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Pardue MT, Allen RS. Neuroprotective strategies for retinal disease. Prog Retin Eye Res 2018; 65:50-76. [PMID: 29481975 PMCID: PMC6081194 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Diseases that affect the eye, including photoreceptor degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma, affect 11.8 million people in the US, resulting in vision loss and blindness. Loss of sight affects patient quality of life and puts an economic burden both on individuals and the greater healthcare system. Despite the urgent need for treatments, few effective options currently exist in the clinic. Here, we review research on promising neuroprotective strategies that promote neuronal survival with the potential to protect against vision loss and retinal cell death. Due to the large number of neuroprotective strategies, we restricted our review to approaches that we had direct experience with in the laboratory. We focus on drugs that target survival pathways, including bile acids like UDCA and TUDCA, steroid hormones like progesterone, therapies that target retinal dopamine, and neurotrophic factors. In addition, we review rehabilitative methods that increase endogenous repair mechanisms, including exercise and electrical stimulation therapies. For each approach, we provide background on the neuroprotective strategy, including history of use in other diseases; describe potential mechanisms of action; review the body of research performed in the retina thus far, both in animals and in humans; and discuss considerations when translating each treatment to the clinic and to the retina, including which therapies show the most promise for each retinal disease. Despite the high incidence of retinal diseases and the complexity of mechanisms involved, several promising neuroprotective treatments provide hope to prevent blindness. We discuss attractive candidates here with the goal of furthering retinal research in critical areas to rapidly translate neuroprotective strategies into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Machelle T Pardue
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, 1670 Clairmont Road, Decatur, GA, 30033, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
| | - Rachael S Allen
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, 1670 Clairmont Road, Decatur, GA, 30033, USA
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2
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Christodoulou MS, Dapiaggi F, Ghiringhelli F, Pieraccini S, Sironi M, Lucafò M, Curci D, Decorti G, Stocco G, Chirumamilla CS, Vanden Berghe W, Balaguer P, Michel BY, Burger A, Beccalli EM, Passarella D, Martinet N. Imidazo[2,1- b]benzothiazol Derivatives as Potential Allosteric Inhibitors of the Glucocorticoid Receptor. ACS Med Chem Lett 2018; 9:339-344. [PMID: 29670697 PMCID: PMC5900336 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid receptor (GCR) transactivation reporter gene assays were used as an initial high-throughput screening on a diversified library of 1200 compounds for their evaluation as GCR antagonists. A class of imidazo[2,1-b]benzothiazole and imidazo[2,1-b]benzoimidazole derivatives were identified for their ability to modulate GCR transactivation and anti-inflammatory transrepression effects utilizing GCR and NF-κB specific reporter gene assays. Modeling studies on the crystallographic structure of the GCR ligand binding domain provided three new analogues bearing the tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b]benzothiazole scaffold able to antagonize the GCR in the presence of dexamethasone (DEX) and also defined their putative binding into the GCR structure. Both mRNA level measures of GCR itself and its target gene GILZ, on cells treated with the new analogues, showed a GCR transactivation inhibition, thus suggesting a potential allosteric inhibition of the GCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Christodoulou
- DISFARM,
Sezione di Chimica Generale e Organica “A. Marchesini”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Federico Dapiaggi
- Department
of Chemistry, Università degli Studi
di Milano, Via Golgi
19, 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Francesca Ghiringhelli
- Department
of Chemistry, Università degli Studi
di Milano, Via Golgi
19, 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Stefano Pieraccini
- Department
of Chemistry, Università degli Studi
di Milano, Via Golgi
19, 20133 Milano Italy
- Istituto
di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari (INSTM), CNR, and INSTM, UdR Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Maurizio Sironi
- Department
of Chemistry, Università degli Studi
di Milano, Via Golgi
19, 20133 Milano Italy
- Istituto
di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari (INSTM), CNR, and INSTM, UdR Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Marianna Lucafò
- Department
of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Debora Curci
- PhD
School in Reproduction and Developmental Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Giuliana Decorti
- Department
of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
- Institute
for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Gabriele Stocco
- Department
of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Chandra Sekhar Chirumamilla
- Laboratory
of Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signalling, Department
of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp
(UA), 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Wim Vanden Berghe
- Laboratory
of Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signalling, Department
of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp
(UA), 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Patrick Balaguer
- IRCM,
INSERM U1194, Université Montpellier, ICM, 208 rue des Apothicaires, F-34298 Montpellier, France
| | - Benoît Y. Michel
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Institut
de Chimie
de Nice, UMR 7272, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - Alain Burger
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Institut
de Chimie
de Nice, UMR 7272, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - Egle M. Beccalli
- DISFARM,
Sezione di Chimica Generale e Organica “A. Marchesini”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Daniele Passarella
- Department
of Chemistry, Università degli Studi
di Milano, Via Golgi
19, 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Nadine Martinet
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Institut
de Chimie
de Nice, UMR 7272, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
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3
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Allen RS, Sayeed I, Oumarbaeva Y, Morrison KC, Choi PH, Pardue MT, Stein DG. Progesterone treatment shows greater protection in brain vs. retina in a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion: Progesterone receptor levels may play an important role. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2018; 34:947-963. [PMID: 27802245 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-160672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE To determine whether inflammation increases in retina as it does in brain following middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), and whether the neurosteroid progesterone, shown to have protective effects in both retina and brain after MCAO, reduces inflammation in retina as well as brain. METHODS MCAO rats treated systemically with progesterone or vehicle were compared with shams. Protein levels of cytosolic NF-κB, nuclear NF-κB, phosphorylated NF-κB, IL-6, TNF-α, CD11b, progesterone receptor A and B, and pregnane X receptor were assessed in retinas and brains at 24 and 48 h using western blots. RESULTS Following MCAO, significant increases were observed in the following inflammatory markers: pNF-κB and CD11b at 24 h in both brain and retina, nuclear NF-κB at 24 h in brain and 48 h in retina, and TNF-α at 24 h in brain.Progesterone treatment in MCAO animals significantly attenuated levels of the following markers in brain: pNF-κB, nuclear NF-κB, IL-6, TNF-α, and CD11b, with significantly increased levels of cytosolic NF-κB. Retinas from progesterone-treated animals showed significantly reduced levels of nuclear NF-κB and IL-6 and increased levels of cytosolic NF-κB, with a trend for reduction in other markers. Post-MCAO, progesterone receptors A and B were upregulated in brain and downregulated in retina. CONCLUSION Inflammatory markers increased in both brain and retina after MCAO, with greater increases observed in brain. Progesterone treatment reduced inflammation, with more dramatic reductions observed in brain than retina. This differential effect may be due to differences in the response of progesterone receptors in brain and retina after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael S Allen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Iqbal Sayeed
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yuliya Oumarbaeva
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Paul H Choi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Machelle T Pardue
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Donald G Stein
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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4
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Allen RS, Olsen TW, Sayeed I, Cale HA, Morrison KC, Oumarbaeva Y, Lucaciu I, Boatright JH, Pardue MT, Stein DG. Progesterone treatment in two rat models of ocular ischemia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015; 56:2880-91. [PMID: 26024074 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-16070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether the neurosteroid progesterone, shown to have protective effects in animal models of traumatic brain injury, stroke, and spinal cord injury, is also protective in ocular ischemia animal models. METHODS Progesterone treatment was tested in two ocular ischemia models in rats: a rodent anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (rAION) model, which induces permanent monocular optic nerve stroke, and the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model, which causes transient ischemia in both the retina and brain due to an intraluminal filament that blocks the ophthalmic and middle cerebral arteries. Visual function and retinal histology were assessed to determine whether progesterone attenuated retinal injury in these models. Additionally, behavioral testing and 2% 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining in brains were used to compare progesterone's neuroprotective effects in both retina and brain using the MCAO model. RESULTS Progesterone treatment showed no effect on visual evoked potential (VEP) reduction and retinal ganglion cell loss in the permanent rAION model. In the transient MCAO model, progesterone treatment reduced (1) electroretinogram (ERG) deficits, (2) MCAO-induced upregulation of glutamine synthetase (GS) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and (3) retinal ganglion cell loss. As expected, progesterone treatment also had significant protective effects in behavioral tests and a reduction in infarct size in the brain. CONCLUSIONS Progesterone treatment showed protective effects in the retina following MCAO but not rAION injury, which may result from mechanistic differences with injury type and the therapeutic action of progesterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael S Allen
- Emergency Medicine Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States 2Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States 3Atlanta VA Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Decatur, Georgia, United States
| | - Timothy W Olsen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Iqbal Sayeed
- Emergency Medicine Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Heather A Cale
- Emergency Medicine Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | | | - Yuliya Oumarbaeva
- Emergency Medicine Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Irina Lucaciu
- Emergency Medicine Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Jeffrey H Boatright
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States 3Atlanta VA Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Decatur, Georgia, United States
| | - Machelle T Pardue
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States 3Atlanta VA Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Decatur, Georgia, United States
| | - Donald G Stein
- Emergency Medicine Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
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5
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Rajagopal SP, Hutchinson JL, Dorward DA, Rossi AG, Norman JE. Crosstalk between monocytes and myometrial smooth muscle in culture generates synergistic pro-inflammatory cytokine production and enhances myocyte contraction, with effects opposed by progesterone. Mol Hum Reprod 2015; 21:672-86. [PMID: 26002969 PMCID: PMC4518137 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gav027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Both term and preterm parturition are characterized by an influx of macrophages and neutrophils into the myometrium and cervix, with co-incident increased peripheral blood monocyte activation. Infection and inflammation are strongly implicated in the pathology of preterm labour (PTL), with progesterone considered a promising candidate for its prevention or treatment. In this study, we investigated the effect of monocytes on myometrial smooth muscle cell inflammatory cytokine production both alone and in response to LPS, a TLR4 agonist used to trigger PTL in vivo. We also investigated the effect of monocytes on myocyte contraction. Monocytes, isolated from peripheral blood samples from term pregnant women, were cultured alone, or co-cultured with PHM1-41 myometrial smooth muscle cells, for 24 h. In a third set of experiments, PHM1-41 myocytes were cultured for 24 h in isolation. Cytokine secretion was determined by ELISA or multiplex assays. Co-culture of monocytes and myocytes led to synergistic secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines including IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1, with the secretion being further enhanced by LPS (100 ng/ml). The synergistic secretion of IL-6 and IL-8 from co-cultures was mediated in part by direct cell–cell contact, and by TNF. Conditioned media from co-cultures stimulated contraction of PHM1-41 myocytes, and the effect was inhibited by progesterone. Both progesterone and IL-10 inhibited LPS-stimulated IL-6 and IL-8 secretion from co-cultures, while progesterone also inhibited chemokine secretion. These data suggest that monocytes infiltrating the myometrium at labour participate in crosstalk that potentiates pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion, an effect that is enhanced by LPS, and can augment myocyte contraction. These effects are all partially inhibited by progesterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Rajagopal
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - J L Hutchinson
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - D A Dorward
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - A G Rossi
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - J E Norman
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
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6
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Pergola C, Schaible AM, Nikels F, Dodt G, Northoff H, Werz O. Progesterone rapidly down-regulates the biosynthesis of 5-lipoxygenase products in human primary monocytes. Pharmacol Res 2015; 94:42-50. [PMID: 25681061 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO), the key enzyme in the biosynthesis of pro-inflammatory leukotrienes (LTs) from arachidonic acid, is regulated by androgens in human neutrophils and monocytes accounting for sex differences in LT formation. Here we show that progesterone suppresses the synthesis of 5-LO metabolites in human primary monocytes. 5-LO product formation in monocytes stimulated with Ca(2+)-ionophore A23187 or with lipopolysaccharide/formyl peptide was suppressed by progesterone at concentrations of 10-100 nM in cells from females and at 1 μM in cells from males. Progesterone down-regulated 5-LO product formation in a rapid and reversible manner, but did not significantly inhibit 5-LO activity in cell-free assays using monocyte homogenates. Also, arachidonic acid release and its metabolism to other eicosanoids in monocytes were not significantly reduced by progesterone. The inhibitory effect of progesterone on LTs was still observed when mitogen-activated protein kinases were pharmacologically blocked, stimulatory 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol was exogenously supplied, or extracellular Ca(2+) was removed by chelation. Instead, suppression of PKA by means of two different pharmacological approaches (i.e. H89 and a cell-permeable PKA inhibitor peptide) prevented inhibition of 5-LO product generation by progesterone, to a similar extent as observed for the PKA activators prostaglandin E2 and 8-Br-cAMP, suggesting the involvement of PKA. In summary, progesterone affects the capacity of human primary monocytes to generate 5-LO products and, in addition to androgens, may account for sex-specific effects on pro-inflammatory LTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Pergola
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Anja M Schaible
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Felix Nikels
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Gabriele Dodt
- Interfakultäres Institut für Biochemie, University Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Hinnak Northoff
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Transfusion Medicine, University Medical Center Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Oliver Werz
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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7
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8
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Kitaya K, Yasuda J, Nakayama T, Fushiki S, Honjo H. Effect of female sex steroids on human endometrial CD16neg CD56bright natural killer cells. Fertil Steril 2003; 79 Suppl 1:730-4. [PMID: 12620484 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(02)04818-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To clarify whether female sex steroids directly affect the bioactivity of the human endometrial CD16neg CD56bright natural killer (NK) cells. DESIGN In vitro study. SETTING University obstetrics and gynecology department. PATIENT(S) Thirteen women with histologically normal endometrium who were undergoing hysterectomy and seven women during the first trimester of pregnancy who were undergoing selective termination. INTERVENTION(S) Endometrium or decidua was obtained. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) The effects of 17beta-estradiol or progesterone (10(-6), 10(-7), and 10(-8) M) on the proliferation, cytolytic activity, and cytokine secretion of the isolated endometrial CD16neg CD56bright NK cells were examined using a 3H-thymidine incorporation assay, 51Cr-releasing assay, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. RESULT(S) Neither 17beta-estradiol nor progesterone had significant effects on the proliferation, cytolytic activity, and cytokine secretion of endometrial CD16neg CD56bright NK cells. CONCLUSION(S) Female sex steroids do not directly affect the bioactivity of the human endometrial CD16neg CD56bright NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Kitaya
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
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9
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Watzka M, Bidlingmaier F, Beyenburg S, Henke RT, Clusmann H, Elger CE, Schramm J, Klingmüller D, Stoffel-Wagner B. Corticosteroid receptor mRNA expression in the brains of patients with epilepsy. Steroids 2000; 65:895-901. [PMID: 11077088 DOI: 10.1016/s0039-128x(00)00205-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The effects of corticosteroids in the brain are mediated through the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR). We used a sensitive competitive RT-PCR assay to quantify the amounts of GR and MR mRNA in human brain tissue specimens from patients with focal epilepsies. GR and MR mRNAs were expressed at approximately the same levels in the temporal lobe, frontal lobe, and hippocampus as compared to tissues with high glucocorticoid/mineralocorticoid receptor expression (liver/kidney). GR and MR mRNA concentrations in the temporal lobe increased markedly during childhood and reached adult levels at puberty. GR and MR mRNA expression was significantly higher in the temporal lobe and frontal lobe cortex of women than in those of men. In women, MR and GR mRNA concentrations were markedly lower in hippocampal tissue than in frontal and temporal lobe cortex tissue. In conclusion, our data demonstrate sex- and site-dependent expression of corticosteroid receptor mRNA in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Watzka
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany.
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10
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Kohmura Y, Kirikae T, Kirikae F, Nakano M, Sato I. Onapristone (ZK299) blocks the suppressive effect of progesterone, but not that of dexamethasone, on inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression and nitric oxide production in murine macrophages. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY 2000; 22:765-74. [PMID: 10963849 DOI: 10.1016/s0192-0561(00)00038-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Suppressive effects of progesterone on inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein expression and nitric oxide (NO) production in murine peritoneal macrophages in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the inhibition of the suppressive activity of progesterone by onapristone (ZK299), a synthetic progesterone inhibitor, were studied. Progesterone suppressed dose-dependently LPS-induced NO production by macrophages, and scarcely detectable expression of iNOS was seen in the macrophages. ZK299 liberated the macrophages from the inhibitory effect of progesterone. Although dexamethasone, a synthetic glucocorticoid, can potently suppress LPS-induced NO production by macrophages, ZK299 did not liberate the suppression by dexamethasone, suggesting that these two corticosteroids induce suppression through independent mechanisms. RT-PCR analysis showed that murine macrophages expressed no progesterone-receptor. These findings indicate that the inhibitory effect of progesterone occurs at least on the level of iNOS protein expression in the signaling pathway after the LPS-stimulus. Furthermore, our present data may suggest the existence of a yet unknown type of progesterone-receptor in murine macrophages, the binding to which is responsible for the inhibitory effect of progesterone, or that progesterone may act non-specifically on the macrophages without involvement of any receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kohmura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jichi Medical School, Minamikawachi-machi, Japan
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11
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Watzka M, Beyenburg S, Blümcke I, Elger CE, Bidlingmaier F, Stoffel-Wagner B. Expression of mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptor mRNA in the human hippocampus. Neurosci Lett 2000; 290:121-4. [PMID: 10936692 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(00)01325-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The genomic effects of corticosteroids in the brain are mediated through two receptors with a high affinity for cortisol: the glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor (GR/MR). We used competitive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction to quantify the amount of MR and GR mRNA in hippocampal tissue obtained from patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. MR and GR mRNA were expressed at approximately the same levels as in tissues known for high glucocorticoid/mineralocorticoid sensitivity, i.e. liver or kidney. MR mRNA concentrations were significantly higher in the hippocampus of women (0.24+/-0.04 aU, arbitrary units; mean+/-SEM) than in men (0.14+/-0.01 aU, P<0.006) or children (0.09+/-0.02, P<0. 007). No such differences were observed for GR mRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Watzka
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany.
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12
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Calogero AE, Burrello N, Bosboom AM, Garofalo MR, Weber RF, D'Agata R. Glucocorticoids inhibit gonadotropin-releasing hormone by acting directly at the hypothalamic level. J Endocrinol Invest 1999; 22:666-70. [PMID: 10595829 DOI: 10.1007/bf03343627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids, the end-product of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, suppress gonadotropin release by acting at the level of the pituitary gland. However, experimental evidence suggests that they may also act at the hypothalamic level to suppress gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) release. The lack of a direct demonstration of this assumption, prompted us to evaluate the effects of glucocorticoids on hypothalamic GnRH release from individually-incubated hemi-hypothalami explanted from male rats. Since testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and progesterone suppress GnRH release and androgens potentiate the effects of glucocorticoids on GnRH release, we studied also the interaction of these steroids with glucocorticoids on GnRH release. Corticosterone (B), the main glucocorticoid of the rodents with greater affinity for the type I glucocorticoid receptor, and dexamethasone (DEX), a synthetic type II glucocorticoid receptor agonist, were able to suppress basal GnRH release in a concentration-dependent fashion. DEX induced a more profound suppression of GnRH release. Neither T (0.1 nM) nor DHT (0.01 nM) modulated the suppressive effects of low (10 nM) or high (100 nM) concentrations of B on GnRH release. On the other hand, progesterone counteracted the suppressive effect of low concentrations of B (10 nM) on GnRH release, but had no effect on the suppression caused by a higher concentration of B (100 nM). The ability of glucocorticoids to inhibit directly GnRH release suggests that these stress-responsive hormones act also at the hypothalamic level to suppress the reproductive function. The suppressive effect of B was not modulated by androgens, but it was neutralized by progesterone, at least when B was used at low concentrations. We speculate that this steroid "protects" the GnRH-secreting neuron only during basal, but not stress-induced, HPA axis activity when the concentrations of glucocorticoids are more elevated.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Calogero
- Divisione di Andrologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Università di Catania, Italy.
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13
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Vassiliadou N, Tucker L, Anderson DJ. Progesterone-Induced Inhibition of Chemokine Receptor Expression on Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Correlates with Reduced HIV-1 Infectability In Vitro. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.12.7510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that progesterone, a sex steroid hormone, enhances the sexual transmission of various pathogens, including SIV. The goal of this study was to determine whether progesterone affects mechanisms underlying the sexual transmission of HIV-1. We first studied the effects of various physiologic concentrations of progesterone on the expression of chemokines and chemokine receptors by T cells and macrophages. Chemokines are involved in leukocyte recruitment to peripheral sites; in addition, the chemokine receptors CCR5 and CXCR4 are HIV-1 coreceptors, and their ligands can block HIV-1 infection. Progesterone treatment had no effect on constitutive expression of CCR5 and CXCR4 by nonactivated T cells and macrophages, but significantly inhibited IL-2-induced up-regulation of CCR5 and CXCR4 on activated T cells (p < 0.05). Progesterone also inhibited both mitogen-induced proliferation and chemokine secretion (macrophage inflammatory protein-1α, macrophage inflammatory protein-1β, RANTES) by CD8+ T lymphocytes. Control and progesterone-treated PBMC cultures were also tested for susceptibility to infection by T cell-tropic (HIV-1MN) and macrophage-tropic (HIV-1JR-CSF) viral strains in vitro. Infection with low titers of HIV-1MN was consistently inhibited in progesterone-treated cultures; progesterone effects on infection with the HIV-1JR-CSF strain were more variable, but correlated with progesterone-induced reductions in CCR5 levels. These results indicate that progesterone treatment can inhibit mechanisms underlying HIV-1 transmission, including infection of CD4+ target cells via CXCR4/CCR5 coreceptors and effects on chemokine-mediated recruitment of lymphocytes and monocytes to mucosal epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neratzoula Vassiliadou
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Lynne Tucker
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Deborah J. Anderson
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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14
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Vicent GP, Pecci A, Ghini AA, Piwien-Pilipuk G, Veleiro AS, Burton G, Lantos CP, Galigniana MD. The glucocorticoid properties of the synthetic steroid pregna-1,4-diene-11beta-ol-3,20-dione (deltaHOP) are not entirely correlated with the steroid binding to the glucocorticoid receptor. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1999; 149:207-19. [PMID: 10375032 DOI: 10.1016/s0303-7207(98)00205-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The natural steroid 11beta-hydroxyprogesterone is not only a modulator of 11beta-hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenase activity, but also an efficient inducer of tyrosine aminotransferase activity in hepatocytes. In contrast with the low affinity for the mineralocorticoid receptor. 11beta-hydroxyprogesterone binds well to both the glucocorticoid receptor and the carrier protein transcortin. It is accepted that the introduction of a 1:ene double bond into 3-keto 4:ene steroids increases the glucocorticoid potency, so that 3-keto-1,4:diene steroids show improved chemical stability and are more potent glucocorticoids than their respective 4:ene analogs. The steroid pregna-1,4-diene-11beta-ol-3,20-dione (deltaHOP) had previously been described as an anti-inflamatory compound and an inhibitor of macromolecular biosynthesis in thymocytes and lymphocytes. In such studies, deltaHOP also exhibited some particular glucocorticoid properties which made it attractive as a tool for the study of the mechanism of action of glucocorticoids. In the present paper we show that deltaHOP possesses some classical biological actions of glucocorticoids such as deposition of glycogen in rat liver, induction of TAT activity in hepatocytes, and inhibition of the uptake of leucine and thymidine by thymocytes. It also exhibits minimal sodium-retaining properties. Consistent with these biological effects, deltaHOP shows a 70 times lower relative binding affinity for the mineralocortioid receptor than aldosterone, but a reasonable affinity for the glucocorticoid receptor, and is as efficient as dexamethasone in dissociating the 90 kDa heat shock protein from the glucocorticoid receptor heterocomplex. However, the inhibition of the uptake of amino acids and nucleotides observed in the presence of deltaHOP is not efficiently blocked when thymocytes are coincubated in the presence of steroids with known antiglucocorticoid activity. deltaHOP is similarly inefficient in inducing chloramphenicol-acetyl transferase activity in cells transfected with a plasmid that possesses two canonical glucocorticoid-responsive elements. Unlike most glucocorticoids, deltaHOP does not induce the fragmentation of DNA in a regular pattern characteristic of apoptosis and it does not reduce thymus weight. This unusual dissociation of glucocorticoid parameters makes deltaHOP a useful tool to discriminate between mechanisms of action by which steroids can exert their biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Vicent
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires and PRHOM-CONICET, Argentina
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15
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Abstract
Sex differences exist in the functioning of the two brain corticosteroid receptor systems. Ovarian steroid replacement alters receptor mRNA expression, receptor binding capacities, and receptor affinity. The abundance of both mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) message can be reduced by estrogen. Progesterone is able to partially antagonize the action of estrogen and to induce MR transcription. The effect of estrogen on receptor binding capacity is more modest than its transcriptional actions. Estrogen decreases MR binding more reliably than it does GR. Progesterone has high affinity for the MR and can substantially reduce MR affinity for corticoids. Androgen apparently regulates corticoid receptor transcription but may not affect binding capacity. Estrogen and androgen are both more potent in regulating pituitary-adrenal function than would be suggested by their actions on receptor binding parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- B B Turner
- Department of Physiology, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City 37614-0576, USA. Turner
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16
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Modarress KJ, Opoku J, Xu M, Sarlis NJ, Simons SS. Steroid-induced conformational changes at ends of the hormone-binding domain in the rat glucocorticoid receptor are independent of agonist versus antagonist activity. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:23986-94. [PMID: 9295350 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.38.23986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The underlying molecular mechanism for the expression of agonist versus antagonist activity for a given receptor-steroid complex is still not known. One attractive hypothesis, based on data from progesterone receptors, is that agonist versus antagonist binding induces unique conformations at the C terminus of receptors, which can be detected by the different fragments produced by partial proteolysis. We now report that the determinants of glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-antagonist complex activity are more complex. Steroid binding did cause a conformational change in the GR that was detected by partial trypsin digestion, as described previously (Simons, S. S., Jr., Sistare, F. D., and Chakraborti, P. K. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 14493-14497). However, there was no uniformity in the digestion patterns of unactivated or activated receptors bound by a series of six structurally different antagonists including the affinity labeling antiglucocorticoid dexamethasone 21-mesylate. A total of four resistant bands were observed on SDS-polyacrylamide gels in the range of 30-27 kDa. Using a series of point mutations and epitope-specific antibodies, it was determined that the 30-kDa species represented the entire C-terminal sequence of amino acids 518-795, whereas the other bands arose from additional N-terminal and/or C-terminal cleavages. Bioassays with GRs containing various point and deletion mutations failed to reveal any C-terminal alterations that could convert antagonists into biologically active agonists. Thus, the presence or absence of C-terminal amino acids of the GR did not uniquely determine either the appearance of smaller trypsin-resistant fragments or the nature of the biological response of receptor-bound antisteroids. When compared with the current model of the ligand-binding domain, which is based on the x-ray structures of the comparable region of thyroid and retinoic acid receptors, the present results suggest that sequences outside of the model structure are relevant for the binding and biological activity of GRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Modarress
- Steroid Hormones Section, NIDDK/Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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17
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Teutsch G, Nique F, Lemoine G, Bouchoux F, Cérède E, Gofflo D, Philibert D. General structure-activity correlations of antihormones. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1995; 761:5-28. [PMID: 7625749 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb31365.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G Teutsch
- Centre de Recherches Roussel Uclaf 102, Romainville, France
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18
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Tenenbaum HC, Kamalia N, Sukhu B, Limeback H, McCulloch CA. Probing glucocorticoid-dependent osteogenesis in rat and chick cells in vitro by specific blockade of osteoblastic differentiation with progesterone and RU38486. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 1995; 242:200-10. [PMID: 7668405 DOI: 10.1002/ar.1092420209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids and sex-steroids can modulate osteogenesis in vivo and in vitro. Although the effects of glucocorticoids on bone cells in vitro have been described in detail, the role of sex-steroids is not as well defined. We examined whether sex-steroids influence bone metabolism indirectly by regulating glucocorticoid effects on bone. Interactions of the sex-steroid progesterone or its analog RU38486 with the glucocorticoid dexamethasone (dex) were studied in functional assays of osteogenesis. Three osteoblastic models were evaluated: (1) the rat bone marrow stromal cell (RBMC) nodule system; (2) the chick periosteal osteogenesis (CPO) model; and (3) ROS 17/2.8 cells. RU38486, progesterone, and unlabelled dex competitively inhibited 3H-dex uptake by ROS 17/2.8 cells as well as its (3H-dex) binding to cytosol preps. Both RU38486 and progesterone inhibited dex-induced increases in alkaline phosphatase in CPO cultures, in RBMC cultures, and in ROS 17/2.8 cells. Dex-induced decreases in cell proliferation in ROS 17/2.8 cells were reversed by RU38486 but dex-induced increases in proliferation in the CPO model were not affected. In CPO cultures, dex-induced increases in collagen synthesis were inhibited completely by RU38486 and progesterone. Dex-dependent nodule formation in the RBMC was blocked by RU38486. Both RU38486 and dex mediated reduction of calcium uptake in the CPO model but did not affect mineralized tissue area. The data indicate that RU38486 and progesterone competitively inhibit dex-mediated stimulation of osteogenesis in vitro; this inhibition is exerted on early but not late stage differentiation events of osteoprogenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Tenenbaum
- MRC Group in Periodontal Physiology, University of Toronto, Canada
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19
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11 Structure and Regulation of Genes for Estrogen Receptors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s1546-5098(08)60072-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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20
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Physiological aspects of androstenone and skatole formation in the boar—A review with experimental data. Meat Sci 1994; 38:289-305. [DOI: 10.1016/0309-1740(94)90118-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/1993] [Revised: 10/22/1993] [Accepted: 10/22/1993] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Couette B, Lombes M, Baulieu EE, Rafestin-Oblin ME. Aldosterone antagonists destabilize the mineralocorticosteroid receptor. Biochem J 1992; 282 ( Pt 3):697-702. [PMID: 1313229 PMCID: PMC1130843 DOI: 10.1042/bj2820697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate the mechanism of action of aldosterone antagonists, we studied the interaction of spironolactone with the chick mineralocorticosteroid receptor (MR). Intestinal cytosol contains specific spironolactone-binding sites (Kd approximately 3 nM; max. no. of binding sites approximately 100 fmol/mg of protein) that have been identified as MRs by competition experiments with steroid ligands and with the monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibody H10E that interacts with aldosterone-binding domain of the MR. Binding studies indicate that aldosterone and spironolactone bind to the MR through a common site that encompasses the epitope recognized by H10E. At 4 degrees C, spironolactone dissociates much more rapidly from the cytosol 8-9 S form of MR (t1/2 38 min) than does aldosterone (t1/2 3240 min). A high dissociation rate was also observed for progesterone, a natural aldosterone antagonist (t1/2 84 min). The covalent linkage of the 90 kDa heat shock protein (hsp90) to the ligand-binding subunit of MR with dimethyl pimelimidate did not notably modify the rate of dissociation of spironolactone from the receptor (t1/2 96 min), excluding the possibility that the rapid dissociation rate of the antagonist was related to hsp90 release. The effects of aldosterone and the two anti-mineralocorticosteroids on the 8-9 S heterooligomeric structure of the MR differed strikingly. Using low-salt density-gradient centrifugation analysis, aldosterone-labelled receptors were recovered as 8-9S complexes, whereas 4 S entities were detected after spironolactone and progesterone binding. This indicated that, under the experimental conditions used, aldosterone antagonists facilitate hsp90 release and thus do not stabilize the non-DNA-binding 8-9S form of MR. We propose that the combination of rapid dissociation of the ligand and a weakened hsp90-receptor interaction is involved in the anti-mineralococorticosteroid activity of aldosterone antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Couette
- Lab. Hormones, INSERM U 33, Bicêtre, France
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22
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Lemesle-Varloot L, Ojasoo T, Mornon JP, Raynaud JP. A model for the determination of the 3D-spatial distribution of the functions of the hormone-binding domain of receptors that bind 3-keto-4-ene steroids. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1992; 41:369-88. [PMID: 1562512 DOI: 10.1016/0960-0760(92)90363-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A method of comparing the hydrophobic clusters of proteins (hydrophobic cluster analysis, HCA) has revealed that the 3D-folding pattern of the hormone-binding domain (HBD) of steroid hormone receptors (SHRs) may have an unexpectedly high degree of analogy with the known 3D-crystal structures of proteins belonging to the serine proteinase inhibitor (SERPIN) superfamily, e.g. alpha 1-antitrypsin and ovalbumin. The present paper briefly reviews some of the biochemical evidence that supports the structural validity of the SERPIN model and shows how the model can be used to establish hypothetical 3D-locations for functions attributed to different amino-acids or peptide sequences of the HBD: i.e. heat-shock protein binding, transcription activation, phosphorylation, steroid binding, but also ATP-binding. Indeed, the model has enabled the identification of a Rossmann-fold in SHRs that might bind ATP. Visualization of all these functions should help to interpret the chain of concerted events induced by steroid binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lemesle-Varloot
- Laboratoire de Minéralogie-Cristallographie, C.N.R.S. URA 09, Universités Paris, France
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- D N Danforth
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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24
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Dalton K, Holton WM. Diet of women with severe premenstrual syndrome and the effect of changing to a three-hourly starch diet. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1002/smi.2460080109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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