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Bangalore Krishna K, Silverman LA. Diagnosis of Central Precocious Puberty. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2024; 53:217-227. [PMID: 38677865 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2024.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
A thorough history and physical examination including Tanner staging and growth assessments can guide differential diagnosis and aid in the evaluation of precocious puberty. Basal luteinizing hormone levels measured using a highly sensitive assay can be helpful in diagnosing central precocious puberty (CPP). Brain MRI is indicated with males diagnosed with CPP and females under the age of 6 with CPP. As more information becomes available regarding the genetic etiologies of CPP, genetic testing may preclude the need for imaging studies and other hormonal testing, especially in familial cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanthi Bangalore Krishna
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, UPMC Childrens Hospital of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA.
| | - Lawrence A Silverman
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Goryeb Children's Hospital, Atlantic Health System, 100 Madison Avenue, Morristown, NJ 07960, USA
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Ono M, Ando H, Daikoku T, Fujiwara T, Mieda M, Mizumoto Y, Iizuka T, Kagami K, Hosono T, Nomura S, Toyoda N, Sekizuka-Kagami N, Maida Y, Kuji N, Nishi H, Fujiwara H. The Circadian Clock, Nutritional Signals and Reproduction: A Close Relationship. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021545. [PMID: 36675058 PMCID: PMC9865912 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The circadian rhythm, which is necessary for reproduction, is controlled by clock genes. In the mouse uterus, the oscillation of the circadian clock gene has been observed. The transcription of the core clock gene period (Per) and cryptochrome (Cry) is activated by the heterodimer of the transcription factor circadian locomotor output cycles kaput (Clock) and brain and muscle Arnt-like protein-1 (Bmal1). By binding to E-box sequences in the promoters of Per1/2 and Cry1/2 genes, the CLOCK-BMAL1 heterodimer promotes the transcription of these genes. Per1/2 and Cry1/2 form a complex with the Clock/Bmal1 heterodimer and inactivate its transcriptional activities. Endometrial BMAL1 expression levels are lower in human recurrent-miscarriage sufferers. Additionally, it was shown that the presence of BMAL1-depleted decidual cells prevents trophoblast invasion, highlighting the importance of the endometrial clock throughout pregnancy. It is widely known that hormone synthesis is disturbed and sterility develops in Bmal1-deficient mice. Recently, we discovered that animals with uterus-specific Bmal1 loss also had poor placental development, and these mice also had intrauterine fetal death. Furthermore, it was shown that time-restricted feeding controlled the uterine clock's circadian rhythm. The uterine clock system may be a possibility for pregnancy complications, according to these results. We summarize the most recent research on the close connection between the circadian clock and reproduction in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Ono
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-3342-6111
| | - Hitoshi Ando
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Function Analysis, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Takiko Daikoku
- Institute for Experimental Animals, Advanced Science Research Center, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Tomoko Fujiwara
- Department of Social Work and Life Design, Kyoto Notre Dame University, Kyoto 606-0848, Japan
| | - Michihiro Mieda
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Yasunari Mizumoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Takashi Iizuka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Kyosuke Kagami
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Takashi Hosono
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nomura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Natsumi Toyoda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
- Institute for Experimental Animals, Advanced Science Research Center, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Naomi Sekizuka-Kagami
- Department of Nursing, College of Medical, Pharmaceutical, and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Maida
- Department of Nursing, College of Medical, Pharmaceutical, and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Naoaki Kuji
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Nishi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Fujiwara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
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Terasawa E. The mechanism underlying the pubertal increase in pulsatile GnRH release in primates. J Neuroendocrinol 2022; 34:e13119. [PMID: 35491543 PMCID: PMC9232993 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In primates, the gonatotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurosecretory system, consisting of GnRH, kisspeptin, and neurokinin B neurons, is active during the neonatal/early infantile period. During the late infantile period, however, activity of the GnRH neurosecretory system becomes minimal as a result of gonadal steroid independent central inhibition, and this suppressed GnRH neurosecretory state continues throughout the prepubertal period. At the initiation of puberty, the GnRH neurosecretory system becomes active again because of the decrease in central inhibition. During the progress of puberty, kisspeptin and neurokinin B signaling to GnRH neurons further increases, resulting in the release of gonadotropins and subsequent gonadal maturation, and hence puberty. This review further discusses potential substrates of central inhibition and subsequent pubertal modification of the GnRH neurosecretory system by the pubertal increase in steroid hormones, which ensures the regulation of adult reproductive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ei Terasawa
- Department of Pediatrics and Wisconsin National Primate Research CenterUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWIUSA
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Sexual Dimorphism in Kisspeptin Signaling. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071146. [PMID: 35406710 PMCID: PMC8997554 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Kisspeptin (KP) and kisspeptin receptor (KPR) are essential for the onset of puberty, development of gonads, and maintenance of gonadal function in both males and females. Hypothalamic KPs and KPR display a high degree of sexual dimorphism in expression and function. KPs act on KPR in gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons and induce distinct patterns of GnRH secretion in males and females. GnRH acts on the anterior pituitary to secrete gonadotropins, which are required for steroidogenesis and gametogenesis in testes and ovaries. Gonadal steroid hormones in turn regulate the KP neurons. Gonadal hormones inhibit the KP neurons within the arcuate nucleus and generate pulsatile GnRH mediated gonadotropin (GPN) secretion in both sexes. However, the numbers of KP neurons in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus and preoptic area are greater in females, which release a large amount of KPs in response to a high estrogen level and induce the preovulatory GPN surge. In addition to the hypothalamus, KPs and KPR are also expressed in various extrahypothalamic tissues including the liver, pancreas, fat, and gonads. There is a remarkable difference in circulating KP levels between males and females. An increased level of KPs in females can be linked to increased numbers of KP neurons in female hypothalamus and more KP production in the ovaries and adipose tissues. Although the sexually dimorphic features are well characterized for hypothalamic KPs, very little is known about the extrahypothalamic KPs. This review article summarizes current knowledge regarding the sexual dimorphism in hypothalamic as well as extrahypothalamic KP and KPR system in primates and rodents.
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Inverse age-related changes between hypothalamic NPY and KISS1 gene expression during pubertal initiation in male rhesus monkey. Reprod Biol 2022; 22:100599. [PMID: 35033902 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2021.100599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The neuroendocrine mechanism underlying the sinusoidal wave nature of gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse generator activity from infantile to adult age still needs to be meticulously defined. Direct inhibition of kisspeptin neurons by neuropeptide Y (NPY) and close intimacy between the two rekindle the importance of these two neuropeptides controlling reproductive axis activity. Thus, the present study was undertaken to decipher simultaneous fluctuations and to profile correlative changes in the relative expression of KISS1, NPY, and their receptor genes from the mediobasal hypothalamus of infant (n = 3), juvenile, pre-pubertal, and adult (n = 4 in each stage) male rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) by RT-qPCR. Significant elevation (p < 0.05-0.01) in KISS1 and KISS1R and low (p < 0.05) expression in NPY and NPY1R mRNA in the adult group as compared to the pre-pubertal group was observed. Moreover, significantly high (p < 0.05) expression of NPY and NPY1R mRNA with non-significant (p> 0.05) decline in KISS1 and KISS1R in pre-pubertal animals in comparison to infants describe inverse correlative age-associated changes during pubertal development. Current findings imply that NPY may contribute as a neurobiological brake for the dormancy of kisspeptin neurons before pubertal onset, while dwindling of this brake is likely to occasion kisspeptin dependent hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activation at puberty. These findings may help in the development of clinical and therapeutic strategies to regulate fertility in humans.
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Campo A, Dufour S, Rousseau K. Tachykinins, new players in the control of reproduction and food intake: A comparative review in mammals and teleosts. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1056939. [PMID: 36589829 PMCID: PMC9800884 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1056939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In vertebrates, the tachykinin system includes tachykinin genes, which encode one or two peptides each, and tachykinin receptors. The complexity of this system is reinforced by the massive conservation of gene duplicates after the whole-genome duplication events that occurred in vertebrates and furthermore in teleosts. Added to this, the expression of the tachykinin system is more widespread than first thought, being found beyond the brain and gut. The discovery of the co-expression of neurokinin B, encoded by the tachykinin 3 gene, and kisspeptin/dynorphin in neurons involved in the generation of GnRH pulse, in mammals, put a spotlight on the tachykinin system in vertebrate reproductive physiology. As food intake and reproduction are linked processes, and considering that hypothalamic hormones classically involved in the control of reproduction are reported to regulate also appetite and energy homeostasis, it is of interest to look at the potential involvement of tachykinins in these two major physiological functions. The purpose of this review is thus to provide first a general overview of the tachykinin system in mammals and teleosts, before giving a state of the art on the different levels of action of tachykinins in the control of reproduction and food intake. This work has been conducted with a comparative point of view, highlighting the major similarities and differences of tachykinin systems and actions between mammals and teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Campo
- Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Research Unit Unité Mixte de Recherche Biologie des Organsimes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (UMR BOREA), Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développemen (IRD), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Volcani Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeTsion, Israel
| | - Sylvie Dufour
- Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Research Unit Unité Mixte de Recherche Biologie des Organsimes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (UMR BOREA), Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développemen (IRD), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Karine Rousseau
- Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Research Unit Unité Mixte de Recherche Biologie des Organsimes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (UMR BOREA), Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développemen (IRD), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Research Unit PhyMA Physiologie Moléculaire et Adaptation CNRS, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Karine Rousseau,
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Dees WL, Hiney JK, Srivastava VK. How alcohol affects insulin-like growth factor-1's influences on the onset of puberty: A critical review. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2021; 45:2196-2206. [PMID: 34523716 PMCID: PMC8642280 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol (ALC) is capable of delaying signs associated with pubertal development in laboratory animals, as well as in humans. The normal onset of puberty results from a timely increase in gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion, which is associated with a gradual decline in prepubertal inhibitory influences, and the establishment of excitatory inputs that increase GnRH release, which together drive pubertal development. In recent years, insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) has emerged as a pivotal contributor to prepubertal GnRH secretion and pubertal development, whose critical actions are interfered with by ALC abuse. Here we review the neuroendocrine research demonstrating the important role that IGF‐1 plays in pubertal development, and describe the detrimental effects and mechanisms of action of ALC on the onset and progression of pubertal maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- William L Dees
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Jill K Hiney
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Vinod K Srivastava
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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Leon S, Talbi R, McCarthy EA, Ferrari K, Fergani C, Naule L, Choi JH, Carroll RS, Kaiser UB, Aylwin CF, Lomniczi A, Navarro VM. Sex-specific pubertal and metabolic regulation of Kiss1 neurons via Nhlh2. eLife 2021; 10:e69765. [PMID: 34494548 PMCID: PMC8439651 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothalamic Kiss1 neurons control gonadotropin-releasing hormone release through the secretion of kisspeptin. Kiss1 neurons serve as a nodal center that conveys essential regulatory cues for the attainment and maintenance of reproductive function. Despite this critical role, the mechanisms that control kisspeptin synthesis and release remain largely unknown. Using Drop-Seq data from the arcuate nucleus of adult mice and in situ hybridization, we identified Nescient Helix-Loop-Helix 2 (Nhlh2), a transcription factor of the basic helix-loop-helix family, to be enriched in Kiss1 neurons. JASPAR analysis revealed several binding sites for NHLH2 in the Kiss1 and Tac2 (neurokinin B) 5' regulatory regions. In vitro luciferase assays evidenced a robust stimulatory action of NHLH2 on human KISS1 and TAC3 promoters. The recruitment of NHLH2 to the KISS1 and TAC3 promoters was further confirmed through chromatin immunoprecipitation. In vivo conditional ablation of Nhlh2 from Kiss1 neurons using Kiss1Cre:Nhlh2fl/fl mice induced a male-specific delay in puberty onset, in line with a decrease in arcuate Kiss1 expression. Females retained normal reproductive function albeit with irregular estrous cycles. Further analysis of male Kiss1Cre:Nhlh2fl/fl mice revealed higher susceptibility to metabolic challenges in the release of luteinizing hormone and impaired response to leptin. Overall, in Kiss1 neurons, Nhlh2 contributes to the metabolic regulation of kisspeptin and NKB synthesis and release, with implications for the timing of puberty onset and regulation of fertility in male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Leon
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s HospitalBostonUnited States
| | - Rajae Talbi
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s HospitalBostonUnited States
| | - Elizabeth A McCarthy
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s HospitalBostonUnited States
| | - Kaitlin Ferrari
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s HospitalBostonUnited States
| | - Chrysanthi Fergani
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s HospitalBostonUnited States
| | - Lydie Naule
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s HospitalBostonUnited States
| | - Ji Hae Choi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s HospitalBostonUnited States
| | - Rona S Carroll
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s HospitalBostonUnited States
| | - Ursula B Kaiser
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s HospitalBostonUnited States
| | - Carlos F Aylwin
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research CenterBeavertonUnited States
| | - Alejandro Lomniczi
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research CenterBeavertonUnited States
| | - Víctor M Navarro
- Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s HospitalBostonUnited States
- Harvard Program in NeuroscienceBostonUnited States
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Keen KL, Petersen AJ, Figueroa AG, Fordyce BI, Shin J, Yadav R, Erdin S, Pearce RA, Talkowski ME, Bhattacharyya A, Terasawa E. Physiological Characterization and Transcriptomic Properties of GnRH Neurons Derived From Human Stem Cells. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6298609. [PMID: 34125902 PMCID: PMC8294693 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons in the hypothalamus play a key role in the regulation of reproductive function. In this study, we sought an efficient method for generating GnRH neurons from human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells (hESC and hiPSC, respectively). First, we found that exposure of primitive neuroepithelial cells, rather than neuroprogenitor cells, to fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8), was more effective in generating GnRH neurons. Second, addition of kisspeptin to FGF8 further increased the efficiency rates of GnRH neurogeneration. Third, we generated a fluorescent marker mCherry labeled human embryonic GnRH cell line (mCh-hESC) using a CRISPR-Cas9 targeting approach. Fourth, we examined physiological characteristics of GnRH (mCh-hESC) neurons: similar to GnRH neurons in vivo, they released the GnRH peptide in a pulsatile manner at ~60 min intervals; GnRH release increased in response to high potassium, kisspeptin, estradiol, and neurokinin B challenges; and injection of depolarizing current induced action potentials. Finally, we characterized developmental changes in transcriptomes of GnRH neurons using hESC, hiPSC, and mCh-hESC. The developmental pattern of transcriptomes was remarkably similar among the 3 cell lines. Collectively, human stem cell-derived GnRH neurons will be an important tool for establishing disease models to understand diseases, such as idiopathic hypothalamic hypogonadism, and testing contraceptive drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim L Keen
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Andrew J Petersen
- Waisman Center, Graduate School, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Alexander G Figueroa
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Benjamin I Fordyce
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jaeweon Shin
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rachita Yadav
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Serkan Erdin
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Robert A Pearce
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Michael E Talkowski
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Anita Bhattacharyya
- Waisman Center, Graduate School, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ei Terasawa
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Correspondence: Ei Terasawa, PhD, Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, 1223 Capitol Court, Madison, WI 53715-1299, USA.
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Advances in the Regulation of Mammalian Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Secretion. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11041134. [PMID: 33921032 PMCID: PMC8071398 DOI: 10.3390/ani11041134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The reproduction of mammals is regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Follicle stimulating hormone, as one of the gonadotropins secreted by the pituitary gland, plays an immeasurable role. This article mainly reviews the molecular basis and classical signaling pathways that regulate the synthesis and secretion of follicle stimulating hormone, and summarizes its internal molecular mechanism, which provides a certain theoretical basis for the research of mammalian reproduction regulation and the application of follicle stimulating hormone in production practice. Abstract Mammalian reproduction is mainly driven and regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which is synthesized and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, is a key regulator that ultimately affects animal fertility. As a dimeric glycoprotein hormone, the biological specificity of FSH is mainly determined by the β subunit. As research techniques are being continuously innovated, studies are exploring the underlying molecular mechanism regulating the secretion of mammalian FSH. This article will review the current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways systematically regulating FSH synthesis and will present the latest hypothesis about the nuclear cross-talk among the various endocrine-induced pathways for transcriptional regulation of the FSH β subunit. This article will provide novel ideas and potential targets for the improved use of FSH in livestock breeding and therapeutic development.
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11
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Schaffer A, Hajagos-Tóth J, Ducza E, Bódi N, Bagyánszki M, Szalai Z, Gáspár R. The ontogeny of kisspeptin receptor in the uterine contractions in rats: Its possible role in the quiescence of non-pregnant and pregnant uteri. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 896:173924. [PMID: 33548216 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.173924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of KISS1 94-121 fragment on the contractility of non-pregnant and pregnant rat uteri, and to determine the uterine and myometrial expressions of Kiss1r. Uterine muscle strips were obtained from non-pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats in oestrous phase and from pregnant rats on gestational days 5, 15, 18, 20 or 22. The in vitro contractility measurements were carried out in an isolated organ bath in the presence of KISS1 94-121. Experiments with 5-day pregnant tissues were also performed in the presence of kisspeptin-234 trifluoroacetate. The mRNA and protein expressions of Kiss1r were measured by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis, while localizations of receptors were defined by fluorescent immunohistochemistry. KISS1 94-121 induced a dose-dependent relaxation both in non-pregnant and pregnant intact and endometrium-denuded uteri. A gradual decrease was found in the uterine expressions of Kiss1r mRNA and protein towards the end of the gestational period, and it was further confirmed by the immunohistochemical results. The significant majority of Kiss1r is found in the myometrium, however the few endometrial Kiss1r also influences the uterine contractions. The relaxing effect of kisspeptin is continuously reduced towards the end of gestational period in parallel with the reduction of Kiss1r expression. Our results suggest a putative role of kisspeptin in the maintenance of uterine quiescence that may have significance in miscarriage or preterm contractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamária Schaffer
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - Judit Hajagos-Tóth
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - Eszter Ducza
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - Nikolett Bódi
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - Mária Bagyánszki
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zita Szalai
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - Róbert Gáspár
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Hungary.
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12
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Dees WL, Hiney JK, Srivastava VK. IGF-1 Influences Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Regulation of Puberty. Neuroendocrinology 2021; 111:1151-1163. [PMID: 33406521 PMCID: PMC8257778 DOI: 10.1159/000514217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The pubertal process is initiated as a result of complex neuroendocrine interactions within the preoptic and hypothalamic regions of the brain. These interactions ultimately result in a timely increase in the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). Researchers for years have believed that this increase is due to a diminished inhibitory tone which has applied a prepubertal brake on GnRH secretion, as well as to the gradual development of excitatory inputs driving the increased release of the peptide. Over the years, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) has emerged as a prime candidate for playing an important role in the onset of puberty. This review will first present initial research demonstrating that IGF-1 increases in circulation as puberty approaches, is able to induce the release of prepubertal GnRH, and can advance the timing of puberty. More recent findings depict an early action of IGF-1 to activate a pathway that releases the inhibitory brake on prepubertal GnRH secretion provided by dynorphin, as well as demonstrating that IGF-1 can also act later in the process to regulate the synthesis and release of kisspeptin, a potent stimulator of GnRH at puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- William L Dees
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA,
| | - Jill K Hiney
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Vinod K Srivastava
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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13
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Abstract
An increase in pulsatile release of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) initiates puberty in mammalian species. While mutations in KISS1 and TAC3 and their receptors, KISS1R and NK3R, respectively, result in the absence or abnormal timing of puberty, the neurocircuitry and precise role of kisspeptin and neurokinin B (NKB) in regulation of the GnRH neurosecretory system in primate puberty remain elusive. This review discusses how kisspeptin and NKB signaling contributes to the pubertal increase in GnRH release in non-human primates and how remodeling of the NKB and kisspeptin signaling circuitry controlling GnRH neurons takes place during the progress of puberty. Importantly, the pubertal remodeling of kisspeptin and NKB signaling ensures efficient functions of the GnRH neurosecretory system that regulates sex-specific reproduction in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ei Terasawa
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.,Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - James P Garcia
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53715, USA
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14
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Abstract
The tachykinin family of peptides has emerged as a critical component of the central control of the reproductive axis. Mounting evidence suggests that neurokinin B (NKB) plays an essential role in sexual maturation and fertility by directly stimulating the release of kisspeptin, with the contribution of additional tachykinins (neurokinin A [NKA] and substance P [SP]) in the fine tuning of the activity of Kiss1 neurons. The expression of tachykinins increases in the hypothalamus before puberty and, therefore, they are considered as initiators of pubertal development by stimulating the awakening of Kiss1 neurons. This is supported by studies showing delayed or absent puberty onset in humans and mice devoid of tachykinin signaling, and the advancement of puberty onset in rodents subjected to chronic activation of tachykinin receptors. This review compiles the current knowledge on the role of tachykinins in the control of puberty onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor M Navarro
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School
- Harvard Program in Neuroscience. Boston, 02115
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15
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Ulasov IV, Borovjagin AV, Timashev P, Cristofanili M, Welch DR. KISS1 in breast cancer progression and autophagy. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2020; 38:493-506. [PMID: 31705228 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-019-09814-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tumor suppressors are cellular proteins typically expressed in normal (non-cancer) cells that not only regulate such cellular functions as proliferation, migration and adhesion, but can also be secreted into extracellular space and serve as biomarkers for pathological conditions or tumor progression. KISS1, a precursor for several shorter peptides, known as metastin (Kisspeptin-54), Kisspeptin-14, Kisspeptin-13 and Kisspeptin-10, is one of those metastasis suppressor proteins, whose expression is commonly downregulated in the metastatic tumors of various origins. The commonly accepted role of KISS1 in metastatic tumor progression mechanism is the ability of this protein to suppress colonization of disseminated cancer cells in distant organs critical for the formation of the secondary tumor foci. Besides, recent evidence suggests involvement of KISS1 in the mechanisms of tumor angiogenesis, autophagy and apoptosis regulation, suggesting a possible role in both restricting and promoting cancer cell invasion. Here, we discuss the role of KISS1 in regulating metastases, the link between KISS1 expression and the autophagy-related biology of cancer cells and the perspectives of using KISS1 as a potential diagnostic marker for cancer progression as well as a new anti-cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya V Ulasov
- Group of Experimental Biotherapy and Diagnostic, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Anton V Borovjagin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Peter Timashev
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Massimo Cristofanili
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, 60611, USA
| | - Danny R Welch
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
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16
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Garcia JP, Keen KL, Seminara SB, Terasawa E. Role of Kisspeptin and NKB in Puberty in Nonhuman Primates: Sex Differences. Semin Reprod Med 2019; 37:47-55. [PMID: 31847024 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-3400253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
To understand the roles of kisspeptin and neurokinin B (NKB) in puberty and sex differences in their involvement, we conducted a series of experiments measuring the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and kisspeptin in the median eminence of the hypothalamus in male and female monkeys throughout sexual development. Results indicate that kisspeptin-10 and the NKB agonist, senktide, stimulated GnRH release in males and females at the prepubertal and pubertal stages, but females are much more sensitive to kisspeptin signaling than males. Moreover, throughout the progress of puberty, major remodeling of kisspeptin and NKB signaling pathways for the regulation of GnRH release takes place. In females during puberty, reciprocal pathways (i.e., kisspeptin signaling mediated through NKB neurons and NKB signaling mediated through kisspeptin neurons) are established, to provide powerful and flexible mechanisms for GnRH neurosecretory activity necessary for complex female reproductive function in adulthood. By contrast, during puberty in males, reciprocal pathways are consolidated to a simpler kisspeptin-dominant signaling pathway. Nevertheless, in primates, both kisspeptin and NKB signaling are contributing factors for the pubertal increase in GnRH release, rather than initiating puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Garcia
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Kim L Keen
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Stephanie B Seminara
- Department of Medicine, Reproductive Endocrine Unit and the Harvard Reproductive Sciences Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ei Terasawa
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
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17
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Dees WL, Hiney JK, Srivastava VK. Regulation of prepubertal dynorphin secretion in the medial basal hypothalamus of the female rat. J Neuroendocrinol 2019; 31:e12810. [PMID: 31715027 PMCID: PMC6916394 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The onset of puberty is the result of an increase in secretion of hypothalamic gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH). This action is a result of not only the development of stimulatory inputs to its release, but also the gradual decrease in inhibitory inputs that restrain release of the peptide prior to pubertal onset. Dynorphin (DYN) is one of the inhibitory inputs produced in the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH); however, little is known about what substance(s) control its prepubertal synthesis and release. Because neurokinin B (NKB) increases in the hypothalamus as puberty approaches, we considered it a candidate for such a role. An initial study investigated the acute effects of an NKB agonist, senktide, on the secretion of DYN from MBH tissues incubated in vitro. In other experiments, central injections of senktide were administered to animals for 4 days then MBHs were collected for assessment of DYN synthesis or for the in vitro secretion of both DYN and GnRH. Because insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 has been shown to play an important role at puberty, additional animals received central injections of this peptide for 4 days to assess NKB and DYN synthesis or the in vitro secretion of NKB. The results obtained show that senktide administration up-regulates the NKB receptor protein, at the same time as suppressing the DYN and its receptor. Senktide consistently suppressed DYN and elevated GnRH secretion in the same tissue incubates from both the acute and chronic studies. IGF-1 administration caused an increase in NKB protein, at the same time as decreasing DYN protein. Furthermore, the central administration of IGF-1 caused an increase in NKB release, an action blocked by the IGF-1 receptor blocker, JB-1. These results indicate that the IGF-1/NKB pathway contributes to suppressing the DYN inhibitory tone on prepubertal GnRH secretion and thus facilitates the puberty-related increase in the release of GnRH to accelerate the onset of puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- William L. Dees
- Department of Veterinary Integrative BiosciencesCollege of Veterinary MedicineTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
| | - Jill K. Hiney
- Department of Veterinary Integrative BiosciencesCollege of Veterinary MedicineTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
| | - Vinod K. Srivastava
- Department of Veterinary Integrative BiosciencesCollege of Veterinary MedicineTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
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18
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Terasawa E. Mechanism of pulsatile GnRH release in primates: Unresolved questions. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 498:110578. [PMID: 31518609 PMCID: PMC6944307 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.110578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The pulsatility of GnRH release is essential for reproductive function. The key events in reproductive function, such as puberty onset and ovulatory cycles, are regulated by the frequency and amplitude modulation of pulsatile GnRH release. Abnormal patterns of GnRH pulsatility are seen in association with disease states, such as polycystic ovarian syndrome and anorexia nervosa. Recent studies with physiological, track-tracing, optogenetic and electrophysiological recording experiments indicate that a group of kisspeptin neurons in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus are responsible for pulsatile GnRH release. Thus, the kisspeptin neuron in the ARC has been called the "GnRH pulse-generator." However, a few pieces of evidence do not quite fit into this concept. This article reviews some old works and discusses unresolved issues on the mechanism of GnRH pulse generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ei Terasawa
- AWisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53715, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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19
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Lippincott MF, León S, Chan YM, Fergani C, Talbi R, Farooqi IS, Jones CM, Arlt W, Stewart SE, Cole TR, Terasawa E, Hall JE, Shaw ND, Navarro VM, Seminara SB. Hypothalamic Reproductive Endocrine Pulse Generator Activity Independent of Neurokinin B and Dynorphin Signaling. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:4304-4318. [PMID: 31132118 PMCID: PMC6736049 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2019-00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Kisspeptin-neurokinin B (NKB)-dynorphin neurons are critical regulators of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. NKB and dynorphin are hypothesized to influence the frequency of GnRH pulses, whereas kisspeptin is hypothesized to be a generator of the GnRH pulse. How these neuropeptides interact remains unclear. OBJECTIVE To probe the role of NKB in GnRH pulse generation and to determine the interactions between NKB, kisspeptin, and dynorphin in humans and mice with a complete absence of NKB. DESIGN Case/control. SETTING Academic medical center. PARTICIPANTS Members of a consanguineous family bearing biallelic loss-of-function mutations in the gene encoding NKB and NKB-deficient mice. INTERVENTIONS Frequent blood sampling to characterize neuroendocrine profile and administration of kisspeptin, GnRH, and naloxone, a nonspecific opioid receptor antagonist used to block dynorphin. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES LH pulse characteristics. RESULTS Humans lacking NKB demonstrate slow LH pulse frequency, which can be increased by opioid antagonism. Mice lacking NKB also demonstrate impaired LH secretion, which can be augmented with an identical pharmacologic manipulation. Both mice and humans with NKB deficiency respond to exogenous kisspeptin. CONCLUSION The preservation of LH pulses in the absence of NKB and dynorphin signaling suggests that both peptides are dispensable for GnRH pulse generation and kisspeptin responsiveness. However, NKB and dynorphin appear to have opposing roles in the modulation of GnRH pulse frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret F Lippincott
- Harvard Reproductive Sciences Center and Reproductive Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Margaret F. Lippincott, MD, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Bartlett Hall Extension, 5th Floor, Boston, Massachusetts 02114. E-mail:
| | - Silvia León
- Division of Endocrinology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yee-Ming Chan
- Harvard Reproductive Sciences Center and Reproductive Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Chrysanthi Fergani
- Division of Endocrinology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rajae Talbi
- Division of Endocrinology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - I Sadaf Farooqi
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust–MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher M Jones
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, and Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Wiebke Arlt
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham, NHS Foundation Trust & University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Susan E Stewart
- Birmingham Women’s Hospital Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Trevor R Cole
- Birmingham Women’s Hospital Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ei Terasawa
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Janet E Hall
- Harvard Reproductive Sciences Center and Reproductive Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Natalie D Shaw
- Harvard Reproductive Sciences Center and Reproductive Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Victor M Navarro
- Division of Endocrinology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stephanie Beth Seminara
- Harvard Reproductive Sciences Center and Reproductive Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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20
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Garcia JP, Keen KL, Kenealy BP, Seminara SB, Terasawa E. Role of Kisspeptin and Neurokinin B Signaling in Male Rhesus Monkey Puberty. Endocrinology 2018; 159:3048-3060. [PMID: 29982393 PMCID: PMC6456982 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite the well-established concept that an increase in pulsatile GnRH release triggers puberty, the precise signaling mechanism responsible for the pubertal increase in GnRH release remains unclear. A recent study indicates that developmental changes in the network formation between kisspeptin and neurokinin B (NKB) signaling greatly contribute to the pubertal increase in GnRH release in female monkeys. It is, however, unknown whether similar developmental changes in the kisspeptin and NKB network are involved in male puberty. In the current study, we first characterized the pubertal stages in male rhesus monkeys by assessing physiological and hormonal changes during sexual development. Subsequently, we examined the role of the kisspeptin and NKB signaling network in the pubertal increase in GnRH release. Results suggest that while collaborative kisspeptin and NKB signaling to GnRH neurons was active before puberty onset, after initiation of puberty the role of NKB signaling in GnRH neurons diminished and kisspeptin signaling assumed the primary stimulatory role in the regulation of GnRH release in male monkeys. These findings in males differ from those seen in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Garcia
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Kim L Keen
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Brian P Kenealy
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Stephanie B Seminara
- Reproductive Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Reproductive Sciences Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ei Terasawa
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
- Correspondence: Ei Terasawa, PhD, Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, 1223 Capitol Court, Madison, Wisconsin 53715. E-mail:
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21
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Li X, Sun Z, Manthari RK, Li M, Guo Q, Wang J. Effect of gestational exposure to arsenic on puberty in offspring female mice. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 202:119-126. [PMID: 29567609 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We examined the vaginal opening day, ovary and uterus organ coefficient, reproductive hormone levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), mRNA and protein expression levels of kiss-1, hypothalamus gonadotrophin releasing hormone 1 (GnRH1), organic cation transporters 2 (Oct2) and transcription termination factor 1 (Ttf1) in different pubertal ages [late lactation (18 days), pre-puberty (21-22 days), puberty (23-27 days; with respect to vaginal opening) and maturity (65 days)] of offspring females, to evaluate the effect of arsenic (As) on puberty initiation after maternal exposure to As at different concentration [0, 0.15, 1.5 and 15 mg/L As(III)] during gestational period. The results showed that the vaginal opening time was significantly advanced in utero in mice exposed to As compared to the control. The hormone level of LH was significantly increased in the mice treated with 15 mg/L of As(III) at puberty compared to the control. During puberty, the mRNA expression levels of kiss-1, GnRH1, Oct2 and Ttf1 in the hypothalamus were significantly increased in the group treated with 15 mg/L of As(III) compared to the control. The protein expressions of Kisspeptin, GnRH1, Oct2 and Ttf1 in the hypothalamus were significantly increased in the pubertal females, while Oct2 and Ttf1 expression levels were significantly decreased in the matured females compared to the control, which is in line with the transcriptional changes of related mRNA expressions. In brief, this study demonstrated that maternal exposure to As during gestational period could result in early onset of puberty in offspring females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehua Li
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Zilong Sun
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Ram Kumar Manthari
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Meiyan Li
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Qiang Guo
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Jundong Wang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi 030801, China.
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Srivastava VK, Hiney JK, Dees WL. Alcohol Delays the Onset of Puberty in the Female Rat by Altering Key Hypothalamic Events. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2018; 42:1166-1176. [PMID: 29689132 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because alcohol (ALC) delays signs of pubertal development, we assessed the time course of events associated with the synthesis of critical hypothalamic peptides that regulate secretion of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH), the peptide that drives the pubertal process. METHODS Immature female rats were administered either laboratory chow or BioServe isocaloric control or ALC-liquid diets from 27 through 33 days of age. On days 28, 29, 31, and 33, animals were killed by decapitation and tissue blocks containing the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) and the rostral hypothalamic area (RHA) were isolated and stored frozen until assessed by Western blot analysis. RESULTS Synthesis of dynorphin (DYN), a prepubertal inhibitor of LHRH secretion, was increased (p < 0.05) in the MBH of ALC-treated animals by day 29. DYN was further elevated (p < 0.01) on day 33 and was associated with an increase (p < 0.01) in DYN receptor expression. ALC did not affect synthesis of neurokinin B (NKB), a prepubertal stimulator of LHRH; however, it did suppress (p < 0.05) NKB receptor expression in the MBH by day 31. The most potent stimulator of prepubertal LHRH secretion, kisspeptin (Kp), was also decreased (p < 0.05) in the MBH as early as day 29, with continued suppression (p < 0.01) through day 33. Similar timely suppressions of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), an immediate upstream regulator of Kp, were also noted. These decreases in mTOR and Kp were consistent with ALC stimulating (p < 0.05) the p-AMP-activated protein kinase/Raptor inhibitory pathway to mTOR on day 29, then later suppressing (p < 0.001) an Akt-mediated induction pathway to mTOR by day 31. In the RHA, ALC affected the pathways regulating Kp in a manner similar to that described in the MBH; however, these effects were not noted until day 33. CONCLUSIONS ALC acts within the MBH as early as 29 days to induce inhibitor and repressor inputs to LHRH, while depressing stimulatory inputs to the peptide. Collectively, these events lead to delayed signs of pubertal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod K Srivastava
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Jill K Hiney
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - William L Dees
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
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23
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Terasawa E, Garcia JP, Seminara SB, Keen KL. Role of Kisspeptin and Neurokinin B in Puberty in Female Non-Human Primates. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:148. [PMID: 29681889 PMCID: PMC5897421 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In human patients, loss-of-function mutations in the genes encoding kisspeptin (KISS1) and neurokinin B (NKB) and their receptors (KISS1R and NK3R, respectively) result in an abnormal timing of puberty or the absence of puberty. To understand the neuroendocrine mechanism of puberty, we investigated the contribution of kisspeptin and NKB signaling to the pubertal increase in GnRH release using rhesus monkeys as a model. Direct measurements of GnRH and kisspeptin in the median eminence of the hypothalamus with infusion of agonists and antagonists for kisspeptin and NKB reveal that kisspeptin and NKB signaling stimulate GnRH release independently or collaboratively by forming kisspeptin and NKB neuronal networks depending on the developmental age. For example, while in prepubertal females, kisspeptin and NKB signaling independently stimulate GnRH release, in pubertal females, the formation of a collaborative kisspeptin and NKB network further accelerates the pubertal increase in GnRH release. It is speculated that the collaborative mechanism between kisspeptin and NKB signaling to GnRH neurons is necessary for the complex reproductive function in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ei Terasawa
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
- *Correspondence: Ei Terasawa,
| | - James P. Garcia
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Stephanie B. Seminara
- Reproductive Endocrine Unit and the Harvard Reproductive Sciences Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kim L. Keen
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
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24
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Abbott DH, Vepraskas SH, Horton TH, Terasawa E, Levine JE. Accelerated Episodic Luteinizing Hormone Release Accompanies Blunted Progesterone Regulation in PCOS-like Female Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca Mulatta) Exposed to Testosterone during Early-to-Mid Gestation. Neuroendocrinology 2018; 107:133-146. [PMID: 29949806 PMCID: PMC7363207 DOI: 10.1159/000490570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Ovarian theca cell hyperandrogenism in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is compounded by androgen receptor-mediated impairment of estradiol and progesterone negative feedback regulation of episodic luteinizing hormone (LH) release. The resultant LH hypersecretion, likely the product of accelerated episodic release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the median eminence of the hypothalamus, hyperstimulates ovarian theca cell steroidogenesis, enabling testosterone (T) and androstenedione excess. Prenatally androgenized (PA) female monkeys exposed to fetal male levels of T during early-to-mid gestation, when adult, demonstrate PCOS-like traits, including high T and LH levels. This study tests the hypothesis that progesterone resistance-associated acceleration in episodic LH release contributes to PA monkey LH excess. METHODS A total of 4 PA and 3 regularly cycling, healthy control adult female rhesus monkeys of comparable age and body mass index underwent (1) a 10 h, frequent intravenous sampling assessment for LH episodic release, immediately followed by (2) IV infusion of exogenous GnRH to quantify continuing pituitary LH responsiveness, and subsequently (3) an SC injection of a progesterone receptor antagonist, mifepristone, to examine LH responses to blockade of progesterone-mediated action. RESULTS Compared to controls, the relatively hyperandrogenic PA females exhibited ~100% increase (p = 0.037) in LH pulse frequency, positive correlation of LH pulse amplitude (p = 0.017) with androstenedione, ~100% greater increase (p = 0.034) in acute (0-10 min) LH responses to exogenous GnRH, and an absence (p = 0.008) of modest LH elevation following acute progesterone receptor blockade suggestive of diminished progesterone negative feedback. CONCLUSION Such dysregulation of LH release in PCOS-like monkeys implicates impaired feedback control of episodic release of hypothalamic GnRH reminiscent of PCOS neuroendocrinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Abbott
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Sarah H Vepraskas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Teresa H Horton
- Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, Institute for Neuroscience, Center for Reproductive Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Ei Terasawa
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jon E Levine
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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