the hypomethylated IFI44L promoter in diagnosing systematic lupus erythematosus (SLE). More recently, newly identified noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), including long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs), are also believed to be involved in the etiology of AIDs while the initial factor behind those epigenetic alterations can be diverse from metabolism to microbiota. Update and comprehensive insights into epigenetics in AIDs can help us understand the pathogenesis and further orchestrate it to benefit patients in the future. Therefore, we reviewed the latest epigenetic findings in SLE, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Type 1 diabetes (T1D), systemic sclerosis (SSc) primarily from cellular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaole Mei
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China,Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research on Immunological Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China,Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China,Research Unit of Key Technologies of Diagnosis and Treatment for Immune-related Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China,Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research on Immunological Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China,Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China,Research Unit of Key Technologies of Diagnosis and Treatment for Immune-related Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China,Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China,Research Unit of Key Technologies of Diagnosis and Treatment for Immune-related Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China,Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, Hunan, China,Corresponding author. Research Unit of Key Technologies of Diagnosis and Treatment for Immune-related Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Qianjin Lu
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China,Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research on Immunological Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China,Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China,Research Unit of Key Technologies of Diagnosis and Treatment for Immune-related Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China,Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, Changsha, Hunan, China,Corresponding author. Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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Liquid Biopsy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Management: Building Specific Biosignatures via Machine Learning. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11041045. [PMID: 35207316 PMCID: PMC8876363 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11041045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The need for minimally invasive biomarkers for the early diagnosis of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) prior to the clinical onset and monitoring of β-pancreatic cell loss is emerging. Here, we focused on studying circulating cell-free DNA (ccfDNA) as a liquid biopsy biomaterial for accurate diagnosis/monitoring of T2DM. Methods: ccfDNA levels were directly quantified in sera from 96 T2DM patients and 71 healthy individuals via fluorometry, and then fragment DNA size profiling was performed by capillary electrophoresis. Following this, ccfDNA methylation levels of five β-cell-related genes were measured via qPCR. Data were analyzed by automated machine learning to build classifying predictive models. Results: ccfDNA levels were found to be similar between groups but indicative of apoptosis in T2DM. INS (Insulin), IAPP (Islet Amyloid Polypeptide-Amylin), GCK (Glucokinase), and KCNJ11 (Potassium Inwardly Rectifying Channel Subfamily J member 11) levels differed significantly between groups. AutoML analysis delivered biosignatures including GCK, IAPP and KCNJ11 methylation, with the highest ever reported discriminating performance of T2DM from healthy individuals (AUC 0.927). Conclusions: Our data unravel the value of ccfDNA as a minimally invasive biomaterial carrying important clinical information for T2DM. Upon prospective clinical evaluation, the built biosignature can be disruptive for T2DM clinical management.
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The MicroRNA Landscape of Acute Beta Cell Destruction in Type 1 Diabetic Recipients of Intraportal Islet Grafts. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071693. [PMID: 34359863 PMCID: PMC8304265 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Ongoing beta cell death in type 1 diabetes (T1D) can be detected using biomarkers selectively discharged by dying beta cells into plasma. microRNA-375 (miR-375) ranks among the top biomarkers based on studies in animal models and human islet transplantation. Our objective was to identify additional microRNAs that are co-released with miR-375 proportionate to the amount of beta cell destruction. RT-PCR profiling of 733 microRNAs in a discovery cohort of T1D patients 1 h before/after islet transplantation indicated increased plasma levels of 22 microRNAs. Sub-selection for beta cell selectivity resulted in 15 microRNAs that were subjected to double-blinded multicenter analysis. This led to the identification of eight microRNAs that were consistently increased during early graft destruction: besides miR-375, these included miR-132/204/410/200a/429/125b, microRNAs with known function and enrichment in beta cells. Their potential clinical translation was investigated in a third independent cohort of 46 transplant patients by correlating post-transplant microRNA levels to C-peptide levels 2 months later. Only miR-375 and miR-132 had prognostic potential for graft outcome, and none of the newly identified microRNAs outperformed miR-375 in multiple regression. In conclusion, this study reveals multiple beta cell-enriched microRNAs that are co-released with miR-375 and can be used as complementary biomarkers of beta cell death.
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Epigenetic Changes Induced by Maternal Factors during Fetal Life: Implication for Type 1 Diabetes. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12060887. [PMID: 34201206 PMCID: PMC8227197 DOI: 10.3390/genes12060887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Organ-specific autoimmune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes, are believed to result from T-cell-mediated damage of the target tissue. The immune-mediated tissue injury, in turn, is known to depend on complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors. Nevertheless, the mechanisms whereby environmental factors contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases remain elusive and represent a major untapped target to develop novel strategies for disease prevention. Given the impact of the early environment on the developing immune system, epigenetic changes induced by maternal factors during fetal life have been linked to a likelihood of developing an autoimmune disease later in life. In humans, DNA methylation is the epigenetic mechanism most extensively investigated. This review provides an overview of the critical role of DNA methylation changes induced by prenatal maternal conditions contributing to the increased risk of immune-mediated diseases on the offspring, with a particular focus on T1D. A deeper understanding of epigenetic alterations induced by environmental stressors during fetal life may be pivotal for developing targeted prevention strategies of type 1 diabetes by modifying the maternal environment.
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Cell-Free DNA Fragments as Biomarkers of Islet β-Cell Death in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042151. [PMID: 33670079 PMCID: PMC7926743 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) typically occurs in the setting of obesity and insulin resistance, where hyperglycemia is associated with decreased pancreatic β-cell mass and function. Loss of β-cell mass has variably been attributed to β-cell dedifferentiation and/or death. In recent years, it has been proposed that circulating epigenetically modified DNA fragments arising from β cells might be able to report on the potential occurrence of β-cell death in diabetes. Here, we review published literature of DNA-based β-cell death biomarkers that have been evaluated in human cohorts of islet transplantation, type 1 diabetes, and obesity and type 2 diabetes. In addition, we provide new data on the applicability of one of these biomarkers (cell free unmethylated INS DNA) in adult cohorts across a spectrum from obesity to T2D, in which no significant differences were observed, and compare these findings to those previously published in youth cohorts where differences were observed. Our analysis of the literature and our own data suggest that β-cell death may occur in subsets of individuals with obesity and T2D, however a more sensitive method or refined study designs are needed to provide better alignment of sampling with disease progression events.
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8
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Syed F, Tersey SA, Turatsinze JV, Felton JL, Kang NJ, Nelson JB, Sims EK, Defrance M, Bizet M, Fuks F, Cnop M, Bugliani M, Marchetti P, Ziegler AG, Bonifacio E, Webb-Robertson BJ, Balamurugan AN, Evans-Molina C, Eizirik DL, Mather KJ, Arslanian S, Mirmira RG. Circulating unmethylated CHTOP and INS DNA fragments provide evidence of possible islet cell death in youth with obesity and diabetes. Clin Epigenetics 2020; 12:116. [PMID: 32736653 PMCID: PMC7393900 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-020-00906-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identification of islet β cell death prior to the onset of type 1 diabetes (T1D) or type 2 diabetes (T2D) might allow for interventions to protect β cells and reduce diabetes risk. Circulating unmethylated DNA fragments arising from the human INS gene have been proposed as biomarkers of β cell death, but this gene alone may not be sufficiently specific to report β cell death. RESULTS To identify new candidate genes whose CpG sites may show greater specificity for β cells, we performed unbiased DNA methylation analysis using the Infinium HumanMethylation 450 array on 64 human islet preparations and 27 non-islet human tissues. For verification of array results, bisulfite DNA sequencing of human β cells and 11 non-β cell tissues was performed on 5 of the top 10 CpG sites that were found to be differentially methylated. We identified the CHTOP gene as a candidate whose CpGs show a greater frequency of unmethylation in human islets. A digital PCR strategy was used to determine the methylation pattern of CHTOP and INS CpG sites in primary human tissues. Although both INS and CHTOP contained unmethylated CpG sites in non-islet tissues, they occurred in a non-overlapping pattern. Based on Naïve Bayes classifier analysis, the two genes together report 100% specificity for islet damage. Digital PCR was then performed on cell-free DNA from serum from human subjects. Compared to healthy controls (N = 10), differentially methylated CHTOP and INS levels were higher in youth with new onset T1D (N = 43) and, unexpectedly, in healthy autoantibody-negative youth who have first-degree relatives with T1D (N = 23). When tested in lean (N = 32) and obese (N = 118) youth, increased levels of unmethylated INS and CHTOP were observed in obese individuals. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that concurrent measurement of circulating unmethylated INS and CHTOP has the potential to detect islet death in youth at risk for both T1D and T2D. Our data also support the use of multiple parameters to increase the confidence of detecting islet damage in individuals at risk for developing diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farooq Syed
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Sarah A Tersey
- Kovler Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, 900 E. 57th Street, KCBD-8130, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | | | - Jamie L Felton
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Nicole Jiyun Kang
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jennifer B Nelson
- Kovler Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, 900 E. 57th Street, KCBD-8130, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Emily K Sims
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Mathieu Defrance
- Laboratory for Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, and ULB Cancer Research Center, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Martin Bizet
- Laboratory for Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, and ULB Cancer Research Center, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Francois Fuks
- Laboratory for Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, and ULB Cancer Research Center, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Miriam Cnop
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Division of Endocrinology (ULB Erasmus Hospital), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marco Bugliani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Piero Marchetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Appakalai N Balamurugan
- Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Carmella Evans-Molina
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Decio L Eizirik
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kieren J Mather
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Silva Arslanian
- Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Raghavendra G Mirmira
- Kovler Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, 900 E. 57th Street, KCBD-8130, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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Xie Z, Chang C, Huang G, Zhou Z. The Role of Epigenetics in Type 1 Diabetes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1253:223-257. [PMID: 32445098 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-3449-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease caused by the interaction between genetic alterations and environmental factors. More than 60 susceptible genes or loci of T1D have been identified. Among them, HLA regions are reported to contribute about 50% of genetic susceptibility in Caucasians. There are many environmental factors involved in the pathogenesis of T1D. Environmental factors may change the expression of genes through epigenetic mechanisms, thus inducing individuals with susceptible genes to develop T1D; however, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. The major epigenetic modifications include DNA methylation, histone modification, and non-coding RNA. There has been extensive research on the role of epigenetic mechanisms including aberrant DNA methylation, histone modification, and microRNA in the pathogenesis of T1D. DNA methylation and microRNA have been proposed as biomarkers to predict islet β cell death, which needs further confirmation before any clinical application can be developed. Small molecule inhibitors of histone deacetylases, histone methylation, and DNA methylation are potentially important for preventing T1D or in the reprogramming of insulin-producing cells. This chapter mainly focuses on T1D-related DNA methylation, histone modification, and non-coding RNA, as well as their possible translational potential in the early diagnosis and treatment of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Xie
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Christopher Chang
- Division of Pediatric Immunology and Allergy, Joe DiMaggio Children's Hospital, Hollywood, FL, 33021, USA.,Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Gan Huang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China. .,Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
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Nakayasu ES, Qian WJ, Evans-Molina C, Mirmira RG, Eizirik DL, Metz TO. The role of proteomics in assessing beta-cell dysfunction and death in type 1 diabetes. Expert Rev Proteomics 2019; 16:569-582. [PMID: 31232620 PMCID: PMC6628911 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2019.1634548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is characterized by autoimmune-induced dysfunction and destruction of the pancreatic beta cells. Unfortunately, this process is poorly understood, and the current best treatment for type 1 diabetes is the administration of exogenous insulin. To better understand these mechanisms and to develop new therapies, there is an urgent need for biomarkers that can reliably predict disease stage. Areas covered: Mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics and complementary techniques play an important role in understanding the autoimmune response, inflammation and beta-cell death. MS is also a leading technology for the identification of biomarkers. This, and the technical difficulties and new technologies that provide opportunities to characterize small amounts of sample in great depth and to analyze large sample cohorts will be discussed in this review. Expert opinion: Understanding disease mechanisms and the discovery of disease-associated biomarkers are highly interconnected goals. Ideal biomarkers would be molecules specific to the different stages of the disease process that are released from beta cells to the bloodstream. However, such molecules are likely to be present in trace amounts in the blood due to the small number of pancreatic beta cells in the human body and the heterogeneity of the target organ and disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto S. Nakayasu
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Wei-Jun Qian
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Carmella Evans-Molina
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Raghavendra G. Mirmira
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Decio L. Eizirik
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thomas O. Metz
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
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Sims EK, Evans-Molina C, Tersey SA, Eizirik DL, Mirmira RG. Biomarkers of islet beta cell stress and death in type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2018; 61:2259-2265. [PMID: 30112687 PMCID: PMC6160346 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-018-4712-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent work on the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes has led to an evolving recognition of the heterogeneity of this disease, both with regards to clinical phenotype and responses to therapies to prevent or revert diabetes. This heterogeneity not only limits efforts to accurately predict clinical disease but also is reflected in differing responses to immunomodulatory therapeutics. Thus, there is a need for robust biomarkers of beta cell health, which could provide insight into pathophysiological differences in disease course, improve disease prediction, increase the understanding of therapeutic responses to immunomodulatory interventions and identify individuals most likely to benefit from these therapies. In this review, we outline current literature, limitations and future directions for promising circulating markers of beta cell stress and death in type 1 diabetes, including markers indicating abnormal prohormone processing, circulating RNAs and circulating DNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Sims
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, MS2031, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Carmella Evans-Molina
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, MS2031, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Sarah A Tersey
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, MS2031, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Decio L Eizirik
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Raghavendra G Mirmira
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, MS2031, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The immunosuppressive agent cyclosporine was first reported to lower daily insulin dose and improve glycemic control in patients with new-onset type 1 diabetes (T1D) in 1984. While renal toxicity limited cyclosporine's extended use, this observation ignited collaborative efforts to identify immunotherapeutic agents capable of safely preserving β cells in patients with or at risk for T1D. RECENT FINDINGS Advances in T1D prediction and early diagnosis, together with expanded knowledge of the disease mechanisms, have facilitated trials targeting specific immune cell subsets, autoantigens, and pathways. In addition, clinical responder and non-responder subsets have been defined through the use of metabolic and immunological readouts. Herein, we review emerging T1D biomarkers within the context of recent and ongoing T1D immunotherapy trials. We also discuss responder/non-responder analyses in an effort to identify therapeutic mechanisms, define actionable pathways, and guide subject selection, drug dosing, and tailored combination drug therapy for future T1D trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Jacobsen
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Brittney N Newby
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, 1275 Center Drive, Biomedical Sciences Building J-589, Box 100275, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Daniel J Perry
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, 1275 Center Drive, Biomedical Sciences Building J-589, Box 100275, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Amanda L Posgai
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, 1275 Center Drive, Biomedical Sciences Building J-589, Box 100275, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Michael J Haller
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Todd M Brusko
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, 1275 Center Drive, Biomedical Sciences Building J-589, Box 100275, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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