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Ghanem M, Archer G, Crestani B, Mailleux AA. The endocrine FGFs axis: A systemic anti-fibrotic response that could prevent pulmonary fibrogenesis? Pharmacol Ther 2024:108669. [PMID: 38795981 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and fatal disease for which therapeutic options are limited, with an unmet need to identify new therapeutic targets. IPF is thought to be the consequence of repeated microlesions of the alveolar epithelium, leading to aberrant epithelial-mesenchymal communication and the accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins. The reactivation of developmental pathways, such as Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGFs), is a well-described mechanism during lung fibrogenesis. Secreted FGFs with local paracrine effects can either exert an anti-fibrotic or a pro-fibrotic action during this pathological process through their FGF receptors (FGFRs) and heparan sulfate residues as co-receptors. Among FGFs, endocrine FGFs (FGF29, FGF21, and FGF23) play a central role in the control of metabolism and tissue homeostasis. They are characterized by a low affinity for heparan sulfate, present in the cell vicinity, allowing them to have endocrine activity. Nevertheless, their interaction with FGFRs requires the presence of mandatory co-receptors, alpha and beta Klotho proteins (KLA and KLB). Endocrine FGFs are of growing interest for their anti-fibrotic action during liver, kidney, or myocardial fibrosis. Innovative therapies based on FGF19 or FGF21 analogs are currently being studied in humans during liver fibrosis. Recent data report a similar anti-fibrotic action of endocrine FGFs in the lung, suggesting a systemic regulation of the pulmonary fibrotic process. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the protective effect of endocrine FGFs during the fibrotic processes, with a focus on pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mada Ghanem
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, Physiopathologie et Épidémiologie des Maladies Respiratoires, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Gabrielle Archer
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, Physiopathologie et Épidémiologie des Maladies Respiratoires, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Bruno Crestani
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, Physiopathologie et Épidémiologie des Maladies Respiratoires, F-75018 Paris, France; Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bichat, Service de Pneumologie A, FHU APOLLO, Paris, France
| | - Arnaud A Mailleux
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, Physiopathologie et Épidémiologie des Maladies Respiratoires, F-75018 Paris, France.
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Abudigin WI, Bajaber A, Subash-Babu P. Impact of various dietary lipids on amelioration of biomarkers linked to metabolic syndrome in both healthy and diabetic Wistar rats. BMC Nutr 2024; 10:75. [PMID: 38755663 PMCID: PMC11097575 DOI: 10.1186/s40795-024-00881-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study was designed to investigate the influence of different dietary lipids (sheep's fat, olive oil, coconut oil, and corn oil) on specific biomarkers associated with metabolic syndrome in both healthy and diabetic rats. METHODS The study designed for 45 days, utilized a male diabetic wistar rat (body weight, 180-220 g) model induced by streptozotocin (45 mg/kg bw). The rats were divided into two sections: five non-diabetic and five diabetic groups, each containing six rats. The first group in each section serving as the control, received a standard diet. Both non-diabetic or diabetic groups, were provided with a standard diet enriched with 15% sheep fat, 15% coconut oil, 15% olive oil, and 15% corn oil, respectively for a duration of 45 days. RESULTS Post-supplementation, both healthy and diabetic control rats exhibited a higher food intake compared to rats supplemented with lipid diet; notably food intake was higher in diabetic control than healthy control. However, rats fed with coconut oil, olive oil and sheep fat showed weight gain at the end of the experiment, in both healthy and diabetic groups. Coconut oil supplementation significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased HDL-C and total cholesterol level in diabetic groups compared to healthy group, it was confirmed by an increased PPAR-α and ABCA-1 protein level. Olive oil significantly decreased triglyceride, total cholesterol, and LDL-C levels in diabetic rats when compared to sheep fat or coconut oil. Corn oil significantly decreased fasting glucose, total cholesterol and LDL-C levels compared to all other groups. Corn and olive oil supplemented normal groups, found with significant increase in hepatic glucose-lipid oxidative metabolism associated protein, like FGF-21, MSH, ABCA-1, PPAR-γ and decreased lipogenesis proteins like, SREBP and PPAR-α levels. In contrast, sheep grease and coconut oil increased SREBP and PPAR-α expression in both normal and diabetic groups. Most notably, normal and diabetic groups pretreated with sheep grease resulted in increased inflammatory (MCP-1, IL-1β, TLR-4, TNF-α), and oxidative stress markers (LPO, GSH, GPx, SOD and CAT) linked with metabolic complications. CONCLUSION The combination or alternative use of olive oil and corn oil in daily diet may play a significant role in preventing proinflammatory condition associated with insulin resistance and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weaam I Abudigin
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food & Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh, 11459, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Adnan Bajaber
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food & Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh, 11459, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pandurangan Subash-Babu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food & Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh, 11459, Saudi Arabia
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Osonoi S, Takebe T. Organoid-guided precision hepatology for metabolic liver disease. J Hepatol 2024; 80:805-821. [PMID: 38237864 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease affects millions of people worldwide. Progress towards a definitive cure has been incremental and treatment is currently limited to lifestyle modification. Hepatocyte-specific lipid accumulation is the main trigger of lipotoxic events, driving inflammation and fibrosis. The underlying pathology is extraordinarily heterogenous, and the manifestations of steatohepatitis are markedly influenced by metabolic communications across non-hepatic organs. Synthetic human tissue models have emerged as powerful platforms to better capture the mechanistic diversity in disease progression, while preserving person-specific genetic traits. In this review, we will outline current research efforts focused on integrating multiple synthetic tissue models of key metabolic organs, with an emphasis on organoid-based systems. By combining functional genomics and population-scale en masse profiling methodologies, human tissues derived from patients can provide insights into personalised genetic, transcriptional, biochemical, and metabolic states. These collective efforts will advance our understanding of steatohepatitis and guide the development of rational solutions for mechanism-directed diagnostic and therapeutic investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Osonoi
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Takanori Takebe
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; WPI Premium Institute for Human Metaverse Medicine (WPI-PRIMe) and Department of Genome Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Institute of Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo 113-8510, Japan; Communication Design Center, Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan.
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Agarwal S, Sharma S, Grover I, Singh N, Ahmed S, Saraya A. Longitudinal changes in bone mineral density may be associated with long-term survival in patients with cirrhosis: A proof of concept of study. Indian J Gastroenterol 2024:10.1007/s12664-023-01504-y. [PMID: 38619809 DOI: 10.1007/s12664-023-01504-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The impact of longitudinal changes in different body components measured via body composition analysis (BCA) on liver-related outcomes in patients with cirrhosis is poorly understood. We evaluated the prognostic relevance of longitudinal changes in body composition over one year in patients with cirrhosis. METHODS This was a follow-up study of a randomized controlled trial evaluating changes in bone density measured via dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) upon vitamin D supplementation. Patients with available anthropometric indices, fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM), bone-density at lumbar spine (LD) and left femur-neck (FD) (assessed by T score) at two time points one year apart were assessed for outcomes. The prognostic relevance of change in parameters such as ΔFM, ΔFFM, ΔLD and ΔFD over one year was assessed and compared with baseline model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score. RESULTS Patients with cirrhosis (n=112) (mean age 41.8±12 years, 58.5% males) were followed up for median duration of 5.7 years interquartile range [IQR 3.5-5.7], with five-year survival rate of 77%. On serial BCA, ΔLD (p=0.029) and ΔFD (p=0.003) emerged as significant predictors of survival, whereas ΔFM (p=0.479), ΔFFM (p=0.245) and ΔBMI (p=0.949) were not. The area under curve of ΔLD and MELD score for predicting survival was 0.636 (0.5-0.773) and 0.664 (0.555-0.773), respectively. ΔFD<0.1 over one year had sensitivity and specificity of 70.4% and 56.5% to predict poor survival. The combination of ΔFD, MELD and ascites predicted five-year survival with an optimism-corrected c-statistic of 0.785. CONCLUSION Among body composition parameters, changes in bone mineral density correlate best with survival and have prognostic relevance similar to that of ascites and MELD score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samagra Agarwal
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition Unit, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110 029, India
| | - Sanchit Sharma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition Unit, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110 029, India
- Liver Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Indu Grover
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition Unit, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110 029, India
| | - Namrata Singh
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition Unit, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110 029, India
| | - Syed Ahmed
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition Unit, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110 029, India
| | - Anoop Saraya
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition Unit, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110 029, India.
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Pedersen AKN, Gormsen LC, Nielsen S, Jessen N, Bjerre M. Metformin Improves the Prerequisites for FGF21 Signaling in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2024; 109:e552-e561. [PMID: 37776319 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21 acts as a metabolic regulator and its therapeutic use is under investigation. FGF21 signaling requires binding to surface receptors, FGFR1c and β-klotho. FGF21 resistance is observed in metabolic diseases and FGF21 signaling is regulated by fibroblast activation protein (FAP). Metformin is reported to influence expression and secretion of FGF21 in preclinical models, but the effect of metformin on FGF21 in a clinical trial remains unknown. OBJECTIVE To investigate how 12 weeks of treatment with metformin affects the FGF21 signaling pathway in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). METHODS Randomized, placebo-controlled study in patients with T2D (n = 24) receiving either metformin (1000 mg twice daily) or placebo. A control group of body mass index- and age-matched healthy individuals (n = 12) received a similar dose of metformin. Blood samples and muscle and fat biopsies were collected at study entry and after 12 weeks. METHODS Plasma levels of FGF21 (total and intact) and FAP (total and activity) were measured. Muscle and fat biopsies were analyzed for mRNA and protein expression of targets relevant for activation of the FGF21 signaling pathway. RESULTS Circulating FAP activity decreased after metformin treatment compared with placebo (P = .006), whereas FGF21 levels were unchanged. Metformin treatment increased gene and protein expression of β-klotho, FGFR1c, and pFGFR1c in adipose tissue. FGF21 mRNA expression increased in muscle tissue after metformin and the FGF21 protein, but not mRNA levels, were observed in adipose tissue. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that metformin suppresses the circulating FAP activity and upregulates the expression of FGFR1c and β-klotho for increased FGF21 signaling in adipose tissue, thus improving peripheral FGF21 sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Kathrine Nissen Pedersen
- Medical/Steno Aarhus Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Lars Christian Gormsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Center, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Søren Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Niels Jessen
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Health, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Mette Bjerre
- Medical/Steno Aarhus Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
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Zhou C, Pan X, Huang L, Wu T, Zhao T, Qi J, Wu J, Mukondiwa AV, Tang Y, Luo Y, Tu Q, Huang Z, Niu J. Fibroblast growth factor 21 ameliorates cholestatic liver injury via a hepatic FGFR4-JNK pathway. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:166870. [PMID: 37696161 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Cholestasis is characterized by hepatic accumulation of cytotoxic bile acids (BAs), which often subsequently leads to liver injury, inflammation, fibrosis, and liver cirrhosis. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a liver-secreted hormone with pleiotropic effects on the homeostasis of glucose, lipid, and energy metabolism. However, whether hepatic FGF21 plays a role in cholestatic liver injury remains elusive. We found that serum and hepatic FGF21 levels were significantly increased in response to cholestatic liver injury. Hepatocyte-specific deletion of Fgf21 exacerbated hepatic accumulation of BAs, further accentuating liver injury. Consistently, administration of rFGF21 ameliorated cholestatic liver injury caused by α-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) treatment and Mdr2 deficiency. Mechanically, FGF21 activated a hepatic FGFR4-JNK signaling pathway to decrease Cyp7a1 expression, thereby reducing hepatic BAs pool. Our study demonstrates that hepatic FGF21 functions as an adaptive stress-responsive signal to downregulate BA biosynthesis, thereby ameliorating cholestatic liver injury, and FGF21 analogs may represent a candidate therapy for cholestatic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanren Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Xiaomin Pan
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Lei Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Tianzhen Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Tiantian Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Jie Qi
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China; Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Jiamin Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Alan Vengai Mukondiwa
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Yuli Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Yongde Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Qi Tu
- Hangzhou Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
| | - Zhifeng Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China; Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
| | - Jianlou Niu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
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Hirai T, Wang W, Murono N, Iwasa K, Inoue M. Potential role of Akt in the regulation of fibroblast growth factor 21 by berberine. J Nat Med 2024; 78:169-179. [PMID: 37951850 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-023-01755-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is expressed in several organs, including the liver, adipose tissue, and cardiovascular system, and plays an important role in cross-talk with other organs by binding to specific FGF receptors and their co-receptors. FGF21 represents a potential target for the treatment of obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The production of FGF21 in skeletal muscle was recently suggested to be beneficial for metabolic health through its autocrine and paracrine effects. However, the regulatory mechanisms of FGF21 in skeletal muscle remain unclear. In the present study, we showed that berberine regulated FGF21 production in C2C12 myotubes in a dose-dependent manner. We also examined the effects of A-674563, a selective Akt1 inhibitor, on the berberine-mediated regulation of FGF21 expression in C2C12 myotubes. Berberine significantly increased the secretion of FGF21 in C2C12 myotubes, while A-674563 attenuated this effect. Moreover, a pre-treatment with A-674563 effectively suppressed berberine-induced increases in Bmal1 expression in C2C12 myotubes, indicating that the up-regulation of Bmal1 after the berberine treatment was dependent on Akt1. Additionally, berberine-induced increases in FGF21 secretion were significantly attenuated in C2C12 cells transfected with Bmal1 siRNA, indicating the contribution of the core clock transcription factor BMAL1 to Akt-regulated FGF21 in response to berberine. Collectively, these results indicate that berberine regulates the expression of FGF21 through the Akt1 pathway in C2C12 myotubes. Moreover, the core clock gene Bmal1 may participate in the control of the myokine FGF21. Berberine stimulated Akt1-dependent FGF21 expression in C2C12 myotubes. The up-regulation of FGF21 through the modulation of PI3K/AKT1/BMAL1 in response to berberine may be involved in the regulation of cellular function (such as Glut1 expression) by acting in an autocrine and/or paracrine manner in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Hirai
- Laboratory of Medicinal Resources, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, 464-8650, Japan.
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Ishikawa Prefectural Nursing University, 1-1 Gakuendai, Kahoku, Ishikawa, 929-1210, Japan.
| | - Wei Wang
- Laboratory of Medicinal Resources, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, 464-8650, Japan
| | - Naoko Murono
- Community Health Nursing, Ishikawa Prefectural Nursing University, Kahoku, Ishikawa, 929-1210, Japan
| | - Kazuo Iwasa
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Ishikawa Prefectural Nursing University, Kahoku, Ishikawa, 929-1210, Japan
| | - Makoto Inoue
- Laboratory of Medicinal Resources, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, 464-8650, Japan
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Jiang H, Zang L. GLP-1/GLP-1RAs: New Options for the Drug Treatment of NAFLD. Curr Pharm Des 2024; 30:100-114. [PMID: 38532322 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128283153231226103218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has recently emerged as a global public health concern. Currently, the cornerstone of NAFLD treatment is lifestyle modification and, if necessary, weight loss. However, compliance is a challenge, and this approach alone may not be sufficient to halt and treat the more serious disease development, so medication is urgently needed. Nevertheless, no medicines are approved to treat NAFLD. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an enteropeptide hormone that inhibits glucagon synthesis, promotes insulin secretion, and delays gastric emptying. GLP-1 has been found in recent studies to be beneficial for the management of NAFLD, and the marketed GLP-1 agonist drugs have different degrees of effectiveness for NAFLD while lowering blood glucose. In this article, we review GLP-1 and its physiological roles, the pathogenesis of NAFLD, the correlation between NAFLD and GLP-1 signaling, and potential strategies for GLP-1 treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Jiang
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Linquan Zang
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Domouzoglou EM, Vlahos AP, Papafaklis MI, Cholevas VK, Chaliasos N, Siomou E, Michalis LK, Tsatsoulis A, Naka KK. Role of FGF21 and Leptin for the Diagnosis of Metabolic Health in Children with and without Obesity. J Pers Med 2023; 13:1680. [PMID: 38138907 PMCID: PMC10744927 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13121680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and unfavorable metabolic profiles increase the risk for cardiovascular complications in adults. Although it is important to distinguish different metabolic health states at an early stage, there are limited data on the related value of biomarkers in childhood. We aimed to identify biomarkers for the detection of different metabolic health states in children with and without obesity. The serum levels of metabolic regulators (fibroblast growth factor 21 [FGF21], leptin, adiponectin and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1) and vascular indices (flow-mediated dilation [FMD] and carotid intima-media thickness) were assessed in 78 children. Differences between the metabolically healthy and unhealthy state within children with normal weight (MHN vs. MUN), and within children with overweight/obesity (MHO vs. MUO) were investigated; the discriminatory power of the biomarkers was studied. Both MUN and MUO groups expressed altered lipid and glucose homeostasis compared to their healthy counterparts. The metabolic unhealthy state in children with normal weight was linked to higher FGF21 levels which had good discriminatory ability (area under the curve [AUC]: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.54-0.88; p = 0.044). In overweight/obese children, leptin was increased in the metabolically unhealthy subgroup (AUC: 0.81, 95% CI: 0.68-0.95; p = 0.01). There was a decrease in FMD indicating worse endothelial function in overweight/obese children versus those with normal weight. Distinct states of metabolic health exist in both children with normal weight and overweight/obese children. FGF21 and leptin may help to identify the metabolic unhealthy state in children with normal weight and in overweight/obese children, respectively, early in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni M. Domouzoglou
- Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Stavrou Niarchou, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Antonios P. Vlahos
- Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Stavrou Niarchou, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Michail I. Papafaklis
- Second Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Stavrou Niarchou, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (M.I.P.); (K.K.N.)
| | - Vasileios K. Cholevas
- Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Stavrou Niarchou, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Chaliasos
- Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Stavrou Niarchou, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Ekaterini Siomou
- Child Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Stavrou Niarchou, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Lampros K. Michalis
- Second Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Stavrou Niarchou, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (M.I.P.); (K.K.N.)
| | - Agathocles Tsatsoulis
- Department of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Stavrou Niarchou, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Katerina K. Naka
- Second Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Stavrou Niarchou, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; (M.I.P.); (K.K.N.)
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10
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Vesković M, Šutulović N, Hrnčić D, Stanojlović O, Macut D, Mladenović D. The Interconnection between Hepatic Insulin Resistance and Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease-The Transition from an Adipocentric to Liver-Centric Approach. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:9084-9102. [PMID: 37998747 PMCID: PMC10670061 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45110570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The central mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of MAFLD is insulin resistance with hyperinsulinemia, which stimulates triglyceride synthesis and accumulation in the liver. On the other side, triglyceride and free fatty acid accumulation in hepatocytes promotes insulin resistance via oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, lipotoxicity, and the increased secretion of hepatokines. Cytokines and adipokines cause insulin resistance, thus promoting lipolysis in adipose tissue and ectopic fat deposition in the muscles and liver. Free fatty acids along with cytokines and adipokines contribute to insulin resistance in the liver via the activation of numerous signaling pathways. The secretion of hepatokines, hormone-like proteins, primarily by hepatocytes is disturbed and impairs signaling pathways, causing metabolic dysregulation in the liver. ER stress and unfolded protein response play significant roles in insulin resistance aggravation through the activation of apoptosis, inflammatory response, and insulin signaling impairment mediated via IRE1/PERK/ATF6 signaling pathways and the upregulation of SREBP 1c. Circadian rhythm derangement and biological clock desynchronization are related to metabolic disorders, insulin resistance, and NAFLD, suggesting clock genes as a potential target for new therapeutic strategies. This review aims to summarize the mechanisms of hepatic insulin resistance involved in NAFLD development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Vesković
- Institute of Pathophysiology “Ljubodrag Buba Mihailovic”, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Nikola Šutulović
- Institute of Medical Physiology “Richard Burian”, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (N.Š.); (D.H.); (O.S.)
| | - Dragan Hrnčić
- Institute of Medical Physiology “Richard Burian”, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (N.Š.); (D.H.); (O.S.)
| | - Olivera Stanojlović
- Institute of Medical Physiology “Richard Burian”, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (N.Š.); (D.H.); (O.S.)
| | - Djuro Macut
- Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Dušan Mladenović
- Institute of Pathophysiology “Ljubodrag Buba Mihailovic”, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
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11
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Hjort L, Wewer Albrechtsen NJ, Minja D, Rasmussen C, Møller SL, Lusingu J, Theander T, Bygbjerg IC, Schmiegelow C, Grunnet LG. Cord Blood FGF-21 and GDF-15 Levels Are Affected by Maternal Exposure to Moderate to Severe Anemia and Malaria. J Endocr Soc 2023; 7:bvad120. [PMID: 37795192 PMCID: PMC10546908 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvad120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Context Anemia and malaria are global health problems affecting >50% of pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa and are associated with intrauterine growth restriction. The hormones fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) and growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) are involved in metabolic regulation and are expressed in the placenta. No studies exist on FGF-21 and GDF-15 responses to exposures of malaria and anemia in pregnancy. Objective and Methods Using a prospective, longitudinal pregnancy and birth cohort of women with an average age of 26 years from a rural region in northeastern Tanzania, we examined if FGF-21 and GDF-15 levels in maternal blood at week 33 ± 2 (n = 301) and in cord blood at birth (n = 353), were associated with anemia and malaria exposure at different time points in pregnancy and with neonatal anthropometry. Results Among mothers at gestation week 33 ± 2, lower FGF-21 levels were observed after exposure to malaria in the first trimester, but not anemia, whereas GDF-15 levels at week 33 ± 2 were not associated with malaria nor anemia. In cord blood, moderate to severe anemia at any time point in pregnancy was associated with higher levels of FGF-21, whereas malaria exposure in the third trimester was associated with lower FGF-21 levels in cord blood. Negative associations were observed between cord blood FGF-21 and GDF-15 levels and neonatal skinfold thicknesses and birthweight. Conclusion Our results suggest that moderate to severe anemia throughout pregnancy associates with higher FGF-21 levels, and malaria in last trimester associates with lower FGF-21 levels, in the neonates, thereby potentially affecting the future cardiometabolic health of the child.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Hjort
- Department of Obstetrics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Metabolic Epigenetics Group, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Nicolai J Wewer Albrechtsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
- Departments of Clinical Biochemistry, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Daniel Minja
- National Institute for Medical Research, Tanga Center, Tanga 5004, Tanzania
| | - Christine Rasmussen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
- Departments of Clinical Biochemistry, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Sofie Lykke Møller
- Department of Public Health, Section of Global Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - John Lusingu
- National Institute for Medical Research, Tanga Center, Tanga 5004, Tanzania
| | - Thor Theander
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Centre for Medical Parasitology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Ib Christian Bygbjerg
- Department of Public Health, Section of Global Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Christentze Schmiegelow
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Centre for Medical Parasitology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
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12
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Tang Y, Zhang M. Fibroblast growth factor 21 and bone homeostasis. Biomed J 2023; 46:100548. [PMID: 35850479 PMCID: PMC10345222 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a member of the FGF subfamily, is produced primarily in the liver and adipose tissue. The main function of FGF21 is to regulate energy metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids in the body through endocrine and other means, making FGF21 have potential clinical value in the treatment of metabolic disorders. Although FGF21 and its receptors play a role in the regulation of bone homeostasis through a variety of signaling pathways, a large number of studies have reported that the abuse of FGF21 and its analogues and the abnormal expression of FGF21 in vivo may be associated with bone abnormalities. Due to limited research information on the effect of FGF21 on bone metabolism regulation, the role of FGF21 in the process of bone homeostasis regulation and the mechanism of its occurrence and development have not been fully clarified. Certainly, the various roles played by FGF21 in the regulation of bone homeostasis deserve increasing attention. In this review, we summarize the basic physiological knowledge of FGF21 and the effects of FGF21 on metabolic homeostasis of the skeletal system in animal and human studies. The information provided in this review may prove beneficial for the intervention of bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Tang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Guoxue Lane, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Guoxue Lane, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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13
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Yang M, Liu C, Jiang N, Liu Y, Luo S, Li C, Zhao H, Han Y, Chen W, Li L, Xiao L, Sun L. Fibroblast growth factor 21 in metabolic syndrome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1220426. [PMID: 37576954 PMCID: PMC10414186 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1220426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is a complex metabolic disorder that often clinically manifests as obesity, insulin resistance/diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension. With the development of social and economic systems, the incidence of metabolic syndrome is increasing, bringing a heavy medical burden. However, there is still a lack of effective prevention and treatment strategies. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a member of the human FGF superfamily and is a key protein involved in the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis, including reducing fat mass and lowering hyperglycemia, insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. Here, we review the current regulatory mechanisms of FGF21, summarize its role in obesity, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension, and discuss the possibility of FGF21 as a potential target for the treatment of metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chongbin Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Na Jiang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shilu Luo
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chenrui Li
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hao Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yachun Han
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Li Xiao
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, Hunan, China
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14
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Yong F, Yan M, Zhang L, Ji W, Zhao S, Gao Y. Analysis of Functional Promoter of Camel FGF21 Gene and Identification of Small Compounds Targeting FGF21 Protein. Vet Sci 2023; 10:452. [PMID: 37505857 PMCID: PMC10383868 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10070452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) gene plays an important role in the mechanism of glucose and lipid metabolism and is a promising therapeutic target for metabolic disease. Camels display a unique regulation characteristic of glucose and lipid metabolism, endowing them with the ability to adapt to survive drought and chronic hunger. However, the knowledge about the camel FGF21 gene regulation and its differences between humans and mice is still limited. In this study, camel FGF21 gene promoter was obtained for ~2000 bp upstream of the transcriptional start site (TSS). Bioinformatics analysis showed that the proximal promoter region sequences near the TSS between humans and camels have high similarity. Two potential core active regions are located in the -445-612 bp region. In addition, camel FGF21 promoter contains three CpG islands (CGIs), located in the -435~-1168 bp regions, significantly more and longer than in humans and mice. The transcription factor binding prediction showed that most transcription factors, including major functional transcription factors, are the same in different species although the binding site positions in the promoter are different. These results indicated that the signaling pathways involved in FGF21 gene transcription regulation are conservative in mammals. Truncated fragments recombinant vectors and luciferase reporter assay determined that camel FGF21 core promoter is located within the 800 bp region upstream of the TSS and an enhancer may exist between the -1000 and -2000 bp region. Combining molecular docking and in silico ADMET druggability prediction, two compounds were screened as the most promising candidate drugs specifically targeting FGF21. This study expanded the functions of these small molecules and provided a foundation for drug development targeting FGF21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yong
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Meilin Yan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Wangye Ji
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Shuqin Zhao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China
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15
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Wang C, Wang X, Hu W. Molecular and cellular regulation of thermogenic fat. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1215772. [PMID: 37465124 PMCID: PMC10351381 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1215772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermogenic fat, consisting of brown and beige adipocytes, dissipates energy in the form of heat, in contrast to the characteristics of white adipocytes that store energy. Increasing energy expenditure by activating brown adipocytes or inducing beige adipocytes is a potential therapeutic strategy for treating obesity and type 2 diabetes. Thus, a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of thermogenesis provides novel therapeutic interventions for metabolic diseases. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the molecular regulation of thermogenesis, focusing on transcription factors, epigenetic regulators, metabolites, and non-coding RNAs. We further discuss the intercellular and inter-organ crosstalk that regulate thermogenesis, considering the heterogeneity and complex tissue microenvironment of thermogenic fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuihua Wang
- GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory for Cell Fate Regulation and Diseases, Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Xianju Wang
- GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory for Cell Fate Regulation and Diseases, Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenxiang Hu
- GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory for Cell Fate Regulation and Diseases, Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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16
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Nunes JM, Kell DB, Pretorius E. Cardiovascular and haematological pathology in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS): A role for viruses. Blood Rev 2023; 60:101075. [PMID: 36963989 PMCID: PMC10027292 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2023.101075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
ME/CFS is a debilitating chronic condition that often develops after viral or bacterial infection. Insight from the study of Long COVID/Post Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC), the post-viral syndrome associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, might prove to be useful for understanding pathophysiological mechanisms of ME/CFS. Disease presentation is similar between the two conditions, and a subset of Long COVID patients meet the diagnostic criteria for ME/CFS. Since Long COVID is characterized by significant vascular pathology - including endothelial dysfunction, coagulopathy, and vascular dysregulation - the question of whether or not the same biological abnormalities are of significance in ME/CFS arises. Cardiac abnormalities have for a while now been documented in ME/CFS cohorts, with recent studies demonstrating major deficits in cerebral blood flow, and hence vascular dysregulation. A growing body of research is demonstrating that ME/CFS is accompanied by platelet hyperactivation, anomalous clotting, a procoagulant phenotype, and endothelial dysfunction. Endothelial damage and dysregulated clotting can impair substance exchange between blood and tissues, and result in hypoperfusion, which may contribute to the manifestation of certain ME/CFS symptoms. Here we review the ME/CFS literature to summarize cardiovascular and haematological findings documented in patients with the condition, and, in this context, briefly discuss the potential role of previously-implicated pathogens. Overall, cardiac and haematological abnormalities are present within ME/CFS cohorts. While atherosclerotic heart disease is not significantly associated with ME/CFS, suboptimal cardiovascular function defined by reduced cardiac output, impaired cerebral blood flow, and vascular dysregulation are, and these abnormalities do not appear to be influenced by deconditioning. Rather, these cardiac abnormalities may result from dysfunction in the (autonomic) nervous system. Plenty of recently published studies are demonstrating significant platelet hyperactivity and endothelial dysfunction in ME/CFS, as well as anomalous clotting processes. It is of particular importance to determine to what extent these cardiovascular and haematological abnormalities contribute to symptom severity, and if these two systems can be targeted for therapeutic purposes. Viral reservoirs of herpesviruses exist in ME/CFS, and most likely contribute to cardiovascular and haematological dysfunction directly or indirectly. This review highlights the potential of studying cardiac functioning, the vasculature, and coagulation system in ME/CFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean M Nunes
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa.
| | - Douglas B Kell
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown St, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Biosustainability, Building 220, Chemitorvet 200, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown St, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK.
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17
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Lam S, Lui DTW, Shiu SWM, Wong Y, Tan KCB. Effect of type 2 diabetes on the inducible degrader of LDL receptor. J Lipid Res 2023; 64:100380. [PMID: 37094639 PMCID: PMC10230263 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The inducible degrader of LDL receptor (IDOL) acts as a post-transcriptional degrader of the LDL receptor (LDLR). IDOL is functionally active in the liver and in peripheral tissues. We have evaluated IDOL expression in circulating monocytes in subjects with and without type 2 diabetes and determined whether changes in IDOL expression could affect macrophage function like cytokine production in vitro. One hundred forty individuals with type 2 diabetes and 110 healthy control subjects were recruited. Cellular expression of IDOL and LDLR in peripheral blood CD14+ monocytes was measured by flow cytometry. The expression of intracellular IDOL was lower in individuals with diabetes than control (21.3 ± 4.6 mean fluorescence intensity × 1,000 vs. 23.8 ± 6.2, P < 0.01), and this was accompanied by an increase in cell surface LDLR (5.2 ± 3.0 mean fluorescence intensity × 1,000 vs. 4.3 ± 1.5, P < 0.01), LDL binding, and intracellular lipid (P < 0.01). IDOL expression correlated with HbA1c (r = -0.38, P < 0.01) and serum fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF21) (r = -0.34, P < 0.01). Multivariable regression analysis, including age, sex, BMI, smoking, HbA1c, and log(FGF21), showed that HbA1c and FGF21 were significant independent determinants of IDOL expression. IDOL knockdown human monocyte-derived macrophages produced higher concentrations of interleukin 1 beta, interleukin 6, and TNFα than control macrophages upon stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (all P < 0.01). In conclusion, the expression of IDOL in CD14+ monocytes was decreased in type 2 diabetes and was associated with glycemia and serum FGF21 concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sum Lam
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - David Tak Wai Lui
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Ying Wong
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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18
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Xiao F, Jiang H, Li Z, Jiang X, Chen S, Niu Y, Yin H, Shu Y, Peng B, Lu W, Li X, Li Z, Lan S, Xu X, Guo F. Reduced hepatic bradykinin degradation accounts for cold-induced BAT thermogenesis and WAT browning in male mice. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2523. [PMID: 37130842 PMCID: PMC10154316 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38141-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
An important role for liver in the regulation of adipose tissue thermogenesis upon cold exposure has been suggested; however, the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely defined. Here, we identify elevated serum bradykinin levels in response to acute cold exposure in male mice. A bolus of anti-bradykinin antibodies reduces body temperature during acute cold exposure, whereas bradykinin has the opposite effect. We demonstrate that bradykinin induces brown adipose tissue thermogenesis and white adipose tissue browning, and bradykinin increases uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) expression in adipose tissue. The bradykinin B2 receptor (B2R), adrenergic signaling and nitric oxide signaling are involved in regulating bradykinin-increased UCP1 expression. Moreover, acute cold exposure inhibits hepatic prolyl endopeptidase (PREP) activity, causing reduced liver bradykinin degradation and increased serum bradykinin levels. Finally, by blocking the breakdown of bradykinin, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) increase serum bradykinin levels and induce brown adipose tissue thermogenesis and white adipose tissue browning via B2R. Collectively, our data provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying organ crosstalk in whole-body physiology control during cold exposure and also suggest bradykinin as a possible anti-obesity target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xiao
- Zhongshan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haizhou Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zi Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxue Jiang
- Zhongshan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanghai Chen
- Zhongshan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuguo Niu
- Zhongshan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanrui Yin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yousheng Shu
- Zhongshan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Peng
- Zhongshan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Zhongshan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- Zhongshan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhigang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shujue Lan
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyan Xu
- Core Facility Center, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Feifan Guo
- Zhongshan Hospital, Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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19
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Rodriguez-Ayllon M, Plaza-Florido A, Mendez-Gutierrez A, Altmäe S, Solis-Urra P, Aguilera CM, Catena A, Ortega FB, Esteban-Cornejo I. The effects of a 20-week exercise program on blood-circulating biomarkers related to brain health in overweight or obese children: The ActiveBrains project. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2023; 12:175-185. [PMID: 36529369 PMCID: PMC10105026 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2022.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging research supports the idea that exercise positively affects neurodevelopment. However, the mechanisms linking exercise with brain health are largely unknown. We aimed to investigate the effect of exercise on (a) blood biomarkers selected based on previous evidence (brain-derived neurotrophic factor, β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), cathepsin B (CTSB), kynurenine, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1)); and (b) a panel of 92 neurology-related proteins (discovery analysis). We also investigated whether changes in these biomarkers mediate the effects of exercise on brain health (hippocampal structure and function, cognitive performance, and mental health). METHODS We randomized 81 overweight/obese children (10.1 ± 1.1 years, 41% girls) into 2 groups: either 20 weeks of aerobic plus resistance exercise or control. Candidate biomarkers were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for kynurenine, FGF21, and CTSB; colorimetry for β-hydroxybutyrate; and XMap for brain-derived neurotrophic factor and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. The 92 neurology-related proteins were analyzed by an antibody-based proteomic analysis. RESULTS Our intervention had no significant effect on candidate biomarkers (all p > 0.05). In the discovery analysis, a reduction in circulating macrophage scavenger receptor type-I was observed (standardized differences between groups = -0.3, p = 0.001). This effect was validated using ELISA methods (standardized difference = -0.3, p = 0.01). None of the biomarkers mediated the effects of exercise on brain health. CONCLUSIONS Our study does not support a chronic effect of exercise on candidate biomarkers. We observed that while chronic exercise reduced the levels of macrophage scavenger receptor type-I, it did not mediate the effects of exercise on brain health. Future studies should explore the implications of this novel biomarker for overall health.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Rodriguez-Ayllon
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity" research group, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 GD, the Netherlands
| | - Abel Plaza-Florido
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity" research group, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain
| | - Andrea Mendez-Gutierrez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain
| | - Signe Altmäe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain
| | - Patricio Solis-Urra
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity" research group, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain; Nuclear Medicine Services, Virgen de Las Nieves University Hospital, Granada 18014, Spain; Faculty of Education and Social Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Viña del Mar 2531015, Chile
| | - Concepción M Aguilera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain
| | - Andrés Catena
- Department of Experimental Psychology, School of Psychology, University of Granada, Granada 18011, Spain
| | - Francisco B Ortega
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity" research group, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain; Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä 40014, Finland; Department of Bioscience and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, SE 141 57, Sweden.
| | - Irene Esteban-Cornejo
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity" research group, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain
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Stefan N, Schick F, Birkenfeld AL, Häring HU, White MF. The role of hepatokines in NAFLD. Cell Metab 2023; 35:236-252. [PMID: 36754018 PMCID: PMC10157895 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is not only a consequence of insulin resistance, but it is also an important cause of insulin resistance and major non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The close relationship of NAFLD with visceral obesity obscures the role of fatty liver from visceral adiposity as the main pathomechanism of insulin resistance and NCDs. To overcome this limitation, in analogy to the concept of adipokines, in 2008 we introduced the term hepatokines to describe the role of fetuin-A in metabolism. Since then, several other hepatokines were tested for their effects on metabolism. Here we address the dysregulation of hepatokines in people with NAFLD. Then, we discuss pathophysiological mechanisms of cardiometabolic diseases specifically related to NAFLD by focusing on hepatokine-related organ crosstalk. Finally, we propose how the determination of major hepatokines and adipokines can be used for pathomechanism-based clustering of insulin resistance in NAFLD and visceral obesity to better implement precision medicine in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Stefan
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University Hospital of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller Str. 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Fritz Schick
- Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Section of Experimental Radiology, Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas L Birkenfeld
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University Hospital of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller Str. 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University Hospital of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller Str. 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Morris F White
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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21
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Gao Y, Zhao S, Zhang W, Tang H, Yan M, Yong F, Bai X, Wu X, Zhang Y, Zhang Q. Localization of FGF21 Protein and Lipid Metabolism-Related Genes in Camels. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020432. [PMID: 36836789 PMCID: PMC9959858 DOI: 10.3390/life13020432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
With the ability to survive under drought and chronic hunger, camels display a unique regulation characteristic of lipid metabolism. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21 is a peptide hormone that regulates metabolic pathways, especially lipid metabolism, which was considered as a promising therapeutic target for metabolic diseases. To understand the FGF21 expression pattern and its potential relationship with lipid metabolism in camels, this study investigated the distribution and expression of FGF21, receptor FGFR1, and two lipid metabolism markers, leptin and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), using an immunohistochemistry (IHC) assay. The results showed that FGF21 was widely expressed in camel central nerve tissue and peripheral organs but absent in lung and gametogenic tissue, including the testis, epididymis, and ovary. In striated muscle, FGF21 is only present at the fiber junction. FGFR1 is expressed in almost all tissues and cells, indicating that all tissues are responsive to FGF21 and other FGF-mediated signals. Leptin and HSL are mainly located in metabolic and energy-consuming organs. In the CNS, leptin and HSL showed a similar expression pattern with FGFR1. In addition, leptin expression is extremely high in the bronchial epithelium, which may be due to its role in the immune responses of respiratory mucosa, in addition to fat stores and energy balance. This study found that FGF21 showed active expression in the nervous system of camels, which may be related to the adaptability of camels to arid environments and the specific regulation of lipid metabolism. This study showed a special FGF21-mediated fat conversion pattern in camels and provides a reference for developing a potential therapeutic method for fat metabolism disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Correspondence: (Y.G.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Shuqin Zhao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Wangdong Zhang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Huaping Tang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Meilin Yan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Fang Yong
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xu Bai
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xiaochun Wu
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Quanwei Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Correspondence: (Y.G.); (Q.Z.)
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22
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Cheng MH, Zheng WY, Zhang QQ, Liu Z, Chen JF, Atta M, Qin H. Sesamol promotes browning of white adipocytes through liver-adipose crosstalk signal of hepatic fibroblast growth factor 21. J Nutr Biochem 2023; 115:109278. [PMID: 36739097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2023.109278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Sesamol (SEM), a lignan from sesame oil, exhibited potential benefits on obesity treatment by promoting browning of adipocytes, and the current study is aimed to explore the molecular mechanisms of SEM from the aspect of systemic liver-adipose crosstalk that mediated by hepatic fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). Our in vivo data showed that SEM induced energy expenditure and white adipose tissue (WAT) browning by increasing the expression level of uncoupling protein-1 in high fat diet induced obese C57BL/6J mice. Elevated levels of circulating FGF21 associated with the increased expression of hepatic FGF21 were observed after SEM intervention. Simultaneously, the increased adipose fibroblast growth factor tyrosine kinase receptor 1/beta-klotho indicated that FGF21 sensitivity was enhanced by SEM in WAT. Furthermore, our in vitro results from HepG2 and 3T3-L1 cell lines confirmed the effects and revealed the mechanism of SEM on the white adipocytes browning. We found that with the specific inhibitors of PPARα, the SEM-mediated hepatic FGF21 expression was decreased, and with the specific inhibitors of PPARγ, the browning effect of adipocytes by SEM combining with FGF21 was significantly suppressed. Taken together, the mechanism of SEM for inducing the WAT browning might be the modulation of SEM on liver-adipose crosstalk mediated by FGF21, and the PPARs family might be the targets of SEM. The novel findings from the present study provided evidence that SEM could be a potent obesity-treating compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hui Cheng
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Wen-Ya Zheng
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Quan-Quan Zhang
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zhu Liu
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jing-Fang Chen
- Changsha Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Mahnoor Atta
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Hong Qin
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China.
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Shestopalov AV, Ganenko LA, Grigoryeva TV, Laikov AV, Vasilyev IY, Kolesnikova IM, Naboka Y, Volkova NI, Roumiantsev SA. Adipokines and myokines as indicators of obese phenotypes and their association with the gut microbiome diversity indices. BULLETIN OF RUSSIAN STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2023. [DOI: 10.24075/brsmu.2023.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Today, metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) and metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO) are distinguished. Adipose and muscle tissues can determine the obese phenotype due to adipokine and myokine production. Gut microbial community is also involved in MHO. The study was aimed to reveal the features of adipokine and myokine levels and their association with the gut microbiome alpha diversity in patients with MHO and MUO. A total of 265 subjects were divided into two groups: healthy individuals and obese patients. The latter were divided into two subgroups: patients with MHO and patients with MUO. Body mass index, waist circumference, HOMA-IR, adipokine and myokine levels, gut microbiome taxonomic composition, alpha diversity indices were defined in all the surveyed individuals, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism was also assessed. Significant differences in the adipokine and myokine levels and their association with the gut microbiome diversity indicators were revealed in patients with different obese phenotypes. Patients with MHO and MUO showed significantly lower adiponectin levels (р < 0.05) and significantly higher leptin and asprosin levels (р < 0.05) than healthy individuals. Patients with MUO had lower adiponectin and leptin levels (p < 0.05) than patients with MHO. Significantly higher FGF21 levels were observed in patients with MUO. Large-scale correlation analysis revealed the relationship between the glucose levels and the gut microbiome diversity indices that was missing in patients with MUO. This indicated the loss of the microbiota diversity effects on the blood glucose control in individuals with MUO, as well as different regulatory roles in the gut microbiome‒liver‒muscle/adipose tissue axes of individuals with MHO and MUO played by gut microbiota. The findings show the relationship between the gut microbiome diversity and the obese phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- AV Shestopalov
- Center for Molecular Health, Institute of Digital and Translational Biomedicine, Moscow, Russia
| | - LA Ganenko
- Rostov State Medical University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - TV Grigoryeva
- Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia
| | - AV Laikov
- Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia
| | - IYu Vasilyev
- Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia
| | - IM Kolesnikova
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - YuL Naboka
- Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia
| | - NI Volkova
- Rostov State Medical University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - SA Roumiantsev
- Center for Molecular Health, Institute of Digital and Translational Biomedicine, Moscow, Russia
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24
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Fritsche K, Ziková-Kloas A, Marx-Stoelting P, Braeuning A. Metabolism-Disrupting Chemicals Affecting the Liver: Screening, Testing, and Molecular Pathway Identification. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032686. [PMID: 36769005 PMCID: PMC9916672 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is the central metabolic organ of the body. The plethora of anabolic and catabolic pathways in the liver is tightly regulated by physiological signaling but may become imbalanced as a consequence of malnutrition or exposure to certain chemicals, so-called metabolic endocrine disrupters, or metabolism-disrupting chemicals (MDCs). Among different metabolism-related diseases, obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) constitute a growing health problem, which has been associated with a western lifestyle combining excessive caloric intake and reduced physical activity. In the past years, awareness of chemical exposure as an underlying cause of metabolic endocrine effects has continuously increased. Within this review, we have collected and summarized evidence that certain environmental MDCs are capable of contributing to metabolic diseases such as liver steatosis and cholestasis by different molecular mechanisms, thereby contributing to the metabolic syndrome. Despite the high relevance of metabolism-related diseases, standardized mechanistic assays for the identification and characterization of MDCs are missing. Therefore, the current state of candidate test systems to identify MDCs is presented, and their possible implementation into a testing strategy for MDCs is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Fritsche
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Ziková-Kloas
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Pesticides Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Philip Marx-Stoelting
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Pesticides Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Food Safety, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)30-18412-25100
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25
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Lee D, Nakai A, Miwa Y, Negishi K, Tomita Y, Kurihara T. Pemafibrate prevents choroidal neovascularization in a mouse model of neovascular age-related macular degeneration. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14611. [PMID: 36643635 PMCID: PMC9838199 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pathological choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is one of the major causes of visual impairment in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD). CNV has been suppressed by using anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) antibodies. However, some clinical cases have demonstrated the failure of anti-VEGF therapies. Furthermore, anti-VEGF agents might induce the development of ocular atrophy. Recently, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) activation using pemafibrate treatment was suggested as one of the promising therapeutic targets in the prevention of ocular ischemia. However, the preventive role of pemafibrate remains unclear in CNV. We aimed to examine the preventive role of pemafibrate on laser-induced pathological CNV. Methods Adult male C57BL/6 mice were orally supplied pemafibrate (0.5 mg/kg) for four days, followed by laser irradiation. Then, pemafibrate was consecutively given to mice with the same condition. CNV was visualized with isolectin-IB4. The eye (retina and/or retinal pigment epithelium [RPE]-choroid), liver, and serum were used for biomolecular analyses. Results We found that pemafibrate administration suppressed CNV volumes. Pemafibrate administration activated PPARα downstream genes in the liver and eye (especially, RPE-choroid). Furthermore, pemafibrate administration elevated serum fibroblast growth factor 21 levels and reduced serum levels of triglycerides. Conclusions Our data suggest a promising pemafibrate therapy for suppressing CNV in AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deokho Lee
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan,Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayaka Nakai
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan,Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan,Ophthalmology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Miwa
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan,Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan,Aichi Animal Eye Clinics, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kazuno Negishi
- Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yohei Tomita
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan,Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihide Kurihara
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan,Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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26
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Wäse K, Bartels T, Schwahn U, Kabiri M. Investigation of the Proliferative Potential of FGF21 or FGF19 in Liver-Specific FGFR4-Deficient Mice. Toxicol Pathol 2023; 51:27-38. [PMID: 37098695 DOI: 10.1177/01926233231164097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and FGF15/FGF19 belong to the same subgroup of FGFs and are believed to have therapeutic potential in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and associated metabolic dysfunctionalities and pathological conditions. FGF19 has been proposed to induce hyperplasia and liver tumors in FVB mice (named after its susceptibility to Friend leukemia virus B), mediated by the FGF receptor 4 (FGFR4). The goal of this work was to investigate whether FGF21 might also have a potential proliferative effect mediated via FGFR4 using liver-specific Fgfr4 knockout (KO) mice. We conducted a mechanistic 7-day study involving female Fgfr4 fl/fl and Fgfr4 KO mice with a treatment regimen of twice daily or daily subcutaneous injections of FGF21 or FGF19 (positive control), respectively. The Ki-67 liver labeling index (LI) was evaluated by a semi-automated bioimaging analysis. The results showed a statistically significant increase in FGF21- and FGF19-treated Fgfr4 fl/fl mice. Interestingly, in Fgfr4 KO mice, this effect was absent following both treatments of FGF19 and FGF21, indicating that not only the FGFR4 receptor is pivotal for the mediation of hepatocellular proliferation by FGF19 leading finally to liver tumors but it seems also that FGFR4/FGF21 signaling has an impact on the hepatocellular proliferative activity, which does not promote the formation of hepatocellular liver tumors based on the current knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Wäse
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Uwe Schwahn
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany
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27
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Arias-Calderón M, Casas M, Balanta-Melo J, Morales-Jiménez C, Hernández N, Llanos P, Jaimovich E, Buvinic S. Fibroblast growth factor 21 is expressed and secreted from skeletal muscle following electrical stimulation via extracellular ATP activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1059020. [PMID: 36909316 PMCID: PMC9997036 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1059020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a hormone involved in the regulation of lipid, glucose, and energy metabolism. Although it is released mainly from the liver, in recent years it has been shown that it is a "myokine", synthesized in skeletal muscles after exercise and stress conditions through an Akt-dependent pathway and secreted for mediating autocrine and endocrine roles. To date, the molecular mechanism for the pathophysiological regulation of FGF21 production in skeletal muscle is not totally understood. We have previously demonstrated that muscle membrane depolarization controls gene expression through extracellular ATP (eATP) signaling, by a mechanism defined as "Excitation-Transcription coupling". eATP signaling regulates the expression and secretion of interleukin 6, a well-defined myokine, and activates the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. This work aimed to study the effect of electrical stimulation in the regulation of both production and secretion of skeletal muscle FGF21, through eATP signaling and PI3K/Akt pathway. Our results show that electrical stimulation increases both mRNA and protein (intracellular and secreted) levels of FGF21, dependent on an extracellular ATP signaling mechanism in skeletal muscle. Using pharmacological inhibitors, we demonstrated that FGF21 production and secretion from muscle requires the activation of the P2YR/PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. These results confirm skeletal muscle as a source of FGF21 in physiological conditions and unveil a new molecular mechanism for regulating FGF21 production in this tissue. Our results will allow to identify new molecular targets to understand the regulation of FGF21 both in physiological and pathological conditions, such as exercise, aging, insulin resistance, and Duchenne muscular dystrophy, all characterized by an alteration in both FGF21 levels and ATP signaling components. These data reinforce that eATP signaling is a relevant mechanism for myokine expression in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Arias-Calderón
- Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mariana Casas
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer Studies CEMC, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Julián Balanta-Melo
- Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Camilo Morales-Jiménez
- Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Basic Sciences of Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Cali, Colombia
| | - Nadia Hernández
- Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paola Llanos
- Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer Studies CEMC, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Enrique Jaimovich
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer Studies CEMC, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sonja Buvinic
- Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer Studies CEMC, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Sonja Buvinic,
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28
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Zhao J, Lei H, Wang T, Xiong X. Liver-bone crosstalk in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Clinical implications and underlying pathophysiology. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1161402. [PMID: 36967758 PMCID: PMC10036806 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1161402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a common complication of many types of chronic liver diseases (CLDs), such as cholestatic liver disease, viral hepatitis, and alcoholic liver disease. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a highly prevalent metabolic liver disease, affecting almost one third of adults around the world, and is emerging as the dominant cause of CLDs. Liver serves as a hub for nutrient and energy metabolism in the body, and its crosstalk with other tissues, such as adipose tissue, heart, and brain, has been well recognized. However, much less is known about the crosstalk that occurs between the liver and bone. Moreover, the mechanisms by which CLDs increase the risk for osteoporosis remain unclear. This review summarizes the latest research on the liver-bone axis and discusses the relationship between NAFLD and osteoporosis. We cover key signaling molecules secreted by liver, such as insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1 (IGFBP1), fetuin-A, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and osteopontin (OPN), and their relevance to the homeostasis of bone metabolism. Finally, we consider the disordered liver metabolism that occurs in patients with NAFLD and how this disrupts signaling to the bone, thereby perturbing the balance between osteoclasts and osteoblasts and leading to osteoporosis or hepatic osteodystrophy (HOD).
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29
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Gessner DK, Sandrock LM, Most E, Koch C, Ringseis R, Eder K. Performance and Metabolic, Inflammatory, and Oxidative Stress-Related Parameters in Early Lactating Dairy Cows with High and Low Hepatic FGF21 Expression. Animals (Basel) 2022; 13:ani13010131. [PMID: 36611740 PMCID: PMC9817787 DOI: 10.3390/ani13010131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of FGF21 expression in the liver and a significant increase in plasma FGF21 concentration have been demonstrated in cows during early lactation, but knowledge about the function of FGF21 in dairy cows remains limited. In order to improve the understanding of the physiological role of FGF21 in dairy cows, the present study aimed to investigate differences in metabolic pathways between dairy cows with high and low hepatic expression of FGF21 at week 1 of lactation (n = 8/group) by liver transcriptomics, targeted plasma metabolomics, and analysis of inflammatory and oxidative stress-related parameters. Dry matter intake, energy balance, milk yield, and energy-corrected milk yield at days 8−14 postpartum did not differ between cows with high and low hepatic FGF21 expression. However, cows with high FGF21 expression showed an upregulation of genes involved in endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation, and nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-dependent cytoprotection compared to cows with low FGF21 expression at week 1 postpartum (p < 0.05). Concentrations of important antioxidants (tocopherols, β-carotene, and glutathione) in the liver and plasma, trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity in plasma, concentrations of oxidative stress-related compounds (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and protein carbonyls), and levels of most acute phase proteins at week 1 postpartum did not differ between cows with high or low FGF21 expression. Moreover, among a total of >200 metabolites assayed in the plasma, concentrations of only 7 metabolites were different between cows with high or low FGF21 expression (p < 0.05). Overall, the results showed that cows with high and low FGF21 hepatic expression had only moderate differences in metabolism, but FGF21 might be important in the adaptation of dairy cows to stress conditions during early lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise K. Gessner
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Lena M. Sandrock
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Erika Most
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Christian Koch
- Educational and Research Centre for Animal Husbandry, Hofgut Neumühle, 67728 Münchweiler an der Alsenz, Germany
| | - Robert Ringseis
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Klaus Eder
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-641-9939230
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Larsson SC, Michaëlsson K, Mola-Caminal M, Höijer J, Mantzoros CS. Genome-wide association and Mendelian randomization study of fibroblast growth factor 21 reveals causal associations with hyperlipidemia and possibly NASH. Metabolism 2022; 137:155329. [PMID: 36208799 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2022.155329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a hepatokine that produces metabolic benefits, such as improvements of lipid profile. We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify genetic variants associated with circulating FGF21 and investigated the causal effects of FGF21 on pertinent outcomes using Mendelian randomization (MR). METHODS We conducted a GWAS testing ∼7.8 million DNA sequence variants with circulating FGF21 in a discovery cohort of 6259 Swedish adults with replication in 4483 Swedish women. We then performed two-sample MR analyses of genetically predicted circulating FGF21 in relation to alcohol and nutrient intake, cardiovascular and metabolic biomarkers and diseases, and liver function biomarkers using publicly available GWAS summary statistics data. RESULTS Our GWAS identified multiple single-nucleotide polymorphisms with genome-wide significant associations (P < 5 × 10-8) with circulating FGF21 on chromosomes 2 and 19 in or near the GCKR and FGF21 genes, respectively. The strongest signal at the FGF21 locus (rs2548957, β = 0.181, P < 2.18 × 10-42) displayed in two-sample MR analyses robust associations with lower alcohol intake, lower circulating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, C-reactive protein, gamma-glutamyl transferase, and galectin-3 concentrations, and higher circulating insulin-like growth factor-I and alkaline phosphatase concentrations after correcting for multiple testing (P < 0.0018) whereas associations with fat mass, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease were largely null. CONCLUSIONS We identified robust associations of certain genetic variants in or near the GCKR and FGF21 genes with circulating FGF21 concentrations. Furthermore, our results support a strong causal effect of FGF21 on improved lipid profile, reduced alcohol consumption and C-reactive protein concentrations, and liver function biomarkers including fibrosis. We found largely null or weak positive associations with fat mass, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease as well as higher insulin-like growth factor-I concentrations, which could indicate a compensatory increase to regulate the above FGF21 resistant states in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna C Larsson
- Unit of Medical Epidemiology, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Karl Michaëlsson
- Unit of Medical Epidemiology, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marina Mola-Caminal
- Unit of Medical Epidemiology, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Höijer
- Unit of Medical Epidemiology, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Section of Endocrinology, VA Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Jin L, Geng L, Ying L, Shu L, Ye K, Yang R, Liu Y, Wang Y, Cai Y, Jiang X, Wang Q, Yan X, Liao B, Liu J, Duan F, Sweeney G, Woo CWH, Wang Y, Xia Z, Lian Q, Xu A. FGF21-Sirtuin 3 Axis Confers the Protective Effects of Exercise Against Diabetic Cardiomyopathy by Governing Mitochondrial Integrity. Circulation 2022; 146:1537-1557. [PMID: 36134579 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.122.059631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise is an effective nonpharmacological strategy to alleviate diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) through poorly defined mechanisms. FGF21 (fibroblast growth factor 21), a peptide hormone with pleiotropic benefits on cardiometabolic homeostasis, has been identified as an exercise responsive factor. This study aims to investigate whether FGF21 signaling mediates the benefits of exercise on DCM, and if so, to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. METHODS The global or hepatocyte-specific FGF21 knockout mice, cardiomyocyte-selective β-klotho (the obligatory co-receptor for FGF21) knockout mice, and their wild-type littermates were subjected to high-fat diet feeding and injection of streptozotocin to induce DCM, followed by a 6-week exercise intervention and assessment of cardiac functions. Cardiac mitochondrial structure and function were assessed by electron microscopy, enzymatic assays, and measurements of fatty acid oxidation and ATP production. Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes were used to investigate the receptor and postreceptor signaling pathways conferring the protective effects of FGF21 against toxic lipids-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. RESULTS Treadmill exercise markedly induced cardiac expression of β-klotho and significantly attenuated diabetes-induced cardiac dysfunction in wild-type mice, accompanied by reduced mitochondrial damage and increased activities of mitochondrial enzymes in hearts. However, such cardioprotective benefits of exercise were largely abrogated in mice with global or hepatocyte-selective ablation of FGF21, or cardiomyocyte-specific deletion of β-klotho. Mechanistically, exercise enhanced the cardiac actions of FGF21 to induce the expression of the mitochondrial deacetylase SIRT3 by AMPK-evoked phosphorylation of FOXO3, thereby reversing diabetes-induced hyperacetylation and functional impairments of a cluster of mitochondrial enzymes. FGF21 prevented toxic lipids-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress by induction of the AMPK/FOXO3/SIRT3 signaling axis in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Adeno-associated virus-mediated restoration of cardiac SIRT3 expression was sufficient to restore the responsiveness of diabetic FGF21 knockout mice to exercise in amelioration of mitochondrial dysfunction and DCM. CONCLUSIONS The FGF21-SIRT3 axis mediates the protective effects of exercise against DCM by preserving mitochondrial integrity and represents a potential therapeutic target for DCM. REGISTRATION URL: https://www. CLINICALTRIALS gov; Unique identifier: NCT03240978.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (L.J., L.G., L.Y., L.S., R.Y., Y.L., Yao Wang, Y.C., X.J., Q.W., X.Y., B.L., C.W.H.W., Yu Wang, Z.X., Q.L., A.X.), University of Hong Kong, China.,Department of Medicine (L.J., L.G., L.S., R.Y., Y.L., Yao Wang, X.J., Q.W., X.Y., J.L., Z.X., Q.L., A.X.), University of Hong Kong, China.,Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy (L.J., L.Y., B.L., C.W.H.W., Yu Wang, A.X.), University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Leiluo Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (L.J., L.G., L.Y., L.S., R.Y., Y.L., Yao Wang, Y.C., X.J., Q.W., X.Y., B.L., C.W.H.W., Yu Wang, Z.X., Q.L., A.X.), University of Hong Kong, China.,Department of Medicine (L.J., L.G., L.S., R.Y., Y.L., Yao Wang, X.J., Q.W., X.Y., J.L., Z.X., Q.L., A.X.), University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Lei Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (L.J., L.G., L.Y., L.S., R.Y., Y.L., Yao Wang, Y.C., X.J., Q.W., X.Y., B.L., C.W.H.W., Yu Wang, Z.X., Q.L., A.X.), University of Hong Kong, China.,Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy (L.J., L.Y., B.L., C.W.H.W., Yu Wang, A.X.), University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Lingling Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (L.J., L.G., L.Y., L.S., R.Y., Y.L., Yao Wang, Y.C., X.J., Q.W., X.Y., B.L., C.W.H.W., Yu Wang, Z.X., Q.L., A.X.), University of Hong Kong, China.,Department of Medicine (L.J., L.G., L.S., R.Y., Y.L., Yao Wang, X.J., Q.W., X.Y., J.L., Z.X., Q.L., A.X.), University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Kevin Ye
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada (K.Y.)
| | - Ranyao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (L.J., L.G., L.Y., L.S., R.Y., Y.L., Yao Wang, Y.C., X.J., Q.W., X.Y., B.L., C.W.H.W., Yu Wang, Z.X., Q.L., A.X.), University of Hong Kong, China.,Department of Medicine (L.J., L.G., L.S., R.Y., Y.L., Yao Wang, X.J., Q.W., X.Y., J.L., Z.X., Q.L., A.X.), University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (L.J., L.G., L.Y., L.S., R.Y., Y.L., Yao Wang, Y.C., X.J., Q.W., X.Y., B.L., C.W.H.W., Yu Wang, Z.X., Q.L., A.X.), University of Hong Kong, China.,Department of Medicine (L.J., L.G., L.S., R.Y., Y.L., Yao Wang, X.J., Q.W., X.Y., J.L., Z.X., Q.L., A.X.), University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Yao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (L.J., L.G., L.Y., L.S., R.Y., Y.L., Yao Wang, Y.C., X.J., Q.W., X.Y., B.L., C.W.H.W., Yu Wang, Z.X., Q.L., A.X.), University of Hong Kong, China.,Department of Medicine (L.J., L.G., L.S., R.Y., Y.L., Yao Wang, X.J., Q.W., X.Y., J.L., Z.X., Q.L., A.X.), University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Yin Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (L.J., L.G., L.Y., L.S., R.Y., Y.L., Yao Wang, Y.C., X.J., Q.W., X.Y., B.L., C.W.H.W., Yu Wang, Z.X., Q.L., A.X.), University of Hong Kong, China.,Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China (Y.C.)
| | - Xue Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (L.J., L.G., L.Y., L.S., R.Y., Y.L., Yao Wang, Y.C., X.J., Q.W., X.Y., B.L., C.W.H.W., Yu Wang, Z.X., Q.L., A.X.), University of Hong Kong, China.,Department of Medicine (L.J., L.G., L.S., R.Y., Y.L., Yao Wang, X.J., Q.W., X.Y., J.L., Z.X., Q.L., A.X.), University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Qin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (L.J., L.G., L.Y., L.S., R.Y., Y.L., Yao Wang, Y.C., X.J., Q.W., X.Y., B.L., C.W.H.W., Yu Wang, Z.X., Q.L., A.X.), University of Hong Kong, China.,Department of Medicine (L.J., L.G., L.S., R.Y., Y.L., Yao Wang, X.J., Q.W., X.Y., J.L., Z.X., Q.L., A.X.), University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Xingqun Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (L.J., L.G., L.Y., L.S., R.Y., Y.L., Yao Wang, Y.C., X.J., Q.W., X.Y., B.L., C.W.H.W., Yu Wang, Z.X., Q.L., A.X.), University of Hong Kong, China.,Department of Medicine (L.J., L.G., L.S., R.Y., Y.L., Yao Wang, X.J., Q.W., X.Y., J.L., Z.X., Q.L., A.X.), University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Boya Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (L.J., L.G., L.Y., L.S., R.Y., Y.L., Yao Wang, Y.C., X.J., Q.W., X.Y., B.L., C.W.H.W., Yu Wang, Z.X., Q.L., A.X.), University of Hong Kong, China.,Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy (L.J., L.Y., B.L., C.W.H.W., Yu Wang, A.X.), University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Medicine (L.J., L.G., L.S., R.Y., Y.L., Yao Wang, X.J., Q.W., X.Y., J.L., Z.X., Q.L., A.X.), University of Hong Kong, China.,Cord Blood Bank, Guangzhou Institute of Eugenics and Perinatology, Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, China (J.L., F.D., Q.L.)
| | - Fuyu Duan
- Cord Blood Bank, Guangzhou Institute of Eugenics and Perinatology, Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, China (J.L., F.D., Q.L.)
| | - Gary Sweeney
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Canada (G.S.)
| | - Connie Wai Hong Woo
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (L.J., L.G., L.Y., L.S., R.Y., Y.L., Yao Wang, Y.C., X.J., Q.W., X.Y., B.L., C.W.H.W., Yu Wang, Z.X., Q.L., A.X.), University of Hong Kong, China.,Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy (L.J., L.Y., B.L., C.W.H.W., Yu Wang, A.X.), University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (L.J., L.G., L.Y., L.S., R.Y., Y.L., Yao Wang, Y.C., X.J., Q.W., X.Y., B.L., C.W.H.W., Yu Wang, Z.X., Q.L., A.X.), University of Hong Kong, China.,Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy (L.J., L.Y., B.L., C.W.H.W., Yu Wang, A.X.), University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhengyuan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (L.J., L.G., L.Y., L.S., R.Y., Y.L., Yao Wang, Y.C., X.J., Q.W., X.Y., B.L., C.W.H.W., Yu Wang, Z.X., Q.L., A.X.), University of Hong Kong, China.,Department of Medicine (L.J., L.G., L.S., R.Y., Y.L., Yao Wang, X.J., Q.W., X.Y., J.L., Z.X., Q.L., A.X.), University of Hong Kong, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China (Z.X.)
| | - Qizhou Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (L.J., L.G., L.Y., L.S., R.Y., Y.L., Yao Wang, Y.C., X.J., Q.W., X.Y., B.L., C.W.H.W., Yu Wang, Z.X., Q.L., A.X.), University of Hong Kong, China.,Department of Medicine (L.J., L.G., L.S., R.Y., Y.L., Yao Wang, X.J., Q.W., X.Y., J.L., Z.X., Q.L., A.X.), University of Hong Kong, China.,Cord Blood Bank, Guangzhou Institute of Eugenics and Perinatology, Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, China (J.L., F.D., Q.L.)
| | - Aimin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (L.J., L.G., L.Y., L.S., R.Y., Y.L., Yao Wang, Y.C., X.J., Q.W., X.Y., B.L., C.W.H.W., Yu Wang, Z.X., Q.L., A.X.), University of Hong Kong, China.,Department of Medicine (L.J., L.G., L.S., R.Y., Y.L., Yao Wang, X.J., Q.W., X.Y., J.L., Z.X., Q.L., A.X.), University of Hong Kong, China.,Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy (L.J., L.Y., B.L., C.W.H.W., Yu Wang, A.X.), University of Hong Kong, China
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Prida E, Álvarez-Delgado S, Pérez-Lois R, Soto-Tielas M, Estany-Gestal A, Fernø J, Seoane LM, Quiñones M, Al-Massadi O. Liver Brain Interactions: Focus on FGF21 a Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113318. [PMID: 36362103 PMCID: PMC9658462 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 is a pleiotropic hormone secreted mainly by the liver in response to metabolic and nutritional challenges. Physiologically, fibroblast growth factor 21 plays a key role in mediating the metabolic responses to fasting or starvation and acts as an important regulator of energy homeostasis, glucose and lipid metabolism, and insulin sensitivity, in part by its direct action on the central nervous system. Accordingly, pharmacological recombinant fibroblast growth factor 21 therapies have been shown to counteract obesity and its related metabolic disorders in both rodents and nonhuman primates. In this systematic review, we discuss how fibroblast growth factor 21 regulates metabolism and its interactions with the central nervous system. In addition, we also state our vision for possible therapeutic uses of this hepatic-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Prida
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Sara Álvarez-Delgado
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Raquel Pérez-Lois
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Mateo Soto-Tielas
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ana Estany-Gestal
- Unidad de Metodología de la Investigación, Fundación Instituto de Investigación de Santiago (FIDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Johan Fernø
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5201 Bergen, Norway
| | - Luisa María Seoane
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Mar Quiñones
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.Q.); (O.A.-M.); Tel.: +34-981955708 (M.Q.); +34-981955522 (O.A.-M.)
| | - Omar Al-Massadi
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.Q.); (O.A.-M.); Tel.: +34-981955708 (M.Q.); +34-981955522 (O.A.-M.)
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Circadian clock controls rhythms in ketogenesis by interfering with PPARα transcriptional network. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2205755119. [PMID: 36161962 PMCID: PMC9546578 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2205755119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketone bodies are energy-rich metabolites and signaling molecules whose production is mainly regulated by diet. Caloric restriction (CR) is a dietary intervention that improves metabolism and extends longevity across the taxa. We found that CR induced high-amplitude daily rhythms in blood ketone bodies (beta-hydroxybutyrate [βOHB]) that correlated with liver βOHB level. Time-restricted feeding, another periodic fasting-based diet, also led to rhythmic βOHB but with reduced amplitude. CR induced strong circadian rhythms in the expression of fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis genes in the liver. The transcriptional factor peroxisome-proliferator-activated-receptor α (PPARα) and its transcriptional target hepatokine fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) are primary regulators of ketogenesis. Fgf21 expression and the PPARα transcriptional network became highly rhythmic in the CR liver, which implicated the involvement of the circadian clock. Mechanistically, the circadian clock proteins CLOCK, BMAL1, and cryptochromes (CRYs) interfered with PPARα transcriptional activity. Daily rhythms in the blood βOHB level and in the expression of PPARα target genes were significantly impaired in circadian clock-deficient Cry1,2-/- mice. These data suggest that blood βOHB level is tightly controlled and that the circadian clock is a regulator of diet-induced ketogenesis.
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34
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Pedersen AKN, Hage C, Jessen N, Mellbin L, Bjerre M. Sitagliptin reduces FAP-activity and increases intact FGF21 levels in patients with newly detected glucose abnormalities. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 556:111738. [PMID: 35926756 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a hormone with pleiotropic metabolic effects, is inactivated by fibroblast activation protein (FAP), a member of the dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) family. We investigate if sitagliptin (DPP-IV inhibitor) inhibits FAP-activity and increases intact FGF21. METHODS Patients with impaired glucose metabolism were randomized to 100 mg sitagliptin (n = 34) or placebo (n = 37) treatment for 12 weeks. Plasma samples obtained at study entry and at 12-weeks were analysed for FAP-activity, FAP, total FGF21 and intact FGF21. RESULTS Sitagliptin significantly inhibited FAP-activity (497 ± 553 vs. 48 ± 712 RFU/min, p < 0.01) and correspondingly increased intact FGF21 (253 ± 182 vs 141 ± 80 ng/L, p < 0.01) compared to placebo in plasma. Sitagliptin dose-dependently inhibited the FAP-activity in vitro. Intact FGF21 was higher in patients obtaining a normal glucose tolerance regardless of treatment (p = 0.03). CONCLUSION A sitagliptin-induced increase of intact FGF21 may contribute to an improved metabolic effect in patients with impaired glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne K N Pedersen
- Medical/Steno Aarhus Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Camilla Hage
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niels Jessen
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Biomedicine, Health, Aarhus University, Denmark; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Linda Mellbin
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Cardiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mette Bjerre
- Medical/Steno Aarhus Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Yang N, Zhang Y, Huang Y, Yan J, Qian Z, Li H, Luo P, Yang Z, Luo M, Wei X, Nie H, Ruan L, Hao Y, Gao S, Zheng K, Zhang C, Zhang L. FGF21 at physiological concentrations regulates vascular endothelial cell function through multiple pathways. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2022; 1868:166558. [PMID: 36174877 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are closely associated with dysfunction of vascular endothelial cells (VECs), which can be influenced by various intrinsic and extrinsic factors, including fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), but the effects of serum FGF21 on VECs remain unclear. We performed a cross-sectional study nested within a prospective cohort to assess the range of physiological concentrations of fasting serum FGF21 in 212 healthy individuals. We also treated human umbilical VECs (HUVECs) with recombinant FGF21 at different concentrations. The effects of FGF21 treatment on glycolysis, nitric oxide release and reduction of intracellular reactive oxygen species were assessed. The cells were also collected for RNA transcriptomic sequencing to investigate the potential mechanisms induced by FGF21 treatment. In addition, the roles of SIRT1 in the regulation of FGF21 were evaluated by SIRT1 knockdown. The results showed that the serum FGF21 concentration in healthy individuals ranged from 15.70 to 499.96 pg/mL and was positively correlated with age and pulse wave velocity. FGF21 at 400 pg/mL was sufficient to enhance glycolysis, increase nitric oxide release and protect cells from H2O2-induced oxidative damage. The upregulated genes after FGF21 treatment were mostly enriched in metabolic pathways, whereas the downregulated genes were mostly enriched in inflammation and apoptosis signaling pathways. Moreover, SIRT1 may be involved in the regulation of some genes by FGF21. In conclusion, our data indicate that FGF21 at a level within the physiological concentration range has a beneficial effect on HUVECs and that this effect may partly depend on the regulation of SIRT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Yang
- Department of Geriatrics, Institute of Gerontology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yucong Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Institute of Gerontology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Department of Geriatrics, Institute of Gerontology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinhua Yan
- Department of Geriatrics, Institute of Gerontology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zonghao Qian
- Department of Geriatrics, Institute of Gerontology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Han Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Institute of Gerontology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Pengcheng Luo
- Department of Geriatrics, Institute of Gerontology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Department of Geriatrics, Institute of Gerontology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mandi Luo
- Department of Geriatrics, Institute of Gerontology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiuxian Wei
- Department of Geriatrics, Institute of Gerontology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Nie
- Department of Geriatrics, Institute of Gerontology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Ruan
- Department of Geriatrics, Institute of Gerontology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Hao
- Department of Geriatrics, Institute of Gerontology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shangbang Gao
- Department of Geriatrics, Institute of Gerontology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kai Zheng
- Department of Geriatrics, Institute of Gerontology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Cuntai Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Institute of Gerontology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Le Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Institute of Gerontology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Yan A, Zhao Y, Zhang L, Liang X, Zhang X, Liang F, Nian S, Li X, Sun Z, Li K, Zhao YF. β-Hydroxybutyrate upregulates FGF21 expression through inhibition of histone deacetylases in hepatocytes. Open Life Sci 2022; 17:856-864. [PMID: 36045720 PMCID: PMC9372706 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is secreted by hepatocytes as a peptide hormone to regulate glucose and lipid metabolism. FGF21 promotes hepatic ketogenesis and increases ketone body utilization in starvation. Histones are the target molecules of nutrients in regulating hepatic metabolic homeostasis. However, the effect of ketone bodies on FGF21 expression and the involvement of histones in it is not clear yet. The present study observed the effects of β-hydroxybutyrate (β-OHB), the main physiological ketone body, on FGF21 expression in human hepatoma HepG2 cells in vitro and in mice in vivo, and the role of histone deacetylases (HDACs) in β-OHB-regulated FGF21 expression was investigated. The results showed that β-OHB significantly upregulated FGF21 gene expression and increased FGF21 protein levels while it inhibited HDACs’ activity in HepG2 cells. HDACs’ inhibition by entinostat upregulated FGF21 expression and eliminated β-OHB-stimulated FGF21 expression in HepG2 cells. Intraperitoneal injections of β-OHB in mice resulted in the elevation of serum β-OHB and the inhibition of hepatic HDACs’ activity. Meanwhile, hepatic FGF21 expression and serum FGF21 levels were significantly increased in β-OHB-treated mice compared with the control. It is suggested that β-OHB upregulates FGF21 expression through inhibition of HDACs’ activity in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aili Yan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Yanyan Zhao
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Xiangyan Liang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Xiaochun Zhang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Fenli Liang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Shen Nian
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Xinhua Li
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Zhuo Sun
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Ke Li
- Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Yu-Feng Zhao
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, 710021, China
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Lv C, Sun Y, Zhang ZY, Aboelela Z, Qiu X, Meng ZX. β-cell dynamics in type 2 diabetes and in dietary and exercise interventions. J Mol Cell Biol 2022; 14:6656373. [PMID: 35929791 PMCID: PMC9710517 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjac046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance are two of the major causes of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Recent clinical and experimental studies have suggested that the functional capacity of β-cells, particularly in the first phase of insulin secretion, is a primary contributor to the progression of T2D and its associated complications. Pancreatic β-cells undergo dynamic compensation and decompensation processes during the development of T2D, in which metabolic stresses such as endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress, and inflammatory signals are key regulators of β-cell dynamics. Dietary and exercise interventions have been shown to be effective approaches for the treatment of obesity and T2D, especially in the early stages. Whilst the targeted tissues and underlying mechanisms of dietary and exercise interventions remain somewhat vague, accumulating evidence has implicated the improvement of β-cell functional capacity. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the understanding of the dynamic adaptations of β-cell function in T2D progression and clarify the effects and mechanisms of dietary and exercise interventions on β-cell dysfunction in T2D. This review provides molecular insights into the therapeutic effects of dietary and exercise interventions on T2D, and more importantly, it paves the way for future research on the related underlying mechanisms for developing precision prevention and treatment of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengan Lv
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology and Metabolic Research Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China,Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuchen Sun
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology and Metabolic Research Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China,Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China,Zhejiang University–University of Edinburgh Institute (ZJE), Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
| | - Zhe Yu Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology and Metabolic Research Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China,Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zeyad Aboelela
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology and Metabolic Research Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China,Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China,Bachelors of Surgery, Bachelors of Medicine (MBBS), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
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Maternal Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Levels Decrease during Early Pregnancy in Normotensive Pregnant Women but Are Higher in Preeclamptic Women-A Longitudinal Study. Cells 2022; 11:cells11142251. [PMID: 35883694 PMCID: PMC9322099 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) is an endocrine factor involved in glucose and lipid metabolism that exerts pleiotropic effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the serum FGF-21 profile in healthy and mild preeclamptic pregnant women at each trimester of pregnancy; (2) Methods: Serum FGF-21 levels were determined by ELISA in a nested case-control study within a longitudinal cohort study that included healthy (n = 54) and mild preeclamptic (n = 20) pregnant women, women at three months after delivery (n = 20) and eumenorrheic women during the menstrual cycle (n = 20); (3) Results: FGF-21 levels were significantly lower in the mid-luteal phase compared to the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle in eumenorrheic women (p < 0.01). Maternal levels of FGF-21 were significantly lower in the first and second trimesters and peaked during the third trimester in healthy pregnant women (p < 0.01). Serum levels of FGF-21 in healthy pregnant were significantly lower in the first and second trimester of pregnancy compared with the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle and postpartum (p < 0.01). Serum FGF-21 levels were significantly higher in preeclamptic compared to healthy pregnant women during pregnancy (p < 0.01); (4) Conclusions: These results suggest that a peak of FGF-21 towards the end of pregnancy in healthy pregnancy and higher levels in preeclamptic women might play a critical role that contributes to protecting against the negatives effects of high concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and hypertensive disorder. Furthermore, FGF-21 might play an important role in reproductive function in healthy eumenorrheic women during the menstrual cycle.
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Pham HTA, Lee S, Lee YJ. Bicistronic reporter mice for monitoring of Fgf21 expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 619:104-109. [PMID: 35753217 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a metabolic hormone that is synthesized and secreted by cellular and metabolic stresses. Serum FGF21 levels are associated with clinical parameters in patients with various diseases, including metabolic disorders. Animal models that allow FGF21 levels to be monitored in vivo are important for research and clinical applications of FGF21. Here, a novel Fgf21-reporter mouse strain (Fgf21+/Luc2-tdT) expressing luciferase and tandem dimer tomato (tdT) fluorescence proteins under the control of the endogenous Fgf21 promoter was generated, which provided an in vitro and in vivo monitoring tool for the Fgf21 expression. Luciferase activity, in vivo bioluminescence, and tdT fluorescence were analyzed in adult mice fed or fasted for 24 h. Luciferase activities were significantly increased in the liver but slightly decreased in the pancreas of fasted mice compared with those of fed mice. In vivo bioluminescence signal was increased in the liver of fasted mice. Obvious tdT fluorescence was detected in the pancreas. These results suggest that Fgf21-reporter mice have great potential for research and clinical applications of FGF21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huong Thi Anh Pham
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea; Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, 155 Gaetbeol-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sabin Lee
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, 155 Gaetbeol-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young Jae Lee
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea; Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, 155 Gaetbeol-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea; Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Gachon University, 155 Gaetbeol-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea.
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Mana MF, Parisi MCR, Correa-Giannella ML, Neto AM, Yamanaka A, Cunha-Silva M, Cavaleiro AM, dos Santos CR, Pavan CR, Sevá-Pereira T, Dertkigil SSJ, Mazo DF. Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Long-Term Type 2 Diabetes: Role of rs738409 PNPLA3 and rs499765 FGF21 Polymorphisms and Serum Biomarkers. Molecules 2022; 27:3193. [PMID: 35630668 PMCID: PMC9143959 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) signaling and genetic factors are involved in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) pathogenesis. However, these factors have rarely been studied in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) patients from admixed populations such as in those of Brazil. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate rs738409 patanin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein (PNPLA3) and rs499765 FGF21 polymorphisms in T2D, and their association with NAFLD, liver fibrosis, and serum biomarkers (FGF21 and cytokeratin 18 levels). A total of 158 patients were included, and the frequency of NAFLD was 88.6%, which was independently associated with elevated body mass index. Significant liver fibrosis (≥F2) was detected by transient elastography (TE) in 26.8% of NAFLD patients, and was independently associated with obesity, low density lipoprotein, and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT). PNPLA3 GG genotype and GGT were independently associated with cirrhosis. PNPLA3 GG genotype patients had higher GGT and AST levels; PNPLA3 GG carriers had higher TE values than CG patients, and FGF21 CG genotype patients showed lower gamma-GT values than CC patients. No differences were found in serum values of FGF21 and CK18 in relation to the presence of NAFLD or liver fibrosis. The proportion of NAFLD patients with liver fibrosis was relevant in the present admixed T2D population, and was associated with PNPLA3 polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauy Frujuello Mana
- Division of Gastroenterology (Gastrocentro), Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-878, SP, Brazil; (M.F.M.); (A.Y.); (M.C.-S.); (C.R.d.S.); (C.R.P.); (T.S.-P.)
| | - Maria Cândida R. Parisi
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-887, SP, Brazil; (M.C.R.P.); (A.M.N.)
| | - Maria Lucia Correa-Giannella
- Laboratório de Carboidratos e Radioimunoensaios (LIM-18), Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil; (M.L.C.-G.); (A.M.C.)
| | - Arnaldo Moura Neto
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-887, SP, Brazil; (M.C.R.P.); (A.M.N.)
| | - Ademar Yamanaka
- Division of Gastroenterology (Gastrocentro), Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-878, SP, Brazil; (M.F.M.); (A.Y.); (M.C.-S.); (C.R.d.S.); (C.R.P.); (T.S.-P.)
| | - Marlone Cunha-Silva
- Division of Gastroenterology (Gastrocentro), Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-878, SP, Brazil; (M.F.M.); (A.Y.); (M.C.-S.); (C.R.d.S.); (C.R.P.); (T.S.-P.)
| | - Ana Mercedes Cavaleiro
- Laboratório de Carboidratos e Radioimunoensaios (LIM-18), Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil; (M.L.C.-G.); (A.M.C.)
| | - Cristina Rodrigues dos Santos
- Division of Gastroenterology (Gastrocentro), Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-878, SP, Brazil; (M.F.M.); (A.Y.); (M.C.-S.); (C.R.d.S.); (C.R.P.); (T.S.-P.)
| | - Célia Regina Pavan
- Division of Gastroenterology (Gastrocentro), Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-878, SP, Brazil; (M.F.M.); (A.Y.); (M.C.-S.); (C.R.d.S.); (C.R.P.); (T.S.-P.)
| | - Tiago Sevá-Pereira
- Division of Gastroenterology (Gastrocentro), Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-878, SP, Brazil; (M.F.M.); (A.Y.); (M.C.-S.); (C.R.d.S.); (C.R.P.); (T.S.-P.)
| | - Sergio S. J. Dertkigil
- Department of Radiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-887, SP, Brazil;
| | - Daniel F. Mazo
- Division of Gastroenterology (Gastrocentro), Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-878, SP, Brazil; (M.F.M.); (A.Y.); (M.C.-S.); (C.R.d.S.); (C.R.P.); (T.S.-P.)
- Division of Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Gastroenterology, University of São Paulo School of Medicine (FMUSP), Sao Paulo 05403-900, SP, Brazil
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Zhao YY, Zhang LJ, Liang XY, Zhang XC, Chang JR, Shi M, Liu H, Zhou Y, Sun Z, Zhao YF. Pyruvate Upregulates Hepatic FGF21 Expression by Activating PDE and Inhibiting cAMP–Epac–CREB Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105490. [PMID: 35628302 PMCID: PMC9141208 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) functions as a polypeptide hormone to regulate glucose and lipid metabolism, and its expression is regulated by cellular metabolic stress. Pyruvate is an important intermediate metabolite that acts as a key hub for cellular fuel metabolism. However, the effect of pyruvate on hepatic FGF21 expression and secretion remains unknown. Herein, we examined the gene expression and protein levels of FGF21 in human hepatoma HepG2 cells and mouse AML12 hepatocytes in vitro, as well as in mice in vivo. In HepG2 and AML12 cells, pyruvate at concentrations above 0.1 mM significantly increased FGF21 expression and secretion. The increase in cellular cAMP levels by adenylyl cyclase activation, phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibition and 8-Bromo-cAMP administration significantly restrained pyruvate-stimulated FGF21 expression. Pyruvate significantly increased PDE activities, reduced cAMP levels and decreased CREB phosphorylation. The inhibition of exchange protein directed activated by cAMP (Epac) and cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) upregulated FGF21 expression, upon which pyruvate no longer increased FGF21 expression. The increase in plasma pyruvate levels in mice induced by the intraperitoneal injection of pyruvate significantly increased FGF21 gene expression and PDE activity with a reduction in cAMP levels and CREB phosphorylation in the mouse liver compared with the control. In conclusion, pyruvate activates PDEs to reduce cAMP and then inhibits the cAMP–Epac–CREB signaling pathway to upregulate FGF21 expression in hepatocytes.
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Bryl A, Mrugacz M, Falkowski M, Zorena K. The Effect of Hyperlipidemia on the Course of Diabetic Retinopathy—Literature Review. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11102761. [PMID: 35628887 PMCID: PMC9146710 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11102761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a very important social issue, and its retinal complications continue to be one of the major causes of blindness worldwide. The effect of glucose level on the development of retinal retinopathy has been the subject of numerous studies and is well understood. Hypertension and hyperlipidemia have been known to be important risk factors in the development of diabetes complications. However, the mechanisms of this effect have not been fully explained and raise a good deal of controversy. The latest research results suggest that some lipoproteins are closely correlated with the incidence of diabetic retinopathy and that by exerting an impact on their level the disease course can be modulated. Moreover, pharmacotherapy which reduces the level of lipids, particularly by means of statins and fibrate, has been shown to alleviate diabetic retinopathy. Therefore, we have decided to review the latest literature on diabetic retinopathy with respect to the impact of hyperlipidemia and possible preventive measures
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bryl
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Rehabilitation, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona 17, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Małgorzata Mrugacz
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Rehabilitation, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona 17, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Mariusz Falkowski
- PhD Studies, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Zorena
- Department of Immunobiology and Environmental Microbiology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland;
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Chiu LT, Wang CH, Lin YL, Hsu BG. Association of serum fibroblast growth factor 21 levels with skeletal muscle mass and mortality in chronic hemodialysis patients. J Formos Med Assoc 2022; 121:2481-2489. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2022.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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Chen X, Wen J, Liu C, Guo D. KLF4 downregulates FGF21 to activate inflammatory injury and oxidative stress of LPS‑induced ATDC5 cells via SIRT1/NF‑κB/p53 signaling. Mol Med Rep 2022; 25:164. [PMID: 35293599 PMCID: PMC8941512 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2022.12680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease. Transcriptional regulation of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) by the transcription factor Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) serves an important role in chronic inflammatory disease. However, to the best of our knowledge, the role of both these factors in AS has not been previously reported. In the present study, ATDC5 cells were induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to establish an AS inflammatory injury model. The expression levels of FGF21 and KLF4 were detected using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blotting. Cell transfection was performed to alter the expression levels of KLF4 and FGF21. Subsequently, the regulatory effects and mechanisms underlying KLF4 and FGF21 on oxidative stress and inflammation in AS were investigated by performing Cell Counting Kit-8 assays, ELISAs, TUNEL staining and western blotting. Moreover, the expression levels of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1)/NF-κB/p53 pathway-related proteins were detected via western blotting. FGF21 overexpression promoted LPS-induced viability on ATDC5 cells, inhibited LPS-induced apoptosis, and decreased the LPS-induced inflammatory response and oxidative stress levels of ATDC5 cells. Overexpression of the transcription factor KLF4 reversed the protective effect of FGF21 overexpression on LPS-induced inflammatory injury in ATDC5 cells. The results suggested that this process may be achieved via regulating the SIRT1/NF-κB/p53 signaling pathway. Overall, the present study demonstrated that KLF4 downregulates FGF21 to activate inflammatory injury and oxidative stress of LPS-induced ATDC5 cells via SIRT1/NF-κB/p53 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Rheumatology and Immunology Department, People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750000, P.R. China
| | - Jia Wen
- Journal of Modern Clinical Medicine, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750000, P.R. China
| | - Chaoqi Liu
- Central Laboratory, People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750000, P.R. China
| | - Donggeng Guo
- Rheumatology and Immunology Department, People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750000, P.R. China
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Huang K, Liu Y, Perrimon N. Roles of Insect Oenocytes in Physiology and Their Relevance to Human Metabolic Diseases. FRONTIERS IN INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 2:859847. [PMID: 38468774 PMCID: PMC10926422 DOI: 10.3389/finsc.2022.859847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Oenocytes are large secretory cells present in the abdomen of insects known to synthesize very-long-chain fatty acids to produce hydrocarbons and pheromones that mediate courtship behavior in adult flies. In recent years, oenocytes have been implicated in the regulation of energy metabolism. These hepatocyte-like cells accumulate lipid droplets under starvation and can non-autonomously regulate tracheal waterproofing and adipocyte lipid composition. Here, we summarize evidence, mostly from Drosophila, establishing that oenocytes perform liver-like functions. We also compare the functional differences in oenocytes and the fat body, another lipid storage tissue which also performs liver-like functions. Lastly, we examine signaling pathways that regulate oenocyte metabolism derived from other metabolic tissues, as well as oenocyte-derived signals that regulate energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerui Huang
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Blavatnik Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Blavatnik Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Norbert Perrimon
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Blavatnik Institute, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, United States
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Shroff T, Aina K, Maass C, Cipriano M, Lambrecht J, Tacke F, Mosig A, Loskill P. Studying metabolism with multi-organ chips: new tools for disease modelling, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Open Biol 2022; 12:210333. [PMID: 35232251 PMCID: PMC8889168 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-clinical models to study metabolism including animal models and cell assays are often limited in terms of species translatability and predictability of human biology. This field urgently requires a push towards more physiologically accurate recapitulations of drug interactions and disease progression in the body. Organ-on-chip systems, specifically multi-organ chips (MOCs), are an emerging technology that is well suited to providing a species-specific platform to study the various types of metabolism (glucose, lipid, protein and drug) by recreating organ-level function. This review provides a resource for scientists aiming to study human metabolism by providing an overview of MOCs recapitulating aspects of metabolism, by addressing the technical aspects of MOC development and by providing guidelines for correlation with in silico models. The current state and challenges are presented for two application areas: (i) disease modelling and (ii) pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics. Additionally, the guidelines to integrate the MOC data into in silico models could strengthen the predictive power of the technology. Finally, the translational aspects of metabolizing MOCs are addressed, including adoption for personalized medicine and prospects for the clinic. Predictive MOCs could enable a significantly reduced dependence on animal models and open doors towards economical non-clinical testing and understanding of disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvi Shroff
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany,Department for Microphysiological Systems, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Österbergstraße 3, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kehinde Aina
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Madalena Cipriano
- Department for Microphysiological Systems, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Österbergstraße 3, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Joeri Lambrecht
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Mosig
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Peter Loskill
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany,Department for Microphysiological Systems, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Österbergstraße 3, 72074 Tübingen, Germany,3R-Center for In vitro Models and Alternatives to Animal Testing, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Taniguchi H, Nirengi S, Ishihara K, Sakane N. Association of serum fibroblast growth factor 21 with diabetic complications and insulin dose in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263774. [PMID: 35192641 PMCID: PMC8863253 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21 is an important regulator of glycemic control, but the association between circulating FGF21 and diabetic complications is poorly understood. Moreover, basal FGF21 secretion, especially in response to insulin dose, in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), has not been well examined. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the association of circulating FGF21 levels with diabetic complications and insulin dosage in middle-aged and elderly patients with T1DM. Materials and methods A total of 127 middle-aged and elderly patients with T1DM, including 68 patients with diabetic complications, and 106 non-diabetic individuals were analyzed in this cross-sectional study. Information on demographic characteristics and T1DM was extracted from their electronic medical records. Serum FGF21 levels were determined using ELISA. Results Serum FGF21 levels were significantly lower in T1DM patients (75.2 [37.4–135.1] pg/mL) than in non-diabetic participants (151.6 [92.0–224.6] pg/mL; P < 0.001). No diabetic complications were associated with serum FGF21 concentrations. Both basal and bolus insulin doses were significantly and positively correlated with serum FGF21 levels (P < 0.05). Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that FGF21 level was associated with age and body mass index (P < 0.05), while the basal insulin dose was an independent positive predictor of serum FGF21 levels (β = 0.197, P = 0.032). Conclusions Circulating FGF21 levels are reduced in patients with T1DM; however, they are not associated with diabetic complications. In addition, aging, obesity, and insulin dosage are positive determinants of circulating FGF21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Taniguchi
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Nirengi
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kengo Ishihara
- Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Naoki Sakane
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Serum Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Level Is Associated with Aortic Stiffness in Patients on Maintenance Hemodialysis. Int J Hypertens 2022; 2022:7098458. [PMID: 35186330 PMCID: PMC8856816 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7098458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) is a hormone that regulates glucose and lipid metabolism. High serum FGF-21 levels are associated with carotid atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the relationship between serum FGF-21 levels and carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) in patients on maintenance hemodialysis (HD). Methods. Blood samples and baseline characteristics were collected from 130 HD patients. Serum FGF-21 concentrations were measured with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. Aortic stiffness was defined as a carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) of more than 10 m/s. Results. Of the 130 HD patients, aortic stiffness was diagnosed in 54 (41.5%). Serum FGF-21 levels were significantly higher in those with aortic stiffness than those without
. The FGF-21 level was independently associated with aortic stiffness (odds ratio (OR): 1.008; 95% CI: 1.003–1.012;
) after adjusting for diabetes mellitus, age, hypertension, C-reactive protein, and body weight in multivariable logistic regression analysis. Multivariable forward stepwise linear regression analysis also confirmed that the logarithmically transformed FGF-21 level (β = 3.245, 95% CI: 1.593–4.987,
) was an independent predictor of cfPWV values. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve predicting aortic stiffness by the serum FGF-21 level was 0.693 (95% CI: 0.606–0.771,
). Conclusions. Serum FGF-21 level positively correlates with cfPWV and is also an independent predictor of aortic stiffness in maintenance HD patients.
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Li Y, Lin M, Lin P, Xia N, Li X, Lin L, Yang Y. Maternal High-Fat Diet Alters the Characteristics of Astrocytes and Worsens the Outcome of Stroke in Rat Offspring, Which Improves After FGF21 Administration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:731698. [PMID: 35096806 PMCID: PMC8793739 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.731698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Maternal high-fat diet (MHFD) has been shown to increase susceptibility to neurological disease in later offspring, but the underlying mechanism is not clear. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has been reported to have a neuroprotective effect in stroke, but its mechanism of action remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of the effect of MHFD on stroke in offspring in adulthood and the mechanism by which FGF21 acts on stroke and restores neurological function. Methods: We performed transcriptome sequencing analysis on D21 neonatal rats. Bodyweight and blood indicators were recorded in the adult rats after MHFD. FGF21 was administered 7 h after photochemical modeling twice a day for three consecutive days. Results: We found numerous mRNA changes between the MHFD group and a normal maternal normal diet (MND) group at D21, including genes related to astrocyte and PI3K/Akt pathways. The body weight, blood glucose, and triglycerides of the MHFD offspring were higher, ischemic lesions were larger, the number of activated astrocytes was lower, and the neurological function score was worse than that of the MND group. After FGF21 administration, WB and qPCR analyses showed that astrocytes and the PI3K/Akt pathway were upregulated, while NF-κB and inflammatory cytokines expression were inhibited in stroke and peri-stroke regions. Conclusion: Taken together, we conclude that MHFD alters the characteristics of astrocytes and other transcriptome changes in their offspring, leading to a worse prognosis of stroke, while FGF21 plays a neuroprotective role by inhibiting NF-κB and inflammatory factors and activating the PI3K/Akt pathway and activating more astrocytes in the MND group than the MHFD group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxuan Li
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Mengqi Lin
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ping Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Nengzhi Xia
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yunjun Yang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Langlois A, Dumond A, Vion J, Pinget M, Bouzakri K. Crosstalk Communications Between Islets Cells and Insulin Target Tissue: The Hidden Face of Iceberg. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:836344. [PMID: 35185804 PMCID: PMC8851682 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.836344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of insulin secretion is under control of a complex inter-organ/cells crosstalk involving various metabolites and/or physical connections. In this review, we try to illustrate with current knowledge how β-cells communicate with other cell types and organs in physiological and pathological contexts. Moreover, this review will provide a better understanding of the microenvironment and of the context in which β-cells exist and how this can influence their survival and function. Recent studies showed that β-cell insulin secretion is regulated also by a direct and indirect inter-organ/inter-cellular communication involving various factors, illustrating the idea of "the hidden face of the iceberg". Moreover, any disruption on the physiological communication between β-cells and other cells or organs can participate on diabetes onset. Therefore, for new anti-diabetic treatments' development, it is necessary to consider the entire network of cells and organs involved in the regulation of β-cellular function and no longer just β-cell or pancreatic islet alone. In this context, we discuss here the intra-islet communication, the β-cell/skeletal muscle, β-cell/adipose tissue and β-cell/liver cross talk.
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